Nuclear and Atomic Physics

1302 Submissions

[4] viXra:1302.0157 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-26 19:23:08

Jiang Periodic Table of Elements

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 10 Pages.

abstract:We make the Jiang periodic table of elements
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[3] viXra:1302.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-13 09:09:32

Explicando a Variação do Raio do Próton Nos Experimentos

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages. This is a Portuguese version of the article http://vixra.org/abs/1201.0099

@@In experiments for proton radius measurement that use muonic hydrogen, the value obtained was four percent below the expected standard value, which is not explained by quantum electrodynamics. This article theoretically explains this results and presents an equation that calculates the proton radius, which coincides with the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments, with a difference of only 0.07 percent. These results are based on Ulianov String Theory (UST), a new String Theory, which is able to model the most important particles in our universe as photons, protons, electrons, neutrons, muons and positrons. The author believes that the experiment with Muonic Hydrogen represents a breakthrough in modern physics, because it points out flaws in the standard model and opens space for new theories that model the electron and proton as strings. The experience with muonic hydrogen may lead to a model in which the electron is no longer a "small ball" orbiting the nucleus and it turns into a two-dimensional brane surrounding the nucleus. Thus, this experiment has the potential to be so important, such as the historical experience of the Michelson interferometer, which marked the end of the preponderance of the Newtonian mechanics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[2] viXra:1302.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-13 09:49:50

Uma Pista Para O Enigma do Tamanho do Próton: a Emergência do Paradigma Elétron-Membrana

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 9 Pages. This is a Portuguese version of the article http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0026

@@Recent experiments for proton radius measurement, based on muonic hydrogen confirmed that the proton size obtained by muon interaction is 4% smaller than the standard value. This results generate a new problem that was called “the proton size puzzle”. The author believes that this occurs because the proton radius changes, depending on the particle with which it is interacting. In this context the author proposes that the standard proton radius be defined in conditions, where a proton is isolated in space, without interacting with any other particle. In this condition the standard proton radius seems very close to the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments. If this new standard proton radius value be admitted, one solution to the "proton size puzzle" must answer two basic questions: a) Why the proton increase it size when interacting with an electron in a hydrogen atom? b) Why the proton maintain the (new) standard radius value, when interacting with the muon to form a muonic hydrogen atom? The question (a) can be answered, in a context where the electric force that arises between the opposite charges (of the electron and the proton) may be affecting the proton and expanding its radius. Considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with the proton as "observer" of the electron position, the proton also not will "know" where the electron position is. Thus the proton is simultaneously attracted to all positions where the electron might be positioned, which are defined by the orbital wave function. Thus the uncertainty principle could explain that the proton is subjected to a radial force field, which tends to increase its size. Another solution for the proton size puzzle, proposed by the author, considers a change in the physical interpretation of the orbital wave functions. These functions are currently associated probability density of the presence of the electron in a given volume of space. In this new interpretation, the wave functions equations are the same, but its final values (that can be expressed in C/m3) can be associated with an effectively density of electric charge, that exists simultaneously, composing a negative charges membrane which are distributed in space around the atomic nucleus, as defined by the orbital wave function charge densities. This new model has been called by the author as “Electron Membrane Paradigm” (EMP), because in it the “electron particle” is turning into an “electron membrane”. The EMP has the potential to solve the proton size puzzle, and allowing the emergence of new theories, that can model both, electrons and other particles, in the form of strings and membranes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[1] viXra:1302.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-19 19:35:30

One Clue to the Proton Size Puzzle: The Emergence of the Electron Membrane Paradigm

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recent experiments for proton radius measurement, based on muonic hydrogen, confirmed that the proton size obtained by muon interaction is 4% smaller than the standard value. These results generated a new problem that was called “the proton size puzzle”. This author believes that it occurs because the proton radius changes, depending on the particle with which it is interacting. In this context the author proposes that the standard proton radius be defined in conditions, where a proton is isolated in space, without interacting with any other particle. In this condition the standard proton radius seems very close to the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments. If this new standard proton radius value is accepted, one solution to "the proton size puzzle" must answer two basic questions: a) Why does the proton increase its size, when interacting with an electron in a hydrogen atom? b) Why does the proton maintain the (new) standard radius value, when interacting with the muon to form a muonic hydrogen atom? Question (a) can be answered, in a context where the electric force that appears between the opposite charges (of the electron and the proton) may be affecting the proton and expanding its radius. Considering the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, with the proton as an "observer" of the electron position, the proton also will not "know" where the electron position is. Thus the proton is simultaneously attracted to all positions where the electron might be, which are defined by orbital wave function. Thus, the uncertainty principle could explain that the proton is subjected to a radial force field, which tends to increase its size. Another solution for the proton size puzzle, proposed by the author, considers a change in the physical interpretation of orbital wave functions. These functions are currently connected to the probability density of the presence of the electron in a given volume of space. In this new interpretation, the wave function equations are the same, but their given values (that can be expressed in C/m3) can be associated with an effective density of electric charge, that exists simultaneously, composing a negative charge membrane, which are distributed in space around the atomic nucleus, as defined by the orbital wave function charge densities. The author calls this new model the “Electron Membrane Paradigm” (EMP), because in it the “electron particle” turns as into an “electron membrane”. The EMP has the potential to solve ’the proton size puzzle’, allowing the emergence of new theories, that can model both, electrons and other particles, in the form of strings and membranes.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics