Classical Physics

E = KMC^2 as a Special Case for Electron – Positron Annihilation by Glenn a. Baxter, P.e.*

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 4 Pages. Preliminary paper

We have shown that Dr. Einstein’s famous formula E = MC^2 is incorrectly derived. See www.k1man.com/c1 We have further suggested that E = MC^2 is not an identity, with implications for Dr. DeBroglie’s famous equation, E = hf, where f is the frequency in hertz and λ = c/f. See www.k1man.com/c4 We now propose that there exists a k, such that E = kMC^2, as a special case for electron – positron annihilation.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics in the 21st Century

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 90 Pages.

We present a free physics textbook intended for an advanced college or university seminar course at the undergraduate or graduate levels. This physics text is also intended for post doctoral and independent physics researchers . A new theory/model of the atom is covered as well as relativity, electromagnetic radiation, probability, quantum electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. (90 pages, 5.07 mega bites)
Category: Classical Physics

Discovery. Electron Flux Does not Exist in Conductors

Authors: Edmundas Jauniskis
Comments: 2 Pages.

Conclusion: elektron flux is not transferred from the battery minus to plus. As analogy would be contacting vessels with unequal amount of liquid. There is a valve in connection of these vessels and when it is opened, the liquid runs into lower vessel filled with.
Category: Classical Physics

The Navier-Stokes Equation

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper you will find a simple demonstration of the Navier-Stokes equation, while, most of times, in books, you find it broken into its vectorial components whose proofs are usually not so clear, so getting confused on the topic. Moreover, in the appendixes, you can also find an original proof of the Stokes’ (rotor) theorem, by the author of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

The Behaviours of Matter Ita Only

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 19 Pages. In Italian only

In this paper (for the moment only in Italian language - sorry) you can find an explanation of the basic chemical/physical behaviours of matter. In the opinion of the author, this is one of the best example of the power of the Scientific Method, to understand how could the human beings’ minds find the rules of the microscopic world by looking at them from the macroscopic one.
Category: Classical Physics

Discovery. Electron Flux Does not Exist in Wires

Authors: Edmundas Jauniskis
Comments: 2 Pages.

The energy flow in the wires is the oscillation of atoms. The energy flow consists of the purposeful blows of atoms towards each other.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolute Motion as the Physical State of Bodies

Authors: J. Bajnok
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 figure

According to the theory of relativity as established before the 1900s, the mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena that occur in systems in inertial motion do not contain the information needed to detect absolute motion. Today we know two state variables, which depend on the motion state of a body that appear in measurements: one of them is mass, which changes with respect to velocity or kinetic energy; the other is radiation frequency, which characterizes the inner state of atoms, and also changes with respect to velocity. Going back to the equation m = E/c^2 deduced by Poincare, the body absolute motion and absolute velocity can be deduced from the true mass change and true frequency change. As a first step, in the course of studying the changes of physical states in connection with kinetic energy, it was established that a limit exists for those parameters of the body which change with respect to velocity in case of the state of absolute rest, devoid of translational motion. On these grounds, as a second step, the dynamic definition of absolute rest was formulated. As a third step, the relationship between the body absolute velocity and mass change was deduced knowing the limits. Conclusion: a body absolute velocity can be determined from its gravitational mass measured at various velocities or from the values of radiation frequency, which changes in inverse proportion.
Category: Classical Physics

The Magnetic Field of the Electric Current and the Magnetic Induction

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper intend to explain the magnetic effect of the steady electric current, from some new point of view based on the simple observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction also.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Mechanics ( General Definitions )

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents general definitions in classical mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

E = MC Squared and λ = H/p Are not Identities and Time is an Illusion

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show that E = MC squared and λ = h/p Are Not Identities and Time is an Illusion
Category: Classical Physics

Maxwell's Equations Derived from Minimum Assumptions

Authors: Valery P.Dmitriyev
Comments: 5 Pages.

Electrodynamics can be presented in the course of physics as a chapter, or special case of continuum mechanics. At the macroscopic level of description it is the mechanics of an incompressible elastic-plastic medium with point defects. The key point is the properties of these defects. Currently, however, their derivation from the first principles does not seem to be feasible. So, in the present report I discuss the minimum requirements that must be imposed on the term of the "external" force in the Lame equation in order that the resulting system of equations appeared to be isomorphic to Maxwell's equations.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton’s Laws of Motion, Reference Frames and Inertia

Authors: Chris O'Loughlin
Comments: 9 Pages.

The validity of Newton’s Laws of Motion depends on the type of reference frame they act in. They are valid in inertial reference frames and not valid in non-inertial reference frames. Reference frames thus play a pivotal role any understanding of the laws themselves. So, what must we know in general about reference frames? And if a reference frame can be inertial or non-inertial, what must we know about inertia? This paper addresses these concepts and clarifies some common misconceptions surrounding them. Additionally, a modified definition of inertia is proposed that allows for a different formulation of Newton’s laws making them valid in either type of reference frame.
Category: Classical Physics

Work, Motion and Energy (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 5 Pages.

Energy, an undefined entity derived from work, is generally equated to motion. This has necessitated introduction of certain motion of physical bodies, wherever energy is envisaged. All actions are results of work-done rather than energy. Although energy has no definite form, structure or existence, it has gradually come to usurp rightful status of work-done about a physical body. Author proposes an alternative concept that may restore work, motion and energy to their fair and logical status.
Category: Classical Physics

The Reaction Force Does no Work?: a Comment on Physica Scripta 84 (2011) 055004

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Yes, Newton's third law will not produce correct results as long as the work of the reacting force is not calculated. We have always only focused on the work of the acting force. We have never considered the work of the reacting force, but to obtain correct results at the microscopic level we have no choice but to admit that the reacting force performs work.
Category: Classical Physics

Explain the Phenomenon of Neutrino Superluminal

Authors: Ji Qi, Wei Feng Ni, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 8 Pages.

An interesting experimental phenomenon attracted the whole world's attention. European researchers found that the neutrinos traveled faster than the speed of light, which was difficult to explain. This result was reported on the website of British "Nature" journal on September 22, 2011. Meanwhile, many strange phenomena from the experiment of Foucault pendulum were found by us. In 1921, Millar conducted an experiment and found that the light presented a drift motion relative to the earth by an amount of 10km/s. These experiments implied that there existed another state substance in nature and it might account for the motion laws of all the objects. In this paper, an objective interpretation for the superluminal phenomenon of neutrinos was presented, as well as a reasonable prediction for this kind of experiments.
Category: Classical Physics

The Strange Phenomena of Foucault Pendulum and Movement Laws of Celestial Bodies

Authors: Ji Qi, Sheng Wang, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 18 Pages.

"Ether" is existing? Can say that this is a very important question in physics! A strange phenomenon is found by studying on Foucault pendulum again and again. It is that when Swing ball is located in the north-south direction at the initial time, the rotation angular velocity in the swing plane is relatively large, while Swing ball is located in the east-west direction at the initial time, the angular velocity is much smaller, or even almost no rotation. And, when the ball is north-south swing, the swing state itself can be distorted to clockwise swing; However, when the ball is east-west swing, the swing state itself is hardly changed, or even slightly distorted toward counter-clockwise direction. The experimental phenomenon is in contradiction with the classical theory. The experimental results can prove the existence of another substance in the nature, which is No-Shape-Substance. At the same time, we can well understand the stellar run of peculiar regularity.
Category: Classical Physics

Physical Space of no-Shape-Substance

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 21 Pages.

People used to establish physical laws on the mathematical frame directly, without considering the existence of the No-Shape-Substance. We believe such physical laws are separated from their nature. Since we have known something about the No-Shape-Substance, we must review physical laws on the ground of objectivity and reality. We will discuss more profoundly space, universal gravitation, Coulomb force, magnetic force, the theory of relativity, and the like. We are trying to make basic physical laws more exactly and more clear. There is a general presentation to No-Shape-Substance in this paper, as well as an elementary calculation of the density and volume modulus of No-Shape-Substance. On the ground of the calculation, we can get a profound understand on the influence of medium on the velocity of light and that of temperature on the refractive index.
Category: Classical Physics

Non-Redundant and Natural Variables Definition of Heat Valid for Open Systems

Authors: Juan Ramón González Álvarez
Comments: 7 Pages.

Although an unambiguous definition of heat is available in the classical thermodynamics for closed systems, the question of how best to define heat transfer in open systems is not yet settled.

This article begins by reviewing the different definitions of heat for open systems used by Callen, Casas-Vazquez, DeGroot, Fox, Haase, Jou, Kondepudi, Lebon, Mazur, Misner, Prigogine, Smith, Thorne, and by Wheeler in irreversible thermodynamics, emphasizing their main pros and cons. In a posterior section, this author introduces a new definition of heat that avoids the main difficulties of the existent definitions and provides us (i) a non-redundant definition that (ii) agrees with the definition used in the kinetic theory of gases, (iii) uses natural variables for the thermodynamic potentials, and (iv) properly generalizes the classical thermodynamic expressions to open systems.

A no-Shape-Substance is the Foundation All Physics Laws Depend on the Second Part of New Physics

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 21 Pages.

People used to establish physical laws on the mathematical frame directly, without considering the existence of the No-Shape-Substance. Such physical laws are separated from nature. By analyzing the interaction between the body and the No-Shape-Substance, we will have a newer and better understanding of physical laws or concepts as inertial mass, Newton's Second Law, kinetic energy equation, mass-energy equation and momentum. And now we are going to uncover the essence of the physical laws.
Category: Classical Physics

A no-Shape-Substance is the Propagating Medium of Light the First Part of New Physics

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 19 Pages.

Through analyzing a variety of physical phenomena, the author proposes that there exists a special kind of substance - No-Shape-Substance. The author believes that this matter is the medium through which light propagates and the foundation on which all laws of motion can be built. On the same foundation we can explain a great many physical experiments as well. The No-Shape-Substance is an actual substance with mass in another state. The No-Shape-Substance is a more profound element in the nature, which can make people know the nature more thoroughly, as well as make the physics more objective, more natural and more logical.
Category: Classical Physics

Is the Principle of Energy a Tautology ?

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 1 page.

This paper shows that it is possible to obtain the principle of energy starting from the acceleration of a particle.
Category: Classical Physics

Zero Point Energy from the Viewpoint of an Alternative Concept of Space According to the BSM-Supergravitation Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 37 pages. The material was firstly presented in a plenary talk at the Tesla Science conference, 7-10 July, 2011, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

According to the BSM-Supergravitation Unified theory the space known as a physical vacuum contains two types of Zero Point Energy (ZPE): a Static and a Dynamic. The first, much stronger energy, is behind the strong nuclear forces, while the second one, weaker, is associated with the existence and propagation of the Electrical and Magnetic fields. The Static ZPE is accessible by the nuclear reaction, while the Dynamic ZPE could be accessed by a physical effect called a Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism.
Category: Classical Physics

Negentropic Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages

Order and information (in the negentropic sense) are built upon charge conservation - the symmetry debts of light - symmetry transformed from a 2-D (or 3-D) atemporal, non-local, massless free energy form (light) to a 4-D, temporal, local, and massive bound energy form (charged elementary particles). With charge comes quantized mass, time, and gravity - the asymmetric "gang of four" necessary to conserve all the energy, entropy, and symmetry of the light that created atomic matter.
Category: Classical Physics

The Application of Single Wire Phase Retardation Effect in Power Source

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 4 pages

In this work, we combined a power source with a single wire phase retarded circuit in parallel. When a load resistor is connected to this combination, the single wire phase retarded circuit supplies most current to the load resistor so that the supplied current from the source is reduced. It is observed that the consumed power in the load resistor is larger than the supplied power from the source. It is anticipated that this technology can be used to generate electric power.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Mechanics ( Particles and Biparticles )

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 9 pages, License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

This paper considers the existence of biparticles and presents a general equation of motion, which can be applied in any non-rotating reference frame (inertial or non-inertial) without the necessity of introducing fictitious forces.
Category: Classical Physics

The Measurement of Retarded Phase in Single Wire Power Transmission

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 5 pages

In this work, we measured the retarded phase in single wire power transmission. It is verified that the retarded phase is dependent on frequency. When the value of retarded phase is 180^o, the current through the power source is phase inverted relative to its voltage so that the effective resistance of load is negative. This phenomenon needs to be investigated further for the usage of electric power generation.
Category: Classical Physics

Scope of Center of Charge in Electrostatics

Authors: Kolahal Bhattacharya
Comments: 7 pages, published in "Physics Education Journal" in July-September issue, 2010

The notion of the center of an electrostatic charge distribution is introduced. Then, it is investigated in which problems the notion may be useful. It is seen that in many problems with positive and negative charge contents (for example, image problems) the notion works nice.
Category: Classical Physics

Twelve-Dimensions Theory in Electromagnetic Dynamics as a Hypothesis

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 20 pages.

We propose a theory in electromagnetic dynamics, in which time and space are equivalent with each other and have totally twelve dimensions. Then, we solve that with realistic assumptions and find a steady state as a solution. The solution draws a circle in complex space having six dimensions as a closed string, which is an orbit passed by waves of two scalar fields having electric and magnetic characters, respectively. We also discuss a possibility of existing solutions of electromagnetic waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Invalidation of the Inverse Square Law for Spherical Light Emitting Objects

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages.

