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Any replacements are listed further down
[424] viXra:1305.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-15 20:47:32
Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai
Comments: 18 Pages. Published in International Journal of Physics, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3, 49-64 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ijp/1/3/1 © Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/ijp-1-3-1
By highlighting the major shortcomings of modern cosmology, in this paper, an attempt is made to verify the cosmic acceleration in a quantum mechanical approach. With reference to the valuable opinion of Edwin Hubble, redshift can be related to a new atomic phenomenon. If light is coming from the atomic matter of the galaxy, then the observed redshift can be interpreted as an index of the galactic atomic ‘light emission mechanism’. Clearly speaking, redshift may not be connected with ‘galaxy receding’. The authors propose the following: During cosmic evolution, an ‘aged’ hydrogen atom emits an energetic photon. As the age of the hydrogen atom increases, it emits photons with increased quanta of energy and thus past light quanta emitted from an old galaxy will have less energy and show a red shift with reference to our galaxy. During its journey light quanta will not lose energy and there will be no change in the light’s wavelength. If so current cosmological changes may be reflected in any existing atom. The possible assumptions are : 1) At any given cosmic time, Hubble length can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. 2) Being a primordial evolving black hole and Hubble’s constant being the angular velocity, universe is always rotating with light speed. 3) In atomic and nuclear physics, atomic gravitational constant is squared Avogadro number times the Newton’s gravitational constant and is discrete as , where n =1,2,3.. 4) Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit, . Ratio of classical force limit and the imaginary electroweak force magnitude is . 5) Avogadro number is discrete and thus the imaginary electroweak force is discrete and can be expressed as and it seems to be more fundamental than the electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces. 6) Discrete imaginary electroweak force may be the responsible force for revolving electron’s discrete total energy in hydrogen atom. 7) Characteristic nuclear radius and Reduced Planck’s constant increases with cosmic time. 8) It can be suggested that, fermion and its corresponding boson mass ratio is not unity but a value close to This idea can be applied to quarks, leptons, proton and the charged Higgs fermion. One can see “super symmetry” in low energies as well as high energies.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[423] viXra:1305.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-12 23:56:59
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 17 Pages.
The author asks if octonion quantum gravity is relevant near the Planck scale. Furthermore, the question is raised if gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, of the universe when an increase in degrees of freedom have in setting the initial phase, so that the result can be observed by a gravitational detector. The well appreciated quantum gravity problem that the notion of a quantum state, representing the structure of spacetime at some instant, and the notion of the evolution of the state, does not get traction, since there are no real “instants”, is avoided by having the initial octonion geometry embedded in a larger, non linear “pilot model” (semi classical) embedding structure. The Penrose suggestion of re cycled space time avoiding a ‘big crunch’ is picked as the embedding structure, so as to avoid the ‘instants’ of time issue. In addition the favored idea is to avoid the well known string theory trap known as the dimensionality problem of an equation of motion (consistency condition) which is the reason why string theory dimensionality is either (10 or 26) depending upon if super symmetry is imposed. Getting octonion gravity as embedded in a larger, Pilot theory embedding structure may restore Quantum Gravity to its rightful place in early cosmology without the lunacy of then afterwards ‘Schrodinger equation ‘ states of the universe, forevermore afterwards.. Setting the initial phase, in a GW detector due to appropriate measurement procedures may allow the opportunity to find experimental clues as to this embedding structure in which octonion gravity may emerge in the Planckian regime.of evolutionary cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[422] viXra:1305.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-12 04:51:38
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 Pages.
The following questions is asked, If one takes the covariant derivative of a Stress-energy representation of early universe massive gravitons, is the derivative of the Graviton stress tensor equal to zero ? If so, then in what range of astrophysics does this occur, and when does this formalism break down? We bring this up as a counter point to an article written by Lavenda and Davies purporting to claim that the Tolman test for a first law of thermodynamics which they generalize to first and second law of thermodynamics for inflationary cosmology breaks down for early universe gravitons and will not even satisfy the first law of thermodynamics according to the Tolman criteria
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[421] viXra:1305.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-08 00:41:09
Authors: Franklin Hu
Comments: 5 Pages.
In 1990, the physicist John Archibald Wheeler suggested that every particle, every field of force, even the space-time continuum itself can be described as being derived as part of an apparatus or machine which handles binary data. This means that the entire universe could be nothing more than an elaborate digital computer – God’s computer. This paper explores the idea that it is possible to break down all of the complex physical observations we see in the world to actions which are only binary in nature. This will be done by postulating a digital space which runs with minimal rules and reproduces the behavior of empty space and positrons and electrons. From there, the rest of the particles and fields of force are derived.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[420] viXra:1305.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-05 01:48:13
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 5 Pages. The equation won't appear properly on this submission form. I hope it will when it appears online. Using the infinity symbol (an 8 on its side), it should be: H(subscript u) = BEc(exponent e infinity) , or 1 = 1(exponent infinity)
Originally, I planned to call this article Hu= BEce∞ , or 1 = 1∞. But my computer won’t let me save that name – so I’ve changed the title to “Equation Describing the Universe”. This equation looks like the one physicists are hoping will be printed on T-shirts in the middle of this century as a description of the Universe. Normally, I’d leave development of this equation in the capable hands of Isaac Newton or Albert Einstein. They aren’t here right now … and it’ll be quite a while before they return. However, they instructed me to send you this message on their behalf.
H is for the Hamiltonian, representing the total energy of a quantum mechanical system. The subscript u stands for “universe” and Hu means the universe operates quantum mechanically (quantum effects operate macroscopically as well as microscopically, and this unification is symbolized by the first 1). BEc is for Bose-Einstein condensate, a finite form of matter that is the first known example of quantum effects becoming apparent on a macroscopic scale (represented by the second 1). Borrowing a couple of lines from the more complete explanation in the Content – “The infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits. To distinguish this definition from “the universe going on and on forever”, we can call it “electronic infinity or e ” (not E8). When the macroscopic quantum effects of the BEc are magnified by e , those effects are instantly translated into all space-time operating quantum mechanically. In other words, you can multiply a BEc (the second 1) an infinite number of times – but no matter how many (or how few) times you do it, you’ll always end up with 1 (the macroscopic universe’s time and space operating quantum mechanically). Consequent to this operation is the inevitable quantum entanglement of everything (matter, energy, forces); making all space and all time a unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[419] viXra:1305.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-03 04:50:41
Authors: Andrew walcott beckwith
Comments: 4 Pages. may be submitted to the IOP conference proceedings for the icmsquare, and this document is being written up since the i cm square conference accepted this idea for a paper to go to the conference
We ask if there is always entanglement entropy in the universe. We find the resolution by work from Muller and Lousto, as to entanglement entropy . We present entanglement entropy in the early universe with a steadily shrinking scale factor, due to work from Muller and Lousto , and show that there are consequences due to initial entangled entropy for a time dependent horizon radius in cosmology, with for flat space conditions r(H)=conformal time. In the case of a curved, but not flat space version of entropy, we look at vacuum energy as proportional to the inverse of scale factor squared times the inverse of initial entropy, effectively when there is no initial time except with the hubble readius = initial conformal time in line with the conformal time being almost zero. The consequences for this initial entropy being entangled are elaborated in this manuscript. No matter how small the initial radial length gets, then for initial cosmological entropy if it is entanglement entropy, it will not go to zero.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[418] viXra:1305.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-03 06:35:37
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.
P. H. Frampton (author of Gauge Field Theory), in 2012 published a paper(1) noting that in observed flat spacetime the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric of general relativity reduces to a simple Newtonian form, where a very simple repulsion term can be added for dark energy. Frampton postulated ad hoc outward acceleration due to dark energy: a = 2GM/R^2. We compare the predictions from Frampton's theory to more recent (March 2013) Planck space telescope cosmological parameters, which revise the earlier WMAP derived parameters. We prove a corrected version of Frampton's law using quantum gravity, and we discuss the breakdown in the FRW metric of general relativity, which is due to a false mainstream assumption that gravity and dark energy are independent variables.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[417] viXra:1305.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-02 10:58:36
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 1 Page.
We have non-speculative, concrete evidence that dark energy is the mechanism of gravity, analogous to the U(1) spin-1 electrodynamics field equation, so the lagrangian for repulsion of masses has a similar propagator for repulsion of similar charges in QED (Moller scattering). Therefore, in the presently-observable (low energy) limit of quantum gravity (very small coupling), Feynman’s well-tested rules for calculating the perturbative expansion of the path integral show that: (a) only the term for 2-vertex, tree-level interaction (Moller scattering) diagram in the perturbative expansion makes a significant contribution at low energy (the tiny gravity coupling suppresses the more complicated interactions in the expansion, since they have more vertices and hence pick up higher powers of the very small coupling), and (b) the cross-section (relative interaction probability, i.e. square of the sum of amplitudes), is proportional to the square of the coupling. So cross-sections from weak scattering of neutrinos can be multiplied by the square of the ratio of the known gravitational coupling to the known Fermi (weak interaction) constant (both expressed in units of GeV^-2), to find the effective cross-section for quantum gravity at low energy. This cross-section predicts the cosmological acceleration due to dark energy, a = (c^4)/(Gm), and automatically quantizes mass, revising the electroweak theory to include quantum gravity, with U(1) hypercharge now generating both dark energy and quantum gravity. This new paper uses a new diagram to improve understanding, and presents key facts in a single page to try to overcome inertia due to the lack of time most people have for "alternative ideas". More extensive and lengthy treatments can be found in other papers including: http://vixra.org/abs/1111.0111 and http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0004
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[416] viXra:1304.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-30 11:19:16
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 1 Page.
An improved diagram for explaining quantum gravity (N.C.: 30 April 2013)
Ref.: http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0004, http://vixra.org/abs/1301.0188, and http://vixra.org/abs/1301.0187
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[415] viXra:1304.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-30 09:19:26
Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 44 Pages.
Conventionally Maxwell’s equations describe transverse elements
described as ‘EM’ waves; but by utilizing the Einstein/de Broglie
relations one can derive additional degrees of freedom so that
Maxwell’s equations are not ‘cut off’ at the vacuum. Therefore one
must employ the fields in addition to the standard EM
suggesting also that the photon is piloted. The two sets of
coordinates for the EM or fields are mutually exclusive and
generally considered to be independent of each other. In this work
a method is developed for integrating them in terms of a Dirac
covariant polarized vacuum and extended theoretical perspectives.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[414] viXra:1304.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-30 06:38:02
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 Pages. Submitted to Foundations of Physics
We extend the construction of Born's Reciprocal Relativity theory in ordinary phase spaces
to an extended phase space based on Quaternions. The invariance symmetry group
is the (pseudo) unitary quaternionic group $ U ( N_+, N_-, {\bf H} ) $ which is isomorphic to the
unitary symplectic group $ USp( 2N_+, 2 N_-, {\bf C} )$. It is explicitly shown that the
quaternionic group $ U ( N_+, N_-, {\bf H} ) $ leaves invariant both the quadratic norm (corresponding to the generalized Born-Green interval in the extended phase space) and the tri-symplectic $ 2 $-form. The study of Octonionic, Jordan and ternary algebraic structures associated with generalized spacetimes (and their phase spaces) described by Gunaydin and collaborators is reviewed. A brief discussion on $n$-plectic manifolds whose Lie $ n$-algebra involves multi-brackets and $n$-ary algebraic structures follows. We conclude with an analysis on the role of higher-order Finsler geometry in the construction of extended relativity theories with an upper and lower bound to the higher order accelerations (associated with the higher order tangent and cotangent spaces).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[413] viXra:1304.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-25 11:57:09
Authors: James G. Gilson
Comments: 31 Pages.
Much of the introductory section of this paper is devoted to displaying
some previously obtained formulae, incorporating a change of notation and
variables and giving some explanation of the relation of the work to Newtonian
gravitation theory. This section all refers to a quantisation of gravity
concentrated on and limited to galaxies with totally spherically symmetric
cores and halos. Only the radial variable r is involved and the emphasis
is on the dark matter concept. All the following sections are devoted to
generalising the theory to additionally incorporate a dependence of galactic
structure on the and spherical angular coordinates. The theory is
derived using Schr¨odinger quantum theory in much the same way as it was
used in developing the theory of atomic structure. The theoretical structure
to be developed in this papers is a hybrid formulation involving three
fundamental theoretical facets, general relativity, Schr¨odinger quantum mechanics
and a new theoretical version of isothermal gravity self equilibrium.
The combined structure has only become possible because of the discovery
of an infinite discrete set of equilibrium states associated with this later
theory, the l parameter states. The configuration space structure of these
states has been found to be available in Schr¨odinger theory from a special
inverse square law potential which appears to supply an inverse cube self attraction
to the origin that maintains galaxies in an isolated steady state self
gravity quantum condition.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[412] viXra:1304.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-23 13:58:58
Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 10 Pages. Entry for 5th FQXi essay contest "It From Bit or Bit From It?"
John Wheeler advocated the principle that information is the foundation of physics and asked us to reformulate physics in terms of bits. The goal is to consider what we know already and work out a new mathematical theory in which space, time and matter are secondary. An application of the converse of Noether's second theorem to the holographic principle implies that physics must have an underlying hidden symmetry with degrees of symmetry that match physical degrees of freedom in order to account for the huge redundancy of information in the interior of a black-hole. I have been working on a theory that builds infinite dimensional symmetries using layers of quantisation from information as suggested by Wheeler's contemporary Carl von Weizsäcker. Necklace Lie algebras are the mathematical objects and iterated integration can be used to show how a continuum background can emerge from their structure. The logic suggests the conclusion that wheeler was right when he proclaimed "It from Bit"
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[411] viXra:1304.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-23 03:06:04
Authors: Shreyak Chakraborty
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure. NAJP Journal ID- SC185
The FaTe Model of Hyperspace [1.] was a fairly successful model of string
theory which described the properties of multidimensional spacetime based
on concepts of string theory, quantum field theory etc. But the FaTe Model
had some serious technical errors and so, it had to be discarded. In this
paper, we shall use some of the concepts of the FaTe Model of Hyperspace
to build a better model of the 11 dimensional spacetime that will allow us to
explain particle interactions and other physical phenomena using a novel
approach to multi-dimensional dynamics.
The model also predicts a result similar to the unification of the relativity
and quantum theories into a single framework using string theoretical
backgrounds. This model is still incomplete and under improvement.
This paper will be followed by a number of papers on the spine model
which will focus on other parts of the model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[410] viXra:1304.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-19 08:29:27
Authors: Patrick Tonin
Comments: 19 Pages.
The 3D Universe Theory describes the Universe as a growing sphere of layered information with only three dimensions: two space dimensions and one dimension which is both space and time. In relation to each layer, the inner layers represent the past and the outer layers represent the future. There are as many “presents” as there are layers and they all form a coherent space-time continuum. There is a fundamental basic unit of time and space; its size increases with time, but its numeric value always remains the same. Gravitation is a consequence of the continuous expansion of the fundamental basic unit of time and space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[409] viXra:1304.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-17 12:08:17
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 1 Page.
This one page note summarizes the role of quantum impedances in the unstable particle spectrum, relations between gravity and electromagnetism, entanglement and state reduction, and the black hole information paradox
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[408] viXra:1304.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-17 04:07:41
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 6 Pages.
The article "Infinite Universe" by Bob Berman (“Astronomy” – Nov. 2012) states,
"The evidence keeps flooding in. It now truly appears that the universe is infinite.” And “… any fraction of infinity is essentially zero. All we can ever hope to study (of the universe) is 0 percent." That would be true if defining infinity as "space that never ends" was the only definition of it. It's true that no-one can picture galaxies and stars going on and on without end. However, I believe there is another definition - infinity equals the total elimination of distance. Let me explain –
The preceding paragraph is my article’s opening. The ensuing explanation involves many topics, including – the inverse square, gravitation, space-time, binary digits, string theory, unification of forces/laws of nature/parallel universes into one universe, conversion of the universe’s mathematical foundation into energy’s bosons and matter’s fermions, cosmic wormholes, cosmic strings, mass/charge/spin, Big Bang(s), Higgs particle, quantum entanglement of spacecraft/galaxies/past/future, cesium atoms, speed of light, time dilation, mass increase/massless photons, E=mc^2, c=∞, reconciling general relativity and quantum mechanics without renormalization, inverting spacetime to create and access 5th-dimensional hyperspace.
If you find insufficient detail in these topics, remember that the purpose here is not to go into minute detail. It is to show how everything fits together to form a logical whole. When you understand the whole, you can be certain that attempts to go deeper into the details (with specialized language and equations) will be fruitful, and will not be a waste of time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[407] viXra:1304.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-16 02:22:12
Authors: A.W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. possible inclusion as a prespacetime publication
We examine the role of particle nucleation in the initial universe, and argue that there is a small effect due to particle nucleation in terms of lowering initial temperature, in tandem with energy density and scale factor contributiosn. If such scaling exists as a major order effect, then quenching of temperature proportional to a vacuum nucleation at or before the electroweak era is heavily influenced by a number, n, which is either a quantum number (quantum cosmology) or a ‘particle count at/before the electro weak era. We hope that this temperature quenching so mentioned can be tied into the deceleration parameter as given in the appendix. I.e.how could a slow down of expansion, lead to , much later rapid increase in cosmological expansion a billion years ago.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[406] viXra:1304.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-07 16:26:25
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 2 Pages.
Nonlocal reduction of entangled states is clarified by considering the role of background independent scale-invariant quantum impedances in decay/decoherence of unstable elementary particles, providing simple resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[405] viXra:1304.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-06 09:05:38
Authors: Shreyak Chakraborty
Comments: 8 Pages.
Brane Stabilizations in D>4 are done using specific Capture
Mechanisms (H) as shown in previous Fate papers. These yield
non-local results on the fiber bundles around the p-branes (or
any brane) and local on the brane.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[404] viXra:1304.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-05 08:03:09
Authors: Jacek Safuta
Comments: 3 Pages.
The real experiment proposal.
A source emits a right-handed photon, the photon impinges almost perpendicularly a mirror being reflected to a detector set up to measure the spin of particle.
The simplicity of the result of experiment (only two possible outcomes: spin is the opposite or the same ), and the fact that the experiment produces result that is direct evidence of the laws of physics makes it a very attractive and easy task even for students. The result seems to be so obvious that no one has ever tried to do that!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[403] viXra:1304.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-04 14:03:01
Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 14 Pages. Connected with Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. D 21, 1242023 (2012), honorable mention in the 2012 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation
Introducing a black hole's effective temperature, we obtained an Honorable Mention in the 2012 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition interpreting black hole's quasi-normal modes naturally in terms of quantum levels.
This permitted us to show that quantities which
are fundamental to realize the underlying quantum gravity theory, like Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, its sub-leading corrections and the number
of microstates, are function of the black hole's excited state, i.e. of the black hole's quantum level, which is symbolized by the quantum overtone number n that denotes the countable sequence of quasi-normal modes. Here, we improve the analysis by finding a fundamental equation
that directly connects the probability of emission of an Hawking quantum with the two emission levels which are involved in the transition. That equation permits us to interpret the correspondence between Hawking radiation and black hole quasi-normal modes in terms of a time dependent Schroedinger system. In such a system, the quasi-normal modes energies, which are also the total energies emitted by the black hole in correspondence of the various quantum levels, represent the eigenvalues of the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the system and the Hawking quanta represent the energy transitions among the eigenvalues, which correspond to a perturbed Hamiltonian ∝ δ(t).
In this way, we explicitly write down a
time dependent Schroedinger equation for the system composed by Hawking radiation and black hole quasi-normal modes.
The states of the correspondent Schroedinger wave-function can be written in terms of a
unitary pure evolution matrix instead of a density matrix. Thus, they result to be pure
states instead of mixed ones.
Hence, we conclude with the non-trivial
consequence that information comes out in black hole's evaporation. This issue is also a confirmation of the assumption by 't Hooft that Schroedinger equations can be used universally for all dynamics in the universe, further
endorsing the conclusion that black hole evaporation must be information preserving.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[402] viXra:1304.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-01 17:06:09
Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 8 Pages.
Einstein dealt a lethal blow to Weyl's unified theory by arguing that Weyl's theory was at the very least, it was beautiful and at best, un-physical, because its concept of variation of the length of a vector from one point of space to the other meant that certain absolute quantities, such as the ``fixed" spacing of atomic spectral lines and the Compton wavelength of an Electron for example, would change arbitrarily as they would have to depend on their prehistories. This venomous criticism of Einstein to Weyl's theory remains much alive today as it was on the first day Einstein pronounced it. We demonstrate herein that one can overcome Einstein's criticism by recasting Weyl's theory into a new Weyl-kind of theory were the length of vectors are preserved as is the case in Riemann geometry. In this new Weyl theory, the Weyl gauge transformation of the Riemann metric and the electromagnetic field are preserved
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[401] viXra:1304.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-01 16:01:38
Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 3 Pages.
The new Planck results allow the neutrino Koide scales to be fixed accurately, using the mirror neutrino CMB correspondence. Improved predictions for the rest masses of the standard neutrinos are given.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[400] viXra:1303.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-31 21:14:24
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 Pages. small contribution to Rencontres De Moriond, 2013, Very high energy in the physical universe section. For their conference proceedings
We envestigate the relationship between gravitons and gravitnos with a revision of SUSY assuming a massive graviton, this leads to av entropy value for the electroweak era. Further consequences including the value of the weak fermi scale occur naturally
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[399] viXra:1303.0219 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-30 23:32:02
Authors: Sanath Devalapurkar
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper, we shall be considering a solution of the Einstein Field equations and then find out a relation of the interdependence of the experience of mass and electromagnetism with the orthogonal spatial dimensions, and pick a few quantities that are invariant under quantization, so as to preserve the geometry of space time. The natural units, c=ħ=1, will be taken. This is done to get a quantum theory of gravity, without destroying the space-time signature, as the metric itself creates the basic spacetime properties.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[398] viXra:1303.0218 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-31 01:15:24
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 19 Pages.
I wrote to Professor Misner (the coauthor of the 1957 article which I'm taking another look at) over a year ago for information about his article with John Wheeler regarding Albert Einstein’s Unified Field Theory. His reply was very helpful indeed. I wrote a short piece at the time, which turned out to be just a basic outline of my present article. I’ve spent 14 months filling it with more and more detail. I still think Professor Misner was correct. I’ve tried to reconcile Einstein’s theory with modern concerns like dark matter, dark energy and the nuclear forces. The ideas I came up with are very unusual sometimes, but they were necessary to fit in with the unified theory being correct. Despite most of the world considering Einstein's unified field to be a failure, it's interesting that his work is making my heart beat a little faster more than 80 years after he started work on it. As my article shows, the unified field is based in mathematics but will prove to have remarkable consequences not just for maths, but also for the physical world. I therefore chose to write it in the form of an essay (there is mathematics, but no equations) that uses concepts like planetary motion, revised gravitation, and string theory to arrive at a theory of everything. In "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking, it was stated "If a complete unified theory was discovered, it would only be a matter of time before it was digested and simplified ... and taught in schools, at least in outline. We should then all be able to have some understanding of the laws that govern the universe and are responsible for our existence." The essay I've written might therefore be valuable in the education of a young teenager living in the second part of this century.
Keywords –
Unified Field Theory; Theory of Everything; gravitation; electromagnetism; nuclear weak force; nuclear strong force; graviton; photon; dark matter; dark energy; Einstein; Maxwell; Wheeler; Misner; Rainich; Penrose; binary digits; Mobius loop; Figure-8 Klein bottle; Poincare conjecture; string theory; fractal geometry; irrational numbers; transcendental numbers; pi; e; quantum mechanics; computer science; time; wave packets; cosmic wormhole; cosmic string; tides; falling bodies; Kepler; planetary motion; Bell; Rubin; matrices; time travel; Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe; hidden variables; virtual particles; Aharonov; Cramer; retrocausality; backward causality; quantum entanglement; 5th dimensional hyperspace; space-time; moon; evolution; Earth; mass increase; time dilation; General Relativity; Special Relativity
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[397] viXra:1303.0194 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-25 08:28:03
Authors: Richard Ruquist
Comments: 11 Pages.
Most theories of everything (TOEs) like string theory are based on physics. But there are as well TOEs based on "mathematics" being fundamental to a reality based on science. In particular, one math-TOE is based on the discrete natural numbers famously used by Godel to derive his Incompleteness Theorems. Such math computational theories (math-comp) assume that the comp-machine has an infinite computation space. Our approach proposes that string cosmology limits comp-space as measured by the Bekenstein Bound/Lloyd Limit of available bits of information in a finite holographic universe.
We conjecture that the cubic lattice of Calabi-Yau (CY) compact-manifolds, which pervade the space of each universe, is an arithmetic comp-machine (due to the compact manifolds being enumerable) and furthermore, that its comp-power is limited by the effective holographic size of the universe. Moreover, we conjecture that our universe's comp-machine is insufficiently precise, because of its limited size, to compute physical particles; and for that, a collection of all universes in an effectively infinite metaphysical space called the Metaverse, is necessary. A Metaverse comp-machine in such a large space is effectively complete and consistent.
We further argue that all CY computations are instantaneous from a human perspective. These conjectures make possible Mind and Body consciousnesses in a Single-World Universe and a cosmic rebirth loop based on Smolin's Fecund Cosmology with Super-Massive Black Holes (SMBHs) giving birth to Metaverses.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[396] viXra:1303.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-24 15:54:46
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here are the arguments that show why unification of the classical General Theory of Relativity (GR) and the quantum Standard Model (SM) is impossible. The term “force” does not mean the same in these two basic theories. The unification of these two basic theories is impossible due to the different properties of the two parallel spacetimes one associated with the GR and the second with SM. Origin of such splitting/bifurcation follows from the internal structure of the Einstein-spacetime components. Since the size of the Einstein-spacetime components is close to the Planck length so the origin of the splitting/bifurcation concerns the sizes smaller than the Planck length. In both theories we neglect internal structure of bare particles so there appear singularities and infinite energies of fields. This causes that within the GR and SM we cannot understand the fundamental differences between classical and quantum theories. The same concerns the string/M theory because this theory starts from wrong initial conditions i.e. objects of the Planck size are not some simple loops/closed-strings. They look as a miniature of an active galaxy, for example, the NGC 4261. There is the torus and ball in its centre. The smallest closed strings have size much smaller than the Planck length and are the perfect circles carrying the half-integral spin as well. The real supersymmetry, i.e. the fermion-boson symmetry, differs very much from the supersymmetry that leads to the undetected s-particles and gauginos.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[395] viXra:1303.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-21 23:04:06
Authors: Yigao Liang
Comments: 5 Pages.
We argue that invariance under continuous 4 dimensional space-time transformations is in conflict with
determinism in physics due to the existence of families of smooth structures. We speculate that quantum
uncertainty emerges as a result, suggesting a new way to unify gravity and quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[394] viXra:1303.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-21 13:48:12
Authors: Ovidiu Racorean
Comments: 6 Pages.
For a simple closed FRW minisuperspace model the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is
arranged in the form of a dimensionless quantum harmonic oscillator like equation. Solving
this equation is trivial and give equally spaced quantized levels for the volume of the universe
and the set of wave functions for this bound states of the Universe. A series of philosophical
implications of the above scenario, like quantum jumps, impossibility of an inflationary
phase and the problem of “absence” of time for the quantum Universe are further briefly
discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[393] viXra:1303.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-21 02:17:27
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.
Einstein had failed to formulate a unified field theory which will give a complete picture of the universe. The author here describes a way of viewing the universe a la the unified field theory, which may also be regarded as a theory of everything.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[392] viXra:1303.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-18 06:06:23
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages. Submitted to the European Journal of Physics C
A continuous family of static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein's vacuum field equations with a $spatial$ singularity at the origin $ r = 0 $ is found. These solutions are parametrized by
a real valued parameter $ \lambda$ (ranging from $ 0 $ to $ \infty$) and such that the radial horizon's location is $displaced$ continuously towards the singularity ($ r = 0 $) as $ \lambda $ increases. In the limit $ \lambda \rightarrow \infty$, the location of the singularity and horizon $merges$ leading to a $null$ singularity. In this extreme case, any infalling observer hits the null singularity at the very moment he/she crosses the horizon. This fact may have important consequences for the resolution of the fire wall problem and the complementarity controversy in black holes. Another salient feature of these solutions is that it leads to a modification of the Newtonian potential consistent with the effects of the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) associated to a minimal length. The field equations due to a delta-function point-mass source at $ r = 0 $ are solved and the Euclidean gravitational action corresponding to those solutions is evaluated explicitly. It is found that the Euclidean action is precisely equal to the black hole entropy (in Planck area units). This result holds in any dimensions $ D \ge 3 $. The study of the Nonperturbative Renormalization Group flow of the metric $ g_{\mu v} [ k ] $ in terms of the momentum scale $ k $ and its relationship to these family of metrics parametrized by $ \lambda$ deserves further investigation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[391] viXra:1303.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-17 10:53:37
Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 8 Pages.
We study general deformation structures on path spaces defined on manifolds and specialioze to those with memory. Furthermore, we highlight the construction of local operators on path space relatively compact to some position operator. The idea of this rather elementary work is to engage in the study of how perturbative string theory could be seen as a representation of a non commutative geometry. The latter is acessible to direct physical interpretation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[390] viXra:1303.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-15 22:24:01
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 15 Pages.
It is my belief that Charles Misner and John Wheeler were correct in 1957 when they said, in the “Annals of Physics”, that Albert Einstein’s latest equations united gravitation and electromagnetism, and demonstrated the unified field theory. In January 2012, I wrote a little article called “Misner/Wheeler correct about Einstein's Unified Field Theory being successful”. That was just a summary of this present article, sketching its basic outline and the points that needed to be filled in. I’ve spent the following 14 months developing what I believe are satisfactory answers to UFT’s problems. The first point of debate is – it has been argued that the gravitational fields, if known everywhere but only for a limited time, do not contain enough information about their electromagnetism to allow the future to be determined, so Einstein's unified theory fails. Physicists also argue that a unified "theory of everything" must now include not just gravity and electromagnetism, but also the weak and strong nuclear forces plus dark matter and dark energy. I address all these concerns in detail. But I do so in the form of an essay (there is mathematics, but no equations) that uses concepts like planetary motion, revised gravitation, and string theory to arrive at a theory of everything. The essay might be suitable for a young teenager living in the second part of this century. Why is it written this way? "If a complete unified theory was discovered, it would only be a matter of time before it was digested and simplified ... and taught in schools, at least in outline. We should then all be able to have some understanding of the laws that govern the universe and are responsible for our existence." ("A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking, Introduction by Carl Sagan) So the article/essay is entirely unsuitable for any maths or science journal.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[389] viXra:1303.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-10 15:53:43
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 3 Pages.
On 3/10/2013 Andrew decided to explain the believed ideas and solutions to the top three questions in physics. He included an explanation on the origins of the universe proved through creationism rather then just a dimensional parameter of naturally accoring events. Andrew also explained why Quantum Gravity helps explain the origins of the universe and why it is in harmony with both the theory of creationism and the theory of atomism. Andrew also took time to explain the potential lifetime of a proton being unstable and impossible to calculate, as well as some protons may have the ability to have different lifespans then others due to difference in amounts in typical locations of an element or existance of particles. Andrew also explained how it is likely possible to get a full calculation on the average lifetime of a proton.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[388] viXra:1303.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-07 01:38:43
Authors: Muteru michael
Comments: 1 Page. M THEORY
HAVING WORKED ON THE MBRANE IN MTHEORY THE UNIVERSE IS HEREIN PRESENTED AS BRANEWORLDS IN COSMOLOGY MAKING USE OF THE Cosmic microwave background as the critical limit.presenting the universe in its Purest intrisic state/s, under a single holding
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[387] viXra:1303.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-05 18:58:20
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 90 pages
The Standard Model particles can be built from infinite superpositions borrowing mass from a Higgs type scalar field and energy from zero point vector fields; but zero point energy densities are limited. Any causally connected region grows with time, requiring the average density of matter to decrease so that sufficient zero point energy is available. This in turn requires space to expand progressively with time after the big bang. For similar reasons the spacetime metric near mass concentrations changes in proportion to m/r (to the first order) in accordance with the Swarzschild solution to Einstein’s equations
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[386] viXra:1303.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-05 04:31:58
Authors: A.W. Beckwith
Comments: 12 Pages. To be presented in Rencontres De Blois : Very high energy in the Universe section
The Machs principle as unveiled in this paper is really a statement as to information conservation, with Gravitons and Gravitinos being information carriers. What we wish to know is are there measurable consequences as far as scale factor evolution, spatial distance expansion and cosmological density proportional to a quinessent variant of the cosmological ‘constant’ parameter ? We furthermore postulate a connection between the quinessent variant, and DM and its relationship to DE using Sundrum’s model of DE as an example.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[385] viXra:1303.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-02 09:29:42
Authors: Muteru Michael
Comments: 12 Pages.
After intensive study of all the known Superstring theories namely, 1,2a,2b, E₈*E₈, and the SO₃₂ theories. It was discovered that all these Superstring theories are related by Dualities and so led to the eventual conclusion of one theory that was coined M –theory.
The fundamental conclusion that I have deduced, is that there are basically only two string interaction modes-Open and Closed .I search for both string modes in a naturally feasible and single universal allegorical entity that displays both Geometrical and mathematical coherence, hence ultimately solving the longstanding problem in theoretical physics termed M-theory in a sense presenting a Mathematically musical universe model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[384] viXra:1302.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-27 02:15:35
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 7 Pages. also published at www.researchgate.net
This article began as a question to an astronomy magazine about the Milky Way which I thought of when reading an article of theirs about astronomers looking billions of years into the past at dwarf galaxies. This led to my second question suggesting universal expansion can be reduced to an inflating cosmic fifth dimension. A 1919 paper by Einstein then combines with fractal geometry to equate it with multiple quantum fifth dimensions. It’s then suggested that the WMAP spacecraft shows dark energy is this fifth dimension and that it possesses mathematical form. This maths borrows ideas from string theory to conclude there are “currents” of binary digits flowing in two Mobius loops that are connected into an infinite number of figure-8 Klein bottles. In this way, in addition to fifth dimensional hyperspace being mathematical, the four dimensions of space-time are also shown to be composed of maths. This offers an explanation of wormholes and cosmic strings; and each figure-8 Klein bottle is said to be a subuniverse (our own being 13.7 billion years old) within an infinite, eternal universe often called the multiverse when subuniverses (which share one set of physics’ laws) are wrongly called parallel universes and claimed to have differing laws. Dark energy is considered to be not merely the fifth dimension but the radiation of binary digits from that hyperspace to create everything (in the form of mathematically-generated gravitational and electromagnetic waves). Since “everything” refers to mass and all the other properties of matter’s particles, they produce the non-Standard Model Higgs field. Binary digits are the cause of the effect known as gravitation and the idea of retrocausality – the time component of space’s quantum entanglement – can remove any separation of cause and effect to make gravitation equal to dark energy … as long as gravity is assumed to be a repelling force. This makes it compulsory to explain its obvious attraction. I’ve addressed various details concerning this in my articles but I’ll just address one point here – Earth’s orbit. This article ends by mentioning the warped nonlinearity of time and the possibility of future human involvement in creation; the existence of God (non-supernatural) via the inverse-square law’s infinite aspect coupled with eternal quantum entanglement; the Law of Conservation; and evolution’s continuing existence as adaptation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[383] viXra:1302.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-23 06:55:54
Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 6 Pages.
In the general relativity theory, using Einstein’s revised gravity field equation (add the cosmological term), discover the spherical solution of the quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[382] viXra:1302.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-22 18:23:52
Authors: Andraz Pibernik
Comments: 108 Pages. Please do not conduct experiments mentioned in the paper at home. If so, self-betterment and betterment of all kind are guaranteed for the price of one's image or even one's life.
This work answers two major scientific questions: 1) Do the theory of the beginning and final theory exist, as time represents only a numerical order of material change and does not exist as such in the vast and infinite universe? 2) How does the scientific society evaluate this as also distance and constant velocity are referred to as dummy units created by the conscious observers? Furthermore a fact from a source among the desperate physicists is provided: ... correct, today we know that the hope into the Theory of Everything has been an overambitious project, although right now, there is no evidence for any “new physics” at higher energies to be on the horizon ... I would like to thank to all scientists who participate in this largest project on the human soil, still being conducted. Main thanks go to TOE Quest forum community and all test entities during the 14 year old simulation and my last 4 month implementation of the simulation results again on the TOE Quest forum test polygon ... I overruled the Theory of Everything, because such blunder does not exist, let alone that such answer would be provided by the physicists. To give such an answer one needs at least 50 years of multidisciplinary work and research ... 30 down 20 to go. I often had a feeling that the science had never been united as it is is with this project that will pave the way for future generations to understand the struggle a single scientist had to go through, before being admitted by the scientific society. The work should remind the reader of the necessity of sparking the scientific disputes in order to fertilize one’s work. Yet it should also show to the old generation and rigid professors who stick to the comic, I repeat, comic constants and theories, being theories for millennia, based on an infinite amount of constants that more conventional and artistic approach is needed. A proof to them that they should sometimes think like kids in order to find a proper solution to a problem that could be solved by any child at the age of six, when kids gain their consciousness. Tell your kind that we are being pushed to the celestial body by the pressure of q Electrical-Mass, not pulled by the mass of the body, a false definition of gravity. Herewith you have already done the first step towards infinity. There was no beginning, just an everlasting ongoing. Nothing is constant in this universe, even the expansion is either accelerated or decelerated. "Try not, do." Quote: Master Yoda. Finally I dedicate this work to my late father and his cousin and my true uncle from Brazil, whom I miss very much and plan to visit soon. I devote all my free time and available financial ressources to this research.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[381] viXra:1302.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-19 11:25:50
Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 3 pages, 1 figure
It is shown that small quantum effects of the model of low-energy
quantum gravity by the author give a possibility of another
interpretation of cosmological observations without an expansion
of the Universe and dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[380] viXra:1302.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-19 06:02:43
Authors: Hans W Giertz
Comments: 6 Pages. In my paper “Gravity caused by TEM waves operating on dipoles in atoms”, viXra:1302.0066 [pdf], the nature of gravity is explained and that it is caused by TEM waves.
The study displays that the photon consists of a positive charge and a negative charge. A gravitational singularity in the universe generates synchronized, extremely low frequency gravitational waves consisting of extremely low frequency photons. This photon was exposed to a magnetic field resulting in that the photon was split into a separate positive charge and a separate negative charge. These charges were exposed to electric fields, revealing their nature. It is proposed that the photon’s positive charge rotates clockwise and the negative charge rotates counter clockwise perpendicular to the photons radial direction forming a double helix. The photon’s radial speed is equal to the speed of light. The charge’s rotational speed is equal to the photon frequency ν. The study describes how the photon’s charges were measured. The study describes a method to measure how e.g. an incandescent light bulb and a radio transmitter antenna generate photons, revealing the true nature of photons. The study describes the relationship between photon, gravity and the atom’s elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[379] viXra:1302.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-17 19:20:04
Authors: A.W.Beckwith
Comments: 9 Pages. Has three appendix entries, justifying title change. Also, to be submitted to prespacetime journal later., One table included
The author presents a post-Newtonian approximation based upon an earlier argument in a paper by Clifford Will as to Yukawa revisions of gravitational potentials, in part initiated by gravitons having explicit mass dependence in their Compton wave length. Prior work with Clifford Will’s idea was stymied by the application to binary stars and other such astrophysical objects, with non-useful frequencies topping off near 100 Hertz, thereby rendering Yukawa modifications of Gravity due to gravitons effectively an experimental curiosity which was not testable with any known physics equipment. This work improves on those results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[378] viXra:1302.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-16 04:58:54
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 30 Pages. Submitted to Foundations of Physics
We extend the construction of Born's Reciprocal Phase Space Relativity to the case of Clifford Spaces which involve the use of $polyvectors$ and a $lower/upper$ length scale. We
present the generalized polyvector-valued velocity and acceleration/force boosts in Clifford Phase Spaces and find an $explicit$ Clifford algebraic realization of the velocity and acceleration/force boosts. Finally, we provide a Clifford Phase-Space Gravitational Theory based in gauging the generalization of the Quaplectic group and invoking Born's reciprocity principle between coordinates and momenta (maximal speed of light velocity and maximal force). The
generalized gravitational vacuum field equations are explicitly displayed.
We conclude with a brief discussion on the role of higher-order Finsler geometry
in the construction of extended relativity theories with an upper and lower bound to the
higher order accelerations (associated with the higher order tangent and cotangent spaces).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[377] viXra:1302.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-15 20:11:55
Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai
Comments: 18 Pages. 100 years of quantum mechanics, nuclear physics and cosmology can be refined and unified.
Part-2: Current cosmological changes may be reflected in any existing atom. Hubble length (c/H_t) can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. In this report an attempt is made to verify the cosmic acceleration in a quantum mechanical approach. The four key assumptions are : 1) Reduced Planck’s
constant increases with cosmic time. 2) Being a primordial evolving black hole and angular velocity being (H_t), universe is always rotating with light speed. 3) Atomic gravitational constant is squared Avogadro number times the classical gravitational constant and 4) Atomic gravitational constant shows discrete behavior. This may be the
root cause of discrete nature of revolving electron’s total energy. With reference to the present atomic and nuclear physical constants, obtained (H_0) = 69.642 km/sec/Mpc and can be compared with the recent value (H_0)= (69.32 +/-0.80) km/sec/Mpc.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[376] viXra:1302.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-14 20:48:16
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 32 Pages.
The strings of physics’ string theory are the binary digits of 1 and 0 used in computers and electronics. The digits are constantly switching between their representations of the “on” and “off” states. This switching is usually referred to as a flow or current. Currents in the two 2-dimensional programs called Mobius loops are connected into a four-dimensional figure-8 Klein bottle by the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of 1’s and 0’s depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles’ “wave packets” – into an infinite number of 8-Kleins. Each Klein
1) is one of the universe’s subuniverses (our own is 13.7 billion years old),
2) is made flexible through its binary digits which seamlessly, or almost seamlessly, join it to surrounding subuniverses and eliminate its central hole, and
3) possesses warped time and space because its foundation is the programmed curves in its mathematical Mobius loops (along with the twists they generate [p.7]). The universe functions according to the rules of fractal geometry. So the Mobius does not exist only at the cosmic level. It also manifests at the quantum scale, giving us photons and protons etc. Space and time are no longer separate, but are an indivisible space-time. So if space and the universe are infinite, how can time not be eternal? The past and the future must both extend forever (the idea of time being finite arises from confusion of our subuniverse with the one infinite universe).
BITS (Binary digiTS) only suggest existence of the divine if time is linear. Although a non-supernatural God is proposed via the inverse-square law coupled with eternal quantum entanglement, Einstein taught us that time is warped. Warped time is nonlinear, making it at least possible that the BITS composing space-time and all particles originate from the computer science of humans.
I suspect many readers will be content with reading this abstract. While there are more details, and mathematics, in the content; my natural style of writing is to avoid jargon and maths. I also tend to get philosophical. While I personally feel that there’s a lot of precious information in the content, I realize it won’t all be to everyone’s liking. Other subjects dealt with in this article are - the “Pioneer anomaly”, refinement of gravitational physics, dark energy and dark matter, quantum phenomena like mass and electric charge and quantum spin, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, deflection of starlight by the sun, tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, ancient Greek philosophers, Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, time travel into the past as well as the future, the elimination of distances in space, humanity’s construction of this universe we live in, The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy, and support for the science-fiction-like idea of the electronic binary digits of 1 and 0 being the building blocks of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[375] viXra:1302.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-13 09:00:28
Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 15 Pages. This is a Portuguese version of the paper http://vixra.org/abs/1201.0101
This paper introduces a new model for fundamental
particles representation, named Ulianov String Theory(UST).
In the UST model, the space is composed of eight
dimensions, being four of them “rolled up” dimensions while the other four are ”ordinary” dimensions.
Moreover, in the UST, time dimension is modeled as a complex variable and can also be “rolled up”.
This new string model also defines point-like particles named Ulianov Holes (uholes), which, from the imaginary time collapse, is transformed into strings.
These strings allow generation of a series of structures,
which can be associated to configurations of the
observed matter and energy in our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[374] viXra:1302.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-12 05:16:03
Authors: Edward William Johnson
Comments: 25 Pages. Description of Gravity as an operator and mechanism
Abstract
Gravity as an identifiable force or mechanism is one of the greatest physical mysteries alluded physicists since Euclid. This paper reintroduces and reconfirms Sir Isaac Newton’s idea and belief that Space provides us with a ‘Background Absolute’, later discounted by Albert Einstein. It is explained here by the constant emergence of New Primary Space. This same mechanism determines how gravitational information is exchanged but also to, the ability of a photon to transmit and transit in spacetime and determines the local maximum speed of ‘C’. This is central and a key feature in this paper. Both Gravity & Light are subject to this fundamental ‘Absolute’ space mechanism which determines the abilities of both. It introduces the concept of ‘Primary Space’ with a constantly emergent population of 1 dimensional points of time which is the physical key to unlocking this long lasting mystery. If this philosophy is correct then it is necessary to change our current audit of spatial dimensions, and remove temporal time as being one of them. The details presented provide explanation of this system which is dependent upon the following layout of dimensions. Ut, x, y, z and temporal time is excluded from these four. [ Ut is the symbol for Universal Time Constant ] this being the Primary dimension providing Newton’s Absolute.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[373] viXra:1302.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-11 20:30:15
Authors: B. C. Chanyal, P. S. Bisht, O. P. S. Negi
Comments: 13 Pages. bcchanyal@gmail.com
In this paper, we have made an attempt to discuss the role of octonions in superstring theory (i.e. a theory of everything to describe the unification
of all four types of forces namely gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong) where, we have described the octonion representation of the superstring(SS) theory as the combination of four complex (C) spaces namely associated with the gravitational (G-space), electromagnetic (EM-space), weak (W-space) and strong (S-space) interactions. We have discussed the octonionic
differential operator, octonionic valued potential wave equation, octonionic
field equation and other various quantum equations of superstring theory in
simpler, compact and consistent manner. Consequently, the generalized
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations are studied with the preview of superstring theory by
means of octonions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[372] viXra:1302.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-11 05:19:08
Authors: Hans W Giertz
Comments: 9 Pages.
The study displays the existence of a gravitational singularity in the universe generating synchronized, extremely low frequency plane TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waves. It is proposed that atomic intrinsic electromagnetic fields create resonance with these plane TEM waves, causing particles and atoms to receive and to re-emit synchronized plane TEM waves. The energy flow of synchronized plane TEM waves, travelling in opposite directions between e.g. two atoms, creates mutual force of attraction, i.e. gravity. Consequently, gravity is not an intrinsic atomic feature; however, the result of fully passive atoms exposed to electromagnetic energy. The study describes how plane TEM waves emitted by the gravitational singularity was measured, how gravity was measured and how gravity was simulated using an electronic device. The present electromagnetic law of gravity is compared with Newtonian geometric law of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[371] viXra:1302.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-08 12:34:42
Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 10 Pages.
The model of this paper presupposes that space-time is not a mathematical abstraction, but that space-time is an expanded state of matter. The fundamental quantum of matter is designated the B-string, (for Brane/String complex). The B-string quanta of particle matter and space-time differ from one another only in the volumetric state of the B-string. It is demonstrated how the B-string can be interpreted as 10-dimensional, 11-dimensional, and 26-dimensional. The relationship of the B-string quanta to Planck's natural constants is shown, and a mathematical argument is presented demonstrating the conversion of space-time into particle matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[370] viXra:1302.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-02 10:54:53
Authors: B. C. Chanyal, P. S. Bisht, O. P. S. Negi
Comments: 13 Pages. bcchanyal@gmail.com
In this paper, we have made an attempt to discuss the role of octonions in gravity and dark
matter where, we have described the octonion space as the combination of two quaternionic spaces
namely gravitational G-space and electromagnetic EM-space. It is shown that octonionic hot dark
matter contains the photon and graviton (i.e. massless particles) while the octonionic cold dark
matter is associated with the W-;Z (massive) bosons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[369] viXra:1302.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-01 12:58:06
Authors: Nige Cook
Comments: 7 Pages.
Feynman’s relativistic path integral replaces the non-relativistic 1st quantization indeterminancy principle (required when using a classical Coulomb field in quantum mechanics) with a simple physical mechanism, multipath interference between small mechanical interactions. Each mechanical interaction is represented by a Feynman Moller scattering diagram (Fig. 1) for a gauge boson emitted by one charge to strike an effective interaction cross-section of the other charge, a cross-sectionl that is proportional to the square of the interaction strength or running coupling. Each additional pair of vertices in a Feynman diagram reduce its relative contribution to the path integral by a factor of the coupling, so for a force with a very small couplings like observable (low energy) quantum gravity, only the 2-vertex Feynman diagram has an appreciable contribution, allowing a very simple calculation to check the observable (low energy) quantum gravity interaction strength. Evidence is given that quantum gravity arises from a repulsive U(1) gauge symmetry which also causes the cosmological acceleration
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[368] viXra:1301.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-30 23:47:01
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: Pages.
A paragraph explaining the way this article is written – the great French mathematician Jules Henri Poincare strongly favoured the use of intuition. Albert Einstein also said the most important things in science are intuition, imagination and curiosity. He said that things like logic and mathematical equations are necessary and valuable companions to scientific endeavour. But he was so sorry to see these companions taking the place of intuition and imagination. He thought science would suffer, and lose its way, as a result. Today, his fears seem to have reached their apex. Modern science believes logic and maths are much more than valuable and necessary – it tends to treat them as the ONLY path to knowledge. At the same time it tends to ridicule intuition and imagination.
Sergei Kopeikin, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Missouri, thinks the previous explanation for the so-called Pioneer Anomaly 1 was only able to account for 15 to 20% of the observed deceleration. He devised a new set of calculations that included the universe's expansion, and the way expansion affects the speed of photons which compose the light and radio waves.
1 In a paper published on June 12 in Physical Review Letters [“Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly” - Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 241101 (2012) [5 pages]; Slava G. Turyshev, Viktor T. Toth, Gary Kinsella, Siu-Chun Lee, Shing M. Lok, and Jordan Ellis write: “We investigate the possibility that the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft is due to the recoil force associated with an anisotropic emission of thermal radiation off the vehicles” and “We ... conclude that, once the thermal recoil force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains."
Both the “thermal recoil” and “universal expansion” theories regarding Pioneer are extremely interesting. However, I suspect the emission of thermal radiation doesn’t have a large enough effect, just as Sergei Kopeikin states. I also suspect the speed of photons in the vacuum of space is, as Relativity states, constant and always appears constant - and that universal expansion therefore doesn’t have enough effect either. I'd therefore like to propose a refinement of gravitational physics. I redefine warping as 2.3 times General Relativity's value - deflection of starlight by the sun is still at 1.75 arcseconds since 57% of the light is diverted into solar wave packets (my ideas owe part of their inspiration to the MUH or Mathematical Universe Hypothesis formulated by MIT's Professor Max Tegmark).
I didn’t originally intend to write about tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, and Greek philosophers. But if someone is attempting to explain the Pioneer slowdown etc. by a new interpretation of space-time warping (and this warping is what gravitation is), it’s a good idea – even an essential one – to not solely write about General Relativity and the spacecraft launched 40 years ago. Ideas from centuries ago, before General Relativity and Pioneer, must also be analysed – including those of Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno. So must interpretations of the Mobius loop and figure-8 Klein bottle.
The article ends by mentioning the two ways to view both infinity and reality, time travel into the past as well as the future, and the elimination of distances in space (enabling overtaking of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft – and leaving them in a galaxy far, far away).
PS The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy is not overlooked. Using the word “create” or “produce” is simply a matter of convenience, like speaking of “sunrise” and “sunset” when we know the world rotates.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[367] viXra:1301.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-30 14:05:38
Authors: Nige Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.
A previous paper (http://vixra.org/abs/1111.0111) makes some calculations from a quantum gravity theory and sketches a framework for further predictions. This paper defends in detail the lagrangian for quantum gravity, based on the theory in our earlier paper, by examining the simple physical dynamics behind general relativity and gauge theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[366] viXra:1301.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-30 14:51:48
Authors: Nige Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.
Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism describe three dimensional electric and magnetic field line divergence and curl (rank 1 tensors, or vector calculus), but were compressed by Einstein by including those rank-1 equations as components of rank 2 tensors. However, Einstein did not express the electromagnetic force in terms of a rank-2 spacetime curvature. In order to unify or even compare the equations for two forces (gravity and electromagnetism), you need first to have them expressed in terms of similarly physical descriptions: either rank-1 field lines for both, or spacetime curvature for both.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[365] viXra:1301.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-27 18:26:48
Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages.
In the general relativity theory, using Einstein’s gravity field equation, discover the spherical solution of the quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[364] viXra:1301.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-25 21:44:30
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 10 Pages.
Sergei Kopeikin, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Missouri, thinks the previous explanation for the so-called Pioneer Anomaly [1] was only able to account for 15 to 20% of the observed deceleration. He devised a new set of calculations that included the universe's expansion, and the way expansion affects the speed of photons which compose the light and radio waves.
[1] In a paper published on June 12 in Physical Review Letters [“Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly” - Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 241101 (2012) [5 pages]; Slava G. Turyshev, Viktor T. Toth, Gary Kinsella, Siu-Chun Lee, Shing M. Lok, and Jordan Ellis write: “We investigate the possibility that the anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft is due to the recoil force associated with an anisotropic emission of thermal radiation off the vehicles” and “We ... conclude that, once the thermal recoil force is properly accounted for, no anomalous acceleration remains."
Both the “thermal recoil” and “universal expansion” theories regarding Pioneer are extremely interesting. However, I suspect the emission of thermal radiation doesn’t have a large enough effect, just as Sergei Kopeikin states. I also suspect the speed of photons in the vacuum of space is, as Relativity states, constant and always appears constant - and that universal expansion therefore doesn’t have enough effect either. I'd therefore like to propose a refinement of gravitational physics. I redefine warping as 2.3 times General Relativity's value - deflection of starlight by the sun is still at 1.75 arcseconds since 57% of the light is diverted into solar wave packets (my ideas owe part of their inspiration to the MUH or Mathematical Universe Hypothesis formulated by MIT's Professor Max Tegmark).
I didn’t originally intend to write about tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, and Greek philosophers. But if someone is attempting to explain the Pioneer slowdown by a new interpretation of space-time warping (and this warping is what gravitation is), it’s a good idea – even an essential one – to not solely write about General Relativity and the spacecraft launched 40 years ago. Ideas from centuries ago – including those of Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno – must also be analysed, as must original interpretations of the Mobius loop and figure-8 Klein bottle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[363] viXra:1301.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-25 11:38:23
Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 8 Pages.
This paper explores scientifically, mind-matter interactions by utilising the welldocumented
phenomenon of mind-created psi-lines. Experimentation shows how the
perceived length of a standard yardstick, or an aura of any object, is affected by the
presence of psi-lines. Three distinct effects have been discovered. At a psi-line’s
nodes, the perceived aura of any object, or any attempted measurements of length,
decrease to zero! Measurements increase significantly when taken in the direction of
flow of the psi-line, whilst the same measurements taken against the flow decrease.
In contrast, transverse measurements produce a sine-like curve, but the equation is not
a simple sine wave or a standing wave. The format of the equation involves a square
root and is of the form: L = A * √sin (l * π/d). The conclusions not only demonstrate
that mind-mind, and mind-matter interactions exist; that psi lines and nodes detected
intuitively actually exist, and obey the laws of physics with significant enhancements;
and that the mind interacts with the structure of the universe down to the Planck level.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[362] viXra:1301.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-21 18:17:39
Authors: Igor Elkin
Comments: 4 Pages.
It is not understanding, why physicists haven’t paid attention to the elementary solution of the question about the
formation of inertia mass and elementary explanation of gravity force till now. As soon as velocity-addition formula has
been received by Einstein, it has become clear that derivative of total velocity of one of velocities gives two summands.
At that it was clear that there can be the situation, when additional speeds would be for some object with plus and with
minus at once. In this case the result for two results of total velocity can be averaged and it would be possible to receive
the summand of concrete figure instead of zero result which depends on the direction of varying velocity. This improvidence
of scholars causes that last one hundred years scholars have been working meaninglessly but not for the development of
science in this sphere.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[333] viXra:1305.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-17 23:18:48
Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: 4 Pages. Stress energy tensor (Visser) will not even satisfy the first law of thermodynamics according to the Tolman criteria. Note that if the Visser Massive Graviton Stress energy tensor scenario does not hold then the Lavenda objection to inflation holds
The following questions is asked, If one takes the covariant derivative of a Stress-energy representation of early universe massive gravitons, is the derivative of the Graviton stress tensor equal to zero ? If so, then in what range of astrophysics does this occur, and when does this formalism break down? Lavenda and Davies argued that the derivative of a generalized GR stress energy tensor being zero in itself is insufficient to show that the 1st law of thermodynamics alone holds. If the full Stress-Energy tensor expression for GR is written out, there is a stress energy tensor component involving GW alone which we highlight. The problem as to this test is if the derivative of the Stress energy tensor, for gravitons as written by Visser is brought up. This Visser stress energy tensor for massive gravitons will not even satisfy the 1st thermodynamic law. We bring this up as a counter point to an article written by Lavenda and Davies purporting to claim that the Tolman test for a first law of thermodynamics which they generalize to first and second law of thermodynamics for inflationary cosmology. We show a breakdown of a zero value for the derivative of the Stress energy tensor for early universe massive gravitons and this derivative of the massive Graviton Stress energy tensor (Visser) will not even satisfy the first law of thermodynamics according to the Tolman criteria. Note that if the Visser Massive Graviton Stress energy tensor scenario does not hold then the Lavenda and Davies objection to inflation is upheld.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[332] viXra:1305.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-12 06:10:37
Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: 5 Pages. fixed reference 2, and removed several serious typos in the document, i.e. confusion between Eq. 6 and Eq. 7 was fixed
The following questions is asked, If one takes the covariant derivative of a Stress-energy representation of
early universe massive gravitons, is the derivative of the Graviton stress tensor equal to zero ? If so, then in what range of
astrophysics does this occur, and when does this formalism break down? We bring this up as a counter point to an article
written by Lavenda and Davies purporting to claim that the Tolman test for a first law of thermodynamics which they
generalize to first and second law of thermodynamics for inflationary cosmology breaks down for early universe
gravitons and will not even satisfy the first law of thermodynamics according to the Tolman criteria
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[331] viXra:1305.0030 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-11 01:45:39
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 9 Pages.
Originally, I planned to call this article H(subscript u) = BEc(superscript e infinity), or 1 = 1(superscript infinity) (using the infinity symbol and no parentheses). But my computer won’t let me save that name – so I’ve changed the title to “Equation Describing the Universe”. This equation looks like the one physicists are hoping will be printed on T-shirts in the middle of this century as a description of the Universe. Normally, I’d leave development of this equation in the capable hands of Isaac Newton or Albert Einstein. They aren’t here right now … and it’ll be quite a while before they return. However, they instructed me to send you this message on their behalf.
H is for the Hamiltonian, representing the total energy of a quantum mechanical system. The subscript u stands for “universe” and Hu means the universe operates quantum mechanically (quantum effects operate macroscopically as well as microscopically, and this unification is symbolized by the first 1). BEc is for Bose-Einstein condensate, a finite form of matter that is the first known example of quantum effects becoming apparent on a macroscopic scale (represented by the second 1). Borrowing a couple of lines from the more complete explanation in the Content – “The infinite cosmos could possess this absence of distance in space and time, via the electronic mechanism of binary digits. To distinguish this definition from “the universe going on and on forever”, we can call it “electronic infinity or e infinity” (not E8). When the macroscopic quantum effects of the BEc are magnified by e infinity, those effects are instantly translated into all space-time operating quantum mechanically. In other words, you can multiply a BEc (the second 1) an infinite number of times – but no matter how many (or how few) times you do it, you’ll always end up with 1 (the macroscopic universe’s time and space operating quantum mechanically). Consequent to this operation is the inevitable quantum entanglement of everything (matter, energy, forces); making all space and all time a unification.
The second part of this article addresses the scientific reasons for believing that a whole universe can be created from nothing. (See p.180 of Stephen Hawking’s/Leonard Mlodinow’s book “The Grand Design”). It reinterprets these reasons in terms of hyperspace and entanglement, to conclude - more than two-thirds of any part of the universe requires no assembly at all. It seemingly appears from nothing, but actually uses the brain’s positive energy which interacts with the negative energy in 5th-dimensional hyperspace (negative energy requires no work at all, according to “The Grand Design”). The remaining third is entangled with the no-work two-thirds and similarly only needs personal interaction with hyperspace (since every atom in the universe contains hyperspace, interactions can be physical e.g. manufacturing and engineering). Thus, the whole universe appears to be created from nothing but is really produced from something.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[330] viXra:1305.0012 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-02 14:52:08
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 1 Page. Minor typing errors fixed.
We have non-speculative, concrete evidence that dark energy is the mechanism of gravity, analogous to the U(1) spin-1 electrodynamics field equation, so the lagrangian for repulsion of masses has a similar propagator for repulsion of similar charges in QED (Moller scattering). Therefore, in the presently-observable (low energy) limit of quantum gravity (very small coupling), Feynman’s well-tested rules for calculating the perturbative expansion of the path integral show that: (a) only the term for 2-vertex, tree-level interaction (Moller scattering) diagram in the perturbative expansion makes a significant contribution at low energy (the tiny gravity coupling suppresses the more complicated interactions in the expansion, since they have more vertices and hence pick up higher powers of the very small coupling), and (b) the cross-section (relative interaction probability, i.e. square of the sum of amplitudes), is proportional to the square of the coupling. So cross-sections from weak scattering of neutrinos can be multiplied by the square of the ratio of the known gravitational coupling to the known Fermi (weak interaction) constant (both expressed in units of GeV^-2), to find the effective cross-section for quantum gravity at low energy. This cross-section predicts the cosmological acceleration due to dark energy, a = (c^4)/(Gm), and automatically quantizes mass, revising the electroweak theory to include quantum gravity, with U(1) hypercharge now generating both dark energy and quantum gravity. This new paper uses a new diagram to improve understanding, and presents key facts in a single page to try to overcome inertia due to the lack of time most people have for "alternative ideas". More extensive and lengthy treatments can be found in other papers including: http://vixra.org/abs/1111.0111 and http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0004
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[329] viXra:1304.0094 [pdf] replaced on 2013-05-13 12:10:35
Authors: Patrick Tonin
Comments: 27 Pages.
The 3D Universe Theory describes the Universe as a growing sphere of layered information with only three dimensions: two space dimensions and one dimension which is both space and time. In relation to each layer, the inner layers represent the past and the outer layers represent the future. There are as many “presents” as there are layers and they all form a coherent space-time continuum. There is a fundamental basic unit of time and space; its size increases with time, but its numeric value always remains the same. Gravitation is a consequence of the continuous expansion of the fundamental basic unit of time and space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[328] viXra:1304.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-20 08:41:41
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 1 Page.
This one page note summarizes the role of quantum impedances in the resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[327] viXra:1304.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-27 22:41:22
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 2 Pages. ran texworks a second time to get the references included
Nonlocal reduction of entangled states is clarified by considering the role of background independent scale-invariant quantum impedances in decay/decoherence of unstable elementary particles, providing simple resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[326] viXra:1304.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-26 11:14:03
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 2 Pages. corrected photon energy in figure 2
Nonlocal reduction of entangled states is clarified by considering the role of background independent scale-invariant quantum impedances in decay/decoherence of unstable elementary particles, providing simple resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[325] viXra:1304.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-20 08:57:09
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 2 Pages. cleaned up the figure
Nonlocal reduction of entangled states is clarified by considering the role of
background independent scale-invariant quantum impedances in decay/decoherence of unstable
elementary particles, providing simple resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[324] viXra:1304.0036 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-11 14:00:40
Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 2 Pages. a question - does this solve the 'firewall' problem?
Nonlocal reduction of entangled states is clarified by considering the role of background independent scale-invariant quantum impedances in the decay/decoherence of unstable elementary particles, providing a simple resolution of the black hole information paradox.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[323] viXra:1304.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-07 04:14:06
Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 14 Pages. Connected with Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. D 21, 1242023 (2012), honorable mention in the 2012 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation.
Introducing a black hole's effective temperature, we obtained an Honorable Mention in the 2012 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition interpreting black hole's quasi-normal modes naturally in terms of quantum levels.
This permitted us to show that quantities which
are fundamental to realize the underlying quantum gravity theory, like Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, its sub-leading corrections and the number
of microstates, are function of the black hole's excited state, i.e. of the black hole's quantum level, which is symbolized by the quantum overtone number n that denotes the countable sequence of quasi-normal modes. Here, we improve the analysis by finding a fundamental equation
that directly connects the probability of emission of an Hawking quantum with the two emission levels which are involved in the transition. That equation permits us to interpret the correspondence between Hawking radiation and black hole quasi-normal modes in terms of a time dependent Schroedinger system. In such a system, the quasi-normal modes energies, which are also the total energies emitted by the black hole in correspondence of the various quantum levels, represent the eigenvalues of the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the system and the Hawking quanta represent the energy transitions among the eigenvalues, which correspond to a perturbed Hamiltonian ∝ δ(t).
In this way, we explicitly write down a
time dependent Schroedinger equation for the system composed by Hawking radiation and black hole quasi-normal modes.
The states of the correspondent Schroedinger wave-function can be written in terms of a
unitary pure evolution matrix instead of a density matrix. Thus, they result to be pure
states instead of mixed ones.
Hence, we conclude with the non-trivial
consequence that information comes out in black hole's evaporation. This issue is also a confirmation of the assumption by 't Hooft that Schroedinger equations can be used universally for all dynamics in the universe, further
endorsing the conclusion that black hole evaporation must be information preserving.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[322] viXra:1304.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-03 15:33:10
Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 3 Pages.
This note just records the neutrino mass predictions resulting from the accurate CMB temperature of WMAP/Planck, under the mirror neutrino CMB correspondence.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[321] viXra:1303.0224 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-01 08:49:44
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 page poster for the Moriond 2013 conference in March 9-16 2013 . Very high phenomenology in the universe section. Assumes restricted SUSY space which would change early universe generation of HFGW
We investigate the relationship between gravitons and gravitinos with a revision of SUSY assuming a massive graviton, this leads to an entrophy value for the electroweak era. Further consequences including the value of the weak fermi scale occur naturally
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[320] viXra:1303.0029 [pdf] replaced on 2013-03-09 17:05:54
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 90 pages
The Standard Model particles can be built from infinite superpositions borrowing mass from a Higgs type scalar field and energy from zero point vector fields; but zero point energy densities are limited. Any causally connected region grows with time, requiring the average density of matter to decrease so that sufficient zero point energy is available. This in turn requires space to expand progressively with time after the big bang. For similar reasons the spacetime metric near mass concentrations changes in proportion to m/r (to the first order) in accordance with the Swarzschild solution to Einstein’s equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[319] viXra:1302.0151 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-24 01:56:49
Authors: Andraz Pibernik
Comments: 5 Pages. The most simple approach to a Quantum Mechanical Solution ever done using Al Zeeper's true Energy Equation E=qA²Z².
This is a new approach to simulation where Q or Quantum Potential Energy is used to design Quantum simulated realities without the need to solve the Schrödinger equation. I present an unique integraion of q or Electrical-Mass aka cosmic-ocean that permeates all space and its pressure is pushing us down to earth wich is gravity. Volume x Pressure = Energy. In my model which is based on the most simple mathematics, I show that Electrical Energy = Quantum Potential Energy when relativistic mass m is replaced by the lighter and universal composite material called q or Electrical-Mass. This is the first step towards my newly invented notion of sapiedelic society that is based on self-betterment and betterment of all kind. An attempt like this has never been done before that is why I would like to dedicate this sicentific paper to my brother and future Univ. Dipl. Ing. of Electrotechnics for his 30th birthday.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[318] viXra:1302.0146 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-22 00:36:15
Authors: Andraz Pibernik
Comments: 3 Pages. For this experiment a new notion that can not be found by google was invented. Instead of humans being stoned apes or living in a psychedelic society, I now propose a sapiedelic Consciousness/Mind/Thought society where non-fiscal betterment takes place.
First I show a model how simple Quantum Mathematics and Geometry give birth to a Quantum Gravity equation where Einstein's Cosmological constant is put to Pi/Planck Time squared or Planck Linear and Angular Frequency in order to obtain Quantum Golden Ratio Proportioning or Organic Growth that corresponds Planck Acceleration over Planck Area or √(c x h_bar x G). Than I develop a model of a Planck Sphere with Hamid-Planck Length that puts dice^roulette (author Hamid from Iran) and annihilates the Heissenberg uncertainty principle of Quantum Mechanics, declaring Planck Length for the one and only Physics constant in this universe at (1/6)^37 x 10^-6 meters. Later on and on the page 2, I develop a quantum brain and consciousness model where electrical-thought-mass is applied and 4 Planck values square rooted just in order to keep the mind within the idea of the Special Relativity. Once we remove the square root, electrical-mass that has no velocity ceiling and builds the cosmic ocean we all swim in, gets integrated into the velocity of thought as E=Q in the realm of c or the speed of light to the 4th power integer. (to be discussed in my next paper as this non relativistic concept is being tested at IJS) On the page 3, I post some pictures, where I present a Quantum Gravity Model that proves we do not think straight, but in circles or double helix spiral due to the universal motion or spin, latter represents the seat of consciousness. Enjoy the paper and share it with your friends. I dedicate this work to my little brother and future Univ. Dipl. Ing. Tadej.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[317] viXra:1302.0103 [pdf] replaced on 2013-04-20 20:42:51
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 30 Pages. Submitted to Foundations of Physics. It is explained how to construct n-ary extensions of Born's reciprocal relativity based on n-ary algebras.
We extend the construction of Born's Reciprocal Phase Space Relativity to the case of Clifford Spaces which involve the use of $polyvectors$ and a $lower/upper$ length scale. We
present the generalized polyvector-valued velocity and acceleration/force boosts in Clifford Phase Spaces and find an $explicit$ Clifford algebraic realization of the velocity and acceleration/force boosts. Finally, we provide a Clifford Phase-Space Gravitational Theory based in gauging the generalization of the Quaplectic group and invoking Born's reciprocity principle between coordinates and momenta (maximal speed of light velocity and maximal force). The
generalized gravitational vacuum field equations are explicitly displayed.
We conclude with a brief discussion on the role of higher-order Finsler geometry
in the construction of extended relativity theories with an upper and lower bound to the
higher order accelerations (associated with the higher order tangent and cotangent spaces).
We explain how to find the procedure that will allow us to find the $n$-ary analog of the Quaplectic group transformations which will now mix the $X, P, Q, .......$ coordinates of the higher order tangent (cotangent) spaces in this extended relativity theory based on Born's reciprocal gravity and $n$-ary algebraic structures.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[316] viXra:1302.0099 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-17 21:37:13
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 36 Pages. Reason for replacement - added details about sunspots, black holes, Earth's orbit, and SOHO spacecraft supporting idea of matter's wave packets
The strings of physics’ string theory are the binary digits of 1 and 0 used in computers and electronics. The digits are constantly switching between their representations of the “on” and “off” states. This switching is usually referred to as a flow or current. Currents in the two 2-dimensional programs called Mobius loops are connected into a four-dimensional figure-8 Klein bottle by the infinitely-long irrational and transcendental numbers. Such an infinite connection translates - via bosons being ultimately composed of 1’s and 0’s depicting pi, e, √2 etc.; and fermions being given mass by bosons interacting in matter particles’ “wave packets” – into an infinite number of 8-Kleins. Each Klein
1) is one of the universe’s subuniverses (our own is 13.7 billion years old),
2) is made flexible through its binary digits which seamlessly, or almost seamlessly, join it to surrounding subuniverses and eliminate its central hole, and
3) possesses warped time and space because its foundation is the programmed curves in its mathematical Mobius loops (along with the twists they generate [p.7]). The universe functions according to the rules of fractal geometry. So the Mobius does not exist only at the cosmic level. It also manifests at the quantum scale, giving us photons and protons etc. Space and time are no longer separate, but are an indivisible space-time. So if space and the universe are infinite, how can time not be eternal? The past and the future must both extend forever (the idea of time being finite arises from confusion of our subuniverse with the one infinite universe).
BITS (BInary digiTS) only suggest existence of the divine if time is linear. Although a non-supernatural God is proposed via the inverse-square law coupled with eternal quantum entanglement, Einstein taught us that time is warped. Warped time is nonlinear, making it at least possible that the BITS composing space-time and all particles originate from the computer science of humans.
I suspect many readers will be content with reading this abstract. While there are more details, and mathematics, in the content; my natural style of writing is to avoid jargon and maths. I also tend to get philosophical. While I personally feel that there’s a lot of precious information in the content, I realize it won’t all be to everyone’s liking. Other subjects dealt with in this article are - the “Pioneer anomaly”, refinement of gravitational physics, dark energy and dark matter, quantum phenomena like mass and electric charge and quantum spin, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, deflection of starlight by the sun, tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, ancient Greek philosophers, Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, time travel into the past as well as the future, the elimination of distances in space, humanity’s construction of this universe we live in, The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy, and support for the science-fiction-like idea of the electronic binary digits of 1 and 0 being the building blocks of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[315] viXra:1302.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-21 04:20:36
Authors: Hans W Giertz
Comments: 9 Pages.
The study displays the existence of a gravitational singularity in the universe generating synchronized and extremely low frequency plane TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waves. It is proposed that atomic intrinsic electromagnetic fields create resonance with these plane TEM waves, causing particles and atoms to receive and to re-emit synchronized plane TEM waves. The energy flow of synchronized plane TEM waves, travelling in opposite directions between e.g. two atoms, creates mutual force of attraction, i.e. gravity. Consequently, gravity is not an intrinsic atomic feature; however, the result of fully passive atoms exposed to electromagnetic energy. The study describes how plane TEM waves emitted by the gravitational singularity were measured. The study also displays how gravity was measured and how gravity was simulated using an electronic device. The present electromagnetic law of gravity is compared with Newtonian geometric law of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[314] viXra:1302.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-20 15:43:19
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 7 Pages. Reference hyperlinks corrected.
Feynman’s relativistic path integral replaces the non-relativistic 1st quantization indeterminancy principle (required when using a classical Coulomb field in quantum mechanics) with a simple physical mechanism, multipath interference between small mechanical interactions. Each mechanical interaction is represented by a Feynman Moller scattering diagram (Fig. 1) for a gauge boson emitted by one charge to strike an effective interaction cross-section of the other charge, a cross-sectionl that is proportional to the square of the interaction strength or running coupling. Each additional pair of vertices in a Feynman diagram reduce its relative contribution to the path integral by a factor of the coupling, so for a force with a very small couplings like observable (low energy) quantum gravity, only the 2-vertex Feynman diagram has an appreciable contribution, allowing a very simple calculation to check the observable (low energy) quantum gravity interaction strength. Evidence is given that quantum gravity arises from a repulsive U(1) gauge symmetry which also causes the cosmological acceleration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[313] viXra:1301.0190 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-11 22:27:07
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 25 Pages.
(When I wrote each of the previous versions of this article, I was absolutely convinced it was complete. But more and more supportive details and connections keep occurring to me, both in mathematics and physics.)
A paragraph explaining the way this article is written – the great French mathematician Jules Henri Poincare strongly favoured the use of intuition. Albert Einstein also said the most important things in science are intuition, imagination and curiosity. He said that things like logic and mathematical equations are necessary and valuable companions to scientific endeavour. But he was so sorry to see these companions taking the place of intuition and imagination. He thought science would suffer, and lose its way, as a result. Today, his fears seem to have manifested in reality. Modern science believes logic and maths are much more than valuable and necessary – it tends to treat them as the only path to knowledge. At the same time it tends to ridicule intuition and imagination.
The “Pioneer anomaly” compels me to propose a refinement of gravitational physics – which explains dark energy and dark matter, quantum phenomena, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion (no refinement would be necessary if Newton and Einstein could have used the data from today’s experiments and space probes). I redefine warping as 2.3 times General Relativity's value - deflection of starlight by the sun is still at 1.75 arcseconds since 57% of the light is diverted into solar wave packets (my ideas owe part of their inspiration to the MUH or Mathematical Universe Hypothesis formulated by MIT's Professor Max Tegmark).
I didn’t originally intend to write about tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, and Greek philosophers. But if someone is attempting to explain the Pioneer slowdown etc. by a new interpretation of space-time warping (and this warping is what gravitation is), it’s a good idea – even an essential one – to not solely write about General Relativity and the spacecraft launched 40 years ago. Ideas from centuries ago, before General Relativity and Pioneer, must also be analysed – including those of Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno. So must interpretations of the Mobius loop and figure-8 Klein bottle.
Very near its ending, the article mentions the two ways to view both infinity and reality, time travel into the past as well as the future, and the elimination of distances in space (enabling overtaking of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft – and leaving them in a galaxy far, far away). It actually ends by saying this article is offered as a starting point for humanity’s construction of this universe we live in (that sounds absolutely crazy and totally unscientific but, if it’s possible, try to restrain your emotional reactions and remain open-mindedly objective long enough to absorb the details).
PS The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy is not overlooked. Using the word “create” or “produce” is simply a matter of convenience, like speaking of “sunrise” and “sunset” when we know the world rotates. And the article points out that 3 items already support the science-fiction-like idea of the electronic binary digits of 1 and 0 being the building blocks of our universe – the Kabbalah, the WMAP space probe’s data, and Einstein’s famous E=mc^2.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[312] viXra:1301.0190 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-03 23:24:53
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 23 Pages.
A paragraph explaining the way this article is written – the great French mathematician Jules Henri Poincare strongly favoured the use of intuition. Albert Einstein also said the most important things in science are intuition, imagination and curiosity. He said that things like logic and mathematical equations are necessary and valuable companions to scientific endeavour. But he was so sorry to see these companions taking the place of intuition and imagination. He thought science would suffer, and lose its way, as a result. Today, his fears seem to have manifested in reality. Modern science believes logic and maths are much more than valuable and necessary – it tends to treat them as the only path to knowledge. At the same time it tends to ridicule intuition and imagination.
The “Pioneer anomaly” compels me to propose a refinement of gravitational physics – which explains dark matter, quantum phenomena, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion (no refinement would be necessary if Newton and Einstein could have used the data from today’s experiments and space probes). I redefine warping as 2.3 times General Relativity's value - deflection of starlight by the sun is still at 1.75 arcseconds since 57% of the light is diverted into solar wave packets (my ideas owe part of their inspiration to the MUH or Mathematical Universe Hypothesis formulated by MIT's Professor Max Tegmark).
I didn’t originally intend to write about tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, and Greek philosophers. But if someone is attempting to explain the Pioneer slowdown etc. by a new interpretation of space-time warping (and this warping is what gravitation is), it’s a good idea – even an essential one – to not solely write about General Relativity and the spacecraft launched 40 years ago. Ideas from centuries ago, before General Relativity and Pioneer, must also be analysed – including those of Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno. So must interpretations of the Mobius loop and figure-8 Klein bottle.
Very near its ending, the article mentions the two ways to view both infinity and reality, time travel into the past as well as the future, and the elimination of distances in space (enabling overtaking of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft – and leaving them in a galaxy far, far away). It actually ends by saying this article is offered as a starting point for humanity’s construction of this universe we live in (that sounds absolutely crazy and totally unscientific but, if it’s possible, try to restrain your emotional reactions and remain open-mindedly objective long enough to absorb the details).
PS The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy is not overlooked. Using the word “create” or “produce” is simply a matter of convenience, like speaking of “sunrise” and “sunset” when we know the world rotates.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[311] viXra:1301.0190 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-01 20:43:35
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 21 Pages.
A paragraph explaining the way this article is written – the great French mathematician Jules Henri Poincare strongly favoured the use of intuition. Albert Einstein also said the most important things in science are intuition, imagination and curiosity. He said that things like logic and mathematical equations are necessary and valuable companions to scientific endeavour. But he was so sorry to see these companions taking the place of intuition and imagination. He thought science would suffer, and lose its way, as a result. Today, his fears seem to have manifested in reality. Modern science believes logic and maths are much more than valuable and necessary – it tends to treat them as the only path to knowledge. At the same time it tends to ridicule intuition and imagination.
The “Pioneer anomaly” compels me to propose a refinement of gravitational physics – which explains dark matter, quantum phenomena, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion (no refinement would be necessary if Newton and Einstein could have used the data from today’s experiments and space probes). I redefine warping as 2.3 times General Relativity's value - deflection of starlight by the sun is still at 1.75 arcseconds since 57% of the light is diverted into solar wave packets (my ideas owe part of their inspiration to the MUH or Mathematical Universe Hypothesis formulated by MIT's Professor Max Tegmark).
I didn’t originally intend to write about tides, falling bodies, Earth’s orbit, and Greek philosophers. But if someone is attempting to explain the Pioneer slowdown etc. by a new interpretation of space-time warping (and this warping is what gravitation is), it’s a good idea – even an essential one – to not solely write about General Relativity and the spacecraft launched 40 years ago. Ideas from centuries ago, before General Relativity and Pioneer, must also be analysed – including those of Newton, Kepler, Galileo, Aristotle, Parmenides, Zeno. So must interpretations of the Mobius loop and figure-8 Klein bottle.
The article ends by mentioning the two ways to view both infinity and reality, time travel into the past as well as the future, and the elimination of distances in space (enabling overtaking of the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft – and leaving them in a galaxy far, far away).
PS The Law of Conservation of Matter-Energy is not overlooked. Using the word “create” or “produce” is simply a matter of convenience, like speaking of “sunrise” and “sunset” when we know the world rotates.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[310] viXra:1301.0171 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-09 07:58:44
Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 6 Pages.
In the general relativity theory, using Einstein’s gravity field equation, discover the spherical solution of the quantum gravity. The careful point is that this theory is different from the other quantum theory. This theory is made by the Einstein’s field equation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[309] viXra:1301.0171 [pdf] replaced on 2013-02-04 04:35:54
Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 6 Pages.
In the general relativity theory, using Einstein’s gravity field equation, discover the spherical solution of the quantum gravity. The careful point is that this theory is different from the other quantum theory. This theory is made by the Einstein’s field equation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory