Astrophysics

1610 Submissions

[26] viXra:1610.0382 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-31 10:52:13

The Value of the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Ru-Jiao Zhang
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a derivation of the value of the cosmological constant. The approach was based on the Einstein’s gravitational field equations and the Hubble’s law. The value of the cosmological constant Λ was found to be: Λ=(Ho^2)/3 , here Ho is the Hubble constant.
Category: Astrophysics

[25] viXra:1610.0380 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-31 12:53:01

FRB 150418 Confirms Predictions Made by New Tired Light

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 4 Pages.

For the first time, in April 2015, both the Dispersion Measure (DM) of a fast radio burst, FRB 150418, and the redshift of the host galaxy were measured. This gave the opportunity to test the New Tired Light Theory and its predictions. DM in mainstream physics is found from the time delay between the arrival of different frequencies from a short, sharp cosmological source (FRB or pulsar). DM is related to the mean free electron density along the path, n, and the distance from source to observer, d, by the formula DM=nd. New Tired Light (NTL) is an alternative cosmological theory to the Big Bang. In NTL the universe is static and redshifts are caused by photons of light interacting with the electrons in the plasma of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Energy is transferred from the photon to the recoiling electron on absorption and re-emission resulting in a reduction in frequency of the photon and an increase in the wavelength. The redshift distance relation is z=exp(Hd⁄c) -1 where c is the speed of light and H the Hubble constant. In NTL the Hubble constant is derived in terms of, n, the plank constant, h,and m and r the rest mass and classical radius of the electron giving H=(2nhr⁄m). Making, d, the subject of both equations from DM and NTL gives us the SI equation DM=(mc⁄2hr)LN(1+z). Substituting the measured redshift, z, and values for m,c,h and r as well as converting from SI units to those used in radio astronomy (pc cm^-3 ) gives a predicted DM of DM=949 pc cm^-3. This compares well with the observed DM of FRB 150418 of 776.2 pc cm -3 – a difference of just 22%. It is noted that a DM is produced for all electron number densities whilst in NTL redshifts only occur in the sparsely populated plasma of the IGM since in dense plasma, strong electromagnetic forces reduce or even prevent the electrons from recoiling. Consequently it is possible to have a DM but no redshift if the plasma density is too high. It is possible that denser plasma along the path may have resulted in the predicted DM being a little higher than the measured one - though the agreement is close and gives strong support to NTL.
Category: Astrophysics

[24] viXra:1610.0372 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-30 15:13:47

Rotating and Gravitationally Collapsing Stars

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

It is reasoned in a simple principle of stellar evolution that for a star to increase in rotational velocity, it cannot experience solar wind or significant flaring events. Explanation is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

[23] viXra:1610.0371 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-30 15:31:25

Fusion as Thermodynamically Open System

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

A thought to consider when developing a fusion reactor is mentioned. Maybe fusion is not a closed system, with internal feedback, but completely open as a result of another process.
Category: Astrophysics

[22] viXra:1610.0370 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-30 15:47:16

Stellar Age Location Theory vs. Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page. 1 diagram

In the accepted sciences, the ages of stars and their companions can be determined by their location in specific areas. This is false for simple reasons. Explanation in provided.
Category: Astrophysics

[21] viXra:1610.0365 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-30 11:58:21

Fuzzy Dark Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

The idea is called "FDM", for "fuzzy dark matter". It posits that an extremely light boson, one almost exactly massless in fact, could be responsible for the scale of galaxy halos we observe in the universe. [17] Unlike x-rays that the naked eye can't see but equipment can measure, scientists have yet to detect dark matter after three decades of searching, even with the world's most sensitive instruments. [16] Scientists have lost their latest round of hide-and-seek with dark matter, but they're not out of the game. [15] A new study is providing evidence for the presence of dark matter in the innermost part of the Milky Way, including in our own cosmic neighborhood and the Earth's location. The study demonstrates that large amounts of dark matter exist around us, and also between us and the Galactic center. The result constitutes a fundamental step forward in the quest for the nature of dark matter. [14] Researchers may have uncovered a way to observe dark matter thanks to a discovery involving X-ray emissions. [13] Between 2009 and 2013, the Planck satellite observed relic radiation, sometimes called cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Today, with a full analysis of the data, the quality of the map is now such that the imprints left by dark matter and relic neutrinos are clearly visible. [12] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. The Weak Interaction changes the temperature dependent Planck Distribution of the electromagnetic oscillations and changing the non-compensated dark matter rate, giving the responsibility to the sterile neutrino.
Category: Astrophysics

[20] viXra:1610.0347 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-28 16:30:44

Mass Continuum Principle in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

It is reasoned in a simple principle of stellar evolution that the masses of stars are not stepped, but continuous. Explanation is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

[19] viXra:1610.0344 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-28 07:45:42

Cosmic Microwave Background 3D Print

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 14 Pages.

Researchers have created a 3D printed cosmic microwave background-a map of the oldest light in the universe-and provided the files for download. [10] In a new study researchers at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics have used measurements from NASA's MMS (Magnetospheric MultiScale) satellites to reveal that there are ripples, or surface waves, moving along the surface of shocks in space. Such ripples in shocks can affect how plasma is heated and are potential sites of particle acceleration. [9] The universe is not spinning or stretched in any particular direction, according to the most stringent test yet. [8] A discrepancy in the measurement of how quickly the universe is expanding has been found by researchers at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore, and released online. [7] Dark matter and dark energy are two of the greatest mysteries of the universe, still perplexing scientists worldwide. Solving these scientific conundrums may require a comprehensive approach in which theories, computations and ground-based observations are complemented by a fleet of spacecraft studying the dark universe. One of the space missions that could be essential to our understanding of these mysteries is European Space Agency's (ESA) Euclid probe, designed to unveil the secrets of dark energy and dark matter by accurately measuring the acceleration of the universe. [6] This paper explains the Accelerating Universe, the Special and General Relativity from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the moving electric charges. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The Big Bang caused acceleration created the radial currents of the matter and since the matter composed of negative and positive charges, these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting forces between the parallel moving electric currents. This is the gravitational force experienced by the matter, and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces between the charged particles. The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or by the magnetic forces or by the much stronger electrostatic forces. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
Category: Astrophysics

[18] viXra:1610.0331 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-27 14:15:40

Future of Dark Matter Research

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

Unlike x-rays that the naked eye can't see but equipment can measure, scientists have yet to detect dark matter after three decades of searching, even with the world's most sensitive instruments. [16] Scientists have lost their latest round of hide-and-seek with dark matter, but they're not out of the game. [15] A new study is providing evidence for the presence of dark matter in the innermost part of the Milky Way, including in our own cosmic neighborhood and the Earth's location. The study demonstrates that large amounts of dark matter exist around us, and also between us and the Galactic center. The result constitutes a fundamental step forward in the quest for the nature of dark matter. [14] Researchers may have uncovered a way to observe dark matter thanks to a discovery involving X-ray emissions. [13] Between 2009 and 2013, the Planck satellite observed relic radiation, sometimes called cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Today, with a full analysis of the data, the quality of the map is now such that the imprints left by dark matter and relic neutrinos are clearly visible. [12] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. The Weak Interaction changes the temperature dependent Planck Distribution of the electromagnetic oscillations and changing the non-compensated dark matter rate, giving the responsibility to the sterile neutrino.
Category: Astrophysics

[17] viXra:1610.0317 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-26 07:40:42

Latest Dark Matter Searches

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 19 Pages.

Scientists have lost their latest round of hide-and-seek with dark matter, but they're not out of the game. [15] A new study is providing evidence for the presence of dark matter in the innermost part of the Milky Way, including in our own cosmic neighborhood and the Earth's location. The study demonstrates that large amounts of dark matter exist around us, and also between us and the Galactic center. The result constitutes a fundamental step forward in the quest for the nature of dark matter. [14] Researchers may have uncovered a way to observe dark matter thanks to a discovery involving X-ray emissions. [13] Between 2009 and 2013, the Planck satellite observed relic radiation, sometimes called cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Today, with a full analysis of the data, the quality of the map is now such that the imprints left by dark matter and relic neutrinos are clearly visible. [12] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. The Weak Interaction changes the temperature dependent Planck Distribution of the electromagnetic oscillations and changing the non-compensated dark matter rate, giving the responsibility to the sterile neutrino.
Category: Astrophysics

[16] viXra:1610.0310 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-26 02:38:49

Dark Energy Supernova Analysis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 18 Pages.

Dark energy may not exist, new supernova analysis says. But, Cathal O'Connell writes, the 2011 Nobel physics laureates shouldn't return their prize just yet. [15] A new study is providing evidence for the presence of dark matter in the innermost part of the Milky Way, including in our own cosmic neighborhood and the Earth's location. The study demonstrates that large amounts of dark matter exist around us, and also between us and the Galactic center. The result constitutes a fundamental step forward in the quest for the nature of dark matter. [14] Researchers may have uncovered a way to observe dark matter thanks to a discovery involving X-ray emissions. [13] Between 2009 and 2013, the Planck satellite observed relic radiation, sometimes called cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Today, with a full analysis of the data, the quality of the map is now such that the imprints left by dark matter and relic neutrinos are clearly visible. [12] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. The Weak Interaction changes the temperature dependent Planck Distribution of the electromagnetic oscillations and changing the non-compensated dark matter rate, giving the responsibility to the sterile neutrino.
Category: Astrophysics

[15] viXra:1610.0286 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-24 08:29:26

The Speed of a Black Hole to Attract a Celestial Body

Authors: Luca Nascimbene
Comments: 6 Pages.

The speed of a black hole to attract a celestial body thanks to its universal gravity and many other parameters described in article
Category: Astrophysics

[14] viXra:1610.0262 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-22 19:35:06

The Cooling Principle of Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page. 1 picture

According to the 1st Law of Thermodynamics stars will cool indefinitely. Explanation is provided below.
Category: Astrophysics

[13] viXra:1610.0250 [pdf] replaced on 2016-10-22 06:43:23

Planets and Suns and Their Corresponding Sphere Packed Average Particles

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

When one talks about the density of a planet or star, one normally talks about the average density, despite the fact that the core is much more dense and the surface much less dense than the average density. Here we will link the notion of an average density to a new concept of a hypothetical planetary average subatomic particle. We will define this hypothetical particle as a particle if, when sphere-packed according to the Kepler conjuncture, it matches both the volume and the mass of the planet or sun in question. Even if this type of average particle may not actually exist, we still feel it gives us some new insight into how the average density could be linked to a hypothetical average particle. Take the question of how such a particle would be compared to an electron, for example. The answer is in the analytical solution presented.
Category: Astrophysics

[12] viXra:1610.0245 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-21 09:32:59

Dynamics of Satellite Rotation (Revisiting the Results of J.wisdom, et Al. (1984)).

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 15 Pages. AMS Subject Classification: 70F15, 70F07 (Celestial mechanics); Keywords: Beletskii’s equation, satellite rotation, Abel ODE, gradient catastrophe.

The main motivation of the current research is the analytical exploring of the dynamics of satellite rotation during the motion on the elliptic orbit around the planet. We should discuss the revisited results of J.Wisdom, et al. (1984). By elegant change of variables (considering the true anomaly f as the independent variable), the governing equation of satellite rotation is presented in a form of the Abel ODE of the 2-nd type, a kind of generalization of Riccati ODE. We should also note that for the reason of a special character of the solutions of Riccati-type ODE, there exists a possibility for sudden jumping of the magnitude of a solution at some moment of time-parameter. In physical sense, such the jumping of the Riccati-type solutions of the governing ODE could be associated with the effect of sudden acceleration/deceleration of the satellite rotation around the chosen principle axis at definite moment of parametric time. It means that there exists not only a chaotic regime of rotation of satellite (according to the results of J.Wisdom, et al. (1984)), but a kind of gradient catastrophe Arnold 1992 could occur during the process of satellite rotation. We should especially note that if gradient catastrophe could occur, it does not mean that it must occur: such a possibility depends on the initial conditions. Besides, the asymptotical solutions have been obtained, manifesting a quasi-periodic character of the solution even at a strong simplifying assumptions e → 0, p = 1, which reduces the governing equation of J.Wisdom, et al. (1984) to a kind of the Beletskii’s equation.
Category: Astrophysics

[11] viXra:1610.0209 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-17 17:18:20

Decreasing Plasma Instabilities in Stellar Evolution

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple principle is provided to explain that plasma instabilities decrease as stars age and cool.
Category: Astrophysics

[10] viXra:1610.0207 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-17 18:07:07

Interpreting Disks Alongside Stellar Evolution

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple principle is used to explain that disks cannot be used to determine the ages of stars.
Category: Astrophysics

[9] viXra:1610.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-17 08:27:06

Understanding Cosmic Rays

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 13 Pages.

In a new study researchers at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics have used measurements from NASA's MMS (Magnetospheric MultiScale) satellites to reveal that there are ripples, or surface waves, moving along the surface of shocks in space. Such ripples in shocks can affect how plasma is heated and are potential sites of particle acceleration. [9] The universe is not spinning or stretched in any particular direction, according to the most stringent test yet. [8] A discrepancy in the measurement of how quickly the universe is expanding has been found by researchers at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore, and released online. [7] Dark matter and dark energy are two of the greatest mysteries of the universe, still perplexing scientists worldwide. Solving these scientific conundrums may require a comprehensive approach in which theories, computations and ground-based observations are complemented by a fleet of spacecraft studying the dark universe. One of the space missions that could be essential to our understanding of these mysteries is European Space Agency's (ESA) Euclid probe, designed to unveil the secrets of dark energy and dark matter by accurately measuring the acceleration of the universe. [6] This paper explains the Accelerating Universe, the Special and General Relativity from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the moving electric charges. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The Big Bang caused acceleration created the radial currents of the matter and since the matter composed of negative and positive charges, these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting forces between the parallel moving electric currents. This is the gravitational force experienced by the matter, and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces between the charged particles. The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or by the magnetic forces or by the much stronger electrostatic forces. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
Category: Astrophysics

[8] viXra:1610.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-16 12:02:26

Dark Matter and the Dynamics of Galaxies: a Newtonian Approach

Authors: Mugur B. Răuţ
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper I propose a correction to the well-known Newtonian gravitational potential, a correction which explains the form of the radial velocities as a function of the discoid galaxies radii. The main scope of this work is to find a correction to the Newtonian gravitational potential which has to fulfil two major conditions: a) to take into account the entire amount of the experimental data; b) the resulting potential to be a consequence of condition a) from a physical perspective. As a result, the corrected form of the Newtonian gravitational potential was found to belong to a physical cause and this cause can be the existence of the dark matter, evenly distributed within galaxies. This distribution makes dark matter to act as a binder for ordinary matter, so that the discoid galaxies not rotate as a fluid (as standard Newtonian theory states), but as some rigid frames (as the observational data state).
Category: Astrophysics

[7] viXra:1610.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2017-03-21 18:24:24

The Eternal Universe Principle

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

A simple principle is provided so that future scientists can understand that all stages of stellar evolution (which is planet formation) and galaxy birth, growth and decay can be observed.
Category: Astrophysics

[6] viXra:1610.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-13 07:48:35

The Blue Shift Paradox

Authors: Eran Sinbar, Gabriel Sinbar, Yoav Weinstein
Comments: 7 Pages.

Based on Einstein’s equation E=mc^2, matter and anti-matter annihilate into photonic radiation energy. Photons have unique characteristics since they are massless and they travel at the speed of light in all the inertial reference frames. No other particle shares these unique characteristics. We claim that this unique behavior is due to the fact that photons do not apply gravitational effects on space-time, meaning, although photons will be forced to move in a curved line if space-time is curved they will not curve space time by themselves or apply gravity forces and time dilation . In order to prove our claims we suggest a thought experiment that leads to a blue shift paradox which happens after annihilating 2 symmetrical in size and mass, matter and anti- matter (A&B) in the center of a hollow particles spherical shell . The only way to explain this paradox is to conclude that anti-matter imposes anti–gravity and therefore matter and anti-matter together impose zero gravity. Furthermore, this proves that the photonic energy from the annihilation phase has also zero gravity effect on space-time.
Category: Astrophysics

[5] viXra:1610.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-07 07:39:12

Magnetar for Axion Detection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

MIT physicists are proposing a new experiment to detect a dark matter particle called the axion. If successful, the effort could crack one of the most perplexing unsolved mysteries in particle physics, as well as finally yield a glimpse of dark matter. [16] Researches at Stockholm University are getting closer to light dark-matter particle models. Observations rule out some axion-like particles in the quest for the content of dark matter. The article is now published in the Physical Review Letters. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

[4] viXra:1610.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-06 10:07:20

Computational Geometry Provides Indirect Evidence of Dark Matter Location in Cosmic Structures

Authors: Arturo Tozzi, James F Peters, Shela Ramanna
Comments: 12 Pages.

The elusive dark matter is the best candidate in order to explain gravitational effects such as, for example, the motion of stars in galaxies. We introduce a novel method for the measurement of information in cosmic images called maximal nucleus clustering (MNC) i.e., nucleus clustering’s Rényi entropy derived from strong proximities in feature-based Voronoï tessellations. MNC is a novel, fast and inexpensive image-analysis technique, independent from other detectable signals. It permits the assessment of changes in gradient orientation into zones of two-dimensional cosmic images that generally are not taken into account by other techniques. In order to evaluate the potential applications of MNC, we looked for the presence of MNC’s distinctive hallmarks in the plane surface of astronomic images. We found that Rényi entropy is higher in MNC areas of cosmic images than in the surrounding regions, and that these patterns are correlated with cosmic zones containing a lesser amount of dark energy. Therefore, computational geometry provides a bridge made of affine connexions and proximities between features of a two-dimensional pictures and physical features of the Universe.
Category: Astrophysics

[3] viXra:1610.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-04 16:15:40

Using External Galactic Forces as an Alternative to Dark Matter

Authors: Scott S Neal
Comments: 13 Pages. 13 pgs.

It has been over 30 years since the first Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model was proposed as a way of describing Dark Matter, but as yet, there have been no experimental results that support CDM. CDM depends on the discovery of new non-baryonic particles not defined in the Standard Model as the source of the needed mass. Recently, final results from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment, have failed to find any traces of these non-baryonic particles, and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has not detected any strong evidence of supersymmetry particles. With the lack of supporting experimental results for CDM or supersymmetry, it is time to examine other solutions that might explain Dark Matter without requiring any new particles to be detected. The current concept of Dark Matter assumes the undiscovered particles add an additional gravitational mass to the galaxy. Another solution to the galaxy rotation problem would be to assume there is some external force pressing in on the galaxies holding them together. This research shows how external gravitational forces on the galaxies can duplicate the galaxy rotation curves that have been observed, without any Dark Matter. It also offers an explanation for the acceleration constant a_0, that results from the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) theory of galaxy dynamics. The results show that a model using an external galactic force is a valid approach to explain the effect known as Dark Matter.
Category: Astrophysics

[2] viXra:1610.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-04 10:52:52

Proof for HST WFC3 Uvis and ir Channel Njy Measurements Are Wrong

Authors: B. Ravi Sankar
Comments: 7 Pages. This is related Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 camera.

The context of the paper is related to the flux density of the order of nJy reported in recent papers. The aim is to prove that the reported flux density of the order of nJy is wrong. A new table for both IR and UVIS channel of the HST/WFC3 is created of the order of flux density mJy. This table should be used as a template for future projects related to HST/WFC3. Any new measurements below mJy (reported in the table) should be rejected for obvious reasons reported in this paper. Due to the advent of algorithms and digital computing technology, these errors are possible.
Category: Astrophysics

[1] viXra:1610.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2016-10-03 07:44:35

Planet Formation Theories in the Age of Statistically Insignificant Data

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

Planet formation theories were invented before any statistically significant data was obtained. This is made apparent because before the 1980’s, there was only one solar system, our own. This issue will be addressed in simple terms.
Category: Astrophysics