In addition to the brightness of a light emitting (active) object and the distance between the active and passive objects; the amount of light reaches a passive object also depends upon the amount of the surface area of the active object exposed towards the passive object. Inverse square law of distance for light is not valid in instances where the light emitting objects are in different shapes such as sphere (star) or cylinder (florescent tube); in which case the surface area of these objects exposed to an external object varies with the size of the objects.
Category: Classical Physics

The Effect of Retarded Phase Factor in Single Wire Power Transmission

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 4 pages

In this paper, we studied the effect of retarded phase factor in single wire power transmission. It is indicated that the effective resistance of load is negative when the length of wire is one quarter of wavelength. The loading current acts like a driving source to charge the transmitter so that the oscillating power of transmitter is amplified. It is anticipated that this technology can be used to generate electric power.
Category: Classical Physics

Quick and Easy Derivation of the Electron's Electromagnetic Mass: a Comment on Physics-Uspekhi 54 (4) 371-374 (2011)

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Obtaining the electron's electromagnetic mass has just been made much easier now that the electron has been measured to be aspheric. We show here that the electron can be modeled as a right circular cylinder whose front face is connected to its back face. We show that there must be a circulating magnetic field along the axis of this ring.
Category: Classical Physics

Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (According to the BSM-SG Unified Theory)

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 30 Pages.

The Atlas of Atomic Nuclear Structures (ANS) is one of the major output results of the Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG), based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum. The atlas of ANS illustrates the material structure of the elementary particles and atomic nuclei as they are revealed in BSM-SG. While they exhibit the same interaction energies as the Quantum Mechanical models, they are not point-like structures. The atlas also provides information about the spatial arrangement of the protons and neutrons in the atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules. The Z-number trend of the nuclear build-up follows a shell structure that complies strictly with the row-column pattern of the Periodic table, while obeying the Hund's rules and Pauli exclusion principle. The nuclear structures of the stable isotopes exhibit a higher degree of symmetry. The trend of faster increase of the number of neutrons in comparison to the protons in heavier elements and their spatial positions play a role in redistribution of the repulsive Coulomb forces between protons. The proposed physical models could find applications in different fields, such as the chemistry, nanotechnology, biomolecules and deeper understanding of the nuclear stability and reactions..
Category: Classical Physics

The Retarded Phase Factor in Wireless Power Transmission

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we present the coupling equations involving retarded phase factor in wireless power transmission. Negative resistance can be achieved in specific range of distance between two resonators. The law of energy conservation is valid when the retarded phase factor is equal to one.
Category: Classical Physics

On Reference Frames

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 3 pages.

In this work it is established, on one hand, that any reference frame should be fixed to a body and, on the other hand, that it is possible to agree that any reference frame fixed to a body should be non-rotating. Keywords: classical mechanics, observer, body, center of mass, rotating reference frame, non-rotating reference frame.
Category: Classical Physics

On Classical Mechanics

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 12 pages, License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

In this work a new dynamics is developed, which is valid for all observers, and which establishes, among other things, the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force, which balances the remaining forces acting on a body. In this new dynamics, the motion of a body is not determined by the forces acting on it; instead, the body itself determines its own motion, since as a result of such motion it exerts over all other bodies the kinetic force which is necessary to keep the system of forces acting on each of them always in equilibrium.
Category: Classical Physics

Il Tempo e il Tutto

Authors: Giorgio Fabretti, Giuseppe Mascioli
Comments: 5 pages, In Italian

since his seminars in 1972, at the Departmente of Sociology of the University of Rome1, professor Giorgio Fabretti has been developing a new conception of physical dimensions as derived from an originary time dimension, conceived as the operational expression of a mathematically conceived multiversal logic field, as a by-product of the relation between the cognitive genetic evolution and the so called empirical objective reality, also called transcendental realityof. The neo-copernican revolution of Fabretti is at the present mostly a philosophical and logical construction aimed at stimulating the evolution of mathematical and physical scientifical methods toward more efficient cognitive tecniques, beyond the present physical conceptions of predominant space and matter: which have to be replaced by a neo-copernican vision based respectively on time and logic. Only this replacement, according to prof. Fabretti, is methodologically compatible with the extraordinary efficaciousness of mathematics in contemporary computer and genetic science. The title "TheTime and the All" is with reference to the many attempts to unify physical theories, that, according to prof.Fabretti, cannot succeed if they do not hold in account a new conception of space, energy and matter, in terms of dimensions derived from Time, and finally from Logic.
Category: Classical Physics

Matter and Mass ( According to 'hypothesis on Matter' )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 7 pages. Originally published in General Science Journal

Matter is the only substance that can provide objective existence in space and physical reality to an entity. All real entities are made of matter. Due to lack of a reference, we have no measuring scale to determine matter content of a real object. We had been using one of the attributes of matter, mass, to represent matter content of real objects. Mass, used for this purpose, is itself is often bifurcated into inertial mass, gravitational mass, etc. Inertial mass is the measure of inertia, a property attributed to real matter bodies. Gravitational mass is derived from magnitude of gravitational attraction, experienced by a matter body. However, importance accorded to mass (in place of matter content of a body) caused matter to be regarded as an unnecessary entity even for existence of real bodies. This encouraged developments of exotic theories and mysterious particles. Devising a logical measurement scale can help restore glory to matter, rightly due to it, as the only substance that can provide existence to all real objects.
Category: Classical Physics

A Laboratory Experiment for Testing Space-Time Isotropy

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 12 pages

The anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation invokes the idea of using a new method for testing the space-time isotropy in a laboratory. It also raises a question about a possible dependence of the speed of light isotropy on the gravity dependence on altitude. Presently, the operational management of the GPS system applies corrections indicating the existence of a universal clock. This does not fully comply with the definition of the inertial frame according to Special Relativity. In the original Michelson-Morley experiment and some later experiments, the expected "ether drag" was not confirmed but a small non-null effect was detected. Dayton Miller and Yu .M. Galaev found that the observed non-null effect is greater at a higher altitude. The second order experiments based on interferometric methods may not be able to isolate the origin of this effect because of the ambiguity between the Doppler shift and the relativistic clock rate change. The methodology in the suggested new experiment is expected to put a new light on the enigmatic non-null effect. It is based on measurement of the ratio between refractive indices of two different optical media by using a collimated beam that obtains different orientations in respect to the CMB anisotropy during the sidereal and orbital motion of the Earth
Category: Classical Physics

On Time :Trying to go Beyond Endless Confusions ... Comment on the Paper Arxiv:0903.3489

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 8 pages.

It is mentioned that in physics, much like in everyday life, we are vitally interested in certain abstract concepts, such as, geometry, number, time, or for that matter, monetary value. And contrary to usual views, we can never ever really know what such abstract concepts are. Instead, all that we may know are specific models of such concepts. This state of affairs has direct relevance upon the long ongoing disputes related to time in physics. In particular, the paper indicates the exaggeration in claims according to which \time as an independent concept has no place in physics".
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical and Experimental Research on Field Propulsion Using the Developments of the BSM-Supergravitation Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 4 pages, Included in Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Natural Philosophy Alliance, v. 7, 485-488, 23-26 June, 2010 at California State University, Long Beach, California

The Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) is based on an alternative space concept. The developed models provide a vision for the possible material structure of the elementary particles and the superfine structure of the physical vacuum called the Cosmic Lattice (CL). The properties of the CL elementary node and its interaction with the elementary particles give clues to the connection between gravity and inertia on one side and the electric and magnetic fields on the other. Mass appears to be not equivalent to matter but its measurable parameter, so it could be changed by proper modulation of the parameters of the physical vacuum. BSM-SG predicts an unique gravito-inertial effect which was verified by experiments and was called Stimulated Anomalous Reaction of Gravity (SARG). It is activated by a Heterodyne Resonance Method invoking Quantum Mechanical interactions between oscillating ion-electron pairs and the space-time continuum.
Category: Classical Physics

Coplanar Forces (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 14 pages. Originally published in General Science Journal

All actions in nature are caused, initiated and accomplished by work. Relation between magnitude of 'work-done' about a macro body and the macro body's displacement during the work is being accomplished is the 'force'. Hence, 'force' is a mathematical aspect related to work, which is a real entity. However, the term 'force' is usually understood as a 'cause' or 'effort' required for an action. Actions are effects of efforts due to causes. Action by an effort results in definite effect on or about a matter body. To perform an action, certain mechanism is essential. Generally, all physical actions are understood by displacement (motion) of macro bodies in space. 'Action at a distance through empty space', to accomplish movement of a macro body is an impossible proposition. To accomplish motion in space, four things are essential. They are; a macro body that is being moved, an entity that is instrumental to the motion, a mechanism of motion and a reason or cause for the motion. Although the mechanism of motion is basically the same in all conditions, there are slight differences in its actions, when causes of motion are in different relative directions or in different planes. This article briefly describes mechanism of motion [3] (by universal medium that is instrumental to motion of a macro body), when causes in the same plane are involved.
Category: Classical Physics

Estimation of the Required Height of Seawall for Protection from Tsunami.

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 6 pages.

Here is presented an estimating range of heights of tsunami which is assumed to attack the coast after earthquake or something else. The height of tsunami is proved to be not less than 20 meters. For the reason above, required height of seawall for protection from Tsunami should be not less than 25 meters. If tsunami overcome some suddenly rising the line of coast's profile, such a giant wave is proved to decrease a velocity, as well as suddenly increase height. It so called gradient catastrophe in regard to the proper components of tsunami velocity (shock wave).
Category: Classical Physics

Energy Multiplier in Retarded Resonance

Authors: Qichang Liang, Yu Liang, Xiaodong Liu
Comments: 4 pages.

In this work, we describe a wireless power system in which the distance between the source and receiver is 1/4 of wavelength. The induced electromotive force (EMF) from the receiver to the source is phase inverted due to the retardation so that the source absorbs energy instead of output energy. This system is an energy multiplier since both source and receiver gain energy.
Category: Classical Physics

A Physical Model of the Electron According to the Basic Structures of Matter Hypothesis

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 17 pages. The article was published in Physics Essays v. 16, No 2, (2003).

A physical model of the electron is suggested according to the Basic Structures of Matter (BSM) hypothesis (later published as a BSM-SG theory). BSM-SG is based on an alternative concept about the physical vacuum assuming that the space contains underlying superfine structure of nodes formed of super-dens sub-elementary particles, which are also involved in the structure of the elementary particles. The proposed grid structure is formed of vibrating nodes possessing quantum features and energy well. It is admitted that this hypothetical structure could be accounted for the missing "dark matter" in the Universe. The signature of such "dark matter" is apparent in the galactic rotational curves and in the relation between masses of the supermassive black whole in the galactic centre and the host galaxy. The suggested model of the electron possesses oscillation features with anomalous magnetic moment and embedded signatures of the Compton wavelength and the fine structure constant. The analysis of the interactions between the oscillating electron and the nodes of the vacuum grid structure allows obtaining physical meaning for some fundamental constants.
Category: Classical Physics

Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory Based on an Alternative Concept of the Physical Vacuum

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 11 pages. Reported and included in Proceedings of the IX Iternational scientific conference, Space, Time, Gravitation, Aug 7-11, 2006, St. Petersburg,Russia.

The Basic Structures of Matter - Super Gravitation Unified Theory (BSM-SG) unveils the relation between the forces in Nature by adopting the following framework: - Empty Euclidian space without any physical properties and restrictions - Two fundamental particles of superdense matter with parameters associated with a Planck's scale - A Fundamental law of Super Gravitation (SG) - an inverse cubic law valid in pure empty space.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus in Extremis: Part 4.4 Quarks

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 15 pages.

A conceptual model is created for the composition of quarks and the internal structure of the proton and neutron. In this model the charge of a quark indicates the number of hyff (force lines) it emits. Cordus also explains the colour and provides a mechanism for the strong interaction (both the attraction and repulsive components). The model also explains why parity violation occurs. A new concept of the 'level of assembly' is introduced and used to explain mass excess and why smaller particuloids have greater mass. Cordus also predicts non-conservation of mass.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus in Extremis: Part 4.3 Gravitation, Mass and Time

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 14 pages.

Gravitation is conceptually problematic to General Relativity and Quantum mechanics in that the fundamental mechanisms are unknown to both, and the theories have different requirements that are difficult to reconcile into a single model. Cordus gravitation offers a solution to the problem. It provides a mechanism whereby gravitation is not continuous but in discrete force (or displacement) increments similar to quanta (but not uniform increments). Also, the closing force between two masses is transient. In this idea, gravitation, and therefore also mass, is a discontinuous property: i.e. a particuloid emits gravity (has mass) at some moments but not others. Thus gravitation is an effect that a mass does to the whole universe, not to targeted other bodies, and in this regard Cordus is consistent with General relativity. Both QM and Cordus agree that gravitation is quantised. Cordus conceptually integrates the different effects of mass: Gravitation is a particuloid contributing hyff to the fabric; Newtonian mass is resistance of the reactive ends to unexpected displacement; Relativistic mass is decreasing efficacy of hyff engagement with the fabric as velocity of the reactive end increases; Momentum is a frequency mechanism that ensures the reactive end re-energises on-time and in-place; particuloids like nucleons have mass to the extent that they have frequency. Furthermore, Cordus offers an explanation of how time arises at a sub-atomic level by the cordus frequency, and how this aggregates to the sense of time that we perceive biologically. Thus Cordus offers a radically new way of thinking about the problem of gravitation, mass and time that is quite unlike conventional physics, yet includes concepts that might be recognisable to those other physics.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus in Extremis: Part 4.2 Fabric of the Universe

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 8 pages.

The concept of the vacuum is problematic for conventional physics. Electromagnetic wave theory models it as consisting of nothing at all, but yet paradoxically having finite electric and magnetic constants. Quantum mechanics models it as consisting of temporary particles, but no average substance. General Relativity theory includes a spacetime medium, without describing the composition. In all cases the underlying physical mechanisms are obscure. Furthermore, these existing perspectives conflict in their expectations, so the integration is poor. The treatment is not always logical either: conventional theories find the idea of the matterbased aether thoroughly unacceptable, yet ironically all include something that looks conceptually much like a medium. The Cordus conjecture provides a conceptual solution for the composition of the vacuum: it provides a fabric that is granular (similar to quantised) at the smallest scale, scales up to a continuum, provides a medium for propagation of disturbances and waves, provides a medium for electromagnetism and gravitation, is relativistic, is not a matter aether, and includes a time signal. In the cordus solution the vacuum is made of tangled hyff (force lines) from all the surrounding matter particuloids. This cordus fabric concept also provides a descriptive explanation as to why the speed of light is a finite value. The fine structure constant is given a physical interpretation, as a measure of the transmission efficacy of the fabric. Cordus also distinguishes between the fabric that makes up the vacuum of space, as opposed to the void which has neither fabric nor time as we perceive it. This model is radically unorthodox in suggesting that the speed of light is relativistic but not invariant; that it depends fundamentally on the fabric density and hence the accessible mass density of the universe at that locality.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus in Extremis: Part 4.1 Electromagnetism

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 17 pages.

The Cordus conjecture is extended to create a conceptual model for electromagnetic fields. The resulting model shows how a cordus particuloid generates small transient units of force at the sub-atomic level, thereby creating the apparently smooth and continuous electric field that we more commonly perceive. Cordus also reconceptualises how magnetism is generated at the sub-atomic level, and likewise explains how the granularity arises. It is shown that the electric field cannot be shielded, only neutralised. Cordus electromagnetism is applied to explain the electric field surrounding a wire carrying current, the locus of moving test charges in a magnetic field, and the mechanism for how force arises in permanent magnets. The contribution made by this paper is a description of electromagnetism that goes to the next deeper level: it explains the underlying mechanisms for how the forces arise. Also, it provides a mechanism for fields to be granular and directional at the small scale, but smooth and continuous at larger scale.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Matter: Part 3.5 Schrodinger's Cat Reconceptualised

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.

Quantum mechanics is the dominant conceptual foundation for fundamental physics. Nonetheless there are effects that it does not explain, or explains only by reference to metaphysical effects. While many have wondered whether there could be a more-complete explanation, the solution has been elusive. Cordus suggests that the necessary deeper mechanics is only accessible by abandoning the premise of 'particle', and shows how to achieve this. The resulting Cordus mechanics provides a new way of thinking and a radically different conceptual foundation. This paper primarily contrasts Quantum and Cordus mechanics. In the process, Cordus re-conceptualises Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It also provides an explanation for the paradox of Schrödinger's Cat, and shows it to be based on unrealistic and unattainable premises.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Matter: Part 3.4 Special States of Matter

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 12 pages.

The Cordus principle of complementary frequency states (CoFS) is used to develop a novel descriptive model for the mechanisms underlying superfluidity and superconductivity. In both cases Cordus explains the effects as synchronisation of forces between electrons and atoms. Several associated effects are likewise explained, including quantum vortices, heat conduction in superfluids, and the Meissner effect in superconductors. Cordus also asserts that superposition does not exist, at least not the way QM conceptualises it. In particular, that the mathematics of superposition and the wavefunction are not the reality, only mathematical approximations of deeper effects, and are unreliable qualitative descriptors of those underlying mechanisms. The concept of 'coherence' is reconceptualised and the reasons why that state cannot be readily achieved are discussed. Cordus also explains why Quantum mechanics, which seems to apply at the level of individual particles, does not scale up to macroscopic bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Matter: Part 3.3 Energy Cycles Within Matter

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 7 pages.

The interaction of light with electrons is one of the fundamental perceptual realities of what we see. Yet that interaction is only partly understood. Cordus concepts are applied to develop a descriptive model of the mechanisms whereby photons are absorbed into electrons and emitted. From the Cordus perspective, the temperature of a body is primarily a measure of its phonons (lattice-vibrations). Cordus shows why entropy occurs, despite the individual mechanisms being reversible. An understanding of the mechanisms for entropy is relevant to the understanding of coherence, superfluidity and superconductivity. Cordus suggests that a failure to adequately conceptualise entropy leads to misapplication of coherence and ultimately to unreliability in the premise of superposition.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Matter: Part 3.2 Matter Particuloids

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 12 pages.

Some of the most enigmatic effects in the physics of electrons are its waveparticle duality and the Aharonov-Bohm and Casimir effects. Even relatively core concepts of atomic physics, like spin and the Pauli exclusion principle, lack satisfactory descriptive explanations. This paper shows that application of the cordus principle can explain these effects in a coherent manner.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Matter: Part 3.1 Wider Locality

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 7 pages.

The dominant paradigm in conventional physics is that of a 'particle', which this paper suggests is a badly flawed premise. The cordus particuloid is a more coherent concept in that it offers explanations of phenomena that are otherwise puzzling, and does so with one conceptual consistent framework across a wide variety of phenomena. This paper shows how entanglement is readily explained as a natural consequence of the cordus. It also introduces the principle of complementary frequency state synchronisation (CoFS) as the deeper principle beneath the Pauli exclusion principle, and coherence. It is suggested that Bell's Theorem is only applicable to 1D point particles, and is thus generally irrelevant. Specifically, Bell's Theorem is not an obstacle to models of hidden variables. Furthermore, it is suggested that the principle of locality is not viable in its present form, and a principle of wider locality is proposed.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Optics: Part 2.3 Refraction

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 11 pages.

Explaining basic optical effects is not possible with classical particle mechanics, and even with quantum mechanics it is not straight forward and not particularly intuitive. The problem is much simpler when solved in the cordus domain. This paper provides cordus explanations for Snell's Law and Brewster's Angle, and quantitative derivations too. This is significant because the cordus mechanics were derived for single photons, and immediately generalise also to beams of light. Therefore cordus can explain particle behaviour, fringes, and optical effects, using a single coherent mechanics. The cordus explanation does not need the conventional concept of 'interference'.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Optics: Part 2.2 Reflection

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.

Optical effects such as reflection and refraction are conventionally best described by Electromagnetic Wave theory, at least when they involve beams of light. However that theory does not explain why single photons should also show such behaviour. This paper shows that optical effects can also be explained from a cordus particuloid perspective. Several principles are proposed for the interaction of a cordus photon with an optical surface, and these are used to explain reflection and subsequently refraction. The formula for critical angle is derived from a particuloid basis. The cordus and wave theory perspectives are compared and contrasted. The significance of this work is that the cordus mechanics explains the reflection and refraction behaviour of both single photons as well as beams of light, so it is a more universal explanation.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Optics: Part 2.1 Frequency

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 10 pages.

Conventional particle and wave theories struggle to explain the frequency of photons and matter in a coherent manner using natural physics. This paper applies the cordus conjecture to develop a model for frequency of the photon. The interpretation is that there really is a part of the photon cordus that moves with a frequency. The working model is for a reciprocal motion: the energy alternates between the two reactive ends across the span of the cordus, and the hyff represent the observable electric field. This cordus model for frequency readily explains polarisation and tunnelling, and the concept is fundamental to other developments of the cordus mechanics including the reflection and refraction of particuloids. The implications are that frequency is not just an intrinsic variable, but a physical effect within the photon. The cordus frequency is a fundamental conceptual building-block in creating an integrated solution that unifies wave and particle behaviour. It is a powerful concept that is coherent across many other phenomena too, including matter particuloids and it contributes subsequently to the cordus model for granular fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Conjecture: Part 1.3 Explanation of Fringes

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 18 pages.

The cordus concept is shown to be able to explain wave behaviour in gaps, and fringes in the double slit device. This is useful because one of the enigmas of the double-slit device is that single photons form fringe patterns. Cordus explains fringes in terms of force lines called hyperfine fibrils (hyff) and their interaction with the edges of the light path. This also explains beam divergence and near-field effects. The results show that it is conceptually possible to create a solution for fringes based on a particuloid interpretation of light, without using the concept of interference. The biggest difference between Wave theory and the cordus explanation is their interpretation of the mechanism for fringes. Wave theory explains fringes as 'interference': two separate waves of light differing by full (half) fractions of wavelengths and thus constructively (destructively) interfering. From the Cordus perspective photons do not actually interfere or add together, and 'interference' is only a convenient analogy. The Cordus explanation is that fringes are caused instead by interaction of the photon hyff with opaque edges. This bracket of papers therefore offers a resolution of wave-particle duality by anticipating the internal cordus structure of the photon and the associated cordus mechanics. From this perspective wave and particle behaviours are simply the different output behaviours that the internal system shows depending on how it is measured. Thus Cordus offers a deeper mechanics that subsumes both quantum mechanics and wave theory. Surprisingly, Cordus suggests that the next deeper level of reality is deterministic.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Conjecture: Part 1.2 Quo Vadis, Photon?

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 14 pages.

Photon path dilemmas are a difficult area for conventional physics. Typical situations are the double-slit device and interferometers. The problem manifests as an apparent ability of the photon to simultaneously take all paths through the device, but eventually only appear at one. It is shown that a cordus structure is conceptually able to resolve the path dilemmas in wave-particle duality. Explanations are given for the double-slit device and interferometers. The Cordus conjecture implies there is a deeper, simpler, deterministic, and more elegant reality beneath quantum mechanics and wave theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Conjecture: Part 1.1 Quis es tu Photon?

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 8 pages.

A new conceptual model is proposed for the internal structure of the photon, and the mechanics thereof. This internal structure is called a cordus. The cordus consists of two reactive ends (RE) connected together with a fibril. The fibril connecting the two reactive ends does not interact with other matter. Each of the two reactive ends behaves like a whole photon in its ability to interact with other matter, including reflection, transmission, and the ability to take two paths, though it collapses to only one location. The reactive ends emit hyperfine fibrils (hyff) which are force lines. The cordus structure is neither a particle nor a wave, though can appear as either in certain circumstances.
Category: Classical Physics

Cordus Conjecture: Overview

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 17 pages.

The Cordus conjecture suggests there is a deeper, simpler, deterministic, and more elegant reality beneath quantum mechanics and wave theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Brownian Movements (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 6 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

Currently, analyses of 'Brownian motion' are limited to its relevance to other scientific phenomena. Observed motion of a microscopic solid particle, suspended in a liquid, is attributed to assumed random motion of liquid molecules. This type of motion remains one of many assumptions of 'kinetic theory'. There is neither a logical cause nor a mechanism nor a known mover, acting on liquid molecules. Hence, root cause of Brownian motion remains a mystery. Aim of this article is to explain a logical mechanism for random motion of molecules (which causes Brownian motion) of liquid macro body, based on structural behaviour of its matter-particles, rather than to analyse observed motion and its significance to other phenomena. In free space (where a macro body experience no external influence related to other macro bodies), least dense matter-particles in a fluid macro body, settle at its centre and the macro body itself becomes spherical in shape. External pressure on a macro body reduces its size and thereby increases its matter-density and internal pressure. Internal pressure, within a macro body, acts as external pressure on its constituent primary matter-particles. Enhancement of external pressure on primary matter-particles enlarges their sizes and reduces their matter (and energy) content levels to lower their matter-density, as it happens during heating. In a fluid macro body, situated near a massive macro body, reduction of matter-density of its constituent primary matter-particles (corresponding to their location within the macro body) tends to produce convection current. This is the root cause of 'Brownian movement' of suspended microscopic solid particles in the fluid macro body. If no massive macro body is near the fluid macro body, there will be no Brownian movements in it. Phenomenon of Brownian motion takes place only on or near the surface of earth-like celestial macro bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Mpemba Effect ( According to "hypothesis on Matter" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 5 pages. Originally published in General Science Journal

Two equal volumes of water, one slightly warmer than the other, when placed in similar external conditions to freeze, warmer water is noticed to freeze before the other. This phenomenon (Mpemba effect) is the result of difference in the rate of inter-atomic movements during cooling stages of macro bodies with different initial temperatures.
Category: Classical Physics

Probability Distribution Function of the Particle Number in a System with Concurrent Existence of Temperature T and Potential Φ

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 7 pages.

In a system, coupling between the large number of charged particles will induce potential Φ. When temperature T and potential Φ concurrently exist in the system, the particle potential energy and kinetic energy would satisfy the probabilistic statistical distribution. Based on such consideration, we established the quantum statistical distribution for the particle. When temperature T → 0, and the potential is extremely low, all the particles in the system would approach the ground-state-level distribution.
Category: Classical Physics

Linear Speed of Light ( According to "hypothesis on Matter" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 15 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

Light is a flow of basic three-dimensional matter corpuscles, accompanied by work (electromagnetic energy) radiation. A corpuscle of light is a basic 3D matter particle, called photon. Matter-part of light corpuscle and its accompanying energy-part, together, constitute a photon. They support each other for sustenance and stability of the photon. Matter-core of a photon is a disc-shaped body, spinning about one of its diameters. Electromagnetic wave-like entity, about a photon's matter core-body, is work in the form of distortions in universal medium. Two-dimensional energy fields, constituted by latticework structures by quanta of matter, fill entire space outside basic 3D matter particle to form an all-encompassing universal medium. Region of universal medium, around photon's core-body that contains sufficient distortions to sustain integrity and state of a photon's core-body is its inertial pocket. At every instant, matter-core of a photon is ejected out of 2D energy fields of its existence at highest (constant) linear speed, by gravitational actions. Linear and spin speeds of a photon are limited by the ability of 2D energy fields to allow photon's passage, without breaking down themselves. Attempt to change linear speed of a photon changes its matter content (frequency) rather than its linear speed. Linear speed of light near a large macro body is a critical constant with respect to matter field of that body. Light, being stream of corpuscles of matter, obeys all laws of motion irrespective of its direction of radiation. Linear speed of light is not a universal constant; depending on the nature of universal medium, it varies from region to region in space.
Category: Classical Physics

Energy Transfer and Differential Entropy of Two Charged Systems that Show Potential Difference

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 8 pages.

In the process to combine two charged systems, potential-different systems, we testified that energy would transfer from the high-potential system to the low-potential one, during which the entropy of the two systems show corresponding changes.
Category: Classical Physics

The Partition Function Z and Lagrangian Multiplier 1/(qΦ) of a Particle-Charged System

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 7 pages.

In a system consisting of a large number of charged particles, the potential energy of the in-system particles satisfy probability distribution. Starting from such consideration, we defined the partition function Z and get the particles in-system distribution function N_i, and obtained the Lagrangian multiplier 1/(qΦ) by using the Lagrange's multiplication method.
Category: Classical Physics

The Potential Function and Entropy Function of a System that Carries Large Number of Charged Particles

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 9 pages.

If a system is consisted of a large number of charged particles, any one of the system's particles would couple with its neighbors by dissimilar strengths. Therefore, the system's particles would produce dissimilar potentials, which satisfy the probability distribution. To make the potential induced by wave number k an exact differential, we introduced the function λ. In this way, we defined the potential function Φ and entropy function S of the system.
Category: Classical Physics

Producing Matter and Energy from Time

Authors: M. Mantovani
Comments: 11 pages.

In this paper we propose a quantum field theory involving Dark Matter and Dark Energy, explaining the expansion of the Universe. The theory is presented through a Feynman diagram.
Category: Classical Physics

Planetary Magnetism (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 15 Pages.

Linear and rotary motions of a macro body are entirely separate. Each of them is produced by separate set of work-done on a macro body. However, each matter particle of a linearly moving, rotating macro body has its own path of resultant motion. Its motion and path appear to be resultant of linear and rotary motions of the macro body. With respect to an absolute reference (about which all real actions on/about a macro body takes place) resultant motion of a constituent matter particle of a planetary body is along a wavy path in space. Since linear speed of a spinning planetary body is much greater than linear motion of its constituent matter particles due to planetary body's spin speed, every matter particle in the spinning planetary body always moves in the same direction in space. Spin motion of a planetary body is an illusion and it is valid only for considerations with respect to static reference of planetary body's spin axis. As real motion of all matter particles of a spinning planetary body (with respect to absolute reference) is always in the same linear direction, swirling motion of a planetary body's interior is a myth.
Category: Classical Physics

When Coupled with Another Particle, a Charged Particle Produces the Coulomb Potential, Weak Coupling Potential and Yukawa Potential

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 8 pages

When a charged particle couples through its field with another particle, and based on the dissimilar coupling strengths,it produces the 3 different potential functions ', namely, the Coulomb potential, weak coupling potential and Yukawa potential. The 3 potentials show the common characteristics: They are all periodic functions in time-space. Under the influence of those potentials, a particle takes periodic motions in space. The author notes that the electric field strength of an isolated charged particle would not show the divergent phenomenon.
Category: Classical Physics

Particle Characteristics Energy and Action of the Free Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 8 pages

When discussing the free electromagnetic field, the author takes the electric field and magnetic field as two physical events on the time-space coordinate system. In line with the restricted theory of relativity, the author discusses the particle characteristics of the free electromagnetic field, and deems that the electromagnetic particle and the form of particle-captured energy are in perfect conformity with the Planck quantum assumption. In the ending part of the paper, the author has discussed the value of action exerted by dissimilar particles.
Category: Classical Physics

Electromagnetic Field Equation and Field Wave Equation

Authors: Xianzhao Zhong
Comments: 8 pages

Starting from the Gauss field equation, the author of this paper sets up a group of electromagnetic field functions and a continuity equation which depicts the electric and magnetic fields. This group of equations is in perfect conformity with the Maxwell equation. By using these function groups we derived another group of wave equation of the free electromagnetic field, in which the wave amplitude is the function of frequency ! and wave number k.
Category: Classical Physics

Is the String Landscape Distributive in the Universe and Might it Manifest a Peano Cosmic Consciousness?

Authors: Richard D. Ruquist
Comments: 9 pages, Retired physicist, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA

A consequence of 10d supersymmetric string theory is the existence of a universal subspace called the Calabi-Yau Compact Manifold (CYCM) which is composed of a 3D array of discrete units of 6d compactified space. The recent astronomical evidence that Sommerfeld's fine-structure constant varies slightly across the visible universe (from north to south in an Earth perspective) suggests that the flux windings in the discrete 10^-30 cm diameter CYCM units may vary similarly across the universe. String theorists estimate that the flux has 10 quantum states while winding through the 500 or so holes in each CYCM unit, so that there are about 10^500 possible windings, the so-called string landscape. Such a large number is more than enough possible windings to fill many good size universes with distinct CYCM units. If the discrete and distinct CYCM units are also numerable, they may have the properties of a Peano arithmetic and possibly manifest an invisible emergent collective cosmic consciousness that permeates the entire universe, separate from human physical consciousness.
Category: Classical Physics

A Simple Presentation of Derivation of Harmonic Oscillator and a Different Derivation of the Pythagorean Theorem

Authors: Janko Kokošar
Comments: 4 pages

Sergio Rojas wrote an article about derivation of classical harmonic oscillator. This derivation is more clear for students. Some sentences are added here which still more visualize his derivation. A derivation of the Pythagorean theorem from kinetic energy law is added. Such derivations are a way, how to improve visualization of fundamental theories of physics, and to visualize their derivations and problems.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Electromagnetism's Production of e = Mc²

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

With a little help from the wave equation, we show that the square of the psi-function with respect to time is an energy density. We then use potential and electromagnetic theories to develop special relativity's mass-energy relationship.
Category: Classical Physics

A Novel Technology of Electric Propulsion

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Yu Liang, Qichang Liang
Comments: 3 pages

We proposed a new technology that generates propulsion force via electromagnetic interaction between a toroidal solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor. It is shown that the charge on the capacitor experience none-zero Coulomb force in the electric field induced by the alternating current in the solenoid, while the capacitor exert zero force to the solenoid. This technology can be used as electric propulsion in aerospace engineering.
Category: Classical Physics

Motion in Curved Path (According to 'hypothesis on Matter')

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 26 pages

All natural (inertial) motions are in straight lines. Rotating motion or motion of a macro body in curved path is the result of simultaneous straight-line motions of its 3D matter particles in different directions at differing linear speeds, appropriate to their locations in the macro body. A macro body, moving in a circular path, is under a constant inward effort (central force). It simultaneously has linear motions in two directions. Direction of one of the linear motions is towards the centre of circular path, in the direction of 'centripetal force'. Direction of other linear motion is deflected outward from the tangent to circular path. Outward component of this linear motion gives rise to the assumption of imaginary 'centrifugal force'. In cases of motion in a circular path, centripetal motion of a macro body not only compensates outward component of its linear motion but also deflects direction of its linear motion inward by a constant magnitude. Explanations on rotary motion with respect to absolute (inertial) reference frame can give real parameters without the use of imaginary entities. Work, invested about a macro body by an external effort, continues to act on the body even after cessation of external effort, until work about the macro body is stabilized and the body attains a steady state (of motion). Phenomenon of inertial delay operates not only during application of an external effort but also during its cessation. Ignoring this fact caused the assumption that the direction of instantaneous linear motion of a macro body, moving in a circular path, is tangential to its path.
Category: Classical Physics

Is Mass Constant in a Gravitational Field?

Authors: Zhan Likui
Comments: 19 pages.

Various gravitation theories predict that a star with large enough mass will shrink down to a final point, gravitational singularity. The gravitational singularity is always one of the difficult problems in the world. This work reviews some kinds of difficulties which relates to gravitational fields. Based on experimental analysis and theoretical verification, a new hypothesis regarding mass in gravitational fields is presented. In this case, the gravitational singularity no longer appears and the meaning of gravitation is simple to determine. The hypothesis is also the result that various facts and theories have been repeatedly weighed. In the end, a method for verification of the hypothesis is proposed.
Category: Classical Physics

Apertures for Excitation of Algebraically Self-Dual E/m Fields

Authors: T. E. Raptis
Comments: 13 pages

We propose a technique for setting up parallel (self-dual) stationary electromagnetic fields in the context of transformation optics. Several paradoxes that may appear in this regime are discussed. A particular type of communication based on stationary patterns through Aharonov-Bohm interferometry is also introduced as an alternative to a previous proposal by Putthof.
Category: Classical Physics

The Energetic Aspect of the First Axiom of Mechanics

Authors: Edmundas Jauniškis
Comments: 4 pages

A new approach to the axiom of mechanics. The energetic approach of the first axiom of mechanics. The principles and the concept of mechanical movement keeps changing. Mechanics is closely related to thermodynamics.
Category: Classical Physics

Photon Diffraction

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures

In this article two types of diffraction are considered: the macroscopic diffraction occurs whether with electromagnetic waves or with photon beams like light, the photon diffraction or nanoscopic diffration occurs only with photons. The difference between the two diffractions depends on both the width of the slot and the wavelength of radiation. This consideration proves further that electromagnetism and optics, including in optics infrared, visible, ultraviolet and X radiation, have a different physical nature: electromagnetism is characterized by waves, optics by photon beams. The frequency band employed by infrared radiation represents the point of connection between the two diffractions and the two physical behaviours.
Category: Classical Physics

Rayleigh Benard Convection: a Hydrodynamics Analysis

Authors: Zhe Wu
Comments: 7 pages, the article will be submitted to 'Journal of Fluids and Structures'

see paper
Category: Classical Physics

Inertia ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 19 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal.

Inertia causes all macro bodies to respond sluggishly to external efforts. Threedimensional matter bodies are inert and they have no ability to move, act or oppose external efforts. However, since no other entity that can prevent instantaneous effects on a 3D matter body by an external effort or maintain constant state of motion of a macro body is known, the phenomenon of inertia is attributed to matter itself, in negative sense. Phenomenon of inertia rightly belongs to the universal medium, which encompasses all 3D matter bodies in entire universe. Inertia is the property of universal medium due to its latticework structure. Only when the mechanism of action of external effort and mechanism of motion of 3D matter bodies are understood, nature of inertia will be clear. All actions in nature are understood by inertial motions/deformations of 3D macro bodies. They have definite mechanism. Motion/deformation of a macro body is the result of additional work-done in the universal medium about the macro body. Mechanism of inertial motion consists of simple rearrangement of constituent 'quanta of matter' in the universal medium, about a macro body, to create travelling distortions in the universal medium. Force is the rate of additional workdone about a body with respect to body's acceleration. Forces being mathematical concepts (rates of work), all natural forces are similar. Classifying natural forces, according to their manifestations, does not make any difference in their mechanism of actions or nature of results.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Physical Structure of Radiant Energy: Waves and Corpuscles

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures.

The physical principle at the beginning of electromagnetic waves is different from that of light. In fact electromagnetic waves are produced by modulation of current intensity of conduction electrons in metals that generates an electromagnetic field in the space. Light instead is made up of energy corpuscles, named photons, that are produced by electron quantum jumps among energy different levels of atom. In this paper a transition frequency from the wave nature of electromagnetism to the corpuscular nature of light is defined. We prove further that diffraction isn't an exclusive property of waves and an original interpretation of diffraction according to the corpuscular theory is furnished utilizing the Fourier integral. A theoretical explanation on propagation of photon is finally given through the new concept of electromagnetic nanofield.
Category: Classical Physics

The Geometry of Heavenly Matter Formations

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 10 pages

Our visual cosmic spectacle is populated with matter formations of sophisticated geometrical shapes. Many of these are flat, or at least tend to be flat. The geometrical description of these started, historically, with circles, going through conic sections and ending with spirals. The flat formations, of matter both static and in motion, helped creating the modern theory of gravitation. They decided the modern image of the world we live in. Are they connected? Yes! The geometry of this connection is presented, starting from its main physical reasons: we cannot see them but in projections on the canopy.
Category: Classical Physics

Tornado Genesis

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 37 Pages.

It is inferred from the phenomenological facts of tornado that tornado itself should have a driving force generating the updraft in the vortex of tornado. The driving force is supposed to be originated from the electric interaction between a storm cloud and a crustal conducting body underground. The electric interaction in tornado is considered to be similar to a lightning discharge in respect that the electric potential is reduced between a storm cloud and the ground, but the electric discharging process in tornado should be much slower than the lightning discharge and result in the atmospheric vortex formation of tornado. The mechanism of tornado formation is suggested, in which Townsend avalanche process is assumed inside the tornado vortex with a dangling conducting channel that is embedded in the funnel cloud of tornado. The strong updraft inside the vortex of tornado is produced by momentum diffusion process when the positively ionized air molecules move upward under the influence of electric field inside the vortex. With the mechanism of tornado formation, phenomenological expectations are followed.
Category: Classical Physics

Why We Should Favor Heavier Vehicles for Highway Driving

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 12 pages.

Elementary calculations show that the mass of the passenger's vehicle should have an important influence on risk of injury, greater mass yielding greater protection independent of the other mass(es) in the collision. This holds for collisions treated either as purely elastic, or as quasi-inelastic. Passengers in more massive vehicles thus would seem better off no matter what the size or weight of other vehicle(s) in a collision. The approximations used suggest that highway vehicles should be at least 20 times the mass of the average passenger, or injuries in a collision will be disproportionately grave.
Category: Classical Physics

Aether and Gravitational Wave from Electromagnetic-Dynamics Equations

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 6 pages

The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, scalar waves work as the gravitational waves, and how the electromagnetic waves advance along the way in the gravitational waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Electromagnetic Stealth with Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields

Authors: T. E. Raptis
Comments: 8 pages.

We analyze a theoretical example of parallel electric and magnetic fields in a hypothetical anisotropic medium with varying susceptibility. We deduce the polarization characteristics and we discuss the conditions under which this could be utilized in electromagnetic invisibility.
Category: Classical Physics

Entropy and 'the Arrow of Time', a Love Story

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 3 pages

In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death.
Category: Classical Physics

Because there is Inertial and Gravitational Mass

Authors: Raffaele Cogoni
Comments: 4 pages. Italian and English combined

The matter in the universe, is equipped with inertial and gravitational mass and thus weight, this is due to the fact that interactions between bodies, traveling at a finite speed not exceeding that of light.
Category: Classical Physics

The Alpha Torque and Quantum Physics

Authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
Comments: The paper is from a published book "The Alpha Torque" by Zhiliang Cao and Henry Cao. The title was published by CreateSpace with the following eStore URL: https://www.createspace.com/3458701

In the center of the universe, there isn't a super massive black hole or any specific energy holding the universe together. The source of this supposed energy is in the space itself. The space itself is not a complete void. In fact, space itself has a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. This theory can make it easier to understand Quantum Physics.
Category: Classical Physics

Central Force (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 11 pages.

Currently, a central force - an apparent effort between two free bodies along the line joining them - is estimated in relativistic frames of references. Estimation of magnitude and direction of central force on planetary bodies/central body in a planetary system assumes that the centre of planetary system is static in space. While considering a satellite's orbit, centre of corresponding planet is assumed static in space. Although such calculations help to determine relative positions of the bodies, it obscures causes of many other important phenomena related to planetary motion. Determining magnitude and direction of central force with respect to an absolute reference can give us logical explanations to many puzzling phenomena on planetary motions/systems.
Category: Classical Physics

The Alpha Torque and the Charged Field

Authors: Zhiliang Cao, Henry Cao
Comments: 8 pages. The paper is from a published book "The Alpha Torque" by Zhiliang Cao and Henry Cao. The title is published by CreateSpace with the following eStore URL: https://www.createspace.com/3458701

The space itself is not a true void. In fact, space has energy in it. The energies and forces have a simple movement. This very movement dominates every aspect of physical existence. Nothing can exist without it. The movement is called the Torque. Torque movements can explain why there are electronic fields and magnetic fields. The torque theory can make it easier to understand why there are charged fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages

The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
Category: Classical Physics

Deficit of Mass: an Unfortunate Development in Physics

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages

Balance scale based measurement of mass is simply a comparison of gravity. The mass of an object, when measured using the balance scale, will be dependent on the volume of the object along with the amount of matter inside the object. Mass deficit is simply the variation in the mass of the object due to the change in volume of the object.
Category: Classical Physics

Did We Get the Fundamentals in Physics Wrong?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 pages

Definition and measurement of the fundamental units is essential to the principles of physics. Distance has an obvious and simple relationship with the measuring scale. Such a relationship is absent in measuring the mass of an object using the balance scale. This is one of the important factors for the present chaotic scenario in the field of physics.
Category: Classical Physics

An Experimental Evidence of Energy Non-Conservation

Authors: Yu Liang, Qichang Liang, Xiaodong Liu
Comments: 5 pages

According to Maxwell's theory, the displacement current in vacuum can produce electromotive force on conducting current. However, the displacement current in vacuum does not experience electromotive force from conducting current. The asymmetrical electromotive forces result in non-conserved energy transmission between any two coils involving displacement current and conducting current. In this work, we designed and performed the measurements for such effect. We observed the explicit evidences of non-conserved energy transmission between a toroid solenoid and a parallel plate capacitor. The measured energy increase is well predicted by the numerical estimation.
Category: Classical Physics

How Acoustic Resonance Can Reduce the Average Velocity in a Falling Body?

Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga
Comments: 9 pages, figures in color. Manuscript to be submitted to Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Física E

In this article, a simple experiment is described for correcting the misconception that acoustic pressure and levitation effects are hard to observe in school laboratories. Analysis of the free fall velocity of a toy parachute within a vertical tube, driven by sound in a range of frequencies around the resonant condition, exhibits the resonance frequency, the node pressure zones, and the optimal conditions to obtain acoustical levitation of a light body.
Category: Classical Physics

Transformation of the Compton Effect and Fundamentals About Electromagnetism

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 21 pages

In this article we want to say about the Compton effect and the Zeeman effect. (Both of them are almost one effect). We know that both of them are about the light (electromagnetism waves) and some special particularity of that. For example the Zeeman effect is about the refraction of the light that when we put the source of the electromagnetism wave near the source of the magnetism or electrical field we'll see the breaking or refraction of the light and we can also that is possible that the light refract to some part for example three or four part but we should remember that these effect (Zeeman, Compton) aren't just for the light(the electromagnetism type) and of course they are a little about the light and some part of the light like the X-ray or β-ray or γ-ray or.... But it cant be impossible that these effects be correct also about the light.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravity

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 10 pages

In this article we want to say about the gravity between the atoms to the new and special way. We know that the atom and the gravity between them are stable by moving the electron on the circuits around the nucleus(from the past articles) and know in this article we want to point to some interesting and new methods (at the new theory) to explain the events happened between the atoms and some materials in the gravity system. For this calculate some equation about the gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Measurement of One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Emil D. Gigov
Comments: 4 pages

Wave theory of light was tested by the Michelson's interferometer, whereas Newtonian corpuscular theory can be tested with the new interferometer, which can show whether the speed of light in empty space is variable during Doppler effect. Such measurement is possible due to the effect of Fizeau.
Category: Classical Physics

Polarization

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 9 pages

In this article we want to consider the polarization for matters and atoms. We know that if a special ray go down to the surface of a transparent matter and if it was not polarized when it beats to the transparent matter like glass and water it will reflex to polarized way (of course it be in a special angle from water to the ray or from ray to perpendicular line to the water. Now we want to say the reason of that which why effect this event. We know that the special angle is different for different matters like glass or water or... and that's because which the (n) or refracture index for different matters is different and we easily can get the special number for different matters but to this way that we should get the angle between the refracted ray and reflected way to 90^o and this subject that why we should take the angle to 90^o is a experiment number. So we can get the angle with the Snell law and Brewster law. And in this article we want to consider that why the angle should be 90^o (to theory way).
Category: Classical Physics

Magnetism

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 7 pages

This article is about the magnetism particular's of matters and here we try to say easily the magnetism effects of matters in the small system like atom also we try to say the magnetism field with the electrical field.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory of Electromagnetism and the Light

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 14 pages

This article is about atoms and their particulars in equations. There are lots of equations from this subject that they have given by different scientists. For example one of those equations is the Planck equation that is for calculating the electron's momentum in the atom and we can add mechanic's statistic for some or all place's of electron in the atom.
Category: Classical Physics

Analytical Proof of the Taylor Equation Including Taylor's Constant S_γ Which Previously Required Numerical Integration, with Applications

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 3 pages, see paper for equations in abstract

British mathematician Sir Geoffrey I. Taylor in secret work for British civil defence in 1941 (declassified in 1950 and published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. 201A, pp. 159-186), derived the strong shock solution equation, namely distance, (equation) , where (equation) is the ambient (pre-shock) atmospheric density, t is time after explosion, E is the energy released and Sg is Taylor's calculated function of g, requiring a complex step-wise numerical integration. We present a proof of the equation (equation), implying that Taylor's so-called constant (equation), not requiring any complex integration. This is useful for close-in shock waves from nuclear explosions and supernovae explosions. We further obtain the general arrival time of the shock wave (equation), by noting two asymptotic solutions; namely, at very great distances, the blast decays into a sound wave so the arrival time t approaches the ratio of distance to sound velocity (equation), while at very close-in distances the strong shock equation previously derived becomes accurate, and there is also an easily included effect at intermediate distances due to the expansion of the hot air in reducing shock front arrival times. The errors of method made by Taylor for nuclear test explosions in air were also made by Russian mathematician Leonid I. Sedov who applied similar cumbersome numerical integrations in a 1946 paper (published in the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 10, pp. 241-50).
Category: Classical Physics

An Exact Mapping from Navier-Stokes Equation to Schrödinger Equation Via Riccati Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In the present article we argue that it is possible to write down Schrödinger representation of Navier-Stokes equation via Riccati equation. The proposed approach, while differs appreciably from other method such as what is proposed by R. M. Kiehn, has an advantage, i.e. it enables us extend further to quaternionic and biquaternionic version of Navier-Stokes equation, for instance via Kravchenko's and Gibbon's route. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on Computer Solution of Wireless Energy Transmit Via Magnetic Resonance

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

In the present article we argue that it is possible to find numerical solution of coupled magnetic resonance equation for describing wireless energy transmit, as discussed recently by Karalis (2006) and Kurs et al. (2007). The proposed approach may be found useful in order to understand the phenomena of magnetic resonance. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Classical Physics

The Gravitational Interaction Between Moving Masses

Authors: Antoine Acke
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the paper GRAVITATION AND ELECTROMAGNETISM (viXra-classical physics:1001.0017), we explained the gravitational and the electromagnetic phenomena through the mediation of "informatons". We started from the hypothesis that any material object manifests itself in space by emitting informatons. These are dot-shaped entities that rush away with the speed of light carrying "information" about the position, the velocity and - if it is electrically charged - the electrical charge of the emitter. We showed that informatons constitute the gravitational and the electromagnetic fields which make the interactions possible. In this paper we extend the theory to interactions between - electrically neutral - moving objects in relativistic situations.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Model of Electric Aerogeneration Systems for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 7 pages. This article was written in Spanish. It was published in ECIPERU, vol 6, num 2, pp 68-76.August 2009.

There are two types of systems of electric aerogeneration by using wind turbines, one is called horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and the other one is called vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). Both of them have advantages and disadvantages depending on many factors. Since the second one had produced lees power than the first one, they were ignored. However, the adaptation of a levitation system and a new system of magnetic induction made VAWT increase the power produced and exceed the HAWT. Although VAWT models were studied enough in the design and experimental scheme, there is no solid explanation, based on basic principles, on the operation of the VAWT. In this paper is proposed a theoretical model of VAWT operation. Therefore, three studies are done: the interaction between wind and blades of the turbine, the magnetic levitation system and the energy production by magnetic induction. Those studies make us able to know and predict the operation of those systems. Since, we shall know how many factors are affecting the efficiency of the system; we shall be able to control those parameters in order to get the best efficiency.
Category: Classical Physics

Prime Physis and the Mathematical Derivation of Basic Law

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

In another paper we derived Planck's Law and showed that it is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of energy. In that derivation the quantity, the 'accumulation of energy', played a prominent role. This quantity was defined as a time-integral of energy, while energy was the primary quantity. In this note we consider instead that this is the primary physical quantity (prime physis) and define in terms of it energy, momentum and force. From these we go on to mathematically derive such basic laws of Physics as Conservation of Energy and Momentum and Newton's Second Law of Motion. We also make promising connections with the Schrodinger Equation and derive a relationship between energy, mass and velocity. Underlying all this is the conviction that 'measurement' is what connects Mathematics with Physics. It's what makes mathematical derivations relevant to physics. If so, it should then be that all Basic Law of Physics are Mathematical Identities that describe the interactions of measurement. This we are able to show for Planck's Law, Conservation of Energy and Momentum, Newton's Second Law of Motion, and the Quantization of Energy Hypothesis.
Category: Classical Physics

A Time-Dependent Local Representation of Energy

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 6 pages

Whereas globally energy propagates continuously as a wave, in this note we consider that energy can be represented locally by an exponential of time. Using such representation we are able to show that Planck's Formula for blackbody radiation is an exact mathematical identity. We are also able to explain the photoelectric effect without the photon hypothesis and derive an equation relating the photoelectric current to the intensity and frequency of radiation. This equation conforms well with graphical characteristics of the actual experimental data. Moreover, this representation of energy explains the quantum hypothesis, provides a simple intuitive explanation of the double-slit experiment and permits a definition of the temperature of radiation. It also explains the physical meaning of Planck's constant h and why it exists.
Category: Classical Physics

The Temperature of Radiation

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

Temperature as is formally defined in Thermodynamics just does not apply to radiation. Yet, as a physical property it seems that radiation should have temperature. In this short note we define the temperature of radiation and make plausible arguments that this definition is equivalent to Kelvin temperature as defined in Thermodynamics.
Category: Classical Physics

Laser Ablation Requirements for Practical Acceleration to the Asteroid Belt, and Beyond. a Concepts in the Works Study

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages, no figures. For evaluation of the new journal IJAI, as an elaboration of material presented by the author in Scottsville, Az, in November 9 2009, at AIBEP.org biennial meeting.

The rocket equation and the low exhaust velocity of chemical fuels are at the root of the high cost of most NASA approved current inter planetary travel platforms. Laser boosting of space crafts are a way about this problem If sails are used for travel to the asteroid belt and beyond with incident laser beams providing acceleration, prior to interstellar power, the problem of how to keep a constant laser power flux to the accelerating space craft necessitates a re thinking of where to place lasers, i.e. the Lagrange points of the Earth-Moon system, as well as batteries of lasers in the Lagrange points, for continual application of power for applying sail drives . The conclusion, as outlined by the author, is that major development of stable large scale lasers, far in excess of performances obtained for the MIRACL 3um laser are essential for any practical development work taking place.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravitation and Electromagnetism

Authors: Antoine Acke
Comments: 42 Pages.

We propose an explanation of gravitation and electromagnetism by introducing information as a new physical quantity. By defining it mathematically, the everyday meaning of the term "information" is narrowed to a physical concept that has a specific sense. We start from the idea that a material object manifests itself in space by emitting mass and energy less entities without geometrical dimensions, that rush away with the speed of light carrying information about the position and the velocity of the emitter. We call these entities "informatons" and show how they constitute the gravitational field of an object, and - if it is electrically charged - its electromagnetic field. We investigate the analogy gravitation-electromagnetism and the consequences for radiation and waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Why the Weather Suddenly Becomes Colder Just Before the Rising of the Sun

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 2 pages

It seems there isn't any convincing analysis in the physical literature to answer the above question. We try to find the answer considering that it must be found in the simultaneous appearance of sunshine on the horizon and the sudden fall in the weather temperature.
Category: Classical Physics

Spatial vs Temporal Entropy: Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The intrinsic motion of light is the entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy, creating, expanding, and cooling space. The intrinsic motion of time is the entropy drive of bound electromagnetic energy, creating, expanding, and diluting history. The intrinsic motion of gravity converts space to time (and vice-versa), creating spacetime, the joint dimensional and entropic conservation domain of free and bound energy.
Category: Classical Physics

Work and Kinetic Energy

Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 5 pages,

We show that work W = ∫ F⋅dx does not transfer kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv². We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, the work-energy theorem W = ΔKE, or the law of conservation of energy.
Category: Classical Physics

Laser Boost of a Small Interstellar Ram Jet to Obtain Operational Velocity. Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Eight pages, two tables, two figures. Rough draft of article which will be presented by Beckwith at AIBEP.org meeting in Scottsville, Arizona, November 2009

In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then up to a point, the density of warm dark matter would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.
Category: Classical Physics

Energy Functions Describing Kinematical Transformations of Moving Mechanical Systems

Authors: Adem Bilgin
Comments: 16 pages

Kinematical transformations are expressed as time independent and time dependent functions of work and energy to be employed in motions of mechanical systems. Relations between the kinematical parameters of moving mechanical systems and energy transformations occurring in them are also considered.
Category: Classical Physics

On Nonextensive Statistics, Chaos and Fractal Strings

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 16 pages, This article appeared in Physica A 347 (2005) 184-204

Motivated by the growing evidence of universality and chaos in QFT and string theory, we study the Tsallis non-extensive statistics (with a non-additive q-entropy) of an ensemble of fractal strings and branes of different dimensionalities. Non-equilibrium systems with complex dynamics in stationary states may exhibit large fluctuations of intensive quantities which are described in terms of generalized statistics. Tsallis statistics is a particular representative of such class. The non-extensive entropy and probability distribution of a canonical ensemble of fractal strings and branes is studied in terms of their dimensional spectrum which leads to a natural upper cutoff in energy and establishes a direct correlation among dimensions, energy and temperature. The absolute zero temperature (Kelvin) corresponds to zero dimensions (energy) and an infinite temperature corresponds to infinite dimensions. In the concluding remarks some applications of fractal statistics, quasi-particles, knot theory, quantum groups and number theory are briefly discussed within the framework of fractal strings and branes.
Category: Classical Physics

Two Large Errors: Newton First Law and Inertial Reference

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

In the article one more physical sense of a constant of the Planck is detected and the inaccuracy of notions endured in heading of the article is shown.
Category: Classical Physics

Magnetic Processing of Water

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 8 pages

In the article the in-depth arguing is given, that takes place at magnetic processing of water.
Category: Classical Physics

A Wave-Based Polishing Theory

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 3 pages

The molecules of the reflecting surface are sources of Huygens' wavelets which make the reflected wavefront. These molecules can be nonplanar to the extent of a fraction of the wavelength while yet there exists practically reflected plane wavefront.
Category: Classical Physics

"Proposition for Performing a Series of Important Electromagnetic Experiments" and "Why Two Parallel Currents Exert Force on Each Other"

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages

The real causes of force existent between two current-carrying wires are searched. Some electromagnetic experiments are proposed to verify these causes and other similar material.
Category: Classical Physics

Primary Proof that the Torque Exerted on a Stationary Body is Zero

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 3 pages

In a primary manner it is shown that if a body is stationary the torque exerted on it is zero, while at present avoiding the analytical proof of this theorem, this theorem is presented to the student unprovenly and almost as an axiom.
Category: Classical Physics

Why Evaporation Causes Coldness; a Challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 11 pages

In surface evaporation the liquid increases the potential energy of its molecules by taking heat while their kinetic energies remain unchanged. In such state the molecules are in the form of a gas (vapor). We know that in an isothermal system of a liquid and a gas adjacent to it, the temperature of the gas decreases due to the surface evaporation while some net heat is transferred from the gas to the liquid. So, if the temperature of the gas is lower than the temperature of the liquid only in a sufficiently small extent, some net heat will be still transferred from the gas to the liquid due to the surface evaporation and finally the gas and liquid (and vapor) will be isothermal (in a temperature lower than the initial temperature). This matter violates the Clausius (or refrigerator) statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Classical Physics

A Deliberation on the Surface Tension Theory

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 16 pages

It is shown that surface tension is not the reason causing minimization of the surface of a liquid pile. It is shown that there exists a pressure inside the liquid arising from the inward intermolecular resultant force on the surface molecules exerted by the liquid molecules adjacent to the surface. We call it as cohesion pressure. A method is presented for measuring the intermolecular attraction which will be also a means for testing the theory in comparison with the current theory of surface tension. It is proven that the surface tension is not what causes the horizontal wire sliding on the two limbs of a U-shaped wire to be in equilibrium in any position when a liquid film forms the area of the U-shaped wire. In a sure manner, incorrectness of the current relation Δp = 4 γ/R, for the pressure difference between inside and outside of a bubble having radius R, and Δp = 4 γ/R, for the one related to a solid drop having radius R, is proven. It is shown that the adhesion reduces the pressure inside the liquid, because a part of the liquid weight is sustained by the walls of the container. The mechanism of capillarity is discussed in detail in terms of intermolecular attraction and cohesion pressure. Dependence of rise altitude on depth of dipping and dependence of fall depth on depth of dipping are properties in capillarity; this is predicted by the theory presented in this paper and not by the theory of surface tension, and then can be a practical test for the theory.
Category: Classical Physics

A Critique of the Definitions of Mass and Force

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 18 pages

It is not necessary to distinguish between inertial and gravitational masses believing that the nature has chosen them quite proportional to each other by chance, and not necessary to believe that the nature by chance has chosen the power of distance in inverse-square forces exactly equal to two, and not necessary that in trying to define mass (and force) to become involved in a vicious circle using presupposition of existence of inertial reference frame which itself requires pre-definition of mass. Newton's laws of motion are rewritten in a logical manner. Some primary models are presented as guides for discovering the essence of known forces. A model for justifying the force between two electric and magnetic charges, moving relative to each other, is presented. In fact energy has only one form: kinetic energy. The law of action-reaction holds completely and undoubtedly only during the direct collisions of particles.
Category: Classical Physics

Does Really Stellar Aberration Contradict Ether Drag

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages

As we know the Michelson-Morley experiment proves that there is no ethereal wind on the ground. It is thought at present that the existence of the stellar aberration necessitates existence of ethereal wind on the ground if the ether is to exist. Comparison of these two experiments results in believing that the ether does not exist. We prove that if the ether exists the stellar aberration can occur with the ether drag and then does not necessitate existence of the ethereal wind.
A new model in the form of undiscovered tiny particles is presented for the ether. With accepting this model and by using the results of the Michelson-Morley and Michelson-Gale experiments a model consisting of an ethereal stack stuck with the earth in its motion in the space is presented such that the earth can rotate axially inside this stack freely. We shall also see why atomic clocks are slow when are in (fast) motion.
Category: Classical Physics

Wrong Construing of the Boltzmann Factor; e = Hν is Wrong

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 13 pages

As we know probability of finding a system in one of its accessible states is proportial to the Boltzmann factor. It is shown that contrary to what is thought at present in this proportion the energy appearing in the Boltzmann factor is not a variable but it is a constant and the variable is the state accessible for the system having this constant energy. So, what at present is accepted as Boltzmann factor is not real. Deduction of the Maxwell velocity distribution as an instance of the consequences of the real Boltzmann factor, and the first deduction of the relation E = hν as an instance of the consequences of the wrong Boltzmann factor are presented. A logical review of some of the fundamental elements of the statistical mechanics, that also contains some new viewpoints, has been necessary. A factor is introduced in a general expression for molar specific heat which plays the role of partition (not equipartition) of energy and giving suitable amounts to it all the practical cases including ones related to ideal gases and crystalline solids are coveredν
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Justification of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 8 pages

It is shown that contrary to what is thought the classical physics does not predict a uniform distribution for the magnetic dipoles (silver atoms) in a nonuniform magnetic field in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Its prediction for a concentrated beam is obtained in the form of a circular surface such that the density of the dipoles is much more near the edge than near the center. Some experiments are proposed for testing the contents of the article.
Category: Classical Physics

Compton Effect as a Doppler Effect

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 4 pages

An electromagnetic wave with the wavelength λ, which has some energy, descends on an electron and makes it move in the same direction of propagation of the wave. The wave makes the moving electron oscillate with a lower frequency. A very much simple analysis shows that this moving oscillating electron radiates, in the direction making angle θ with the direction of the incident wave, an electromagnetic wave which its wavelength is bigger by a factor proportional to λ(1 - cosθ).
Category: Classical Physics

Actual Justification of the Crooks and Nichols Radiometers

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages

Radiation energy causes fluctuation of the molecules in vanes of the Crooks radiometer. Through this fluctuation the molecules of the vanes strike the adjacent air molecules and as reaction cause recoil of the vanes. It seems that this is also the mechanism of Nichols radiometer.
Category: Classical Physics

Geomagnetic Field Reason

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 6 pages

Conductive core of the earth is as hot as causing freedom of the valence electrons after which these released electrons distribute themselves toward the core surface and move along with the rotation of the earth causing that magnetic field which forms the big magnet inside the earth. This is the summary of the article which also includes presentation of some experiments for testing the validity of the presented theory and a conclusion justifying the magnetic inversions of the earth. Based on the presented discussions a practical way for direct determination of ionization energies of different elements is proposed.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Analysis of the Electric Conductivity

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 8 pages

Action mechanism of a conductor is presented in a simple manner. It is proven that this is not the charges themselves that are distributed in the conductor but their substitutes do this act. Also we conclude that probably the electron doesn't have a size so small compared with the dimensions of a molecule. In a discussion relating directly to the subject of surface tension we see why a net negative charge in a conductor cannot leave it.
Category: Classical Physics

Electric Current Similar to Water Current

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 20 pages

A perfect comparison between a closed circuit of water current and a closed circuit of electric current is made and Ohm's law is obtained in this manner and it is shown that, contrary to the current belief, existence of conduction current is not because of the existence of any electric field in the conductor, and the linear relation J = gE cannot be valid. The relaxation time (necessary for the current to reach its final speed) and the final speed (drift velocity) of the current are obtained in the above-mentioned manner, and it is shown that, contrary to what is believed at present, both of them are independent of the chosen standard unit charge (eg electron charge or coulomb) and its mass. It is also shown that, contrary to the current belief, alternating current is steady. We also prove the existence of a kind of resistance arising from the configuration of the circuit. Action mechanism of transistor is explained and a hydrodynamical analogue for it is introduced: both confirming the material presented earlier.
Category: Classical Physics

A Deliberation on the Limits of the Validity of Newton's Third Law in Electromagnetism

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages

It is shown that as Newton's third law holds in static discussions of Electromagnetism it holds also in dynamic discussions of it, ie where the motion of electric charge in the magnetic field arising from the magnetic static (or magnetostatic) poles is under consideration. In addition, it is shown that in this recent case the forces of action and reaction are not collinear. In other words as we know there is some force exerted on a current-carrying wire in the magnetic field of a magnet. It is shown that this magnet is in fact the same enlarged magnetic needle in Oersted's experiment, and then there exists also some force exerted on the magnet due to the electric current in the wire. These two action and reaction forces are in opposite directions but are not collinear.
Category: Classical Physics

Role of Air Pressure in the Force Between Currents

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 9 pages

Density of lines of the magnetodynamic field arising from two parallel currents is more in the regions out of the distance between the two wires and then the molecular magnetic dipoles of air are pulled toward these regions and create a bigger pressure there which causes the two wires to be pushed (or to be attracted) toward each other. A similar reasoning applied conversely to two antiparallel currents justifies their repulsion arising from the created air pressure difference. Thus, most probably, railgun will not work very well in the absence of the air.
Category: Classical Physics

Electromagnetic Theory Without the Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 32 pages

We consider point magnetic charges as the sources of the magnetostatic fields, like the point electric charges for the electrostatic fields. Forms of the mutual effects of electric and magnetic charges on themselves and on each other are presented in the forms of vectorial relations. Using these relations incorrectness of a usual manner which eventually leads to the deviation from the classical physics and to the rejection of the Galilean transformations and to the resort to the special relativity is proven. Static potential energy of a distribution of electric and magnetic charges is presented with a careful view on the actual essence of each involved term; this itself shows a sample of the usual carelessness existing in the present current electromagnetic theory even in its static discussions. Almost all the fundamental relations in the present current electromagnetic theory are rewritten in new forms by using the fundamental vectorial relations presented at the beginning of the paper. In a more detailed argument the proportion of the curl of the dynamic field of one kind (ie magnetodynamic or electrodynamic) to the time derivative of the static field of the other kind (ie electrostatic or magnetostatic) is established; meanwhile the proportion of the current density of one kind to the time derivative of the field of the same kind is also shown. Lenz's law is obtained in its new form. Static and dynamic inductances are presented. By presenting an aspect which views the space full of much tiny electrostatic and magnetostatic dipoles, the possibility of the proportion of the static fields to the dynamic fields is shown. The way in which the electromagnetic wave propagates through these dipoles is easily explained by using the mentioned fundamental relations, and by obtaining the new form of Maxwell's equations and deducing the wave equations from them, this simple explanation is endorsed. By deducing the dynamic potential energy and explaining its difference with the static potential energy of a set of charges, the Poynting vector is obtained in its new form. It is shown that the fields of an electromagnetic wave are continuous across the boundary interfaces. Fresnel coefficients are obtained in their quite new forms, and it is explained that the coefficient appearing in the fundamental relations showing the relations between two electric and magnetic charges moving relative to each other, μ, must be construed as a world constant. The reflectance and transmittance are introduced in this new approach, and it is shown that sum of them is identical with one.
Category: Classical Physics

Mass Equivalent of Electrostatic and Gravidynamic Interplay

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages

In the article the concept of a gravitational equivalent electrostatic and gravidynamic of interplay is entered.
Category: Classical Physics

Units Unification

Authors: António Saraiva
Comments: 3 pages

Everything is made of speed and distance.
Category: Classical Physics

Unified Force

Authors: António Saraiva
Comments: 3 pages

There's only one force, the electric one that can be expressed by only one formula.
Category: Classical Physics

Rotating Dipole Effect a New Theory for the Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field

Authors: Low Yuen Wang
Comments: 6 pages

How the earth(and also stars and other planets) produces its magnetic field is a longstanding puzzle. Many theories has been proposed for the explanation of the earth's magnetic field. The current believe is that earth's magnetic field is generated by "dynamo effect". Since 1999, "dynamo effect" sodium experiments has been able to spontaneously produced magnetic field1-2. But "dynamo theory" is very complex, after so many years of research, a working model "remains elusive". Here I proposed that the magnetic field of the earth is caused by "rotating dipole effect" -- In a rotating material, only those electrons with the magnetic dipole moments that are parallel to the axis of rotation can avoid changing direction relative to the galaxy and relative to the surrounding electrons or atoms at the same time, thus more electron's magnetic dipole moments are pointing to the direction parallel to the axis of rotation. If the material is paramagnetic, then measurable magnetic field may be created. This new theory is consistent with all the observed phenomena and can make prediction of what material can produced magnetic field and what material can not.
Category: Classical Physics

An Interpretation of an Angular Momentum Density of Circularly Polarized Light Beams

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Reasons are presented against considering an moment of momentum flux to be a spin flux. A spin tensor is proposed to describe spin of a photon in the frame of the classical electrodynamics.
Category: Classical Physics

Experimental Determination of Angular Momentum Flux Density in a Circularly Polarized Light Beam

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

An interference experiment is proposed to answer a troubling question, how is angular momentum distributed over a circularly polarized light beam with plane phase front.
Category: Classical Physics

Working Theory Magnetic Dipole Contours

Authors: Michael Snyder
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Remember Birefringence? Some crystals have a different speeds of light based on the direction and polarization of the light ray. Basically you have an ordinary ray moving at one speed and an extraordinary ray moving at another speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Entropy a Concept that is not Physical Quantity

Authors: Shu-feng zhang
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The author demonstrated that entropy is not a physical quantity. Though proof by contradiction, we know, in any reversible cycle of arbitrary thermodynamics system, the conclusion ∫dQ/T=0 does not means there is a new system state variable, in fact, the formula ∫dQ/T=0 itself is untenable. Second law of thermodynamics is correct, but entropy is nothing. Correspondingly, we can know the nature of Boltzemm statistical entropy. For there is not such system state variable as entropy, so, the second law of thermodynamics has to be rebuilt.
Category: Classical Physics

The Birth of New Technology, Water Fuel Cell

Authors: Stanley A. Meyer
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Explaining the Hydrogen Fracturing Process on how to use water asa new fuel-source
Category: Classical Physics

Spin Tensor of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In the frame of the standard electrodynamics, a torque is calculated, which acts from a circularly polarized electromagnetic beam with a plane phase front on an absorbing surface. And a moment of momentum flux in the same beam is calculated in the frame of the same electrodynamics. It is found that this torque is twice more than the moment of momentum flux. We have inferred that the calculation of the electromagnetic angular momentum flux in the beam is incorrect. Namely, this calculation takes only a moment of momentum into account as an angular momentum, and does not take account of spin. An analysis of the field theory foundations of the electrodynamics confirms this inference. Some changes in the field theory allow obtaining an electrodynamics' spin tensor, which accompanies the Maxwell energy-momentum tensor. Using this spin tensor for the beam yields the equality between the torque and the angular momentum flux. In this way, the electrodynamics is completed by a spin tensor. A criticism of an AOP reviewer and my answer are presented.
Category: Classical Physics

The "Missing" Measurements of the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Maurizio Michelini
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The G measurements are made with torsion balance in "vacuum" to the aim of eliminating the air convection disturbance. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the measured G values appears unsatisfying. In 2000 J.Luo and Z.K.Hu first denounced the presence of some unknown systematic problem in high vacuum G measurement. In this work a new systematic effect is analysed which arises in calm air from the non-zero balance of the overall momentum discharged by the air molecules on the test mass in the vacuum chamber. This effect is normally negligible, but the disturbing force becomes comparable to the gravitational force when the chamber pressure drops to about 10-5 bar , at which the molecule mean free path equals the thickness of the meatus facing the test mass. At the epoch of Heyl's measurement at 1 millibar (1927), the technology of vacuum pumps reaching void levels up to 10-9 bar was developed, but this chance was not used. The recent G measurements used high vacuum techniques up to 10-10 bar and 10-11 bar, so the effect of the air meatus results very little. What happened to the "missing" measurements made at vacuum pressures in the "forbidden" interval between millibar and nanobar ? As a matter of fact, we were not able to find the related papers in the literature. This lack appears embarrassing in absence of an adequate physical explanation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Environment and Prigogine's Dissipative Structures

Authors: R. M. Kiehn
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This essay is based on the fundmental assumption that any physical system of synergetic parts is a thermodynamic system. The universality of thermodynamics is due to the fact that thermodynamic homogeneous properties, such as pressure, temperature and their analogs, do not depend upon size or shape. That is, thermodynamics is a topological (not a geometrical) theory. By use of Cartan's methods of exterior differential forms and their topological properties of closure, it is possible to define and construct examples for the universal concepts of: [1] Continuous Topological Evolution of topological properties - which in effect is a dynamical version of the First Law. [2] Topological Torsion and Pfaff Topological Dimension - which distinguishes equilibrium (PTD < 3, TT = 0) and non-equilibrium systems (PTD > 2, TT ≠ 0). [3] A Topological Thermodynamic Environment - of PTD = 4. [4] Thermodynamic irreversible processes, which cause self-similar evolution in the environment, and emergence of self-organized states of PTD = 3 as topological defects in the PTD = 4 environment. These results clarify and give credence to Prigogine's conjectures about dissipative structures. [5] A universal thermodynamic phase function, T, which can have a singular cubic factor equivalent to a deformed, universal, van der Waals gas. This van der Waals gas admits negative pressure and dark matter properties, which are current themes in Astronomy and GR.
Category: Classical Physics

Helmholtz's Decomposition Theorem, Etc.

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The fact is used that electromagnetic fields are covariant (antisymmetric) tensors or contravariant (antisymmetric) tensor densities, which are mutual conjugated. The conjugation allows many-fold specific differentiation of the fields and leads to field chains. An integral operation, named the generation, is considered, which is reverse to the specific differentiation. The double generation yields zero as well as the double differentiation. The Helmholtz decomposition is compared with the Poincare decomposition, and many ways of the Helmholtz decomposition are presented. Laplace operator and the inverse Laplace operator are expressed in terms of the differential and integral operations. All results are illustrated by simple examples.
Category: Classical Physics

A Manifest Failure of Grassmann's Force

Authors: Jorge Guala-Valverde, Ricardo Achilles
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The growing interest in a thorough revision of the tenets of classical electrodynamics [1,2] compels us to reconsider the torque-production mechanism presently applied to homopolar machines founded - indistinctively - on Ampére or Grassmann's basis. Recent crucial experimentation [1] definitively rules out the latter rationale for its physical inconsistency.
Category: Classical Physics

Photonic Dipole Contours

Authors: Michael Snyder, Jonathan Frederick
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Understanding magnetic fields is important to facilitate magnetic applications in diverse fields in industry, commerce, and space exploration to name a few. Large electromagnets can move heavy loads of metal. Magnetic materials attached to credit cards allow for fast, accurate business transactions. And the Earth's magnetic field gives us the colorful auroras observed near the north and south poles. Magnetic fields are not visible, and therefore often hard to understand or characterize. This investigation describes and demonstrates a novel technique for the visualization of magnetic fields. Two ferrofluid Hele-Shaw cells have been used to facilitate the imaging of magnetic field lines [1,2,3,4]. We deduce that magnetically induced photonic band gap arrays similar to electrostatic liquid crystal operation are responsible for the photographed images and seek to mathematically prove the images are of exact dipole nature. We also note by comparison that our photographs are very similar to solar magnetic Heliosphere photographs.
Category: Classical Physics

E = KMC^2 as a Special Case for Electron – Positron Annihilation

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 4 Pages.

We have shown that Dr. Einstein’s famous formula E = MC^2 is incorrectly derived. See www.k1man.com/c1 We have further suggested that E = MC^2 is not an identity, with implications for Dr. DeBroglie’s famous equation, λ = h/p, and Planck’s famous equation, E = hf, where f is the frequency in hertz and λ = c/f. See www.k1man.com/c4 We now propose that there exists a k, such that E = kMC^2, as a special case for electron – positron annihilation.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics in the 21st Century

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 94 Pages.

We present a free physics textbook intended for an advanced college or university seminar course at the undergraduate or graduate levels. This physics text is also intended for post doctoral and independent physics researchers . A new theory/model of the atom is covered as well as relativity, electromagnetic radiation, probability, quantum electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. (94 pages, 5.11 MB)
Category: Classical Physics

Absolute Motion as the Physical State of Bodies

Authors: J. Bajnok
Comments: 10 Pages.

According to the theory of relativity as established before the 1900s, the mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena that occur in systems in inertial motion do not contain the information needed to detect absolute motion. Today we know two state variables, which depend on the motion state of a body that appear in measurements: one of them is mass, which changes with respect to velocity or kinetic energy; the other is radiation frequency, which characterizes the inner state of atoms, and also changes with respect to velocity. Going back to the equation m = E/c^2 deduced by Poincare, the body absolute motion and absolute velocity can be deduced from the true mass change and true frequency change. As a first step, in the course of studying the changes of physical states in connection with kinetic energy, it was established that a limit exists for those parameters of the body which change with respect to velocity in case of the state of absolute rest, devoid of translational motion. On these grounds, as a second step, the dynamic definition of absolute rest was formulated. As a third step, the relationship between the body absolute velocity and mass change was deduced knowing the limits. Conclusion: a body absolute velocity can be determined from its gravitational mass measured at various velocities or from the values of radiation frequency, which changes in inverse proportion.
Category: Classical Physics

The Reaction Force Does no Work?: a Comment on Physica Scripta 84 (2011) 055004

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Newton's third law will not produce correct results as long as the work of the reacting force is not considered. We have always only focused on the work of the acting force. We have never considered the work of the reacting force, but to obtain correct results at the microscopic level we have no choice but to admit that the reacting force performs work.
Category: Classical Physics

Is the Principle of Least Action a Tautology?

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 1 pages

This paper shows that it is possible to obtain the principle of least action starting from the acceleration of a particle.
Category: Classical Physics

Negentropic Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages

Order and information (in the negentropic sense) are built upon charge conservation - the symmetry debts of light - symmetry transformed from a 2-D (or 3-D) atemporal, non-local, massless free energy form (light) to a 4-D, temporal, local, and massive bound energy form (charged elementary particles). With charge comes quantized mass, time, and gravity - the asymmetric "gang of four" necessary to conserve all the energy, entropy, and symmetry of the light that created atomic matter.
Category: Classical Physics

The Retarded Phase Factor in Wireless Power Transmission

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we present the coupling equations involving retarded phase factor in wireless power transmission. Negative resistance can be achieved in specific range of distance between two resonators. The law of energy conservation is valid when the retarded phase factor is equal to one.
Category: Classical Physics

A Laboratory Experiment for Testing Space-Time Isotropy

Authors: S. Sarg Sargoytchev, B. M. Quine
Comments: 12 pages

We describe a simple experiment to validate the principle of light isotropy. The method is based on measurement of the ratio between refractive indices of two different optical media by using a collimated beam. The method exploits the speed-of-light dependence of light propagating at an angle across optical interfaces. The experiment provides a means to test for light anisotropy with respect to a preferred reference frame, for example, determined from measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy. Presently, the operational management of the GPS system applies corrections indicating the existence of a universal clock. Other researchers have identified evidence of altitude dependence for the speed-of-light and other speed variation effects. These phenomena do not fully comply with the definition of the inertial frame according to Special Relativity. Previous tests of the speed of light may be categorized into one-way or two-way dependency tests. Two-way tests, such as Michelson and Morley's original experiment average a round trip velocity and, consequently, can only provide limited bounds for some anisotropic effects. One-way tests, such as the experiment described here, measuring the speed of light in a single direction may be designed with significantly increased sensitivity to time-dependent variations in light propagation. They may also be designed to be resilient to clock and wavelength variation errors. Our preliminary results indicate a time-dependent variation of the speed of light that is not correlated with CMB anisotropy but is consistent with anisotropy reported by other investigators. The identification of an absolute or preferred reference frame would provide new experimental evidence that may constrain theories that seek to unify gravity with the other fundamental forces or improve the standard model.
Category: Classical Physics

Estimation of the Required Height of Seawall for Protection from Tsunami

Authors: Sergey V. Ershkov
Comments: 6 pages.

Here is presented an estimating range of heights of tsunami which is assumed to attack the coast after earthquake or something else. The height of tsunami is proved to be not less than 20 meters. For the reason above, required height of seawall for protection from Tsunami should be not less than 25 meters. If tsunami overcome some suddenly rising the line of coast's profile, such a giant wave is proved to decrease a velocity, as well as suddenly increase height. It so called gradient catastrophe in regard to the proper components of tsunami velocity (shock wave).
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Electromagnetism's Production of e = Mc²

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

With a little help from the wave equation, we show that the square of the first derivative of the psi-function with respect to time is an energy density. We then use potential and electromagnetic theories to develop special relativity's mass-energy relation.
Category: Classical Physics

Apertures for Excitation of Algebraically Self-Dual E/m Fields

Authors: T. E. Raptis
Comments: 15 pages

We propose a technique for setting up parallel (self-dual) stationary electromagnetic fields in the context of transformation optics. Several paradoxes that may appear in this regime are discussed. A particular type of communication based on stationary patterns through Aharonov-Bohm interferometry is also introduced as an alternative to a previous proposal by Putthof.
Category: Classical Physics

Possibility to Explain Aether and Gravitational Wave from Electromagnetic-Dynamics Equations

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 6 pages

The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the equations for steady states, which satisfy both energy and force conservation laws. However, superpositions of the steady states often break those conservation laws, although the generalized Maxwell equations are kept. To study those cases, we derived electromagnetic-dynamics equations, which include the generalized Maxwell equations, energy and force conservation laws, and dynamics of scalar fields. These equations explain that the scalar fields may work as the aether propagating the electromagnetic wave, and scalar waves may work as the gravitational waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Entropy and 'the Arrow of Time', a Love Story

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages

In this short note we offer a new definition of entropy and derive an interesting relationship between entropy and time. In light of this relationship, we show how The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be interpreted as saying that every physical process requires a lapse of time. In simple language, the Second Law says that 'everything happens over some positive time-interval'. This defines 'the arrow of time'. This understanding of entropy maintains the reciprocal relationship between entropy and temperature, makes entropy 'additive', and preserves the notion that entropy provides a measure of 'available energy' to do work. What does change, however, is the idea that entropy is a measure of disorder, and the Universe is doomed to thermal death.
Category: Classical Physics

Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages, Mistakes for technical words and typos are fixed (Lorentz invariance->Lorentz condition, ki=-ki->ki=-ik, and is received->receives).

The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation laws. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
Category: Classical Physics

Possibility of Gravitational Wave from Generalized Maxwell Equations

Authors: Yoshiro Nohara
Comments: 4 pages, Other previous works are added into Ref. 5. The others are not changed

The generalized Maxwell equations in vacuum are basically the same with Dirac's extended Maxwell equations, although intrinsic charges and currents are defined by the time differential and gradation of scalar fields, respectively. Consequently, the electromagnetic stress-energy tensors make important conservation lows. Then, we found scalar fields acting like the gravitational wave interacting with the electromagnetic wave. Interestingly, those gravitational waves due to the scalar fields push out the electromagnetic waves. Moreover, there is a possibility of the existence of the materials, from which we feel no gravitational forces although the electromagnetic waves are kicked out by those gravitational waves. We also discussed about the relation with weight.
Category: Classical Physics

Transformation of the Compton Effect and Fundamentals About Electromagnetism

Authors: Arman.V.zadeh
Comments: 33 pages

In this article we want to say about the Compton Effect and the Zeeman Effect. (Both of them are almost one effect (in the fundament and with considering just the refraction proposition of them). We know both of them are about the electromagnetism waves (the waves) and some special properties of them. For example the Zeeman effect is about the refraction of the magnetic fields (or the other made fields by that) of the electromagnetism waves since we put the source of that near the source of the magnetic or electrical field (we'll see the breaking or refraction of the wave) and this proposition is possible that the wave refracts to some part for example two or three part but we should remember that these effects (Zeeman, Compton) aren't just for the light(the electromagnetism type) and of course these proposition are less about the light (and some part of the light like the x-ray or β-ray or γ-ray or ...) But it can't be impossible that these effects be correct also about the light. Of course the Compton Effect is depending on the angle θ with coefficient (1 - cosθ). Now we want to justify that. We can say; if we want to consider the thing's (or waves or the atoms or...) properties we can consider the moving of them and we say that when an electron or another thing is turning around the nucleus quickly we'll take a special force that caused it, and now during the moving or after the moving we can get a special force and we can with this subject say the reason of many effects and now we try to justify simply with this method. For the first time this proposition is so easy but we can take this easy proposition as a principle of our discussion.
Category: Classical Physics

A Derivation of Maxwell Equations in Quaternion Space

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages

Quaternion space and its respective Quaternion Relativity (it also may be called as Rotational Relativity) has been defined in a number of papers including [1], and it can be shown that this new theory is capable to describe relativistic motion in elegant and straightforward way. Nonetheless there are subsequent theoretical developments which remains an open question, for instance to derive Maxwell equations in Q-space. Therefore the purpose of the present paper is to derive a consistent description of Maxwell equations in Q-space. First we consider a simplified method similar to the Feynman's derivation of Maxwell equations from Lorentz force. And then we present another derivation method using Dirac decomposition, introduced by Gersten (1999). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify some implication of this proposition.
Category: Classical Physics

Spatial vs Temporal Entropy: Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The subject of entropy can be formidably technical in its full thermodynamic subtlety. However, we are primarily interested in three simple, fundamental, and typically overlooked examples of entropy in its most common, primordial, and significant form: 1) the dimensional expression of entropy as observed in the expansion and cooling of space; 2) the expansion, decay, and causal dilution of history; 3) the formation of spacetime by the negentropic action of gravitation. These dimensional or entropic domains are created by the primordial entropy drives of free electromagnetic energy (light - the spatial entropy drive of light's intrinsic motion), and bound electromagnetic energy (matter - the historical entropy drive of time's intrinsic motion). Gravity is the spatial consequence of the intrinsic motion of time. Gravity is the negentropic face of matter's positive temporal (historical) entropy drive. Gravity creates time by the annihilation of space and the extraction of a metrically equivalent temporal residue, creating spacetime, the compound entropic domain of free and bound forms of electromagnetic energy. Time, in turn, creates gravity as it rushes into history, pulling space after it. Time is the active principle of gravity's "location" charge. (See: "Entropy, Gravity, and Thermodynamics".) Time and gravity induce each other, analogously to an electric and magnetic field, but of course via a very different mechanism (see: "The Conversion of Space to Time"). Spacetime is a rather complex entropic domain - space and history are linked by negentropic gravity which converts either into the other. (See: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation".) The expansion of history is at the expense of the expansion of space; the rate of expansion of historic spacetime is reduced compared to the rate of expansion of pure space. Gravity is the "go-between", conversion force, or "gauge" of equity between the spatial and historical entropy drives of free and bound electromagnetic energy. (See: "A Description of Gravitation".)
Category: Classical Physics

Spatial vs Temporal Entropy: Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The subject of entropy can be formidably technical in its full-blown thermodynamic subtlety. However, we are primarily interested in three simple, fundamental, and typically overlooked examples of entropy in its most common, primordial, and significant form: 1) the dimensional expression of entropy as observed in the expansion and cooling of space; 2) the expansion, decay, and causal dilution of history; 3) the formation of spacetime by the negentropic action of gravitation. These dimensional or entropic domains are created by the primordial entropy drives of free electromagnetic energy (light - the spatial entropy drive of light's intrinsic motion), and bound electromagnetic energy (matter - the historical entropy drive of time's intrinsic motion).
Category: Classical Physics

Work and Kinetic Energy

Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 4 pages,

We point to a problem with the current generally accepted idea that work W = ∫ F⋅dx transfers kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv², showing that with exactly the same amount of work, done through a pulley or a lever, different amounts of kinetic energy can be imparted to objects of different masses. We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, or the work-kinetic energy theorem W = ΔKE.
Category: Classical Physics

Work and Kinetic Energy

Authors: M. R. Carvajal
Comments: 4 pages,

We point to a problem with the current generally accepted idea that work W = ∫ F⋅dx transfers kinetic energy KE = (1/2)mv², showing that with exactly the same amount of work, done through a pulley or a lever, different amounts of kinetic energy can be imparted to objects of different masses. We do this without violating the laws of classical mechanics, or the work-kinetic energy theorem W = ΔKE.
Category: Classical Physics

Laser Boost of a Small Interstellar Ram Jet to Obtain Operational Velocity. Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages. Re formatted with font size 12 . Document to be delivered to AIBEP.org meeting in Scottsville, Arizona, November 2nd.

In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρ_{Warm-Dark-Matter} would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation , but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational.
Category: Classical Physics

Laser Boost of a Small Interstellar Ram Jet to Obtain Operational Velocity. Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 9 pages, matches far more closely the AIBEP.org format plus end notes done as given in the AIP conference proceedings requirements. Information due to refined end notes slightly different and in some cases far more specific

In other conference research papers, Beckwith obtained a maximum DM mass/ energy value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then ρ_{Warm-Dark-Matter} would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation , but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel. The increase in convertible DM mass makes the ram jet a conceivable option. This paper in addition to describing the scientific issues leading to that 5 TeV mass for DM also what are necessary and sufficient laser boost systems which would permit a ram net to become operational
Category: Classical Physics