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[61] viXra:1008.0059 [pdf] submitted on 21 Aug 2010
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 37 Pages.
It is inferred from the phenomenological facts of tornado that tornado itself should have a driving force generating the updraft in the vortex of tornado. The driving force is supposed to be originated from the electric interaction between a storm cloud and a crustal conducting body underground. The electric interaction in tornado is considered to be similar to a lightning discharge in respect that the electric potential is reduced between a storm cloud and the ground, but the electric discharging process in tornado should be much slower than the lightning discharge and result in the atmospheric vortex formation of tornado. The mechanism of tornado formation is suggested, in which Townsend avalanche process is assumed inside the tornado vortex with a dangling conducting channel that is embedded in the funnel cloud of tornado. The strong updraft inside the vortex of tornado is produced by momentum diffusion process when the positively ionized air molecules move upward under the influence of electric field inside the vortex. With the mechanism of tornado formation, phenomenological expectations are followed.
[60] viXra:1008.0017 [pdf] submitted on 8 Aug 2010
Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments:
12 pages.
Elementary calculations show that the mass of the passenger's vehicle should have an important influence on risk of injury, greater mass yielding greater protection independent of the other mass(es) in the collision. This holds for collisions treated either as purely elastic, or as quasi-inelastic. Passengers in more massive vehicles thus would seem better off no matter what the size or weight of other vehicle(s) in a collision. The approximations used suggest that highway vehicles should be at least 20 times the mass of the average passenger, or injuries in a collision will be disproportionately grave.
[59] viXra:1007.0054 [pdf] submitted on 30 Jul 2010
Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 6 pages
The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, scalar waves work as the gravitational waves, and how the electromagnetic waves advance along the way in the gravitational waves.
[58] viXra:1007.0041 [pdf] submitted on 26 Jul 2010
Authors: T. E. Raptis
Comments: 8 pages.
We analyze a theoretical example of parallel electric and magnetic fields in a hypothetical anisotropic medium with varying susceptibility. We deduce the polarization characteristics and we discuss the conditions under which this could be utilized in electromagnetic invisibility.
[57] viXra:1007.0040 [pdf] submitted on 26 Jul 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 3 pages
In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death.
[56] viXra:1007.0032 [pdf] submitted on 21 Jul 2010
Authors: Raffaele Cogoni
Comments: 4 pages. Italian and English combined
The matter in the universe, is equipped with inertial and gravitational mass and thus weight, this is due to the fact that interactions between bodies, traveling at a finite speed not exceeding that of light.
[55] viXra:1007.0030 [pdf] submitted on 19 Jul 2010
Authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
Comments: The paper is from a published book "The Alpha Torque" by Zhiliang Cao and Henry Cao.
The title was published by CreateSpace with the following eStore URL: https://www.createspace.com/3458701
In the center of the universe, there isn't a super massive black hole or any specific energy holding the universe together. The source of this supposed energy is in the space itself. The space itself is not a complete void. In fact, space itself has a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. This theory can make it easier to understand Quantum Physics.
[54] viXra:1006.0068 [pdf] submitted on 29 Jun 2010
Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 11 pages.
Currently, a central force - an apparent effort between two free bodies along the line joining them - is estimated in relativistic frames of references. Estimation of magnitude and direction of central force on planetary bodies/central body in a planetary system assumes that the centre of planetary system is static in space. While considering a satellite's orbit, centre of corresponding planet is assumed static in space. Although such calculations help to determine relative positions of the bodies, it obscures causes of many other important phenomena related to planetary motion. Determining magnitude and direction of central force with respect to an absolute reference can give us logical explanations to many puzzling phenomena on planetary motions/systems.
[53] viXra:1006.0067 [pdf] submitted on 29 Jun 2010
Authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
Comments: 8 pages. The paper is from a published book "The Alpha Torque" by
Zhiliang Cao and Henry Cao. The title is published by CreateSpace with the following eStore URL:
https://www.createspace.com/3458701
The space itself is not a true void. In fact, space has energy in it. The energies and forces have a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. Torque movements can explain why there are electronic fields and magnetic fields. The torque theory can make it easier to understand why there are charged fields.
[52] viXra:1006.0066 [pdf] submitted on 28 Jun 2010
Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages
The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
[51] viXra:1006.0065 [pdf] submitted on 27 Jun 2010
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages
Balance scale based measurement of mass is simply a comparison of gravity. The mass of an object, when measured using the balance scale, will be dependent on the volume of the object along with the amount of matter inside the object. Mass deficit is simply the variation in the mass of the object due to the change in volume of the object.
[50] viXra:1006.0049 [pdf] submitted on 20 Jun 2010
Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages
Definition and measurement of the fundamental units is essential to the principles of physics. Distance has an obvious and simple relationship with the measuring scale. Such a relationship is absent in measuring the mass of an object using the balance scale. This is one of the important factors for the present chaotic scenario in the field of physics.
[49] viXra:1005.0078 [pdf] submitted on 20 May 2010
Authors: Yu Liang, Qichang Liang, Xiaodong Liu
Comments: 5 pages
According to Maxwell's theory, the displacement current in vacuum can produce electromotive force on conducting current. However, the displacement current in vacuum does not experience electromotive force from conducting current. The asymmetrical electromotive forces result in non-conserved energy transmission between any two coils involving displacement current and conducting current. In this work, we designed and performed the measurements for such effect. We observed the explicit evidences of non-conserved energy transmission between a toroid solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor. The measured energy increase is well predicted by the numerical estimation.
[48] viXra:1004.0127 [pdf] submitted on 28 Apr 2010
Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga
Comments:
9 pages, figures in color. Manuscript to be submitted to Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Física E
In this article, a simple experiment is described for correcting the misconception that acoustic pressure and levitation effects are hard to observe in school laboratories. Analysis of the free fall velocity of a toy parachute within a vertical tube, driven by sound in a range of frequencies around the resonant condition, exhibits the resonance frequency, the node pressure zones, and the optimal conditions to obtain acoustical levitation of a light body.
[47] viXra:1004.0047 [pdf] submitted on 6 Apr 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 21 pages
In this article we want to say about the Compton effect and the Zeeman effect. (Both of them are almost one effect). We know that both of them are about the light (electromagnetism waves) and some special particularity of that. For example the Zeeman effect is about the refraction of the light that when we put the source of the electromagnetism wave near the source of the magnetism or electrical field we'll see the breaking or refraction of the light and we can also that is possible that the light refract to some part for example three or four part but we should remember that these effect (Zeeman, Compton) aren't just for the light(the electromagnetism type) and of course they are a little about the light and some part of the light like the X-ray or β-ray or γ-ray or.... But it cant be impossible that these effects be correct also about the light.
[46] viXra:1004.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2 Apr 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 10 pages
In this article we want to say about the gravity between the atoms to the new and special way. We know that the atom and the gravity between them are stable by moving the electron on the circuits around the nucleus(from the past articles) and know in this article we want to point to some interesting and new methods (at the new theory) to explain the events happened between the atoms and some materials in the gravity system. For this calculate some equation about the gravity.
[45] viXra:1004.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2 Apr 2010
Authors: Emil D. Gigov
Comments: 4 pages
Wave theory of light was tested by the Michelson's interferometer, whereas Newtonian corpuscular theory can be tested with the new interferometer, which can show whether the speed of light in empty space is variable during Doppler effect. Such measurement is possible due to the effect of Fizeau.
[44] viXra:1004.0002 [pdf] submitted on 1 Apr 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 9 pages
In this article we want to consider the polarization for matters and atoms. We know that if a special ray go down to the surface of a transparent matter and if it was not polarized when it beats to the transparent matter like glass and water it will reflex to polarized way (of course it be in a special angle from water to the ray or from ray to perpendicular line to the water. Now we want to say the reason of that which why effect this event. We know that the special angle is different for different matters like glass or water or... and that's because which the (n) or refracture index for different matters is different and we easily can get the special number for different matters but to this way that we should get the angle between the refracted ray and reflected way to 90o and this subject that why we should take the angle to 90o is a experiment number. So we can get the angle with the Snell law and Brewster law. And in this article we want to consider that why the angle should be 90o (to theory way).
[43] viXra:1004.0001 [pdf] submitted on 1 Apr 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 7 pages
This article is about the magnetism particular's of matters and here we try to say easily the magnetism effects of matters in the small system like atom also we try to say the magnetism field with the electrical field.
[42] viXra:1003.0265 [pdf] submitted on 30 Mar 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 14 pages
This article is about atoms and their particulars in equations. There are lots of equations from this subject that they have given by different scientists. For example one of those equations is the Planck equation that is for calculating the electron's momentum in the atom and we can add mechanic's statistic for some or all place's of electron in the atom.
[41] viXra:1003.0259 [pdf] submitted on 28 Mar 2010
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 3 pages, see paper for equations in abstract
British mathematician Sir Geoffrey I. Taylor in secret work for British civil defence in 1941 (declassified in 1950 and published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. 201A, pp. 159-186), derived the strong shock solution equation, namely distance, (equation) , where (equation) is the ambient (pre-shock) atmospheric density, t is time after explosion, E is the energy released and Sg is Taylor's calculated function of g, requiring a complex step-wise numerical integration. We present a proof of the equation (equation), implying that Taylor's so-called constant (equation), not requiring any complex integration. This is useful for close-in shock waves from nuclear explosions and supernovae explosions. We further obtain the general arrival time of the shock wave (equation), by noting two asymptotic solutions; namely, at very great distances, the blast decays into a sound wave so the arrival time t approaches the ratio of distance to sound velocity (equation), while at very close-in distances the strong shock equation previously derived becomes accurate, and there is also an easily included effect at intermediate distances due to the expansion of the hot air in reducing shock front arrival times. The errors of method made by Taylor for nuclear test explosions in air were also made by Russian mathematician Leonid I. Sedov who applied similar cumbersome numerical integrations in a 1946 paper (published in the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 10, pp. 241-50).
[40] viXra:1003.0017 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages
In the present article we argue that it is possible to write down Schrödinger representation of Navier-Stokes equation via Riccati equation. The proposed approach, while differs appreciably from other method such as what is proposed by R. M. Kiehn, has an advantage, i.e. it enables us extend further to quaternionic and biquaternionic version of Navier-Stokes equation, for instance via Kravchenko's and Gibbon's route. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
[39] viXra:1003.0016 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages
In the present article we argue that it is possible to find numerical solution of coupled magnetic resonance equation for describing wireless energy transmit, as discussed recently by Karalis (2006) and Kurs et al. (2007). The proposed approach may be found useful in order to understand the phenomena of magnetic resonance. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
[38] viXra:1002.0049 [pdf] submitted on 22 Feb 2010
Authors: Antoine Acke
Comments: 22 Pages.
In the paper GRAVITATION AND ELECTROMAGNETISM (viXra-classical physics:1001.0017), we explained the gravitational and the electromagnetic phenomena through the mediation of "informatons". We started from the hypothesis that any material object manifests itself in space by emitting informatons. These are dot-shaped entities that rush away with the speed of light carrying "information" about the position, the velocity and - if it is electrically charged - the electrical charge of the emitter. We showed that informatons constitute the gravitational and the electromagnetic fields which make the interactions possible. In this paper we extend the theory to interactions between - electrically neutral - moving objects in relativistic situations.
[37] viXra:1002.0043 [pdf] submitted on 19 Feb 2010
Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 7 pages. This article was written in Spanish. It was published in ECIPERU, vol 6, num 2, pp 68-76.August 2009.
There are two types of systems of electric aerogeneration by using wind turbines, one is called horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and the other one is called vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Both of them have advantages and disadvantages depending on many factors. Since the second one had produced lees power than the first one, they were ignored. However, the adaptation of a levitation system and a new system of magnetic induction made VAWT increase the power produced and exceed the HAWT. Although VAWT models were studied enough in the design and experimental scheme, there is no solid explanation, based on basic principles, on the operation of the VAWT. In this paper is proposed a theoretical model of VAWT operation. Therefore, three studies are done: the interaction between wind and blades of the turbine, the magnetic levitation system and the energy production by magnetic induction. Those studies make us able to know and predict the operation of those systems. Since, we shall know how many factors are affecting the efficiency of the system; we shall be able to control those parameters in order to get the best efficiency.
[36] viXra:1002.0008 [pdf] submitted on 4 Feb 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages
In another paper we derived Planck's Law and showed that it is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of energy. In that derivation the quantity, the 'accumulation of energy', played a prominent role. This quantity was defined as a time-integral of energy, while energy was the primary quantity. In this note we consider instead that this is the primary physical quantity (prime physis) and define in terms of it energy, momentum and force. From these we go on to mathematically derive such basic laws of Physics as Conservation of Energy and Momentum and Newton's Second Law of Motion. We also make promising connections with the Schrodinger Equation and derive a relationship between energy, mass and velocity. Underlying all this is the conviction that 'measurement' is what connects Mathematics with Physics. It's what makes mathematical derivations relevant to physics. If so, it should then be that all Basic Law of Physics are Mathematical Identities that describe the interactions of measurement. This we are able to show for Planck's Law, Conservation of Energy and Momentum, Newton's Second Law of Motion, and the Quantization of Energy Hypothesis.
[35] viXra:1002.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2 Feb 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 6 pages
Whereas globally energy propagates continuously as a wave, in this note we consider that energy can be represented locally by an exponential of time. Using such representation we are able to show that Planck's Formula for blackbody radiation is an exact mathematical identity. We are also able to explain the photoelectric effect without the photon hypothesis and derive an equation relating the photoelectric current to the intensity and frequency of radiation. This equation conforms well with graphical characteristics of the actual experimental data. Moreover, this representation of energy explains the quantum hypothesis, provides a simple intuitive explanation of the double-slit experiment and permits a definition of the temperature of radiation. It also explains the physical meaning of Planck's constant h and why it exists.
[34] viXra:1001.0035 [pdf] submitted on 25 Jan 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages
Temperature as is formally defined in Thermodynamics just does not apply to radiation. Yet, as a physical property it seems that radiation should have temperature. In this short note we define the temperature of radiation and make plausible arguments that this definition is equivalent to Kelvin temperature as defined in Thermodynamics.
[33] viXra:1001.0028 [pdf] submitted on 21 Jan 2010
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages, no figures. For evaluation of the new journal IJAI, as an elaboration of material
presented by the author in Scottsville, Az, in November 9 2009, at AIBEP.org biennial
meeting.
The rocket equation and the low exhaust velocity of chemical fuels are at the root of the high cost of most NASA approved current inter planetary travel platforms. Laser boosting of space crafts are a way about this problem If sails are used for travel to the asteroid belt and beyond with incident laser beams providing acceleration, prior to interstellar power, the problem of how to keep a constant laser power flux to the accelerating space craft necessitates a re thinking of where to place lasers, i.e. the Lagrange points of the Earth-Moon system, as well as batteries of lasers in the Lagrange points, for continual application of power for applying sail drives . The conclusion, as outlined by the author, is that major development of stable large scale lasers, far in excess of performances obtained for the MIRACL 3um laser are essential for any practical development work taking place.
[32] viXra:1001.0017 [pdf] submitted on 12 Jan 2010
Authors: Antoine Acke
Comments: 42 Pages.
We propose an explanation of gravitation and electromagnetism by introducing information as a new physical quantity. By defining it mathematically, the everyday meaning of the term "information" is narrowed to a physical concept that has a specific sense. We start from the idea that a material object manifests itself in space by emitting mass and energy less entities without geometrical dimensions, that rush away with the speed of light carrying information about the position and the velocity of the emitter. We call these entities "informatons" and show how they constitute the gravitational field of an object, and - if it is electrically charged - its electromagnetic field. We investigate the analogy gravitation-electromagnetism and the consequences for radiation and waves.
[31] viXra:0911.0064 [pdf] submitted on 29 Nov 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 2 pages
It seems there isn't any convincing analysis in the physical literature to answer the above question. We try to find the answer considering that it must be found in the simultaneous appearance of sunshine on the horizon and the sudden fall in the weather temperature.
[30] viXra:0910.0067 [pdf] submitted on 30 Oct 2009
Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".
The intrinsic motion of light is the entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy, creating, expanding, and cooling space. The intrinsic motion of time is the entropy drive of bound electromagnetic energy, creating, expanding, and diluting history. The intrinsic motion of gravity converts space to time (and vice-versa), creating spacetime, the joint dimensional and entropic conservation domain of free and bound energy.
[29] viXra:0910.0066 [pdf] submitted on 30 Oct 2009
Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 5 pages,
We show that work W = ∫ F⋅dx does not transfer kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv2. We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, the work-energy theorem W = ΔKE, or the law of conservation of energy.
[28] viXra:0910.0040 [pdf] submitted on 21 Oct 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Eight pages, two tables, two figures. Rough draft of article which will
be presented by Beckwith at AIBEP.org meeting in Scottsville, Arizona, November 2009
In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then up to a point, the density of warm dark matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.
[27] viXra:0910.0039 [pdf] submitted on 20 Oct 2009
Authors: Adem Bilgin
Comments: 16 pages
Kinematical transformations are expressed as time independent and time dependent functions of work and energy to be employed in motions of mechanical systems. Relations between the kinematical parameters of moving mechanical systems and energy transformations occurring in them are also considered.
[26] viXra:0909.0011 [pdf] submitted on 3 Sep 2009
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 16 pages, This article appeared in Physica A 347 (2005) 184-204
Motivated by the growing evidence of universality and chaos in QFT and string theory, we study the Tsallis non-extensive statistics (with a non-additive q-entropy) of an ensemble of fractal strings and branes of different dimensionalities. Non-equilibrium systems with complex dynamics in stationary states may exhibit large fluctuations of intensive quantities which are described in terms of generalized statistics. Tsallis statistics is a particular representative of such class. The non-extensive entropy and probability distribution of a canonical ensemble of fractal strings and branes is studied in terms of their dimensional spectrum which leads to a natural upper cutoff in energy and establishes a direct correlation among dimensions, energy and temperature. The absolute zero temperature (Kelvin) corresponds to zero dimensions (energy) and an infinite temperature corresponds to infinite dimensions. In the concluding remarks some applications of fractal statistics, quasi-particles, knot theory, quantum groups and number theory are briefly discussed within the framework of fractal strings and branes.
[25] viXra:0908.0087 [pdf] submitted on 24 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages
In the article one more physical sense of a constant of the Planck is detected and the inaccuracy of notions endured in heading of the article is shown.
[24] viXra:0908.0072 [pdf] submitted on 12 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 8 pages
In the article the in-depth arguing is given, that takes place at magnetic processing of water.
[23] viXra:0908.0070 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 3 pages
The molecules of the reflecting surface are sources of Huygens' wavelets which make the reflected wavefront. These molecules can be nonplanar to the extent of a fraction of the wavelength while yet there exists practically reflected plane wavefront.
[22] viXra:0908.0069 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages
The real causes of force existent between two current-carrying wires are searched. Some electromagnetic experiments are proposed to verify these causes and other similar material.
[21] viXra:0908.0068 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 3 pages
In a primary manner it is shown that if a body is stationary the torque exerted on it is zero, while at present avoiding the analytical proof of this theorem, this theorem is presented to the student unprovenly and almost as an axiom.
[20] viXra:0908.0067 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 11 pages
In surface evaporation the liquid increases the potential energy of its molecules by taking heat while their kinetic energies remain unchanged. In such state the molecules are in the form of a gas (vapor). We know that in an isothermal system of a liquid and a gas adjacent to it, the temperature of the gas decreases due to the surface evaporation while some net heat is transferred from the gas to the liquid. So, if the temperature of the gas is lower than the temperature of the liquid only in a sufficiently small extent, some net heat will be still transferred from the gas to the liquid due to the surface evaporation and finally the gas and liquid (and vapor) will be isothermal (in a temperature lower than the initial temperature). This matter violates the Clausius (or refrigerator) statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
[19] viXra:0908.0066 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 16 pages
It is shown that surface tension is not the reason causing minimization of the surface of a liquid pile. It is shown that there exists a pressure inside the liquid arising from the inward intermolecular resultant force on the surface molecules exerted by the liquid molecules adjacent to the surface. We call it as cohesion pressure. A method is presented for measuring the intermolecular attraction which will be also a means for testing the theory in comparison with the current theory of surface tension. It is proven that the surface tension is not what causes the horizontal wire sliding on the two limbs of a U-shaped wire to be in equilibrium in any position when a liquid film forms the area of the U-shaped wire. In a sure manner, incorrectness of the current relation Δp = 4 γ/R, for the pressure difference between inside and outside of a bubble having radius R, and Δp = 4 γ/R, for the one related to a solid drop having radius R, is proven. It is shown that the adhesion reduces the pressure inside the liquid, because a part of the liquid weight is sustained by the walls of the container. The mechanism of capillarity is discussed in detail in terms of intermolecular attraction and cohesion pressure. Dependence of rise altitude on depth of dipping and dependence of fall depth on depth of dipping are properties in capillarity; this is predicted by the theory presented in this paper and not by the theory of surface tension, and then can be a practical test for the theory.
[18] viXra:0908.0065 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 18 pages
It is not necessary to distinguish between inertial and gravitational masses believing that the nature has chosen them quite proportional to each other by chance, and not necessary to believe that the nature by chance has chosen the power of distance in inverse-square forces exactly equal to two, and not necessary that in trying to define mass (and force) to become involved in a vicious circle using presupposition of existence of inertial reference frame which itself requires pre-definition of mass. Newton's laws of motion are rewritten in a logical manner. Some primary models are presented as guides for discovering the essence of known forces. A model for justifying the force between two electric and magnetic charges, moving relative to each other, is presented. In fact energy has only one form: kinetic energy. The law of action-reaction holds completely and undoubtedly only during the direct collisions of particles.
[17] viXra:0908.0064 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages
As we know the Michelson-Morley experiment proves that there is no
ethereal wind on the ground. It is thought at present that the existence of
the stellar aberration necessitates existence of ethereal wind on the ground
if the ether is to exist. Comparison of these two experiments results in
believing that the ether does not exist. We prove that if the ether exists
the stellar aberration can occur with the ether drag and then does not
necessitate existence of the ethereal wind.
A new model in the form of undiscovered tiny particles is presented
for the ether. With accepting this model and by using the results of
the Michelson-Morley and Michelson-Gale experiments a model consisting
of an ethereal stack stuck with the earth in its motion in the space is
presented such that the earth can rotate axially inside this stack freely.
We shall also see why atomic clocks are slow when are in (fast) motion.
[16] viXra:0908.0062 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 13 pages
As we know probability of finding a system in one of its accessible states is proportial to the Boltzmann factor. It is shown that contrary to what is thought at present in this proportion the energy appearing in the Boltzmann factor is not a variable but it is a constant and the variable is the state accessible for the system having this constant energy. So, what at present is accepted as Boltzmann factor is not real. Deduction of the Maxwell velocity distribution as an instance of the consequences of the real Boltzmann factor, and the first deduction of the relation E = hν as an instance of the consequences of the wrong Boltzmann factor are presented. A logical review of some of the fundamental elements of the statistical mechanics, that also contains some new viewpoints, has been necessary. A factor is introduced in a general expression for molar specific heat which plays the role of partition (not equipartition) of energy and giving suitable amounts to it all the practical cases including ones related to ideal gases and crystalline solids are coveredν
[15] viXra:0908.0061 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 8 pages
It is shown that contrary to what is thought the classical physics does not predict a uniform distribution for the magnetic dipoles (silver atoms) in a nonuniform magnetic field in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Its prediction for a concentrated beam is obtained in the form of a circular surface such that the density of the dipoles is much more near the edge than near the center. Some experiments are proposed for testing the contents of the article.
[14] viXra:0908.0060 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 4 pages
An electromagnetic wave with the wavelength λ, which has some energy, descends on an electron and makes it move in the same direction of propagation of the wave. The wave makes the moving electron oscillate with a lower frequency. A very much simple analysis shows that this moving oscillating electron radiates, in the direction making angle θ with the direction of the incident wave, an electromagnetic wave which its wavelength is bigger by a factor proportional to λ(1 - cosθ).
[13] viXra:0908.0059 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages
Radiation energy causes fluctuation of the molecules in vanes of the Crooks radiometer. Through this fluctuation the molecules of the vanes strike the adjacent air molecules and as reaction cause recoil of the vanes. It seems that this is also the mechanism of Nichols radiometer.
[12] viXra:0908.0058 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages
Conductive core of the earth is as hot as causing freedom of the valence electrons after which these released electrons distribute themselves toward the core surface and move along with the rotation of the earth causing that magnetic field which forms the big magnet inside the earth. This is the summary of the article which also includes presentation of some experiments for testing the validity of the presented theory and a conclusion justifying the magnetic inversions of the earth. Based on the presented discussions a practical way for direct determination of ionization energies of different elements is proposed.
[11] viXra:0908.0057 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 8 pages
Action mechanism of a conductor is presented in a simple manner. It is proven that this is not the charges themselves that are distributed in the conductor but their substitutes do this act. Also we conclude that probably the electron doesn't have a size so small compared with the dimensions of a molecule. In a discussion relating directly to the subject of surface tension we see why a net negative charge in a conductor cannot leave it.
[10] viXra:0908.0056 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 20 pages
A perfect comparison between a closed circuit of water current and a closed circuit of electric current is made and Ohm's law is obtained in this manner and it is shown that, contrary to the current belief, existence of conduction current is not because of the existence of any electric field in the conductor, and the linear relation J = gE cannot be valid. The relaxation time (necessary for the current to reach its final speed) and the final speed (drift velocity) of the current are obtained in the above-mentioned manner, and it is shown that, contrary to what is believed at present, both of them are independent of the chosen standard unit charge (eg electron charge or coulomb) and its mass. It is also shown that, contrary to the current belief, alternating current is steady. We also prove the existence of a kind of resistance arising from the configuration of the circuit. Action mechanism of transistor is explained and a hydrodynamical analogue for it is introduced: both confirming the material presented earlier.
[9] viXra:0908.0055 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages
It is shown that as Newton's third law holds in static discussions of Electromagnetism it holds also in dynamic discussions of it, ie where the motion of electric charge in the magnetic field arising from the magnetic static (or magnetostatic) poles is under consideration. In addition, it is shown that in this recent case the forces of action and reaction are not collinear. In other words as we know there is some force exerted on a current-carrying wire in the magnetic field of a magnet. It is shown that this magnet is in fact the same enlarged magnetic needle in Oersted's experiment, and then there exists also some force exerted on the magnet due to the electric current in the wire. These two action and reaction forces are in opposite directions but are not collinear.
[8] viXra:0908.0054 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 9 pages
Density of lines of the magnetodynamic field arising from two parallel currents is more in the regions out of the distance between the two wires and then the molecular magnetic dipoles of air are pulled toward these regions and create a bigger pressure there which causes the two wires to be pushed (or to be attracted) toward each other. A similar reasoning applied conversely to two antiparallel currents justifies their repulsion arising from the created air pressure difference. Thus, most probably, railgun will not work very well in the absence of the air.
[7] viXra:0908.0053 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 32 pages
We consider point magnetic charges as the sources of the magnetostatic fields, like the point electric charges for the electrostatic fields. Forms of the mutual effects of electric and magnetic charges on themselves and on each other are presented in the forms of vectorial relations. Using these relations incorrectness of a usual manner which eventually leads to the deviation from the classical physics and to the rejection of the Galilean transformations and to the resort to the special relativity is proven. Static potential energy of a distribution of electric and magnetic charges is presented with a careful view on the actual essence of each involved term; this itself shows a sample of the usual carelessness existing in the present current electromagnetic theory even in its static discussions. Almost all the fundamental relations in the present current electromagnetic theory are rewritten in new forms by using the fundamental vectorial relations presented at the beginning of the paper. In a more detailed argument the proportion of the curl of the dynamic field of one kind (ie magnetodynamic or electrodynamic) to the time derivative of the static field of the other kind (ie electrostatic or magnetostatic) is established; meanwhile the proportion of the current density of one kind to the time derivative of the field of the same kind is also shown. Lenz's law is obtained in its new form. Static and dynamic inductances are presented. By presenting an aspect which views the space full of much tiny electrostatic and magnetostatic dipoles, the possibility of the proportion of the static fields to the dynamic fields is shown. The way in which the electromagnetic wave propagates through these dipoles is easily explained by using the mentioned fundamental relations, and by obtaining the new form of Maxwell's equations and deducing the wave equations from them, this simple explanation is endorsed. By deducing the dynamic potential energy and explaining its difference with the static potential energy of a set of charges, the Poynting vector is obtained in its new form. It is shown that the fields of an electromagnetic wave are continuous across the boundary interfaces. Fresnel coefficients are obtained in their quite new forms, and it is explained that the coefficient appearing in the fundamental relations showing the relations between two electric and magnetic charges moving relative to each other, μ, must be construed as a world constant. The reflectance and transmittance are introduced in this new approach, and it is shown that sum of them is identical with one.
[6] viXra:0908.0035 [pdf] submitted on 9 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages
In the article the concept of a gravitational equivalent electrostatic and gravidynamic of interplay is entered.
[5] viXra:0908.0013 [pdf] submitted on 3 Aug 2009
Authors: António Saraiva
Comments: 3 pages
Everything is made of speed and distance.
[4] viXra:0908.0012 [pdf] submitted on 3 Aug 2009
Authors: António Saraiva
Comments: 3 pages
There's only one force, the electric one that can be expressed by only one formula.
[3] viXra:0812.0007 [pdf] submitted on 18 Dec 2008
Authors: Low Yuen Wang
Comments: 6 pages
How the earth(and also stars and other planets) produces its magnetic field is a longstanding puzzle. Many theories has been proposed for the explanation of the earth's magnetic field. The current believe is that earth's magnetic field is generated by "dynamo effect". Since 1999, "dynamo effect" sodium experiments has been able to spontaneously produced magnetic field1-2. But "dynamo theory" is very complex, after so many years of research, a working model "remains elusive". Here I proposed that the magnetic field of the earth is caused by "rotating dipole effect" -- In a rotating material, only those electrons with the magnetic dipole moments that are parallel to the axis of rotation can avoid changing direction relative to the galaxy and relative to the surrounding electrons or atoms at the same time, thus more electron's magnetic dipole moments are pointing to the direction parallel to the axis of rotation. If the material is paramagnetic, then measurable magnetic field may be created. This new theory is consistent with all the observed phenomena and can make prediction of what material can produced magnetic field and what material can not.
[2] viXra:0812.0002 [pdf] submitted on 4 Dec 2008
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
Reasons are presented against considering an moment of momentum flux to be a spin flux. A spin tensor is proposed to describe spin of a photon in the frame of the classical electrodynamics.
[1] viXra:0812.0001 [pdf] submitted on 4 Dec 2008
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
An interference experiment is proposed to answer a troubling question, how is angular momentum distributed over a circularly polarized light beam with plane phase front.
[11] viXra:1007.0054 [pdf] replaced on 11 Aug 2010
Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 6 pages
The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields may work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, and scalar waves may work as the gravitational waves.
[10] viXra:1007.0040 [pdf] replaced on 4 Aug 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages
In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death.
[9] viXra:1006.0066 [pdf] replaced on 5 Jul 2010
Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages, Mistakes for technical words and typos are fixed (Lorentz invariance->Lorentz condition, ki=-ki->ki=-ik, and is received->receives).
The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation laws. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
[8] viXra:1006.0066 [pdf] replaced on 30 Jun 2010
Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages, Other previous works are added into Ref. 5. The others are not changed
The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
[7] viXra:1004.0047 [pdf] replaced on 6 Jun 2010
Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 33 pages
In this article we want to say about the Compton Effect and the Zeeman Effect. (Both of them are almost one effect (in the fundament and with considering just the refraction proposition of them). We know both of them are about the electromagnetism waves (the waves) and some special properties of them. For example the Zeeman effect is about the refraction of the magnetic fields (or the other made fields by that) of the electromagnetism waves since we put the source of that near the source of the magnetic or electrical field (we'll see the breaking or refraction of the wave) and this proposition is possible that the wave refracts to some part for example two or three part but we should remember that these effects (Zeeman, Compton) aren't just for the light(the electromagnetism type) and of course these proposition are less about the light (and some part of the light like the x-ray or β-ray or γ-ray or ...) But it can't be impossible that these effects be correct also about the light. Of course the Compton Effect is depending on the angle θ with coefficient (1 - cosθ). Now we want to justify that. We can say; if we want to consider the thing's (or waves or the atoms or...) properties we can consider the moving of them and we say that when an electron or another thing is turning around the nucleus quickly we'll take a special force that caused it, and now during the moving or after the moving we can get a special force and we can with this subject say the reason of many effects and now we try to justify simply with this method. For the first time this proposition is so easy but we can take this easy proposition as a principle of our discussion.
[6] viXra:1003.0010 [pdf] replaced on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages
Quaternion space and its respective Quaternion Relativity (it also may be called as Rotational Relativity) has been defined in a number of papers including [1], and it can be shown that this new theory is capable to describe relativistic motion in elegant and straightforward way. Nonetheless there are subsequent theoretical developments which remains an open question, for instance to derive Maxwell equations in Q-space. Therefore the purpose of the present paper is to derive a consistent description of Maxwell equations in Q-space. First we consider a simplified method similar to the Feynman's derivation of Maxwell equations from Lorentz force. And then we present another derivation method using Dirac decomposition, introduced by Gersten (1999). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify some implication of this proposition.
[5] viXra:0910.0067 [pdf] replaced on 19 Aug 2010
Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".
The subject of entropy can be formidably technical in its full-blown thermodynamic subtlety. However, we are primarily interested in three simple, fundamental, and typically overlooked examples of entropy in its most common, primordial, and significant form: 1) the dimensional expression of entropy as observed in the expansion and cooling of space; 2) the expansion, decay, and causal dilution of history; 3) the formation of spacetime by the negentropic action of gravitation. These dimensional or entropic domains are created by the primordial entropy drives of free electromagnetic energy (light - the spatial entropy drive of light's intrinsic motion), and bound electromagnetic energy (matter - the historical entropy drive of time's intrinsic motion).
[4] viXra:0910.0066 [pdf] replaced on 1 Dec 2009
Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 4 pages,
We point to a problem with the current generally accepted idea that work W = ∫ F⋅dx transfers kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv2, showing that with exactly the same amount of work, done through a pulley or a lever, different amounts of kinetic energy can be imparted to objects of different masses. We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, or the work-kinetic energy theorem W = ΔKE.
[3] viXra:0910.0066 [pdf] replaced on 12 Nov 2009
Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 4 pages,
We point to a problem with the current generally accepted idea that work W = ∫ F⋅dx transfers kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv2, showing that with exactly the same amount of work, done through a pulley or a lever, different amounts of kinetic energy can be imparted to objects of different masses. We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, or the work-kinetic energy theorem W = ΔKE.
[2] viXra:0910.0040 [pdf] replaced on 26 Oct 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages. Re formatted with font size 12 . Document
to be delivered to AIBEP.org meeting in Scottsville, Arizona, November
2nd.
In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρWarm-Dark-Matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation , but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.
[1] viXra:0910.0040 [pdf] replaced on 24 Oct 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 9 pages, matches far more closely the AIBEP.org format
plus end notes done as given in the AIP conference
proceedings requirements. Information due to refined end notes slightly
different and in some cases far more specific
In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρWarm-Dark-Matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation , but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational