Quantum Physics

On the Structure of Matter

Authors: Hans Schäfer
Comments: 27 Pages.

The current static view of the structure of matter leads to many phenomena wich are not understood,to fundamental contradictions between qt and classical physics and to an ever-increasing number of free parameters in the matimatical formalism.The paper develops a fundamental new understanding of a dynamic structure of matter, describing the quantum objecs as spiral energy flows, what leads to the immediate clarification of a large number of fundamental problems of quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Three Step Program for Return to Reality in Physics

Authors: Paul J. Werbos
Comments: 16 Pages.

Modern physics has become so vast and so complicated that a deep connection between empirical technologically-oriented physics and the realm of basic theory becomes more and more a rare exercise in crossdisciplinary cooperation. This paper will give an overview of many important developments both on the empirical side and the theoretical side, well known to both but not to each other, and give the specifics of a way to connect them more effectively. After the initial review, it provides a three-step program for reorganizing and simplifying our fundamental assumptions about the laws of physics, starting by linking recent progress in areas like backwards time physics, coherence phenomena in quantum optics and cavity QED to the retrieval of an updated form of Einstein’s vision of a universe of mathematically elegant and rigorous continuous fields, addressing empirical and theoretical questions which are still open in the study of nuclear interactions and in the mathematical study of solitons, including the Higgs boson.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Dissertation on the Origins of Quantization in the Universe (With Unification Gravity Electromagnetism as Appendix)

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 49 Pages.

The Universe is quantized simply because its age is very long, so its cycle frequency is very small, but not zero! From this, the quantizations of all physical quantities can be derived.
Category: Quantum Physics

Laser Theory

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper you can find not only a formal LASER Theory, but also useful appendixes which help you to understand the origins of all the equations used in the paper itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Hilbert Book Model; in Concise Format

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 143 Pages.

The Hilbert Book Model is a simple model of fundamental physics that is strictly based on the axioms of traditional quantum logic. It uses a sequence of instances of an extension of a quaternionic separable Hilbert space that each represent a static status quo of the whole universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Camouflaged Camouflaged Contextual Posturing in the Laws of Nature: Hidden Riches for Novel Forms of Technology and Energy Generation

Authors: Donald Reed
Comments: 12 Pages.

Evidence will be presented from a wide spectrum of theoretical and empirical research to advance the thesis that the laws of nature, particularly in the astrophysical and microphysical arenas, are in some sense contextual, possibly dependent on both location and to a certain extent, direction...
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on “Entanglement and the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time” and Correct Reply on “Comment on "Quantum Solution to the Arrow-of-Time Dilemma"” of David Jennings and Terry Rudolph

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser
Comments: 6 Pages.

The paper of D. Jennings, T. Rudolph (the authors) "Entanglement ..." is very interesting. But the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time is not applicable for microsystems. It is a nice paper about quantum fluctuation, but not a paper about Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. In the Abstract of the paper “Entanglement ...” the authors write: "We examine in detail the case of three qubits, and also propose some simple experimental demonstrations possible with small numbers of qubits." But no thermodynamics is possible for such a microsystem. The authors (like Maccone) don't understand that categories "thermodynamic arrow of time", “macroscopic thermodynamic entropy” are correct only for large macrosystems. Using these categories for small fluctuating systems has no physical sense. We give (instead of Maccone) the correct reply to “Comment ...”. We consider a quantum chaotic macrosystem and demonstrate that no contradiction exists for this correct thermodynamical case. It must be mentioned that big size of a system (quantum or classic) is also not an enough condition for a system to be macroscopic. The macroscopic system must also be chaotic (quantum or classic) and has small chaotic interaction with its environment/observer resulting in decoherence (decorrelation). Indeed thermodynamic-like terminology is widely and effectively used in quantum mechanics, quantum computers field, and information theory. The big number of the examples is in the references of the authors’ paper. The other nice example is Shannon’s entropy in information theory. But usually such an author does not consider such a paper as analysis of classical Thermodynamics. Contrarily the authors (in “Comment ...”) “disprove” the second law of Thermodynamics on the basis of the irrelevant microscopic system and give the announcement of their next paper “Entanglement …” as a correct consideration and a disproof of the second law.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nonlocality and Interaction

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 6 Pages.

Three statements are asserted: (a) There is no contradiction between quantum mechanics and special relativity, if the role of interaction in the analysed experiments is sufficiently respected. (b) There is no paradoxical situation in the gedankenexperiment of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. (c) The principles of quantum statistics describe nonlocal effects. From (b) one can infer that the whole discussion about EPR and all that was and is dispensable. It could have been avoided, if in time the analysis of possible experiments would have been carried out a bit more carefully.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is Entanglement Signaling Really Impossible?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum entanglement cannot be used as a communication channel without an auxiliary light speed limited classical key to unlock the message at the receiver? Hermitian observables guarantee orthogonal sender base states that erase any nonlocal influence of the sender settings on the detection probabilities at the receiver. However, this is no longer true when the entangled whole has different macro-quantum coherent Glauber sender states. Glauber states are non-orthogonal eigenstates of the non-Hermitian photon destruction operator. The Born probability interpretation breaks down because of "phase rigidity" (P.W. Anderson's "More is different"). This is a new regime that is to orthodox quantum theory what general relativity is to special relativity. Antony Valentini has argued that the breakdown of the Born probability rule entails "signal non locality" (aka entanglement signals). The space-time interval between the sending and the receiving irreversible measurements is irrelevant depending only on the free will of the local observers. That is, this is a pre-metrical topological information effect. There is asymmetry between the sending and the receiving. Therefore, there is no ambiguity between active (retro) cause and passive effect. In particular a message can be decoded back from the future before it is sent, but only if it will be sent in a globally self-consistent Novikov time loop.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the World Works

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 14 Pages. The paper concerns a tale that explains quantum mechanics

I wrote this for all people that hate a car load of formulas.
Category: Quantum Physics

More on Tachyon Decay

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 Pages.

A closer look at tachyon decay engineered vacuum state changes via reheat and inflation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Consequences of Quantum Diffusion on Special Relativity

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 5 Pages.

An explanation for the super-luminal neutrinos measured by OPERA is given by Jensen's inequality. Specifically, the quantity measured by OPERA is the average of the length of the displacement over time which is greater than the length of the average velocities (which determines and does not break Lorenz invariance). We examine quantum diffusion to explain the physics behind the particle's variance resulting in an excess average velocity of h-bar/mc²(t+τ), where is the baseline and τ is the coherence time . We show this effect vis a vis the OPERA experiment and explain how the angular distribution is limiting. We show consistency with Fermilab 1979 and supernova 1987A. In conclusion we comment on arguments refuting the OPERA results and note a similar consequence of quantum mechanics that conservation of energy can be violated, if only for a short time.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Relook at Tachyons

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

Via a look at the math and the modern theory behind tachyons one can discover that inspite common belief the tachyon does have a place in our current best models.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Mass

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

Mass is caused by fields of elementary particles that are able of creating cavities at their center. Another cause is the presence of a different geometric anomaly such as a black hole.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

Physical fields form the solution of nature for the problem that the set of observations is overwhelming the set of underlying variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Cause of Gravitation

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

The interpretation of the causality of the gravitation field can be changed considerably.
Category: Quantum Physics

Essentials of Quantum Movement

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

This is a concise list of the main points of "Continuity Equation for Quaternionic Quantum Fields
Category: Quantum Physics

Hilbert Book Model Essentials

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 3 pages

The essentials of the Hilbert book model are listed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Continuity Equation for Quaternionic Quantum Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 19 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (QPAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the QPAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, a whole series of equivalent equations of motions is derived from the possible sign flavor couplings. The corresponding particles are identified as member of the standard model. The coupling constant of the particles can be computed from their fields. In this way all known particles in the standard model can be identified.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Classical Correspondence of Dirac Equation

Authors: Pranaav Sinz
Comments: 9 pages

it has been shown that unphysical results of quantum classical correspondence pertaining to Dirac equation have their roots in unjustified calculation of commutation relation involving 4x4 component operators acting on single component non normalized wave function. Zitterbewegung like unphysical phenomena have been completely eliminated as the treatment establishes a seamless connection between operators and observables both in relativistic and non relativistic limits. Intrinsic nature of spin angular momentum has been found questionable. data.
Category: Quantum Physics

Change of Density of Quantum Vacuum Might Generate Mass

Authors: Amrit Sorli
Comments: 2 Pages.

Recent report of CERN does not give much chance to the existence of Higgs boson. An alternative solution for mass generating is change of density of quantum vacuum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dirac and Higher-Spin Equations of Negative Energies

Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 8 pages

It is easy to check that both algebraic equation Det(^p - m) = 0 and Det(^p + m) = 0 for 4-spinors u- and v- have solutions with (see paper) The same is true for higherspin equations. Meanwhile, every book considers the p0 = Ep only for both u- and v- spinors of the (see paper) representation, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of negative-energy solutions. Recent works of Ziino (and, independently, of several others) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum field level for both s = 1/2 and higher spins particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Bohr Model with Electron Spin

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

If we imbue Bohr's electron in the hydrogen atom with spin, the total energy number n consists of the electron's spin energy and the electron's orbital energy. If we define the spin energy number to be 1/2, then the orbital energy number is (n-1/2).
Category: Quantum Physics

A Dimensional Theory of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 19 pages

Ever since quantum mechanics was first developed, it has been unclear what it really tells us about reality. A novel framework, based on 5 axioms, is presented here which offers an interpretation of quantum mechanics unlike any considered thus far: It is postulated that physical objects can exist in one of two distinct modes, based on whether they have an intrinsic actual spacetime history or not. If they do, their mode of existence is actual and they can be described by classical physics. If they do not, then their mode of existence is called actualizable and they must be described in terms of an equal-weight superposition of all possible actualizable (not actual) histories. The distinction is based on an axiom according to which there exists a limit in which spacetime reduces to a one-dimension reduced version, called areatime, and that objects which merely actualizably exist in spacetime actually exist in areatime. The operational comparison of the passage of time for such objects to the passage of time for a spacetime observer is postulated to be made possible by what is called an angular dual bilateral symmetry. This symmetry can be decomposed into the superposition of two imaginary phase angles of opposite sign. To mathematically describe the spacetime manifestation of objects which actually exist in areatime, each actualizable spacetime history is associated with an actualizable path, which in turn is associated with the imaginary phases. For a single free particle, the complex exponent is identified with a term proportional to its relativistic action, thus recovering the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. Although based on some highly unfamiliar ideas, this framework appears to render at least some of the usual mysteries connected with quantum mechanics amenable to simple conceptual understanding. It also appears to connect the foundations of quantum theory to the foundation of the special theory of relativity while clarifying its relationship to the general theory of relativity and yields a testable prediction about a type of experiment, as yet unperformed, which under the current paradigm is utterly unexpected, namely, that the gravitational field of radiation is zero. The paper concludes with some speculations about how the theory may be extended to a metatheory of nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

EPR Paradox as Evidence for the Emergent Nature of Spacetime

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 10 pages

After a providing a review of the EPR paradox which draws a distinction between what is here called the locality and the in uence paradoxes, this paper presents a qualitative overview of a framework recently introduced by this author in which spacetime is assumed to emerge from areatime. Two key assumptions from this framework allow one to make the notion of quantum effects originating from `outside' spacetime intelligible. In particular, this framework assumes that until a quantum object is measured, it does not actually exist in spacetime and that there are connections between quantum particles in areatime which are independent of metric relations in spacetime. These assumptions are then shown to permit one to conceptually understand both the locality and the in uence paradoxes, and lead to the overall conclusion that spacetime is emergent in the sense that a very large number of discrete events which correspond to `measurements' in quantum mechanics aggregate to give rise on a large scale to the apparently smooth reality we experience in our daily lives.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Superposition, Mass and General Relativity

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 7 pages

The quantum superposition principle, which expresses the idea that a system can exist simultaneously in two or more mutually exclusive states is at the heart of the mystery of quantum mechanics. This paper presents an axiom, called the principle of actualizable histories, which naturally leads to the quantum superposition principle. However, in order to be applicable to massive systems, it requires introducing a novel distinction between actualizable and actual mass. By means of arriving in conjunction with two previously introduced axioms at the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, it is shown that actualizable mass is the central concept of mass in quantum theory, whereas actual mass is the central concept in classical theories, and in particular general relativity. This distinction sharply segregates the domains of validity of the two theories, making it incompatible with any theory of quantum gravity which does not respect this segregation. Finally, an experiment is suggested to test this idea.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Derivation of the Quantum Phase

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 9 pages

The quantum phase has profound effects on quantum mechanics but its physical origin is currently unexplained. This paper derives its general form from two physical axioms: 1) in the limit in which space goes to zero, spacetime reduces to a constant quantity of areatime, and 2) the proper time dimensions of areatime and of spacetime are orthogonal but can be compared to each other according to what will here be called an angular dual bilateral symmetry. The mathematical derivation and the explanation of the physical origin of the quantum phase from these two axioms is straightforward and implies that the quantum phase is intimately related to the quantization of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ontology and the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 5 pages

This paper makes a case for ontology, the study of existence, to be explicitly and formally incorporated into foundational physics in general and the wave function collapse of quantum mechanics in particular. It introduces a purely ontological distinction between two modes of physical existence-actualizable and actual- into the conventional mathematical representation of the wave function collapse, and examines the implications of doing so, arguing that this may lead to insights that permit one to understand seemingly mysterious aspects of the wave function collapse, such as 'Schrödinger's cat paradox', as well as how quantum theory in general and Einstein's general theory of relativity relate to one another. A specific empirical prediction is given, which if confirmed, may move ontology outside the exclusive purview of philosophy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quatnionic Continuity Equation for Charges

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 10 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (PAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the PAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, the difference between the quaternionic Dirac equation and the quaternionic Majorana equation is explained. The interpretation of these extra equations leads to the insight that when fermions take a new position, they must step over a forbidden region. Finally, the role of the quaternionic covariant derivative is explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Nonzero Photon Mass Within Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 7 pages

The mass of a photon is one of the most intriguing ideas of theoretical physics, and their existence is consistently justified in the light of certain experimental data. In this paper the proposal for explanation of the nonzero photon mass in frames of the waveparticle duality is concisely presented. The standard formulation of the wave-particle duality is modified by the constant frequency field, which can be interpreted as the Zero-Point Frequency field.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Novel Way of 'understanding' Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 13 pages. This paper can also be found at deep blue, the University of Michigan's repository, at http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/86651

Written at a level appropriate for an educated lay audience, this paper attempts to give a primarily conceptual overview of a framework recently introduced in reference [3] by this author, which attempts to clarify what quantum mechanics tells us about reality. Physicists may find this paper useful because it focuses on the central ideas of the framework at a conceptual level, thereby lessening their unfamiliarity, an unavoidable feature of truly novel ideas. The author hopes that this article will motivate physicists to seriously evaluate the mathematical details of the framework given in the original reference.
Category: Quantum Physics

Carl G. Jung's Synchronicity and Quantum Entanglement: Schrödinger's Cat 'wanders' Between Chromosomes

Authors: Igor V. Limar
Comments: 9 pages

One of the most prospective directions of study of C.G. Jung's synchronicity phenomenon is reviewed considering the latest achievements of modern science. The attention is focused mainly on the quantum entanglement and related phenomena - quantum coherence and quantum superposition. It is shown that the quantum non-locality capable of solving the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox represents one of the most adequate physical mechanisms in terms of conformity with the Jung's synchronicity hypothesis. An attempt is made on psychophysiological substantiation of synchronicity within the context of molecular biology. An original concept is proposed, stating that biological molecules involved in cell division during mitosis and meiosis, particularly DNA may be considered material carriers of consciousness. This assumption may be formulated on the basis of phenomenology of Jung's analytical psychology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rigorous Testing of Fair Sampling Assumption

Authors: Janis Strazdins
Comments: 5 pages

Fair sampling assumption is used in photonic tests of Bell inequalities. However, rigorous testing of this assumption is still to be performed. Here it is argued that without rigorous testing bias can be introduced that would mask indications of unfair sampling. For purpose of argument local realistic model for polarization entangled photons is outlined. According to model coincidence rate and correlation visibility are complementary.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Berry-Keating Hamiltonian H=xp and Its Square with Boundary Conditions F(nx) = F(x) N ε N

Authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
Comments: 6 pages

We present a Berry-Keating model with 'periodic' conditions in the dilation group ... (see paper)
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fine Structure Constant Interpretations of Quantum Theory

Authors: Ke Xiao
Comments: 5 pages

The fine structure constant give a simple derivation of the localized wavefunction, Schrödinger equation and the uncertainty principle in Quantum theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fundamental Principle of the Conversion of the Zero-Point-Energy of the Vacuum

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 30 pages

The mechanism of the conversion of zero-point-energy is now understood. This is the basis, on which zero-point-energy converters can be constructed systematically. Here are the details. Nowadays the existence of the zero-point-energy of the vacuum is recognized in several disciplines within physics (as for instance Astrophysics and Quantum Electrodynamics), and the verification is done, that this energy can be converted into classical types of energy in the laboratory (see Casimir-effect and others). Also the possibility of its utilization for practical energy-technology is proven in the laboratory. After the zero-point-energy of the vacuum is made manifest in such way, the task arises to clarify the fundamental principles of physics, which explain the conversion of the zero-pointenergy into any other (classical) type of energy, such as for instance electrical or mechanical energy. These fundamental basics of Physics are now understood and described in the present article. Based on this theoretical fundament, the article also explains, how the construction of zero-point-energy converters can be done systematicially for practical engineering purpose. This is the first time, when a practical method for the systematic construction of zero-pointenergy converters is found. The article gives guidelines for the development dynamic Finite-Element-Algorithm (DFEM), which will enable us to construct zero-point-energy converters systematically. Simple models of zero-point-energy-converters can be developed with this method rather easy. But more complex realistic engines require remarkable effort for computation. The train of thoughts of this article is rounded up by the explanation of some examples for consequences of the zero-point-energy and its conversion within everyday life even now, as for instance the existence of electric charge and the stability of atoms.
Category: Quantum Physics

Design Drawings for a Prototype of a ZPE-Converter to the Emdr-Principle

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 11 pages

In [1] one of the authors developed the construction guidelines for a magnetic ZPEconverter, which he called Electro-Mechanic Double Resonance principle (EMDR). In [2] he gave a crucial explanation how to make this principle work with low speed rotation. Now we present technical design drawings so that every skilled mechanician can build up an experimental prototype.
Category: Quantum Physics

Construction Guidelines for a ZPE-Converter on the Basis of Realistic Dfem-Computations

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 67 pages

In [Tur 11] the theory of a powerful vacuum-energy converter was developed, and such converters have been simulated with a dynamic finite element method (DFEM). The result was a theoretical description of the machine which should be appropriate for technical applications. Due to many questions from colleagues who read the mentioned article, the author decided to continue his development on the DFEM-algorithm in order to simulate a zero-point-energy (ZPE) motor on the computer, as close to reality as possible. The theoretical background of the simulation is explained in detail here, so that every colleague should be able, to use the algorithm in the appendix of the publication and to adapted it to the setup of a vacuum-energy motor according to his own conception.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dfem-Simulation of a Zero-Point-Energy Converter with Realisable Dimensions and a Power-Output in the Kilowatt-Range.

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 25 pages

In precedent work, the author presented a method for the theoretical computation of zero-point-energy converters, called Dynamic Finite-Element-Method (DFEM). In several articles some examples for the conversion of zero-point-energy have been demonstrated, which deliver an output power in the Nanowatt- or in the Microwatt- range, which is a fundamental proof of the principle, but not sufficient for any technical application. The way towards a powerful zero-point-energy converter in the Kilowatt-range needed some additional investigation, of which the results are now presented. Different from former fundamental basic research, the new converter has to be operated magnetically, because the energy-density of magnetic fields is much larger the energy-density of electrostatic fields, namely by several orders of magnitude. In the article here, the author presents step by step the solution of the theoretical problems, which now allows the theoretical construction of a zero-point-energy converter in the Kilowatt-range. The result is a model of a zero-point-energy motor with a diameter of 9 cm and a height of 6.8 cm producing 1.07 Kilowatts.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dfem-Computation of a Zero-Point-Energy Converter with Realistic Parameters for a Practical Setup

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 20 pages

A theoretical method for the computation of zero-point-energy converters has been presented as dynamic finite element method (DFEM) in [Tur 10a], [Tur 10b], but in these articles, only the method of computation has been described, without taking realizable parameters for an experimental setup into account. The way to calculate a realistic system for an experimental setup is developed here. Therefore, the essential aspect is the question, how to control the speed of propagation of the interacting fields, which are responsible for the force, which drives the zero-point-energy converter. In the work presented here, these are the fields of the electromagnetic interaction, because for our example, a capacitor and a coil have to be adjusted in a way, that the frequency of an electromagnetic oscillation corresponds to the frequency of a mechanical oscillation. It depends on the precision of this adjustment, whether zero-point-energy is converted or not.
Category: Quantum Physics

Example of a Simple Algorithm for the Construction of Zero-Point-Energy Converters

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 17 pages

The fundamental principle of the conversion of zero-point-energy has been explained in [Tur 10]. This enables us to construct zero-point-energy converters systematically. The method of computation for such a construction was presented as dynamic Finite-Element-Method (DFEM), which is a Finite-Element-Algorithm with the supplement of taking the finite speed of propagation of the interacting-fields (responsible for the forces between the partners of interaction) between the components of the zero-point-energy converter into account. In order to illustrate the development from the fundamental principle to the real DFEMprogram, we now present a small example for this computation, including a short source-code as a working performance. This algorithm is explained in detail here, so that everybody can use and further develop it. Finally we analyse a possible zero-point-energy motor with this program, explaining its conditions of operation and its machine power.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimental Verification of the Zero-Point Energy of Electromagnetic Waves in the Quantum-Vacuum

Authors: Claus Wilhelm Turtur
Comments: 140 pages

The name "vacuum" is usually given to the space, out of which nothing can be taken with known methods. But it is well-known, that this vacuum is not empty, but it contains physical objects [Man 93], [Köp 97], [Lin 97], [Kuh 95]. This is also reflected within the Theory of General Relativity, namely by the cosmological constant Λ , which finally goes back to the gravitative action of the "mere space" [Goe 96], [Pau 00], [Sch 02]. Its name "cosmological constant" indicates, that the universe contains huge amounts of space, which lead to measureable effects, namely it influences the universe's rate of expansion [Giu 00], [Rie 98], [Teg 02], [Ton 03], [e1]. The crucial question of course is, whether it is possible to develop new methods, which allow to extract something from the vacuum, which could not be extracted up to now - some of those objects not visible directly up to now.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clear Explanation of Three Cardinal Mistake of Physics of the 20th Century.

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 2 pages.

In this paper author believes that at least three basic concepts of contemporary physics, Millikan's experiments, de Broglie hypotesis and relations E= mc² and E=hν must be overviewed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Artificial Ball Lightning Production and Exploitation Device for Zero Point Electric Energy Usage.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 6 Pages

Function Follows Form (FFF) in Quantum FFF THEORY. The Form and Microstructure of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of Functional differences between massless Higgs- Graviton- Photon/Gluon- and spinning propeller shaped Fermion particles with mass. In Quantum FFF Theory, Ball Lightning is assumed to represent a small scale New Paradigm Black Hole (NPBH), able to produce so called Zero Point Energy. (ZPE) In this letter we describe a possible design for production and exploitation of such ball lightnings, based on experimental experiences with Silicon-discharge fireball examples and our proposal for a new paradigm black hole based ball lightning, as a part of Quantum FFF theory..
Category: Quantum Physics

How a Gamma Ray Photon Forms an Electron

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

We take a gamma ray photon and bend it round in a circle so that its front face is connected to its back face. We thus form an electron with rest mass energy 0.511 MeV.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Schrödinger Equation Did not Confirm the Bohr Theory's Form for the Angular Momentum

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 1 page

A cursory glance at a popular website consulted by students and interested readers alike revealed a glaring error that requires immediate fixing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Big Crash of Basic Concepts of Physics of the 20th Century?

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 8 pages

This paper analyzes energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic energy, in the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and in Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation. Results of analyzes show that Planck constant and relativistic relationships on the length contraction and increase in mass are the reflection of the same physical principle of nature, that in de Broglie momentum idea h/λ =mv the wave of matter &lambda needs to be connected with real dimension lo of a particle and that on this basis we can come to the fundamental QM equation Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger without necessity of wave function .
Category: Quantum Physics

We Show the Effect of Non Constant Speed of Light on 21^st Century Physics

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 5 pages

WE SHOW THE EFFECT OF NON CONSTANT SPEED OF LIGHT ON 21st CENTURY PHYSICS
Category: Quantum Physics

Mass in Motion in Quantum FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 5 pages

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM (FFF) in Quantum FFF THEORY. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon/Gluon- and spinning propeller shaped Fermion particles. The vacuum is supposed to have resistance for these spinning propeller shaped Fermions so this should be compensated by the energetic vacuum itself in combination with a Fermionic Multiverse based entanglement for each Fermion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Duality of the Quantum Competing Systems

Authors: Morishige Yoneda, Masaaki Niwa, Mitsuya Motohashi
Comments: 11 pages

In superconducting systems, Josephson junction device known as a quantum effect devices which operates by using the quantum flux tunneling. Mesoscopic Josephson junction is a quantum effect device which operates by using the single Cooper-pair tunneling created by a Coulomb blockade. The quantum flux and the Cooper-pair is known that the duality relation to each other. On the other hand, in ferromagnet system that competes with superconductivity, spontaneous magnetization and domain wall are known to have a dual relationship.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra, 3 and 4-Dimensional Analytic Functions with Applications. Manuscripts of the Last Century.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 63 pages, in Italian

The greatest revolution in the number from the days of Pythagoras. The similarity between quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. Are we a three-dimensional television show? These and other fascinating topics are addressed by the author in this paper at once popular and mathematical, which leads us to a world still largely unexplored. Are we facing with what is (up to now) the true language of Physics? "Clifford's algebra - he called it 'geometric algebra' - is now well recognized as the natural algebra for describing physics in 3-space, but it hasn't yet caught on in engineering, or even in standard treatments of electricity and magnetism or fluid dynamics, where vector analysis with its ugly cross product still holds sway" (Mark Buchanan, Nature Physics 7, 442, 2011). But can physics laws be derived from Clifford algebra and analytic functions? And why? From simple postulates of geometrical nature (or, I mean, which simply precisely define our language) it seems that we arrive at equations of relativistic dynamics, electromagnetism, fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics. Issues covered more or less in depth in this paper are: numbers and algebra, the analysis and the δ* operator, analytic functions in 3 and 4 dimensions, Maxwell's and Dirac equations, analytic functions in circular waveguides, analytic functions in four dimensions, i.e. spherical cavity, Physical Optics and heuristic derivation of the Hydrogen spectral lines. Many disciplines are then influenced by this approach in a way that the paper often only suggests, so as it suggests several areas of future development. I mulled over these topics for more than 40 years, and I then summarized in an unpublished manuscript dated March 2000, which is almost entirely reported here in his complete, also if naïve, form.
Category: Quantum Physics

There Exist Povm Measurements that Contradict the Quantum Measurement Postulate for Discrete, Degenerate Systems

Authors: Raymond Jensen
Comments: 16 pages

A 1986 experiment involving a two-particle entangled system is analyzed, and it is shown that: (1) the measurement results of that experiment are in contradiction to the discrete degenerate form of the quantum measurement postulate (DDQMP) and (2) the measurements done in the experiment are of the positive operator valued measure (POVM) type. Thus there exist POVM measurements which contradict the DDQMP. A modification to the DDQMP is provided which agrees with the experimental results. The modified DDQMP is then applied to a proposed experiment involving a three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Zitterbewegung

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 4 pages

An extension of the zitterbewegung phenomenon is suggested together with a solution to the measurement problem and the claimed incompleteness of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Dynamics, Report of a Research Project

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 446 pages

Collection of papers written by Ir J.A.J. van Leunen The main subject of this collection is a new model of physics The collection also contains papers about related subjects
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantities of Energy and Momentum in Contemporary Physics

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper discusses the meaning and role of the quantities of energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic, quantum and classical mechanics with focusing on kinetic and total relativistic energy, on the definition of the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and using momentum and energy in Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Anti-Neutron Model of the Atom

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a simple universal theory/model of the atom composed of anti-neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos which better explains fusion, fission, radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, gravity, electric force, magnetic force, and the strong force.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proving the Theorem of Wigner by an Exercise in Simple Geometry

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 4 pages

The leading idea of this paper is to prove the theorem of Wigner with concepts and methods inspired by geometry. The exercise mentionned in the title has two functions: On the one hand it can serve as a pedagogical text in order to make the reader acquainted with the essential features of the theorem and its proof. On the other hand it will turn out to be the core of the general proof.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Does Quantum Mechanics not Scale Up?

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 18 pages

Quantum mechanics (QM) has the problem of lacking a coherent conceptual foundation, even if its quantitative algorithms are functionally adequate. This paper appraises the conceptual logic beneath quantum mechanics, using as the point of reference a novel alternative conceptual framework called the cordus conjecture. If the cordus conjecture is correct then the comparison suggests that quantum mechanics is conceptually fallacious in several areas: (1) Particles need not be zero-dimensional points after all. (2) Bell's theorem is refuted as being not universally applicable, and the principle of locality also fails. (3) The wavefunction is a mathematical approximation of a deeper reality, and superposition is not a physical state. (4) Superposition confounds positional and causal (temporal) variability, and this causes the weirdness of the QM interpretations. (5) Cordus identifies the factors that cause decoherence and (6) explains why quantum mechanics does not scale up to macroscopic objects. (7) It is fallacious to consider fields and particles as independent phenomena. Instead they are closely coupled in the cordus, and this explains the measurement context. Several core principles of QM are thereby refuted. The paradox of Schrödinger's Cat is explained as an artefact of these flawed premises. The paper also explains why the mathematical machinery of quantum mechanics is a reasonable approximation to reality, even if the concepts are not. The mathematics works, at least within a certain scale-range where: (a) things look like particles and the proposed cordus structure is not evident (i.e. not too small) and (b) where body-coherence is attainable (i.e. not too large). Outside of that range quantum mechanics seems neither conceptually nor mathematically relevant. The same analysis predicts QM is unlikely to scale down to the next deeper level of physics. The implications are that QM is profoundly deficient in its conceptual foundations, and is only an approximation of a deeper and more logically consistent mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Note on the Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Edward Fredkin
Comments: 1 page

We describe a hypothetical apparatus for making arbitrarily accurate simultaneous successive measurements of a particle's positions, momenta, energies and times.
Category: Quantum Physics

Redefined Information Leading to Matter and Energy

Authors: Martin Alpert
Comments: 23 pages.

In this paper we define information as any observable difference which exists only at boundaries. We hypothesize, based on this, that matter (particle) is composed of many small interfaces (differences) in space and energy becomes a function of the distribution of differences (distinguishability) and no differences (indistinguishability). Based on this definition of information, superposition in quantum mechanics will be shown to be analogous to statistical thermodynamics. An observable consists of two processes: the observation which is limited by the uncertainty equation, ΔE Δt ≥ h and the entropy change in the observer. When combined, these are shown to result in a modified Heisenberg Uncertainty.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Hilbert Book Model

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 7 pages.

Every time when I read an article about the phenomena, which occur far from us in the universe, I'm surprised about the attention that this Farawayistan gets compared to the phenomena in the world of the smallest. Everything that happens there is dismissed with collective names such as "quantum mechanics" and "field theory". Rarely or never the treatise goes deeper. In this sub-nano-world spectacular images, such as appear in stories about the cosmos are not available.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comments on the Statistical Nature and on the Irreversibility of the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 5 pages.

In a previous preprint, [1], reproduced here within the appendix in its revised version, we were confronted, to reach the validity of the second law of thermodynamics for an unique collapse of an unique quantum object, to the necessity of an ensemble of measures to be accomplished within copies of identical isolated systems. The validity of the second law of thermodynamics within the context of the wave function collapse was sustained by the large number of microstates related to a given collapsed state. Now, we will consider just one pure initial state containing just one initial state of the quantum subsystem, not an ensemble of identically prepared initial quantum subsystems, e.g., just one photon from a very low intensity beam prepared with an equiprobable eigenset containing two elements, an unique observation raising two likelihood outcomes. Again, we will show the statistical interpretation must prevail, albeit the quantum subsystem being a singular, unique, pure state element within its unitary quantum subsystem ensemble set. This feature leads to an inherent probabilistic character, even for a pure one-element quantum subsystem object.
Category: Quantum Physics

Abstraction Theory Central

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 7 pages.

Making use of the laws of physical transactions, we study symmetrical many-points systems. Relation of group-theory to physical transactions in such symmetrical systems is dealt with. Studying perturbations in the stability states in the attractor-maps for transactions, approximate values of the observables are to be predicted for such systems. Further, Abstraction Theory is typified with respect to studying the properties of irreducible representations, if any, inside a given such group.
Category: Quantum Physics

Notes on Quantum Mechanics and General Covariance.

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this letter we study two different aspects of general covariance, first we quantize a reparametrization invariant theory, the free particle in Minkowski spacetime and point out in detail where this theory fails (notably these comments appear to be missing in the literature). Second we study the covariance of quantum field theory and show how it connects to causality, the outcome of this study is that QFT is what we shall call ultra weakly covariant with respect to the background spacetime. Third, we treat the question of whether evolution in quantum theory (apart from the measurement act) needs to be unitary, it is easily shown that a perfectly satisfying probabilistic interpretation exists which does not require unitary evolution. Fourth, we speculate on some modifications quantum theory should undergo in order for it to be generally covariant. This paper is primarily written for the student who wishes to study quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave-Particle Duality: a Proposed Resolution

Authors: Dirk J. Pons, Arion D. Pons, Ariel M. Pons, Aiden J. Pons
Comments: 18 Pages.

There are several integration problems of fundamental physics that still lack coherent solutions, the case in point being wave-particle duality. It is possible that a more radical reconceptualisation of fundamental physics may be required. This work comes at the issue from a totally different approach: it applies engineering design thinking to the problem. The result is the cordus conjecture, which proposes that the photon, and indeed all matter 'particles', has an internal structure comprising a 'cordus': two reactive ends that each behave like a particle, with a fibril joining them. The reactive ends are proposed to be a small finite distance apart, and energised [typically in turn] at a frequency. When energised they emit a transient force pulse along a line called a hyperfine fibril [hyff], and this makes up the field. This concept is used to explain the path dilemmas of the single photon in the double-slit device, and the wave behaviour of light including the formation of fringes by single photons and beams of light. In addition it provides a tangible explanation for frequency. It also yields new quantitative derivations for several basic optical effects: critical angle, Snell's law, and elsewhere Brewster's angle. Cordus suggests that the next deeper level of reality is deterministic.
Category: Quantum Physics

Intuitive Physics from Natures Elements; Inertial Fields Wind, Water, Racing Yachts, and the Discrete Field Model.

Authors: Peter A Jackson
Comments: 5 pages

It may seem that we have no more natural intuition about Relativity than we have about quantum mechanics (QM) yet nature has revealed far more than we yet understand, including in the elements on Earth. Einstein said; "we don't yet understand 1,000th of 1% of what nature has revealed to us." But with mathematics being considered the only language of physics we suggest we are missing and failing to translate important parts of the language of nature. Intuition can only come with good knowledge and experience, and assumption is the enemy of knowledge and destroyer of logic. We give an example of a better approach to empiricism, one of conceptual logic informed by both experience of nature and knowledge of physics theory. The results support the discrete field model (DFM) of mutually exclusive reference frames, which unifies Relativity and QM on a united field basis, explaining the constant speed of light for all emitters and observer frames, removing all the paradox from physics and many of the anomalies from astrophysics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comments on the Entropy of the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages

Academically, among students, an apparent paradox may arise when one tries to interpret the second law of thermodynamics within the context of the quantum mechanical wave function collapse. This is so because a quantum mechanical system suddenly seems to undergo, from a less restrictive state constructed from a superposition of eigenstates of a given operator, to a more restrictive state: the collapsed state. This paper is intended to show how this picture turns out to be a misconception and, albeit briefly, furtherly discuss the scope of Max Born's probabilistic interpretation within the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Physics and Religion

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

When deliberating about the fundaments of physics often the existence of a creator and the relation to religion comes up. This article gives the personal opinion of the author on this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on the Gravity Screening in Quantum Systems

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 17 pages

We discuss how, in the theoretical scenario presented in [1], the gravity screening and the gravity impulse which seem to be produced under certain conditions by high temperature superconductors are expected to be an entropic response to the ow of part of the system into a deeper quantum regime.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Local-Nonlocal Dichotomy is But a Relative and Local View Point

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 20 pages.

As argued earlier elsewhere, what is the Geometric Straight Line, or in short, the GSL, we shall never know, and instead, we can only deal with various mathematical models of it. The so called standard model, given by the usual linearly ordered field R of real numbers is essentially based on the ancient Egyptian assumption of the Archimedean Axiom which has no known reasons to be assumed in modern physics. Setting aside this axiom, a variety of linearly ordered fields F_U becomes available for the mathematical modelling of the GSL. These fields, which are larger than R, have a rich self-similar structure due to the presence of infinitely small and infinitely large numbers. One of the consequences is the obvious relative and local nature of the long ongoing local versus nonlocal dichotomy which still keeps having foundational implications in quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experiments on Electron Bremsstrahlung When Passing Through Narrow Slits and Their Interpretation in Terms of Inverse Photoelectric Effect

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 5 pages

          In special experiments on slowing down soft electrons from the energy E₁ at the entry of a narrow slit down to E₂<E₁ in the exit there was drawn a conclusion that the source of the retardation radiation with the energy ΔE₁₂=E₁–E₂ in the opening of the narrow slit is not the passing by electrons, but a radiation due to inverse photoelectric effect of valence electrons in the stationary structure of the edge of the hole. Here we consider only central-axial flight of electrons via a narrow slit (of the width <0.2 μm) which generates quanta of light with the energy ΔE₁₂. If with the aid of external electrodes inside a wider slit (>2 μm) to create a field with the same retardation potential φ=ΔE₁₂ then despite of the same slowing down in it of central-axial flying by electrons there will be observed no emission of light quanta with the energy ΔE₁₂. This enables us to interpret in a different way the mechanism of induced radiation of matter under quantum transitions in it of particles. It looks such that the flying by electrons excites around themselves spherical zones of nonlinearity with radius ∼ 0.2 μm. The orbitals (with energies E₁ and E₂<E₁) of stationary valence electrons in the edge of the narrow orifice (of the width < 0.2 μm), falling in these zones, in accord with the Ritz combination rule gives from the difference of terms ν₁=E₁/h and ν₂=E₂/h the observed in experiments monochromatic radiation of the frequency ν₁₂=ν₁– ν₂. The passing of center-axial electrons via a wider gaps (>2 μm) is not affected by the nonlinearity zones of the orbitals of stationary valence electrons in the edge of the slit. Thence, despite of the dragging by the external field of the diaphragm φ=ΔE₁₂ in this case the flying by electrons does not radiate at the frequency ν₁₂=ΔE₁₂/h.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cracks of Fundamental Quantum Physics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 4 pages

The fundaments of quantum physics are still not well established. This paper tries to find the cracks in these fundaments and suggests repair procedures. This leads to unconventional solutions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attributive Quantum Fields

Authors: Philip Carter
Comments: 23 pages, Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License

A brief history of the ether (aether) is presented, leading up to the proliferation of space-filling fields required by the current Standard Model of particle physics. The excessive number of fields, along with the mathematical inconsistency of Quantum Field Theory and the grossly wrong space-density calculation, lead us to conclude that Quantum Field Theory is built upon a faulty paradigm. An alternative physical model is presented whereby quantum fields are associated with quantum attributes rather than particle species. This model is shown to illuminate the mathematical process of quantum measurement while corresponding to ancient esoteric teachings concerning the classical elements and the ether.
Category: Quantum Physics

Crystal Power: Piezo Coupling to the Quantum Zero Point

Authors: Laurence J. November
Comments: 36 pages.

We consider electro-optical constructions in which the Casimir force is modulated in opposition to piezo-crystal elasticity, as in a stack of alternating tunably conductive and piezo layers. Adjacent tunably conducting layers tuned to conduct, attract by the Casimir force compressing the intermediate piezo, but when subsequently detuned to insulate, sandwiched piezo layers expand elastically to restore their original dimension. In each cycle some electrical energy is made available from the quantum zero point (zp). We estimate that the maximum power that could be derived at semiconductor THz modulation rates is megawatts/cm³ ! Similarly a permittivity wave generated by a THz acoustic wave in a single crystal by the acousto-optic effect produces multiple coherent Casimir wave mode overtones and a bulk mode. We model the Casimir effect in a sinusoidally graded medium finding it to be very enhanced over what is found in a multilayer stack for the equivalent permittivity contrast, and more slowly decreasing with scale, going as the wavelength 1/λ². Acoustic waves give comparable theoretical power levels of MW/cm³ below normal crystal damage thresholds. Piezo thermodynamic relations give conditions for effective coupling of the Casimir bulk mode to an external electrical load. Casimir wave modes may exchange energy with the main acoustic wave too, which may partially account for THz attenuation seen in materials. We outline feasibility issues for building a practical crystal power generator.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Cold Genesis Theory of Fields and Particles

Authors: Marius Arghirescu
Comments: 76 pages.

The book argues the possibility of cold genesis of particles and of fundamental fields through a phenomenological approach using the concept of sub-quantum fluid, the theory explaining the elementary particle and the fundamental fields cold genesis with ideal unitary prequantum particle' models of simple or composite chiral soliton type, formed at T?0K from confined "dark energy" in a cascade vortex process, according to the ideal fluids mechanics applied to the particle soliton vortex, in the Protouniverse' period, by primordial gravstars. The exponential form of the nuclear potential is theoretically found through a nucleon model of degenerate electrons and an Eulerian expression, as being generated by the vortexial dynamic pressure inside the nucleonic quantum volume. The weak force is explained by a dynamid model of neutron with intrinsic vibration and the particle disintegration are explained as a result of intrinsic vibration of quarks formed as cluster of quasi-electrons. For a phenomenologic model of cosmic expansion, by the dependency of the Ggravitation constant of the etheronic local density, the physical cause of the cosmic expansion results as a force of pressure difference of etheronic winds coming from the ultrahot stellary structures having an antigravitic charge given by destroyed particles, the speed of expansion resulting with a semi-sinusoidal variation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Hypothesis About the Absence of Individual Particles

Authors: Dm. Vatolin
Comments: 8 pages, Russian.

Are the observations, as if confirming the existence of elementary particles, only a certain interpretation of the observer? Does the theory, that sequentially denies particles existence, contradict with observations and internal logic? The hypothesis is that sometimes we register the "particles" only due to the way of observation, but in fact we take the energy from continuous wave field. "Objective isolation of particles" may be done without any experimenter assistance, but even in this case "particles" are just different dynamical field state. We interpret the transitions between the native states of a wave field as a "birth" or "disappearance" of particles. Sometimes we observe field energy splashing, like "sprays", as "particles tracks". According to the hypothesis, "randomness" in "particles" detection is related to the statistical nature of the "wave receivers" work. For instance, "receivers" in the form of multiple "atoms" with a probability depending on the intensity of the reference wave can pull out just such small portions of reference wave, which lead to eigenstates of "atoms", which is interpreted as "capture of particles".
Category: Quantum Physics

Basic Principles of Deterministic Quantum Physics

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 20 pages.

In this paper the following results are achieved: at first we demonstrate that Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle is based on a mathematical model that is unsound because of an inadequate use of the Fourier development and we prove a new mathematical model. In second place we show that with regard to physical quantities there isn't theoretical indeterminacy and only the inadequacy of measuring instruments can cause working indeterminacy. Then we prove within the ambit of the new theory: the stability of orbital motions of atomic electrons, the quantized wave equation, the fine and hyperfine structure of atoms, the Lamb shift as a consequence of the relativistic correction. Results on these subjects are concordant with experimental data and are obtained without making use of probabilistic concepts. We think that only the most adequate use of mathematical models can allow a further evolution of our scientific knowledges that must be adapted to the examined physical event and supported with more valid analyses.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reducing the Quantumness of Composite Quantum Systems to Two Classical Compositions

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 20 pages.

A family of quantumness spaces is identified and precisely defined. They are spaces which characterize the difference between states given by classical compositions of systems, and on the other hand, states corresponding to their quantum compositions. Consequently, the quantum composition of systems is reduced to two classical compositions. A family of rankings is also defined for the respective family of quantumness.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is Faster-Than-Light Communication Possible?

Authors: Raymond W. Jensen
Comments: 7 pages.

It is shown here using elementary quantum mechanics that a method exists for transmitting signals faster than the speed of light. The method relies on measurement of the uncertainty of momentum for one photon of each pair. The uncertainty is affected by whether momentum or position is measured for the partners, due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. For each pair the effect is instantaneous; so if the measurement of momentum uncertainty, done on one end, is distant from the momentum/position measurement switching done on the other end, then such behavior can be utilized for faster-than-light signaling.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Prediction Loophole in Bell's Theorem

Authors: John R. Dixon
Comments: 5 pages.

We consider the Bell's Theorem setup of Gill et. al. (2002). We present a \proof of concept" that if the source emitting the particles can predict the settings of the detectors with sufficiently large probability, then there is a scenario consistent with local realism that violates the Bell inequality for the setup.
Category: Quantum Physics

Deterministic Theory of the Tunnel Effect in the Esaki Junction

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures.

In scientific literature the Esaki junction is considered a typical system of quantum physics and its behavior is explained with the theory of probability. In this article we prove that the functioning of the Esaki junction can be explained very well without making use of the theory of probability but only by means of deterministic physical reasonings. This research is the first step in order to show that it is possible to think on a theory of quantum physics which is able to leave probability aside for a complete and exhaustive understanding of physical phenomena which happen in the microphysical world.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Measurement, Statistics and Uncertainty

Authors: Ibrahim Mutlay
Comments: 8 pages

It is intended here to propose descriptive explanations for the basic statistical concepts. Although most of them are highly familiar to us, their conventional descriptions have vague sides. Especially it was focused on the absolute probabilistic uncertainty which was characterized by momentum of the measurement device and the system which was measured.
Category: Quantum Physics

What is the Matter with de Broglie Waves?

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages

The wave-particle duality of photons, as hypothesized by Einstein, was well accepted by the early 1920's. De Broglie's bold hypothesis in 1924, that all matter likewise has a wave-particle duality added further fuel to the fire in the development of Quantum Mechanics. It seared into the minds of physicists the wave-particle duality of Nature. Needless to say, this counter intuitive and bold assertion mystified the World beyond any sensible comprehension by common sense. The question often asked by ordinary people is "what is the matter with de Broglie waves?" We provide just this answer and demystify this 'matter' in this short paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

Construction Principles for Chiral "atoms of Spacetime Geometry".

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 4 pages.

Construction principles for chiral "atoms of spacetime" based on geometrical 3-D models.
Category: Quantum Physics

Deciphering and Fathoming Negative Probabilities in Quantum Mechanics?

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 11 pages, no figure, no tables.

As currently understood since its discovery, the bare Klein-Gordon theory consists of negative quantum probabilities which are considered to be physically meaningless if not outright obsolete. Despite this annoying setback, these negative probabilities are what led the great Paul Dirac in 1928 to the esoteric discovery of the Dirac equation. The Dirac equation led to one of the greatest advances in our understanding of the physical World. In this reading, we ask the seemingly senseless question, "Do negative probabilities exist in quantum mechanics?''. In an effort to answer this question, we arrive at the conclusion that depending on the choice one makes of the quantum probability current, one will obtain negative probabilities. We thus propose a new quantum probability current of the Klein-Gordon theory. This quantum probability current leads directly to positive definite quantum probabilities. Because these negative probabilities are in the bare Klein-Gordon theory, intrinsically a result of negative energies, the fact that we-here arrive at a theory with positive probabilities, it means that negative energy particles are not to be considered problematic as is the case in the bare Klein-Gordon theory. From an abstract-objective stand-point; in comparison with positive energy particles, the corollary is that negative energy particles should have equal chances to exist. As to why these negative energy particles do not exist, this is redolent to asking why is it that Dirac's antimatter does not exist in equal proportions with matter. This problem of why negative energy particles not exist in equal proportions with positive energy particles is a problem that needs to be solved by a future theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Systems, Subsystems, Composite Systems and Entanglement

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 7 pages.

It is shown that under suitable compositions of systems, arbitrary large amounts of entangled type states can easily be obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Dynamics and Special Relativity.

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 12 pages.

The origin of physical dynamics and the reason of existence of special relativity are explored. This endeavour is started by analysing the logic of nature. Next, only mathematics is used in order to explore the dynamics of this model of physical reality. The model that is described here annihilates the old reality and creates a new reality at each dynamic step. Hilbert space cannot treat dynamics. It contains nothing that supports dynamics. In the contrary, dynamics manages the Hilbert spaces. Like traditional quantum logic, Hilbert space cannot treat physical fields. By embedding the separable Hilbert space in a rigged Hilbert space, it can house fields by representing them as blurred sets of Hilbert vectors. The field is the convolution of the blur with a set of Dirac delta functions that represent Hilbert vectors. When the blur is differentiable, then the field is differentiable as well. The field values are attached to the Hilbert vectors. In this way traditional quantum logic can be expanded, such that it also treats fields. This extended quantum logic still cannot handle dynamics. The logic only describes a static status quo. Dynamics let nature step from one status quo to the next. It does that by letting nature transform from configuration space to Fourier space. There the fields control the difference between the past and the future status quo. The Fourier transform converts the rather complicated differentiation into a simple multiplication and since the multiplication factors are close to unity, this comes down to still simpler addition. After the confrontation in Fourier space, nature returns back to configuration space. Feynman's path integral approach exploits this fact. The up and down Fourier transforms reshuffle the Hilbert vectors. All Hilbert vectors are affected. The Hilbert vectors represent virtual or actual quanta and present themselves as shot noise.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is Octonionic Quantum Gravity Relevant Near the Planck Scale? Measurement and Evaluation re-Considered

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 72 pages. What was to be delivered at GRACO, Luxor, Egypt, and which will be delivered ~ 1 to 2 weeks later. At the same conference.

Octonium gravity, its break down, speculations as to semi classical nature of gravitons, plus re capitulation of how gravitons could be an effective Dark Energy candidate a billion years ago presented. Plus much more.; Many optional slides included
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Indeterminacy is Found Sensitive to Scaling and Seen to Vanish at the Macroscopic

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 5 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered present within quantum mechanics. In the measurement problem, the act of relating quantum effects to macroscopic reference sytems is seen as the instrumental process. A brief outline is given telling how an axiomatic implementation of scalars in mathematical physics theoreticaly controls indeterminacy and cause. Wave mechanics of the free particle is outlined along these lines. General solutions for this system are mathematically undecidable, indeterminate formulae. The indeterminacy is seen to vanish for extremely large scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gödelian Features Found at Quantum Indeterminacy: Inconsistency, Undecidability and Self Reference

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 20 pages

Standard methods of quantum theory are employed, excepting: quantum theory is initialised by the a priori adoption of the Field Axioms; and the square root of minus one is not introduced initially as if axiomatic. Its adoption is postponed until inconsistency in the theory forces its introduction. Entry of this scalar, logically independent of the Axioms, relieves the inconsistency but introduces mathematical undecidability and indeterminacy. Nevertheless, indeterminate formulae derive determinate probability along with Pythagorean addition. Orthogonality is indicated as the condition around which logical anomalies in quantum physics hinge.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Dynamics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 120 pages

When physics must be based on an axiomatic foundation then the law set of traditional quantum logic is a valid candidate. However, at first sight, these axioms do not treat physical fields and they do not treat dynamics. It only prescribes the static relations that exist between quantum logical propositions that treat static subjects. Amongst these propositions statements exist that describe everything that can be said about the static condition of a given physical item. Such propositions represent that item. Traditional quantum logic is lattice isomorphic to the set of closed subspaces of an infinite dimensional separatable Hilbert space. That is why quantum mechanics is usually done with the aid of Hilbert space features. The representation of a physical field does not fit in a Hilbert subspace. Physical fields have a universe wide range and their presentation would cover all of a complete Hilbert space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Random Motion, Harmonic Oscillator and Dark Energy

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 4 pages

We explore the random motion of a quantum free particle and re-introduce an additional term to the textbook solution for the variance. Prior experiments could have missed this term yet it should be possible to test the hypothesis. A quadratic potential energy derived from the self gravitational potential of the particle is hypothesized resulting in the well known quantum harmonic oscillator in the special condition that the particle rests exactly in the ground state, i.e. hω₀ = k_BT Radiation is found trapped in this gravitational potential and when the particle carries the reduced Planck mass the density of radiation is exactly that of the black body. We argue this "dark" particle is responsible for the open question of dark energy and has a relic density of only 17% more than the commonly accepted value.
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminacy in Arithmetic, Well-Known to Logicians But Missing from Quantum Theory

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 14 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered within quantum theory. Crucially, a formula's undecidability certifies its indeterminacy and vice versa. This paper describes the algebraic environment in which the undecidability and indeterminacy originate, provides proof of their existence, and demonstrates the role these play in a 3-valued logic which is free to permeate mathematical physics via this algebra. The radical ideas applied in this research are taken from well-known results in mathematical logic. All scalars engage in the arithmetic of scalars by way of a single algebra. But in terms of validity, these scalars partition into sets which are logically distinct: those with valid existence with respect to this algebra, and those with indeterminate existence. Failure of mathematical physics to notice this distinction is the reason why quantum theory is logically at odds with quantum experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Stability of Electron Orbital Shells Based on a Model of the Riemann-Zeta Function

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that the atomic number Z is prime at the beginning of the each s¹, p¹, d¹, and f¹ energy levels of electrons, with some fluctuation in the actinide and lanthanide series. The periodic prime number boundary of s¹, p¹, d¹, and f¹ is postulated to occur because of stability of Schrodinger's wave equation due to a fundamental relationship with the Riemann-Zeta function.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Second Measurement Problem ?

Authors: Elemer E Rosinger
Comments: 6 pages

Within quantum measurement there is the sharp difference in the dynamics between the case when the eigenstate of the prepared quantum system is different from any of those of the measuring device, and on the other and, when it is the same with one of those of the measuring devices. It is argued that here one may face a "second measurement problem".
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 10 pages.

Quantum theory brought an irreducible lawlessness in physics. This is accompanied by lack of specification of state of a system. We can not measure states even though they ever existed. We can measure only transition from one state into another. We deduce this lack of determination of state mathematically, and thus provide formalism for maximum precision of determination of mixed states. However, the results thus obtained show consistency with Heisenberg's uncertainty relations.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Erasure of Systems at the Quantum Level: a Comment on Arxiv:1009.1630

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

The authors of Arxiv:1009.1630 demonstrate by theoretical arguments that systems at the quantum level can be erased with energy release to boot. In other words, erasure, once instigated, avalanches with a burst of energy. Energy is fed to the system to initiate erasure, but, once begun, erasing continues on its own. Could it be that UFOs have this ability to self-disrupt as a means of aborting a mission? The authors restrain their quantum system from runaway collapse, but, in nature, a collapse, once begun, is uncontrollable and irreversible.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Newtonian Message for Quantization

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 16 pages

The dynamic equations related to Kepler motion are scale-invariant. This means that the dynamical model is universal: it works on the same principles at the micro level as well as at the macro level. Why then quantization? Is it telling something we couldn't read in the classical physics? The answer is negative: both the microcosm and the macrocosm show the same type of phenomena that could be taken into consideration by the classical theory. The only thing worth considering from the side of quantum revolution is the inspiration it could bring, in astrophysics for instance. This was lost, however, due to the artificial dichotomy of our spirit.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Case Against the First Quantization

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 15 pages

The blackbody radiation is an open problem, in the sense that there is no classical counterpart to describe the spectrum in physical terms. The usual derivation of Planck implicitly assumes that the spectral density is a mean for a special kind of exponential distributions. There is however a case where the classical statistics makes sense for the spectrum, if we consider the spectral density as a probability density for the values of the frequency at a certain temperature. We show here this case and illustrate it on contemporary COBE-FIRAS data, pointing out to a special tensor nature of the cosmic background radiation. Some conclusions about the measurement process and about the progress in general are drawn.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity Waves and the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: John R. McWhinnie
Comments: 9 pages.

This paper takes two phenomena in physics, attempts to show that the solutions to them are linked and that these solutions shall require a radical re-think of physics
Category: Quantum Physics

Time Paradox, Zitterbewegung and Noncommutative Geometry

Authors: Lawrence B. Crowell
Comments: 21 Pages.

The zitterbewgung of the electron is associated with an intrinsic time for an electron, or any of the fermionic particles with mass such as quarks and leptons. In this article it is shown that a massless particle coupled to noncommutative coordinate geometry is subjected to a gauge-like force. This force acts to trap the massless particle in an orbit within a region. This bottled massless particle then has an induced mass. This is then argued to be tied to fundamental aspects of physics, such as a dynamical Higgs model, as well as strings and p-brane theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hydrodynamics of the Rotating Spherical Matter Fields and Atomic Structure

Authors: Ibrahim Mutlay
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure.

Atomic structure model was proposed as a rotating stratified fl uidic matter field with the particles corresponded to solitary waves in the field. Mathematical formulation of the proposed structure was constructed on the model of thermal convection in rotating spherical shells of conducting fluids using magnetohydrodynamic Navier-Stokes Equations. Acceleration term was derived using Coulomb potential. Novel model showed that internal structure of atoms is subjected to complex fluid dynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Richard B. Dowd
Comments: 3 Pages.

A derivation of the fine structure constant by deduction
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck Constant Estimation Using Constant Period Relativistic Symmetric Oscillator

Authors: J. Bar-Sagi
Comments: 15 pages

The electromagnetic wave quantum-energy depends only on its frequency, not on the emitting system's radiation power. The proportionality constant between the frequency and the quantumenergy of the electromagnetic wave, the Planck's constant is in the essence of quantum mechanics. This constant is known experimentally but till now there was no clue for calculating its value on a theoretical basis. In the present work a methodology for calculating a lower bound for Planck's constant is presented, based on simple principles. In order to get a reasonable good lower bound it is necessary to have a model of a relativistic oscillator whose period is independent of its energy and which efficiently radiates electromagnetic energy. It is highly desired that the mathematics involved is simple enough to enable good insight into the results. Such a model can also be used for other investigations, and therefore, in this work a potential that conserves the vibration period of symmetric oscillators at relativistic velocities is found and analyzed. The electrically charged system of constant period is used to calculate a lower bound H_m of the Planck's constant h . The value of H_m is smaller than h by a factor very close to √3 . The explanation of this factor also explains the value of Planck's constant. From this value the fine structure constant value is calculated and a new interpretation of this constant obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Formula of the Particle Radii

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 1 page

The Formula of the Particle Radii
Category: Quantum Physics

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 9 pages, In Italian

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=cost., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (Q=cost., varying Isospin an Hypercharge).
Category: Quantum Physics

Effective Relativistic Quantum Mechanics on a Causal Net

Authors: R.D. Bateson
Comments: 11 pages.

The observation of emergent particles in condensed matter physics such as phonons, holes, and recently magnetic monopoles [1] may lead one to speculate that real particles themselves could exist as emergent properties of a space-time lattice. There are many examples in the literature of the Dirac equation being supported by a lattice structure [2,3,4,5], related, for example, to the physics of ice [6] or of graphene [7]. In particular the case of the Dirac equation on the ice lattice is of potential practical interest as ice models can now be realised in a variety of new experimental systems, including spin ice materials [1] and artificial micromagnetic arrays [8]. We noticed that a Reichenbach causal net [9] has the same topology as an ice lattice and hence, if formulated in space-time, might support a version of relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper we explore this idea at its simplest level. We propose a causal net for the free motion of a particle based on a relational concept of time as an ordered series of possible events that are linked by a principle of common cause. The causal net is 1+1 dimensional but applies along the direction of motion of the particle in three dimensions. It is reminiscent of the Feynman chequerboard [2] and the ice model [6] but differs from both in important respects. The causal net appears to support the 3+1 dimensional Dirac equation [10] for a free fermion and hence the Schrödinger equation in the low velocity limit. The causal net idea gives an intuitive picture of relativistic quantum mechanical motion and the origin of quantization although it is not a complete re-derivation of conventional quantum mechanics, partly because the space-time is discrete, and partly because it does not automatically imply a principle of superposition. If however we identify a causal net as representing a Dirac state vector then superposition of nets allows a development more consistent with conventional quantum mechanics. We therefore suggest that a more detailed study of effective quantum mechanics on causal nets, based on the transparent underlying concepts of causality and probability, might be a fruitful exercise.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 19 pages

The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time, reversible time showed that the progressive time which is experienced by the macroscopic systems are a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart from introducing limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could lead to a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations background near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the rest mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 40% over a period of 10 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retrospective Examination of Three Articles Published in the Revue Des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006.

Authors: François Barriquand
Comments: 20 pages, The present article is going to be submitted to the "Revue des Questions Scientifiques"

Three articles published by the same author in the Revue des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006 are reexamined with special attention paid to a theorem published by Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen in 2002 concerning Thomson's formulation of the second law, as well as to the results of the so-called "before-before" experiment performed on entangled pairs by Stefanov, Zbinden, Gisin and Suarez. As far as thermodynamics are concerned, it is explained here that a macroscopic observer can generate quasi "cycles", whose cyclical characteristics are in fact only valid from the macroscopic point of view, that can potentially enable her/him to retrieve work from a thermalizer without causing any perpetual motion. Concerning quantum entanglement, it is recognized - in contrast with what the author originally published in 2005 and 2006 - that superluminal transmission of decipherable information cannot be achieved if the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory remains universally valid. It is also pointed out that the foundations of general relativity cannot be easily reconciled with the implications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen measurements.
Category: Quantum Physics

Explaining the Arrow of Time and the Collapse of Wave Function Based on the Primary Gas Structure of Particle-Viii

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 pages

The author after clarifying the physical implications of the imaginary time approach and the reversible real time approach goes on to explain how they differ from the progressive time which is experienced by all macroscopic systems [1]. He proposes that the progressive nature of time is a direct result of the increase in the entropy at the level of the structure of the elementary particles. According to him just as the vacuum fluctuations confine the photino (single luminal wave) to form a staphon (standing wave) which is the basic structure of a particle, a small part of the energy gets converted into heat which gets expressed in the jiggling motion of the particle. It is proposed that this random motion arising from the absorption of the vacuum energy contributes to infinitesimal increase in the internal heat of the particle which results in the increase in entropy right at the level of the elementary particle. He calls the process by which the particles absorb energy from vacuum "the vean process". He proposes that this increase in entropy at the level of the elementary particles results in time acquiring the progressive nature. With this interpretation of the progressive nature of time, the problem of the collapse of wave function gets resolved without invoking the presence of a conscious observer. Even the process of entanglement appears to have space-time limitations. He suggests that the existence of gravitational field and the expansion of the universe also may be traced to this vean process.
Category: Quantum Physics

Wave, Formal-Mathematical and Corpuscular Description of the World

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages.

Wave, formal-mathematical and corpuscular description of the world
Category: Quantum Physics

Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics with Schrödinger Quantization Rule

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 4 pages

We quantize the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics using Schrödinger quantization rule. We describe the probability of getting a quantum object in configuration space as the eigenvalue (image) of quantum mechanical probability (operator) satisfying Schrödinger probability eigenvalue equation. The deduction is used to obtain quantum description of systems which would be used to quantize many classical and quantum (differential) problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Primary Gas and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics-Vii

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 11 pages

The author shows that that for each quantum mechanical property of a micro-system there is a corresponding thermodynamic one in the primary gas. He further shows that the basic postulates of quantum mechanics have equivalents in the primary gas approach based on statistical mechanics provided time is accorded directional symmetry. He shows that the interference pattern obtained in Young's double slit experiment could be explained in terms of the primary gas approach using the directional symmetry of time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Block Universe

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 11 page

According to the formalism d = v*t fourth dimension of space-time X₄ = i*c*t is spatial too. Time is not a fourth dimension of space-time. Material change i.e. motion run in a timeless space. Fundamental unit of numeric order t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n of material change is Planck time t_p . We measure numeric order of material change with clocks. Material change t_n-1 is "before" material change t_n equivalently as natural number n-1 is "before" natural number n. Numeric order of material change runs in a timeless 4D space and has no duration. Space-time is a timeless phenomenon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Smarandache Paradoxes

Authors: Gheorghe Niculescu
Comments: 2 pages

In this paper one presents four of the smarandacheian paradoxes in physics found in various physics sites or printed material.
Category: Quantum Physics

Smarandache Hypothesis: Evidences, Implications and Applications

Authors: Leonardo F. D. da Motta
Comments: 5 pages

In 1972, Smarandache proposed that there is not a limit speed on the nature, based on the EPR-Bell (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, Bell) paradox. Although it appears that this paradox was solved recently, there are many other evidences that guide us to believe that Smarandache Hypothesis is right on quantum mechanics and even on the new unification theories. If Smarandache Hypothesis turns to be right under any circumstance, some concepts of modern physics would have to be "refit" to agree with Smarandache Hypothesis. Moreover, when the meaning of Smarandache Hypothesis become completely understood, a revolution on technology, specially in communication, will arise.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Gravitational Effects Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 1 page

Constancy of the light velocity in areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic gravitational effects start on the scale above photon. At the photon scale and below physical phenomena have no relativistic gravitational effects.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proposing the Existence of a New Symmetry Called the Wick Symmetry-Representation of a Particle as a Primary Gas vi

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 21 pages

The author discusses the similarity between the expression for the state function of the primary gas representing a particle and that of the wave function. It is observed that the only difference between these two expressions is that in the former time appears as a real function while in the latter it appears as an imaginary function. He shows that the primary gas approach which treats time as a real and the quantum mechanical approach which treats time as imaginary are two ways of representing the same reality and points to a new symmetry called the Wick symmetry. He shows that the probability postulate of quantum mechanics can be understood in a very simple and natural manner based on the primary gas representation of the particle. It is shown that the zero point energy of the quantum mechanics is nothing but the energy of the thermal bath formed by the vacuum fluctuations in the Higgs field. He shows that the quantum mechanics is nothing but the thermodynamics of the primary gas where time has not lost its directional symmetry.
Category: Quantum Physics

Covariant Isolation from an Abelian Gauge Field of Its Nondynamical Potential, Which, When Fed Back, Can Transform Into a "Confining Yukawa"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.1101 [physics.gen-ph]

For Abelian gauge theory a properly relativistic gauge is developed by supplementing the Lorentz condition with causal determination of the time component of the four-vector potential by retarded Coulomb transformation of the charge density. This causal Lorentz gauge agrees with the Coulomb gauge for static charge densities, but allows the four-vector potential to have a longitudinal component that is determined by the time derivative of the four-vector potential's time component. Just as in Coulomb gauge, the two transverse components of the four-vector potential are its sole dynamical part. The four-vector potential in this gauge covariantly separates into a dynamical transverse four-vector potential and a nondynamical timelike/longitudinal four-vector potential, where each of these two satisfies the Lorentz condition. In fact, analogous partition of the conserved four-current shows each to satisfy a Lorentz-condition Maxwellequation system with its own conserved four-current. Because of this complete separation, either of these four-vector potentials can be tinkered with without affecting its counterpart. Since it satisfies the Lorentz condition, the nondynamical four-vector potential times a constant with dimension of inverse length squared is itself a conserved four-current, and so can be fed back into its own source current, which transforms its time component into an extended Yukawa, with both exponentially decaying and exponentially growing components. The latter might be the mechanism of quark-gluon confinement: in non-Abelian color gauge theory the Yukawa mixture ratio ought to be tied to color, with palpable consequences for "colorful" hot quark-gluon plasmas.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Relating a 10-Dimensional and 11-Dimensional Duality Model of Quantized Space-Time to Elementary Particles

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 8 pages

It is suggested in this paper that space-time and matter are both derived from a common entity, the quantum mass unit. A 10-dimensional and 11-dimensional duality model of the quantum mass unit is presented diagrammatically, and a mathematical argument is put forth indicating how energetic photons interact with space-time, converting space-time into virtual particle pairs of matter and anti-matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Equivalence of Maxwell's Source-Free Equations to the Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation for a Solitary Particle with Two Polarizations and Hamiltonian |cp|

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 17 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1004.1820 [physics.gen-ph].

It was pointed out in a previous paper that although neither the Klein-Gordon equation nor the Dirac Hamiltonian produces sound solitary free-particle relativistic quantum mechanics, the natural square-root relativistic Hamiltonian for a nonzero-mass free particle does achieve this. Failures of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac theories are reviewed: the solitary Dirac free particle has, inter alia, an invariant speed well in excess of c and staggering spontaneous Compton acceleration, but no pathologies whatsoever arise from the square-root relativistic Hamiltonian. Dirac's key misapprehension of the underlying four-vector character of the time-dependent, configuration-representation Schrödinger equation for a solitary particle is laid bare, as is the invalidity of the standard "proof" that the nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac equation is the Pauli equation. Lorentz boosts from the particle rest frame point uniquely to the square-root Hamiltonian, but these don't exist for a massless particle. Instead, Maxwell's equations are dissected in spatial Fourier transform to separate nondynamical longitudinal from dynamical transverse field degrees of freedom. Upon their decoupling in the absence of sources, the transverse field components are seen to obey two identical time-dependent Schrödinger equations (owing to two linear polarizations), which have the massless freeparticle diagonalized square-root Hamiltonian. Those fields are readily modfied to conform to the attributes of solitary-photon wave functions. The wave functions' relations to the potentials in radiation gauge are also worked out. The exercise is then repeated without the considerable benefit of the spatial Fourier transform.
Category: Quantum Physics

Condensed Light a Reinterpration of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity

Authors: Niels Vandamme
Comments: 7 pages

This paper propounds several hypotheses which offer an alternate explanation to some of the real or purported effects encountered in quantum mechanics and relativity, giving a mechanical explanation for the absolute speed of light, the conversion of matter to energy, and the observed superluminal expansion of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantizing Time and Space from the Standing Wave to the Primary Gas Structure of a Particle V

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 25 pages

The author introduces the concept of a primary gas which is an abstract gas where the microstates are occupied successively in time unlike in the case of a real gas where the microstates are occupied simultaneously. He shows that a single plane wave associated with a standing wave formed by the confinement of a luminal wave could be treated as the microstate of the primary gas that represents a particle. This approach makes it possible to understand the dynamics of a particle in terms of the thermodynamics of the primary gas. In this approach, time and space turn out to be the intrinsic properties of the primary gas that represents a particle and the quantized nature of time and space emerges from it in a natural manner. It is shown that the action (with a negative sign) of a particle could be identified with the entropy of the primary gas and the principle of least action is nothing but the second law of thermodynamics. The author shows that the uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics can be derived directly from the equation for fluctuations and he explains the statistical basis of the virtual interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The "Measurement Problem" in Quantum Physics Can be Partly Resolved with Analysis of Relatedness Between Space-Time, Physical Time and Psychological Time

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 5 pages

Clocks are systems for measuring frequency, velocity, duration and numerical order t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n of physical events. Time t obtained with clocks is not a forth dimension X₄ of space, time t is only a component of X₄ = i * c * t. This view of clock/time as a measuring system sees physical phenomena running exclusively in space and not in time. This view is supported with several experiments which confirm that time t of physical event can be zero. Time is not part of space; time is run of clocks in space. Past, present and future exist as a psychological time in the mind only not in the universe. We experience motion i.e. change in the space through the frame of psychological time. We "project" linear psychological time "past-present-future" into the space, however it is not there. Observer who distinguishes between space-time, physical time and psychological time is aware that in quantum measurement he only measures physical events in space and not in time. Clock/time is merely a measuring device. With this understanding observer's observation, measurement and experience of quantum phenomena are closer to their real nature. Stream of numerical order of quantum phenomena t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n runs in space only and not in time. Stream of quantum phenomena has no duration on its own. Duration is result of measurement.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Wave Structure of the Electric Field

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 pages

Maxwell's equations describe the interactions of the electromagnetic field at a macroscopic level. In the 1920s, Louis DeBroglie demonstrated that every moving particle (including an electron) has a wave nature, and we know from Einstein that every wave has a particle nature, which we call the photon. Later in the 1930s, Paul Dirac's development of the famous Dirac equation showed the quantum nature of the electron at relativistic speeds. Then in 1948 Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger extended these concepts in the development of quantum electrodynamics which gives a full accounting (although a very strange one) of how an electron can borrow energy from the vacuum of space and return it legally as long it does so within limits of the uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory to Laser Power Output

Authors: Michael Harney, Michael Weber, Milo Wolff
Comments: 2 pages

The method described is designed to increase laser output power using a concept from Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory [1,2] and the work of Tetrode [3], where photons are modeled as sources of energy that must also have a sink (an electron) to be absorbed. According to Wheeler-Feynman and Tetrode, if an electron is not present to absorb the photon, then the photon can never be emitted. In Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, advanced and retarded potentials resemble time-reversal equations because there must be communication faster than light between the source-photon and the sink-electron, reasoned Feynman, so that the source photon's atom would know whether to emit a photon. This enigma was resolved by Milo Wolff in his work "Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe" [4], where he describes the use of spherical scalar in-waves and out-waves that travel at c and whose local speed is based on local-mass density. The in-out waves form electrons and also allows communication between them.
Category: Quantum Physics

Looking for Roots in All the Wrong Places: a Comment on Arxiv:1003.5008

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 4 pages

The authors of ArXiv:1003.5008 tell us they are searching for the foundations of quantum mechanics, a theory they say was born early in the twentieth century. As a matter of fact, the theory was born in the eighteenth century.
Category: Quantum Physics

Higgs Field and the Creation of Mass Standing Wave Structure of the Electron-IV

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 pages

The author develops his idea of the standing electromagnetic half wave structure of the electron and proposes that the confinement of the wave is effected by the interactions with the Higgs field which can be explained on the basis of the uncertainty principle. These interactions allow vacuum to act like a thermal bath with the standing half wave in equilibrium with it. It is shown that this equilibrium is not destroyed even when it is in uniform translational motion. This invariance of the equilibrium to the velocity transformation is another way of looking at the theory of relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moebius Strip. a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 163 pages, In Italian

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. I quote from David Hestenes: "For many years I mulled over (...etc.). I was reluctant to publish my ideas, however, because the supporting arguments were mainly qualitative, and physics tradition demands a quantitative formulation which can be subjected to experimental test". We intend to make us an image purely electromagnetic of all interactions, and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as one electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads to the entire set of all and only the mesons and barions, in a unique way. In a quite spontaneous way colours theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittely primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Similarities or Radar Scattering as a Gauge Theory

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 48 pages

As a continuation of a preceding paper "The trapped light" a preliminary attempt of how to construct a spinor theory of radar scattering or radar signal-target interaction with the gauge theories of quantum mechanics is presented. This way radar signals and radar targets may become visible macroscopic objects to be put in analogy with Standard Model particles and interactions. The basic idea is that particles and forces are all of electromagnetic nature, light, and appear different due to the size and shape of interacting objects. For the purpose that we propose here, you must first deal with a generic radar signal in spinor form (note: it is TEM, TE, TM or evanescent. I mean "radar signal" in a wide sense, ie for ex. also into a waveguide). This is done by deriving a spinor representation of the TE TM through the Dirac equation for plane wave, starting rigorously from Maxwell's equations without any use of equivalent V, I as in previous papers. As a byproduct the representation is extended to the TEM. Then I introduce a tentative procedure to express the deflection of the field in a different direction, and its variation in frequency, and rest mass. This is accomplished through the interaction with SU(2)xU(1) gauge fields ie electroweak interactions. Some simple but illustrative examples are given. The ideas set out here need of course further research.
Category: Quantum Physics

Numerical Result of Supersymmetric Klein-Gordon Equation. Plausible Observation of Supersymmetric-Meson

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

In the context of some recent papers suggesting CT-symmetric QM in order to generalize PT-symmetric QM, in this paper we present an idea that there is quite compelling reasoning to argue in favour of supersymmetric extension of Klein-Gordon equation. Its numerical solutions in some simplest conditions are presented. Since the potential corresponding to this supersymmetric KGE is neither Coulomb, Yukawa, nor Hulthen potential [2a], then one can expect to observe a new type of matter, which may be called 'supersymmetric-meson'. Its presence may be expected in particular in the process of breaking of Coulomb barrier in low energy schemes. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Meaning of Imaginary Part of Solution of Biquaternion Klein-Gordon Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we discuss some possible interpretation of this imaginary part of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Introduction to Biquaternion Number, Schrödinger Equation, and Fractal Graph

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

It is known that quaternion number has wide application in theoretical physics and engineering fields alike, in particular to describe Maxwell electrodynamics. In the meantime, recently this quaternion number has also been used to draw fractal graph. The present note is intended as an introduction to this very interesting study, i.e. to find linkage between quaternion/biquaternion number, quantum mechanical equation (Schrödinger equation) and fractal graph. Hopefully this note will be found useful for subsequent study.
Category: Quantum Physics

G-Dimensional Theory & the Smarandache Quantum Paradoxes: Comparative Logic and Modern Quantum Theory

Authors: L. Stephen Young
Comments: 44 pages

The Smarandache Quantum Paradoxes ["Nature", Vol. 413, No. 6854] and Smarandache Hypothesis (FTL) are defined as a formal set of (anti-logic) statements inclusive in modern quantum theory. To determine whether they constitute theoretical artifacts or can be considered true physical paradoxes, G Dimensional Theory, a unique, logical and physically congruent system of physics, at significant variance with modern and classical theory, is presented in Sections 3-4. A comparative analysis of the Smarandache quantum paradoxes within context of the two theories follows in Section 5.
Category: Quantum Physics

Numerical Solution of Schrödinger Equation with PT-Symmetric Periodic Potential, and Its Gamow Integral

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

In a number of preceding papers we introduced a new PT-symmetric periodic potential, derived from biquaternion radial Klein-Gordon equation. In the present paper we will review our preceding result, and continue with numerical solution of Gamow integral for that periodic potential. And then we also compare with other periodic potentials which are already known, such as Posch-Teller or Rosen-Morse potential. We also discuss a number of recent development in the context of condensed matter nuclear science, in particular those experiments which are carried out by Prof. A. Takahashi and his team from Kobe University. There is hint to describe his team's experiment as 'mesofusion' (or mesoscopic fusion). We then analyze possibility to enhance the performance of Takahashi's mesofusion experiment under external pulse field. Further experiments are of course recommended in order to verify or refute the propositions outlined herein.
Category: Quantum Physics

Introduction to Smarandache-Christianto (SC) Potential

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 6 pages

A new type of potential for nucleus, which is different from Coulomb potential or Yukawa potential. This new potential may have effect for radius range within r = 5-10 fm.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is there Iso-PT Symmetric Potential in Nature?

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages

In recent years there are new interests on special symmetry in physical systems, called PT-symmetry with various ramifications. Along with the isodual symmetry popularized by RM Santilli, these ideas form one of cornerstone in hadron physics. In the present article, we argue that it is plausible to generalise both ideas to become iso-PT symmetry which indicate there should be new potential obeying this symmetry. We also discuss some possible interpretation of the imaginary solution of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE); which indicate the plausible existence of the propose iso-PT symmetry. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Do Thermodynamic Entropy and Quantum Non-Locality Have a Common Basis?

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau
Comments: 6 pages, The author notes that revisions are needed for this paper to be rigorously accurate, but wishes to foster conversation on this topic.

Both researchers and educators have expressed displeasure with the definition of entropy as a measure of disorder. Instead, it is argued by Leff, Lambert, and others that the increase of entropy can be far more accurately described using terms such as 'dispersal of energy,' 'spreading and sharing of energy,' and 'spatial and temporal spreading.' In decoherence theory, a similar metaphor is used to describe the phenomena involved with quantum non-locality, superposition, and entanglement. Specifically the wavefunction of a quantum entity, such as a sub-atomic particle or photon is not seen to collapse but rather is transferred through interactions to a system and/or its environment. This suggests there may be a common basis for entropy and non-locality. I explore the idea that energy is motive and extensive by nature, and that all its forms of expression involve motion, action, and propagation, which clearly leads to its being spread and shared when unconstrained, among the available microstates of its local system and the larger environment. Thus a single description, focusing on this universal quality of energy, explains both 2nd Law entropy and quantum non-locality.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Trapped Light ie Towards an Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 17 pages

Examines the possibility of a purely electromagnetic formation of the physical world, and in particular electron. For this purpose presents a number of parallels between elementary particles and radar signals and radar target.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Neutrosophic Logic View to Schrödinger's Cat Paradox, Revisited

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

The present article discusses Neutrosophic logic view to Schrödinger's cat paradox. We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) which Neutrosophic logic can take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzy logic cannot. To make this proposition clear, we revisit our previous paper by offering an illustration using modified coin tossing problem, known as Parrondo's game.
Category: Quantum Physics

Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli Metric from Quaternion-Clifford Space, Lorentz' Force, and Some Observables

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 pages

It was known for quite long time that a quaternion space can be generalized to a Clifford space, and vice versa; but how to find its neat link with more convenient metric form in the General Relativity theory, has not been explored extensively. We begin with a representation of group with non-zero quaternions to derive closed FLRW metric [1], and from there obtains Carmeli metric, which can be extended further to become 5D and 6D metric (which we propose to call Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli metric). Thereafter we discuss some plausible implications of this metric, beyond describing a galaxy's spiraling motion and redshift data as these have been done by Carmeli and Hartnett [4, 5, 6]. In subsequent section we explain Podkletnov's rotating disc experiment. We also note possible implications to quantum gravity. Further observations are of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Numerical Solution of Radial Biquaternion Klein-Gordon Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we present numerical /computer solution of radial biquaternionic KGE (radialBQKGE); which differs appreciably from conventional Yukawa potential. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Yang-Mills Field from Quaternion Space Geometry, and Its Klein-Gordon Representation

Authors: Alexander Yefremov, Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 9 pages

Analysis of covariant derivatives of vectors in quaternion (Q-) spaces performed using Q-unit spinor-splitting technique and use of SL(2C)-invariance of quaternion multiplication reveals close connexion of Q-geometry objects and Yang-Mills (YM) field principle characteristics. In particular, it is shown that Q-connexion (with quaternion non-metricity) and related curvature of 4 dimensional (4D) space-times with 3D Q-space sections are formally equivalent to respectively YM-field potential and strength, traditionally emerging from the minimal action assumption. Plausible links between YM field equation and Klein-Gordon equation, in particular via its known isomorphism with Duffin-Kemmer equation, are also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Plausible Explanation of Quantization of Intrinsic Redshift from Hall Effect and Weyl Quantization

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

Using phion condensate model as described by Moffat [1], we consider a plausible explanation of (Tifft) intrinsic redshift quantization as described by Bell [6] as result of Hall effect in rotating frame. We also discuss another alternative to explain redshift quantization from the viewpoint of Weyl quantization, which could yield Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on Geometric and Information Fusion Interpretation of Bell's Theorem and Quantum Measurement

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

In this paper we present four possible extensions of Bell's Theorem: Bayesian and Fuzzy Bayesian intrepretation, Information Fusion interpretation, Geometric interpretation, and the viewpoint of photon fluid as medium for quantum interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Schrödinger Equation and the Quantization of Celestial Systems

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

In the present article, we argue that it is possible to generalize Schrödinger equation to describe quantization of celestial systems. While this hypothesis has been described by some authors, including Nottale, here we argue that such a macroquantization was formed by topological superfluid vortice. We also provide derivation of Schrödinger equation from Gross-Pitaevskii-Ginzburg equation, which supports this superfluid dynamics interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Neutrosophic Logic View to Schrödinger's Cat Paradox

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

This article discusses Neutrosophic Logic interpretation of the Schrodinger's cat paradox. We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) which Neutrosophic Logic could take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzy Logic could not. For a balanced discussion, other interpretations have also been discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Entangled States and Quantum Causality Threshold in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Larissa Borissova, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 pages

This article shows, Synge-Weber's classical problem statement about two particles interacting by a signal can be reduced to the case where the same particle is located in two different points A and B of the basic space-time in the same moment of time, so the states A and B are entangled. This particle, being actual two particles in the entangled states A and B, can interact with itself radiating a photon (signal) in the point A and absorbing it in the point B. That is our goal, to introduce entangled states into General Relativity. Under specific physical conditions the entangled particles in General Relativity can reach a state where neither particle A nor particle B can be the cause of future events. We call this specific state Quantum Causality Threshold.
Category: Quantum Physics

There is no Speed Barrier for a Wave Phase Nor for Entangled Particles

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In this short paper, as an extension and consequence of Einstein-Podolski-Rosen paradox and Bell's inequality, one promotes the hypothesis (it has been called the Smarandache Hypothesis [1, 2, 3]) that: There is no speed barrier in the Universe and one can construct arbitrary speeds, and also one asks if it is possible to have an infinite speed (instantaneous transmission)? Future research: to study the composition of faster-than-light velocities and what happens with the laws of physics at faster-thanlight velocities?
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Quasi-Paradoxes and Quantum Sorites Paradoxes

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

There can be generated many paradoxes or quasi-paradoxes that may occur from the combination of quantum and non-quantum worlds in physics. Even the passage from the micro-cosmos to the macro-cosmos, and reciprocally, can generate unsolved questions or counter-intuitive ideas. We define a quasi-paradox as a statement which has a prima facie self-contradictory support or an explicit contradiction, but which is not completely proven as a paradox. We present herein four elementary quantum quasi-paradoxes and their corresponding quantum Sorites paradoxes, which form a class of quantum quasi-paradoxes.
Category: Quantum Physics

Essence Neutrosophy

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 34 pages, In Russian language

Essence Neutrosophy
Category: Quantum Physics

Multi-Valued Logic, Neutrosophy, and Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 109 pages

This book was intended to discuss some paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics from the viewpoint of Multi-Valued-logic pioneered by Lukasiewicz, and a recent concept Neutrosophic Logic. Essentially, this new concept offers new insights on the idea of 'identity', which too often it has been accepted as given. Neutrosophy itself was developed in attempt to generalize Fuzzy-Logic introduced by L. Zadeh. While some aspects of theoretical foundations of logic are discussed, this book is not intended solely for pure mathematicians, but instead for physicists in the hope that some of ideas presented herein will be found useful. The book is motivated by observation that despite almost eight decades, there is indication that some of those paradoxes known in Quantum Physics are not yet solved. In our knowledge, this is because the solution of those paradoxes requires re-examination of the foundations of logic itself, in particular on the notion of identity and multi-valuedness of entity. The book is also intended for young physicist fellows who think that somewhere there should be a 'complete' explanation of these paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics. If this book doesn't answer all of their questions, it is our hope that at least it offers a new alternative viewpoint for these old questions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Causality Threshold and Paradoxes

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 15 pages

In this paper we consider two entangled particles and study all the possibilities: when both are immobile, or one of them is immobile, or both are moving in different directions, or one of them is moving in a different direction. Then we study the causality between them and the paradoxes, which are generated. We define the Causality Threshold of a particle A with respect to another particle B.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantization in Astrophysics, Brownian Motion, and Supersymmetry

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 516 pages

The present book discusses, among other things, various quantization phenomena found in Astrophysics and some related issues including Brownian Motion. With recent discoveries of exoplanets in our galaxy and beyond, this Astrophysics quantization issue has attracted numerous discussions in the past few years. Most chapters in this book come from published papers in various peer-reviewed journals, and they cover different methods to describe quantization, including Weyl geometry, Supersymmetry, generalized Schrödinger, and Cartan torsion method. In some chapters Navier-Stokes equations are also discussed, because it is likely that this theory will remain relevant in Astrophysics and Cosmology While much of the arguments presented in this book are theoretical, nonetheless we recommend further observation in order to verify or refute the propositions described herein. It is of our hope that this volume could open a new chapter in our knowledge on the formation and structure of Astrophysical systems. The present book is also intended for young physicist and math fellows who perhaps will find the arguments described here are at least worth pondering.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on Unified Statistics Including Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Tsallis Statistics, and Plausible Extension to Anisotropic Effect

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

In the light of some recent hypotheses suggesting plausible unification of thermostatistics where Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and Tsallis statistics become its special subsets, we consider further plausible extension to include non-integer Hausdorff dimension, which becomes realization of fractal entropy concept. In the subsequent section, we also discuss plausible extension of this unified statistics to include anisotropic effect by using quaternion oscillator, which may be observed in the context of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Derivation of Biquaternion Schrödinger Equation and Plausible Implications

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we discuss some possible interpretation of this imaginary part of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE); thereafter we offer a new derivation of biquaternion Schrödinger equation using this method. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Derivation of Maxwell Equations in Quaternion Space

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

Quaternion space and its respective Quaternion Relativity (it also may be called as Rotational Relativity) has been defined in a number of papers, and it can be shown that this new theory is capable to describe relativistic motion in elegant and straightforward way. Nonetheless there are subsequent theoretical developments which remains an open question, for instance to derive Maxwell equations in Q-space. Therefore the purpose of the present paper is to derive a consistent description of Maxwell equations in Q-space. First we consider a simplified method similar to the Feynman's derivation of Maxwell equations from Lorentz force. And then we present another derivation method using Dirac decomposition, introduced by Gersten (1998). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify some implication of this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extension of the Big Bang Theory

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In this note we propose the extension of the Big Bang Theory of the origin of the Universe to the model that there are cycles of beginning and ending.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experiment to Test the Quantum Effect of a Waveguide (I)

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

The waveguide can be regarded as a potential barrier to microwaves and we apply quantum mechanics to study the coefficient of reflection R and transmission T . An initial experimental result is also presented in this paper that the transverse momentum of the electromagnetic field in a waveguide is zero which is no longer in proportion to the transverse wave vector. We're preparing to detect under other conditions and will report as soon as possible.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Reaction Force of Emitted Radiation: a Comment on Arxiv:1003.0247

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

The authors of [arxiv:1003.0247] neglect to consider that the source of radiation is an accelerated electron, that an emitted photon reacts, or pushes back, on the electron that releases it. This is a linear process, therefore a nonlinear Schrödinger equation is not applicable.
Category: Quantum Physics

"The Meaning of ψ "! an Interpretation of Schrödinger's Equation

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

In our derivation of Planck's Law (showing that this Formula is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of measurement) the 'accumulation of energy' locally at time t was a key variable. By starting with this as the primary variable and defining energy, momentum and force in terms of it we are able to mathematically derive such basic laws of Physics as Conservation of Energy and Momentum, and Newton's Second Law of Motion. Following the same approach we demonstrate in this short note how Schrödinger's Equation relates to this formulation. This leads to a physical meaning of the wave-function ψ and a plausible explanation of the double-slit experiment.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two Uncertainty Principles?

Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 8 pages. This paper is written in Spanish.

There are two uncertainty principles, but most of students get confused between both of them because of the lack of conceptual context that this topic is explained in books. In this article, both principles are discussed, making the differences between them clear. Also, I propose some examples that are very easy to understand by students.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Photoelectric Effect Without Photons

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages

Using the same ideas and approach followed in our derivation of Planck's Law is an exact mathematical identity and our explanation of the double-slit experiment, we in this note provide an explanation of the Photoelectric Effect and derive equations that conform well with experimental data.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck's Law is an Exact Mathematical Identity

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 3 pages

In this short note we mathematically derive Planck's Formula for blackbody radiation in Quantum Physics. This derivation shows that under certain plausible assumptions Planck's Formula is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of energy. Furthermore, these assumptions are well justified by mathematical derivations and established physical principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Plausible Explanation of the Double-Slit Experiment in Quantum Physics

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

A plausible non-Quantum Mechanical explanation to the double-slit experiment is considered. This is based on the view that globally energy propagates continuously as a wave while locally energy is manifested (measured or observed) in discrete units. The 1989 Tonomura 'single electron emissions' double-slit experiment is used as a backdrop to this discussion.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Double Rotation as Invariant of Motion in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 8 pages

Quantum mechanics may loose its weirdness if systematically geometric algebra methods would be used more. Crucial aspect is to find laws of quantum mechanics be present in macroworld in form of description of motions rather than objects. To help to reach this goal we suggest to use double rotation as one of base invariants in quantum mechanics. We suggest to consider geometric algebra as algebra of motion and double rotation specifically.
Category: Quantum Physics

Equivalent Waveguide Representation for Dirac Plane Waves

Authors: Giuliano Bettini, Alberto Bicci
Comments: 18 pages

Ideas about the electron as a sort of a bound electromagnetic wave and/or the electron as electromagnetic field trapped in (equivalent) waveguide can be found more or less explicitly in many papers, for example by Zhi-Yong Wang, Roald Ekholdt, David Hestenes, V.A.Induchoodan Menon, J. G. Williamson, M. B. van der Mark. What we want to show here is that the Dirac equation for electron and positron plane waves admits an equivalent electrical circuit, consisting of an equivalent transmission line. The same transmission line is representative of a mode in waveguide, so you can also say that the Dirac equation for plane waves includes an implicit representation in terms of an equivalent waveguide. All the calculation will be done in elementary form, with the usual notations of circuit theory and electromagnetism, without the need to resort to Clifford algebra as in previous papers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Standing (Electromagnetic) Wave Structure of the Electron III Creation of the Electric Charge

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.

The author shows that that just as the mass and the spin, the electric charge of the electron also could be attributed to its standing helical (electromagnetic) half wave structure [1]. It turns out that the fine structure constant is the ratio of the electromagnetic field energy of the electron to its total energy. The magnetic dipole moment of the electron also emerges in a simple manner from the standing helical half wave structure. This structure rules out the existence of the magnetic monopole. The standing helical half wave structure also allows two states which would not possess any charge while having spin of ?h. The author suggests that they could very well represent the neutrino and the anti-neutrino.
Category: Quantum Physics

λ=h/p is Universal?

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

de Broglie formula to photons in an unbounded space is E=hν and λ=h/p. According to electrodynamics, nevertheless,we prove the ratio E/p in a waveguide is greater than the product νλ which implies E=hν and p=h/λ cannot be tenable at the same time. Then the Casimir effect is applied to confirm E=hν and p<h/λ. It is helpful to study quantum tunnelling and superluminality[1]~[2], Cavity-QED, origin of mass, etc. The microwave experiment to test is also presented.
Category: Quantum Physics

Getting Path Integrals Physically and Technically Right

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 20 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0910.2490 [physics.gen-ph].

Feynman's Lagrangian path integral was an outgrowth of Dirac's vague surmise that Lagrangians have a role in quantum mechanics. Lagrangians implicitly incorporate Hamilton's first equation of motion, so their use contravenes the uncertainty principle, but they are relevant to semiclassical approximations and relatedly to the ubiquitous case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta, which accounts for the Lagrangian path integral's "success". Feynman also invented the Hamiltonian path integral, which is fully compatible with the uncertainty principle. This paper refines that path integral to automatically enforce standard endpoint stipulations on the paths over which it integrates, which makes proof of its key decomposition property straightforward. Orthogonal path expansion using "Taylor-normalized" Legendre polynomials in time enables that path integral to be evaluated unambiguously through first order in its elapsed time. This, together with its decomposition property, shows that the path integral satisfies the Schrödinger equation with a unique quantization of its classical Hamiltonian. A widespread misconception regarding that uniqueness is traced to the erroneous belief that widely separated path endpoint stipulations are not fulfilled for arbitrarily short nonzero elapsed times. The paper also obtains the quantum amplitude for any stipulated configuration or momentum path, which turns out to be an unrestricted functional integral over, respectively, all momentum or all configuration paths. The first of these results is directly compared with Feynman's mistaken Lagrangian-action hypothesis for such a configuration path amplitude, with special heed to the case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unambiguous Quantization from the Maximum Classical Correspondence that is Self-Consistent: the Slightly Stronger Canonical Commutation Rule Dirac Missed

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 10 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0908.3755 [quant-ph].

Dirac's identification of the quantum analog of the Poisson bracket with the commutator is reviewed, as is the threat of self-inconsistent overdetermination of the quantization of classical dynamical variables which drove him to restrict the assumption of correspondence between quantum and classical Poisson brackets to embrace only the Cartesian components of the phase space vector. Dirac's canonical commutation rule fails to determine the order of noncommuting factors within quantized classical dynamical variables, but does imply the quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets between any linear function of phase space and the sum of an arbitrary function of only configuration space with one of only momentum space. Since every linear function of phase space is itself such a sum, it is worth checking whether the assumption of quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets for all such sums is still self-consistent. Not only is that so, but this slightly stronger canonical commutation rule also unambiguously determines the order of noncommuting factors within quantized dynamical variables in accord with the 1925 Born-Jordan quantization surmise, thus replicating the results of the Hamiltonian path integral, a fact first realized by E. H. Kerner. Born-Jordan quantization validates the generalized Ehrenfest theorem, but has no inverse, which disallows the disturbing features of the poorly physically motivated invertible Weyl quantization, i.e., its unique deterministic classical "shadow world" which can manifest negative densities in phase space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sound Relativistic Quantum Mechanics for a Strictly Solitary Nonzero-Mass Particle, and Its Quantum-Field Reverberations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 9 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0909.4025 [physics.gen-ph].

It is generally acknowledged that neither the Klein-Gordon equation nor the Dirac Hamiltonian can produce sound solitary-particle relativistic quantum mechanics due to the ill effects of their negative-energy solutions; instead their field-quantized wavefunctions are reinterpreted as dealing with particle and antiparticle simultaneously - despite the clear physical distinguishability of antiparticle from particle and the empirically known slight breaking of the underlying CP invariance. The natural square-root Hamiltonian of the free relativistic solitary particle is iterated to obtain the Klein-Gordon equation and linearized to obtain the Dirac Hamiltonian, steps that have calculational but not physical motivation, and which generate the above-mentioned problematic negative-energy solutions as extraneous artifacts. Since the natural square-root Hamiltonian for the free relativistic solitary particle contrariwise produces physically unexceptionable quantum mechanics, this article focuses on extending that Hamiltonian to describe a solitary particle (of either spin 0 or spin ½ in relativistic interaction with an external electromagnetic field. That is achieved by use of Lorentz-covariant solitary-particle four-momentum techniques together with the assumption that well-known nonrelativistic dynamics applies in the particle's rest frame. Lorentz-invariant solitary-particle actions, whose formal Hamiltonization is an equivalent alternative approach, are as well explicitly displayed. It is proposed that two separate solitary-particle wavefunctions, one for a particle and the other for its antiparticle, be independently quantized in lieu of "reinterpreting" negative-energy solutions - which indeed don't even afflict proper solitary particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Lepton Generation Problem, Some Properties and Implications of the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation.

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables, Submitted to the Apeiron Journal

This reading is a continuation of the earlier reading Nyambuya (2008); where three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations have been derived mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of fermions and the suggestions is that particles including the Electron, which is thought to be a point particle, do have a finite spatial size and this is one of the reasons for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. Combining the idea in Nyambuya (2008) which lead to the derivation of the three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations, and the proposed Unified Field Theory (Nyambuya 2007), a total of 12 equations each with 16 sub-components are generated thus leading to a total of 192 equations for the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation. Some symmetries of these equations are investigated, i.e., the Lorentz symmetry, charge conjugation symmetry (C), time reversal symmetry (T), Space reversal (P) and a combination of the C, P&T-symmetries. It is shown that these equations are Lorentz invariant, obey C-symmetry and that some violate T and P-symmetry while others do not and that they all obey PT-symmetry. These symmetries show (or modestly said - seem to suggest) that anti-particles have positive mass and energy but a negative rest-mass and the opposite sign in electronic charge. Through the inspection of these symmetries, a suggestion is (here) made to the effect that the rest-mass of a particle must be related to the electronic charge of that particle thus leading us to a possible resolution of whether or not Neutrinos do have a none-zero rest-mass. Additionally, we demonstrate that these equations have the potency to explain naturally the observed lepton generation phenomena.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zitterbewegung and Higgs Particle. a Short Introduction.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 19 pages, In Italian

As I showed in my previous writings [16], a field similar to the gauge boson W provides a helical motion that transforms a TEM in a TE (or TM) in a waveguide. This helical motion in the Hestenes interpretation of electron is the zitterbewegung. In [16] I just talk about electromagnetic fields, TEM and TE, TM. I noticed that "a TEM is wrapped in a waveguide and becomes a TE or TM with mass" and "the Higgs particle do not appear". Similarities inevitable appear, already appeared in [15], all questionable, with neutrinos and electrons / positrons. However Hestenes in "Spacetime calculus", speaking of the helical motion ie zitterbewegung makes more explicitly the hypothesis that, given the above similarities, it seems interesting: "This opens up possibilities for integrating the zitterbewegung idea with electroweak theory. Evidently that would obviate the need for including Higgs bosons in the theory, since the zitterbewegung provides an alternative mechanism to account for the electron mass." In face of a possible elimination of the Higgs particle from the electroweak theory it appears useful to repeat my ideas in a popular way.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Representing a Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-II-Incorporating Spin

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 17 Pages.

The author extends his approach which treats the elementary particle as a standing luminal half wave to the 3-dimensional situation incorporating spin. It is shown that the function representing the circularly polarized standing electromagnetic half wave is a solution to the Dirac equation and the two positive energy solutions turn out to be formed by the forward and the reverse luminal half waves belonging to two different spin states of the standing wave. In the process, the author presents the physical picture behind the spinor representation of the particle. The standing wave structure formed by the circularly polarized luminal wave offers a simple explanation for the "zitterbewegung" undergone by the electron. Besides, this structure of the half spin particle offers a simple but elegant explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 8 pages, Published in Foundation of Physics, Vol. 38, pp.665-667, July 2008 Issue, pp. 665-677; Also archived at http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0936

I propose three new curved spacetime versions of the Dirac Equation. These equations have been developed mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of Fermions. The derived equations suggest that particles including the Electron which is thought to be a point particle do have a finite spatial size which is the reason for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. A serendipitous result of the theory, is that, to of the equation exhibits an asymmetry in their positive and negative energy solutions the first suggestion of which is clear that a solution to the problem as to why the Electron and Moun - despite their acute similarities - exhibit an asymmetry in their mass is possible. The Moun is often thought as an Electron in a higher energy state. Another of the consequences of three equations emanating from the asymmetric serendipity of the energy solutions of two of these equations, is that, an explanation as to why Leptons exhibit a three stage mass hierarchy is possible.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a General Spin Dirac Equation

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 7 pages, Published in the Apeiron Journal, 2009, Vol. 4, pp.516-531: http://redshift.vif.com/JournalFiles/V16NO4PDF/V16N4NYA.pdf

In its bare and natural form, the Dirac Equation describes only spin-1/2 particles. The main purpose of this reading is to make a valid and justified mathematical modification to the Dirac Equation so that it describes any spin particle. We show that this mathematical modification is consistent with the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). We believe that the fact that this modification is consistent with the STR gives the present effort some physical justification that warrants further investigations. From the vantage point of unity, simplicity and beauty, it is natural to wonder why should there exist different equations to describe particles of different spins? For example, the Klein-Gordon equation describes spin-0 particles, while the Dirac Equation describes spin-1/2, and the Rarita-Schwinger Equation describes spin-3/2. Does it mean we have to look for another equation to describe spin-2 particles, and then spin-5/2 particles etc? This does not look beautiful, simple, or at the very least suggest a Unification of the Natural Laws. Beauty of a theory is not a physical principle but, one thing is clear to the searching mind - i.e., a theory that possesses beauty, appeals to the mind, and is (posteriori) bound to have something to do with physical reality if it naturally submits itself to the test of experience. The effort of the present reading is to make the attempt to find this equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electroweak Forces Acting on TE, TM, TEM.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 45 pages, In Italian

In a previous paper [1] we showed that the energy impulse four vector of the propagation of electromagnetic fields into a waveguide and in free space can be described by a Dirac spinor ψ . This suggest an analogy with for example TE-electron, TM-positron and possibly TEM-neutrino. Aim of this work is an interpretation of the action, if any, of the electroweak gauge group SU(2) ⊗ U(1) on the before mentioned e.m. fields (TE, TM, TEM modes). This is based on the following observation: the energy impulse four vector is invariant under a global transformation of SU(2) ⊗ U(1), so ψ can be "gauged" in order to verify the effect not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the weak forces. In other words, what are "weak forces", if any, on TE, TM and TEM? Obviously this requires "a modification of the Dirac equation to accomodate the larger gauge group" (Hestenes, [2]). This is in fact done here, and it is shown that the analogous of the "weak forces" can be roughly interpreted in the following way: the W boson acts as a horn antenna (receiving or transmitting), performing the transformation TEM ↔ TE, TM, giving or subtracting mass to the field; the Z⁰ boson is as a radar target acting on the TEM (neutrinos) with a doppler frequency. Those objects have a mathematical counterpart in gauge fields. No Higgs boson is needed in the theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 53 pages, In Italian

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Entropy Rate of Thermal Diffusion

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 9 pages

The thermal diffusion of a free particle is a random process and generates entropy at a rate equal to twice the particle's temperature, R = 2k_BT/ℎ (in natural units of information per second). The rate is calculated using a Gaussian process with a variance of (Δx₀ + Δp⋅t/m)². One would be keen to notice that the solution to the quantum mechanical diffusion of a free particle is (Δx₀)² + (Δp⋅t/m)², however we assume that concurrent to quantum diffusion, the center of the wavepacket is also undergoing classical diffusion which adds an addition variance in the amount of (ℎ⋅t/m), making up the difference. Derivations of the variance and subsequent entropy rate are given.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Electric Charge and Magnetization Distribution of the Nucleon: Evidence of a Subatomic Turing Wave Pattern

Authors: Paul A. LaViolette
Comments: 30 pages, This paper was published in 2008 in the International Journal of General Systems., vol 37, pp. 649-676.

Subquantum kinetics, a physics methodology that applies general systems theoretic concepts to the field of microphysics has gained the status of being a viable unified field theory. Earlier publications of this theory had proposed that a subatomic particle should consist of an electrostatic field that has the form of a radial Turing wave pattern whose form is maintained through the ongoing activity of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion medium that fills all space. This subatomic Turing wave prediction now finds confirmation in recent nucleon scattering form factor data which show that the nucleon core has a Gaussian charge density distribution with a peripheral periodicity whose wavelength approximates the particle's Compton wavelength and which declines in amplitude with increasing radial distance. The subquantum kinetics explanation for the origin of charge correctly anticipates the observation that the proton's charge density wave pattern is positively biased while the neutron's is not. The phenomenon of beta decay is interpreted as the onset of a secondary bifurcation leading from the uncharged neutron solution to the charged proton solution. The Turing wave dissipative structure prediction is able to account in a unitary fashion for nuclear binding, particle diffraction, and electron orbital quantization. The wave packet model is shown to be fundamentally flawed implying that quantum mechanics does not realistically represent the microphysical world. This new conception points to the possible existence of orbital energy states below the Balmer ground state whose transitions may be tapped as a new source of energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Does the Non-Locality of Quantum Phenomena Guarantee the Emergence of Entropy?

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau
Comments: 23 Pages. Special thanks to Paola Zizzi, who invited this submission for the Quantum Spaces special issue of Entropy. It was later withdrawn by the author, but appears here as submitted, with a slight correction to the abstract.

Quantum-Mechanical objects and phenomena have a different nature, and follow a different set of rules, from their classical counterparts. Two interesting aspects are the superposition of states and the non-locality of objects and phenomena. A third aspect, that gives quantum-mechanical objects which have common roots a non-local connection, is quantum entanglement. This paper takes up the question of whether these three properties of quantum mechanical systems facilitate the action of entropy's increase, in terms of creating a condition where energy is dispersing, or going from being localized to being more spread out over time. Quantum Mechanics gives each quantum entity the nature of a container or vehicle for both energy and information, some part of which is necessarily non-local. The author feels that quantum-mechanical systems take on aspects of computing engines, in this context. He discusses how the onset of chaos is possible with even the simplest calculational processes, how these processes also result in complexity building, and why both of these dynamics contribute to the character of entropy as observed in ordinary affairs, or with macroscopic systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

How the Classical World Got Its Localization: an Elementary Account of How the Age of the Universe May be Implicated in the Quantum-Classical Transition

Authors: C. L. Herzenberg
Comments: 11 Pages.

An expanding universe of finite duration appears to impose limits on the temporal and spatial extent of quantum waves. These limitations seem to be able to bring about localization for sufficiently large quantum objects that can resemble classical behavior. A threshold for a transition from quantum to classical behavior of a physical object is derived in terms of the magnitude of its moment of inertia.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics, Brownian Motion, Weyl Geometry and Fisher Information

Authors: Carlos Castro, Jorge Mahecha
Comments: 16 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol. 1 (2006) 38-45.

A new nonlinear Schrödinger equation is obtained explicitly from the (fractal) Brownian motion of a massive particle with a complex-valued diffusion constant. Real-valued energy plane-wave solutions and solitons exist in the free particle case. One remarkable feature of this nonlinear Schrödinger equation based on a ( fractal) Brownian motion model, over all the other nonlinear QM models, is that the quantum-mechanical energy functional coincides precisely with the field theory one. We finalize by showing why a complex momentum is essential to fully understand the physical implications of Weyl's geometry in QM, along with the interplay between Bohm's Quantum potential and Fisher Information which has been overlooked by several authors in the past.
Category: Quantum Physics

There is no Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in Clifford-Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 8 pages, This article appeared in Adv. Studies in Theor. Phys. 1, no. 12 (2007) 603-610.

It is shown how one can attain the desired locally causal property of QM in Clifford-spaces despite the spacelike separation of two massive spin-½ particles involved in the Einstein-Podolksy-Rosen (EPR) experiment. This is achieved by proving why the addition laws of the particles poly-vector-valued momentum in Clifford-space is null-like. This is the key reason why it is possible to implement a locally causal QM theory in Clifford-spaces despite that QM has a non-local character in ordinary spacetime. The two particles can exchange signals in Clifford-space encoding their respective spin measurement values. Consequently, there is no EPR paradox in the Clifford space associated with the Clifford algebra Cl(3,1) of the underlying 4D spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Information Mechanics

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 24 pages

Advances in science are brought fourth by hypothesizing that the action of a system is a direct measure of the amount of information in that system. We begin to interpret this governing hypothesis by examining its implications to current research. From this investigation, we find four primary conclusions.

1. To properly and completely quantify the amount of information contained within a particle (or system), one must add the self-information of both the wavefunction and its Fourier transform pair.
2. Information in nature is found in packets quantized to an integer number of the natural units.
3. Over a period of time, the energy of a system acts like an information rate and thus the information needed to describe that system for that period of time is equal to the product of the energy and the time divided by the minimum uncertainty.
4. At a given instant in time, the angular momentum, J, of a system is in direct proportion to the amount of information that is contained within or can be transmitted by that system.

Critic of Notions of Official Physics Concerning a Microcosm

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 11 pages

In the article a critic of the main notions of a modern physics is given
Category: Quantum Physics

Conditions for Entanglement

Authors: Dieter Gernert
Comments: 6 pages. Journal reference: Frontier Perspectives, vol. 14, no. 2, 8-13 (2005)

Whereas entanglement and nonlocality belong to the fundamental findings of quantum theory, possible extensions to macroscopic systems outside the quantum laboratory are scarcely studied. This paper analyses conditions for entanglement to occur on a macrophysical level. An empirical basis is given by historic episodes and modern quantitative data. Theoretical understanding can start from the concept of perspective notions; the crucial new term is "common prearranged context", which characterizes the preparation to be made in advance (or naturally given conditions) in order to enable entanglement. A mathematical formalization is possible and gives some insight about how to handle perspective notions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interplay of Fields

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 15 pages

In the article the different aspects of interplay of fields with field carriers are reviewed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unified Theory Replaces Quantum Theory & Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 11 pages

Heisenberg argued that wave and particle are too exclusively different in properties, making the intrinsic wave-quantum unity of light impossible to visualize and describe by the language. He invented mathematical Quantum Theory to circumvent visualization and inadequacy of language. But mathematics too is a language to supplement description. He used it to superimpose hidden concepts leading to the Uncertainty Principle. In Unified Theory the wave & particle aspects of electromagnetic radiation and moving material particle coexist blended together as wave-quantum UNITY. This is also supported by experiments. The wave-or-quantum DUALITIES of Quantum Theory appear due to experimental limitations to observe only one and not both of the two aspects simultaneously. Conservation of mass & momentum are inviolable. Matter's creation from, or dissolution into, 'nothing' is unrealistic. So the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is rejected as unrealistic and new Principle of Null Action with universal applications is introduced. The Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Theory is reappraised critically.
Category: Quantum Physics

Formation and Constitution of Solar System

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 15 pages

In the article is shown, that the planets are in quantum exited states and have appeared as a result of capture bodily or in the greater part.
Category: Quantum Physics

Radiations

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 13 pages.

In the article the different kinds of radiations are considered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Frequency of Photons in Absolute Space of a Newton

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 19 pages

In the article the radiation and reception of photons in different conditions is considered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties of the Geometric Phases on Qbits

Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 39 pages. This paper is written in Spanish. The title and the abstact are written in both languages English and Spanish. The content is in Spanish.

Since Berry demostrated that the standard description of adiabatic processes in quantum mechanics was incomplete, geometric phases have been studied in many areas of physics. Both adiabatic and non-adiabatic phase are described in detail, with the mathematical background. Then we study the qbit, that is the principal unit of information of the quantum computation, and its representation on the Bloch sphere. Finally we find the general expression for geometric phases for qbits. Those final expression are in fact related to the solid angle enclosed in the circuit on the Bloch sphere.
Category: Quantum Physics

Audit of a Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 12 pages

The problems solving of a quantum mechanics is obtained by a classic way or with the help of a corpuscular quantum mechanics
Category: Quantum Physics

Neoclassical Physics Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 21 pages

In the article the motion of a body on a circumference is updated and the hypothesis of originating of a gravidynamic field is stated at motion of gravitational charges.
Category: Quantum Physics

Some Reasons About Motion Photons

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 17 pages

In the article the motion of photons is reviewed in connection with miscellaneous properties of light.
Category: Quantum Physics

Theory of Heat Radiation and Degradation of Oscillators

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

Is offered neoclassical of the Planck formula construction and the degradation of oscillators resulting in to originating of relict radiation is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

The N Particle Model

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 56 pages

The universe is made of a single elementary particle that is neither created nor destroyed. I have named that particle the N particle. A one elementary particle model that makes physics as simple as it can get is the ultimate in Occam's razor. This is a simple theory of everything. I analyze only simple symmetries, usually just point sources or spherical objects, so the geometry is simple and the equations are simple. Everything is at the level of introductory physics using calculus and some very important pieces of the puzzle are at the middle school science level.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Role of Space and Time in Non-Relativistic Quantum Physics

Authors: Rafael-Andrés Alemañ-Berenguer
Comments: 10 pages

Since the very begining of quantum theory there started a debate on the proper role of space and time in it. Some authors assumed that space and time have their own algebraic operators. On that basis they supposed that quantum particles had "coordinates of position", even though those coordinates were not possible to determine with infinite precision. Furthermore, time in quantum physics was taken to be on an equal foot, by means of a so-called "Heisenberg's fourth relation of indeterminacy" concerning time and energy. In this paper, the proper role of space and time in the core of non-relativistic quantum phsysics is analyzed. We will find that, rigorously, that relation for time and energy shows a different root. For the role of space, it will be discussed that there is no "coordinate of position" in the conceptual structure of quantum physics because quantum particles are not point-like objects.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Introduction to the Neutrosophic Probability Applied in Quantum Physics

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In this paper one generalizes the classical probability and imprecise probability to the notion of "neutrosophic probability" in order to be able to model Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of a particle's behavior, Schrödinger's Cat Theory, and the state of bosons which do not obey Pauli's Exclusion Principle (in quantum physics). Neutrosophic probability is close related to neutrosophic logic and neutrosophic set, and etymologically derived from "neutrosophy".
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M⁴ x CP₂ to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP₂ and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M⁴) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP₂) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP₂) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP₂ and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M⁴ metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kähler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter Waves and Orbital Quantum Numbers

Authors: Roger Ellman
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The atom's orbital electron structure in terms of quantum numbers (principal, azimuthal, magnetic and spin) results in space for a maximum of: 2 electrons in the n=1 orbit, 8 electrons in the n=2 orbit, 18 electrons in the n=3 orbit, and so on. Those dispositions are correct, but that is not because of quantum numbers nor angular momentum nor a "Pauli exclusion principle". Matter waves were discovered in the early 20th century from their wavelength, which was predicted by DeBroglie to be, Planck's constant divided by the particle's momentum, λ_mw = h/m.v . But, the failure to obtain a reasonable theory for the matter wave frequency resulted in loss of interest. That problem is resolved in "A Reconsideration of Matter Waves" 2 in which a reinterpretation of Einstein's derivation of relativistic kinetic energy [which produced his famous E = m.c²] leads to a valid matter wave frequency and a new understanding of particle kinetics and the atom's stable orbits. It is analytically shown that the orbital electron arrangement is enforced by the necessity of accommodating the space that each orbiting electron's matter wave occupies.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Solution of the Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Yoshio Kishi, SeiIchiro Umehara
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

We obtained a new solution of Schrödinger equation by the method of Euclidean approach (Wick rotation). This is a wave motion which is fluctuating.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum and Hadronic Mechanics, the Diffusion and Iso-Diffusion Representations

Authors: Diego L. Rapoport
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

It is appropiate to start by quoting page xv "a first meaning of the novel hadronic mechanics is that of providing the first known methods for quantitative studies of the interplay between matter and the underlying substratum. The understanding is that space is the final frontier of human knowledge, with potential outcomes beyond the most vivid science fiction of today". In this almost prophetic observations, Prof. Santilli has pointed out to the essential role of the substratum, its geometrical structure and the link with consciousness. In the present article, which we owe to the kind invitation of Prof. Santilli, we shall present similar views, specifically in presenting both quantum and hadronic mechanics as spacetime fluctuations, and we shall discuss the role of the substratum. As for the problem of human knowledge, we shall very briefly indicate on how the present approach may be related to the fundamental problem of consciousness, which is that of self-reference.
Category: Quantum Physics

Torsion Fields, Brownian Motions, Quantum and Hadronic Mechanics

Authors: Diego L. Rapoport
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

We review the relation between space-time geometries with torsion fields (the so-called Riemann-Cartan-Weyl (RCW) geometries) and their associated Brownian motions. In this setting, the metric conjugate of the tracetorsion one-form is the drift vector field of the Brownian motions. Thus, in the present approach space-time fluctuations as Brownian motions are -in distinction with Nelson's Stochastic Mechanics- space-time structures. Thus, space and time have a fractal structure. We discuss the relations with Nottale's theory of Scale Relativity, which stems from Nelson's approach. We characterize the Schroedinger equation in terms of the RCW geometries and Brownian motions. In this work, the Schroedinger field is a torsion generating field. The potential functions on Schroedinger equations can be alternatively linear or nonlinear on the wave function, leading to nonlinear and linear creation-annihilation of particles by diffusion systems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interpretation of Solution of Radial Biquaternion Klein-Gordon Equation and Comparison with Eqpet/tsc Model

Authors: V. Christianto, F. Smarandache
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In a previous publication,1 we argued that the biquaternionic extension of the Klein-Gordon equation has numerical solution with sinusoidal form, which differs appreciably from conventional Yukawa potential. In the present article we interpret and compare this result from the viewpoint of the EQPET/TSC (Electronic Quasi-Particle Expansion Theory/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate) model described by Takahashi.2 Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimental Paradoxist Linguistics

Authors: F. Smarandache
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This volume includes author's paradoxist experiments in linguistics from a literary point of view. One devises various methods that deviate and alter the classical form of some linguistic expressions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum and Hadronic Mechanics, the Diffusion and Iso-Heisenberg Representations

Authors: Diego L. Rapoport
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

It is appropiate to start by quoting Prof. Santilli: "a first meaning of the novel hadronic mechanics is that of providing the first known methods for quantitative studies of the interplay between matter and the underlying substratum. The understanding is that space is the final frontier of human knowledge, with potential outcomes beyond the most vivid science fiction of today". In this almost prophetic observation, Prof. Santilli has pointed out to the essential role of the substratum, its geometrical structure and the link with consciousness. In the present article, which we owe to the kind invitation of Prof. Santilli, we shall present similar views, specifically in presenting both quantum and hadronic mechanics as space-time fluctuations, and we shall discuss the role of the substratum. As for the problem of human knowledge, we shall very briefly indicate on how the present approach may be related to the fundamental problem of consciousness, which is that of self-reference.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Objection to Copenhagen Interpretation and an Explanation of the Two-Slit Experiment from the Viewpoint of Waviness.

Authors: Yoshio Kishi, Seiichiro Umehara
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

We suggest that the electron is a wave in the whole process between the electron gun and the sensor. Between the two-slit and the sensor, the following two phenomena happen to the waves: interference and Fraunhofer diffraction. Due to these two phenomena, a considerably sharp shape of wave is finally made in front of the sensor, and a bright spot appears on the sensor. The experiment result that a bright spot appears at random can be explained by the abovementioned two phenomena and the "fluctuation" of the potential energy that the filament of the biprism makes. All are the wave motion phenomena, and, put simply, the particle called an electron does not exist.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Three Step Program for Return to Reality in Physics

Authors: Paul J. Werbos
Comments: 17 Pages. link noted between mass given by new soliton model and empirical data

Modern physics has become so vast and so complicated that a deep connection between empirical technologically-oriented physics and the realm of basic theory becomes more and more a rare exercise in crossdisciplinary cooperation. This paper will give an overview of many important developments both on the empirical side and the theoretical side, well known to both but not to each other, and give the specifics of a way to connect them more effectively. After the initial review, it provides a three-step program for reorganizing and simplifying our fundamental assumptions about the laws of physics, starting by linking recent progress in areas like backwards time physics, coherence phenomena in quantum optics and cavity QED to the retrieval of an updated form of Einstein’s vision of a universe of mathematically elegant and rigorous continuous fields, addressing empirical and theoretical questions which are still open in the study of nuclear interactions and in the mathematical study of solitons, including the Higgs boson.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Three Step Program for Return to Reality in Physics

Authors: Paul J. Werbos
Comments: 16 Pages. A few extra citations, three-step structure more explicit, still 16p

Modern physics has become so vast and so complicated that a deep connection between empirical technologically-oriented physics and the realm of basic theory becomes more and more a rare exercise in crossdisciplinary cooperation. This paper will give an overview of many important developments both on the empirical side and the theoretical side, well known to both but not to each other, and give the specifics of a way to connect them more effectively. After the initial review, it provides a three-step program for reorganizing and simplifying our fundamental assumptions about the laws of physics, starting by linking recent progress in areas like backwards time physics, coherence phenomena in quantum optics and cavity QED to the retrieval of an updated form of Einstein’s vision of a universe of mathematically elegant and rigorous continuous fields, addressing empirical and theoretical questions which are still open in the study of nuclear interactions and in the mathematical study of solitons, including the Higgs boson.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Hilbert Book Model; in Concise Format

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 185 Pages.

The Hilbert Book Model is a simple model of fundamental physics that is strictly based on the axioms of traditional quantum logic. It uses a sequence of instances of an extension of a quaternionic separable Hilbert space that each represent a static status quo of the whole universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Mass

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper is part of the Hilbert Book Model

Mass is caused by fields of elementary particles that are able of creating cavities at their center. Another cause is the presence of a different geometric anomaly such as a black hole.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 3 Pages. This paper is part of the Hilbert Book Model

Physical fields form the solution of nature for the problem that the set of observations is overwhelming the set of underlying variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

Continuity Equation for Quaternionic Quantum Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 26 Pages. This paper is part of the Hilbert Book Model

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered “charge” is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (QPAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. It is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. Further, a whole series of equivalent equations of motions is derived from the possible sign flavor couplings. The corresponding particles are identified as member of the standard model. The coupling constant of the particles can be computed from their fields. In this way all known particles in the standard model can be identified.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity as a Result Quantum Vacuum Energy Density

Authors: Amrit Sorli
Comments: 2 Pages.

Recent report of CERN does not give much chance to the existence of Higgs boson. An alternative solution for mass generating is change of density of quantum vacuum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quaternionic Continuity Equation for Charges

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 21 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (PAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the PAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, a whole series of equivalent equations of motions is derived from the possible flavor couplings. The corresponding particles are identified. The mass of the particles can be computed from their fields. In this way all of the particles in the standard model can be identified. The interpretation of these extra equations leads to the insight that when fermions take a new position, they must step over a forbidden region. Finally, the role of the quaternionic covariant derivative is explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quaternionic Continuity Equation for Charges

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 18 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (PAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the PAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, a whole series of equivalent equations of motions is derived from the possible flavor couplings. The corresponding particles are identified. The mass of the particles can be computed from their fields. The interpretation of these extra equations leads to the insight that when fermions take a new position, they must step over a forbidden region. Finally, the role of the quaternionic covariant derivative is explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quatnionic Continuity Equation for Charges

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 12 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (PAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the PAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, the difference between the quaternionic Dirac equation and the quaternionic Majorana equation is explained. The interpretation of these extra equations leads to the insight that when fermions take a new position, they must step over a forbidden region. Finally, the role of the quaternionic covariant derivative is explained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clear Explanation of Three Cardinal Mistake of Physics of the 20th Century.

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 2 pages.

In this paper author believes that at least three basic concepts of contemporary physics, Millikan's experiments, de Broglie hypotesis and relations E= mc² and E=hν must be overviewed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Artificial Ball Lightning Production and Exploitation Device for Zero Point Electric Energy Usage.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 10 Pages

Function Follows Form (FFF) in Quantum FFF THEORY. The Form and Microstructure of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of Functional differences between massless Higgs- Graviton- Photon/Gluon- and spinning propeller shaped Fermion particles with mass. In Quantum FFF Theory, Ball Lightning is assumed to represent a small scale New Paradigm Black Hole (NPBH), able to produce so called Zero Point Energy. (ZPE) In this letter we describe a possible design for production and exploitation of such ball lightnings, based on experimental experiences with Silicon-discharge fireball examples and our proposal for a new paradigm black hole based ball lightning, as a part of Quantum FFF theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Artificial Ball Lightning Production and Exploitation Device for Zero Point Electric Energy Usage.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 8 Pages

Function Follows Form (FFF) in Quantum FFF THEORY. The Form and Microstructure of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of Functional differences between massless Higgs- Graviton- Photon/Gluon- and spinning propeller shaped Fermion particles with mass. In Quantum FFF Theory, Ball Lightning is assumed to represent a small scale New Paradigm Black Hole (NPBH), able to produce so called Zero Point Energy. (ZPE) In this letter we describe a possible design for production and exploitation of such ball lightnings, based on experimental experiences with Silicon-discharge fireball examples and our proposal for a new paradigm black hole based ball lightning, as a part of Quantum FFF theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Big Crash of Basic Concepts of Physics of the 20th Century?

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 8 pages

This paper analyzes the quantities of energy and momentum in the definitional relationship of relativistic mechanics, in the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and in the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation. The results of analysis show that Planck constant and relativistic relationships on the length contraction and increase in mass are a reflection of the same physical principles in nature, that instead of identifying λ as the wave of matter in the de Broglie hypothesis h/λ=mv with the rest state λ=∞ this λ must be connected with the real dimension of particle λ=l_o with the rest state value h/λ_o= m_oc= hν_o/c and that on this basis we can come to the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics that are the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation without the necessity of the wave functions. The results of analysis show that energies in relativistic mechanics as mc², mvc, m_oc² and energy of a photon hν do not represent quantity of energy, but quantity of momentum multiplied by c, so mc.c, mv.c, moc.c, hν/c.c and merely the dimension of such quantities equals in dimension the quantity of energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Big Crash of Basic Concepts of Physics of the 20th Century?

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 8 pages

This paper analyzes the quantities of energy and momentum in the definitional relationship of relativistic mechanics, in the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and in the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation. The results of analysis shows that Planck constant and relativistic relationships on the length contraction and increase in mass are a reflection of the same physical principles in nature, that in the de Broglie momentum idea h/λ = mv the wave of matter λ must be connected with a real dimension l_o = h/m_oc of a particle and that on this basis we can come to the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics that are the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equation without the necessity of the wave functions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra, 3 and 4-Dimensional Analytic Functions with Applications. Manuscripts of the Last Century.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 63 pages, v2 in Italian, v3 in English

The greatest revolution in the number from the days of Pythagoras. The similarity between quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. Are we a three-dimensional television show? These and other fascinating topics are addressed by the author in this paper at once popular and mathematical, which leads us to a world still largely unexplored. Are we facing with what is (up to now) the true language of Physics? "Clifford's algebra - he called it 'geometric algebra' - is now well recognized as the natural algebra for describing physics in 3-space, but it hasn't yet caught on in engineering, or even in standard treatments of electricity and magnetism or fluid dynamics, where vector analysis with its ugly cross product still holds sway" (Mark Buchanan, Nature Physics 7, 442, 2011). But can physics laws be derived from Clifford algebra and analytic functions? And why? From simple postulates of geometrical nature (or, I mean, which simply precisely define our language) it seems that we arrive at equations of relativistic dynamics, electromagnetism, fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics. Issues covered more or less in depth in this paper are: numbers and algebra, the analysis and the δ* operator, analytic functions in 3 and 4 dimensions, Maxwell's and Dirac equations, analytic functions in circular waveguides, analytic functions in four dimensions, i.e. spherical cavity, Physical Optics and heuristic derivation of the Hydrogen spectral lines. Many disciplines are then influenced by this approach in a way that the paper often only suggests, so as it suggests several areas of future development. I mulled over these topics for more than 40 years, and I then summarized in an unpublished manuscript dated March 2000, which is almost entirely reported here in his complete, also if naïve, form.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra, 3 and 4-Dimensional Analytic Functions with Applications. Manuscripts of the Last Century.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 63 pages, in Italian

The greatest revolution in the number from the days of Pythagoras. The similarity between quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. Are we a three-dimensional television show? These and other fascinating topics are addressed by the author in this paper at once popular and mathematical, which leads us to a world still largely unexplored. Are we facing with what is (up to now) the true language of Physics? "Clifford's algebra - he called it 'geometric algebra' - is now well recognized as the natural algebra for describing physics in 3-space, but it hasn't yet caught on in engineering, or even in standard treatments of electricity and magnetism or fluid dynamics, where vector analysis with its ugly cross product still holds sway" (Mark Buchanan, Nature Physics 7, 442, 2011). But can physics laws be derived from Clifford algebra and analytic functions? And why? From simple postulates of geometrical nature (or, I mean, which simply precisely define our language) it seems that we arrive at equations of relativistic dynamics, electromagnetism, fluid dynamics and quantum mechanics. Issues covered more or less in depth in this paper are: numbers and algebra, the analysis and the δ* operator, analytic functions in 3 and 4 dimensions, Maxwell's and Dirac equations, analytic functions in circular waveguides, analytic functions in four dimensions, i.e. spherical cavity, Physical Optics and heuristic derivation of the Hydrogen spectral lines. Many disciplines are then influenced by this approach in a way that the paper often only suggests, so as it suggests several areas of future development. I mulled over these topics for more than 40 years, and I then summarized in an unpublished manuscript dated March 2000, which is almost entirely reported here in his complete, also if naïve, form.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Dynamics, Report of a Research Project

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 568 Pages.

Collection of papers written by Ir J.A.J. (Hans)van Leunen The main subject of this collection is a new model of physics The collection also contains papers about related subjects
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Dynamics, Report of a Research Project

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 568 Pages.

Collection of papers written by Ir J.A.J. (Hans)van Leunen The main subject of this collection is a new model of physics The collection also contains papers about related subjects
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Dynamics, Report of a Research Project

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 506 pages

Collection of papers written by Ir J.A.J. van Leunen The main subject of this collection is a new model of physics The collection also contains papers about related subjects
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantities of Energy and Momentum in Contemporary Physics

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper discusses the meaning and role of the quantities of energy and momentum in the definition relations of relativistic, quantum and classical mechanics with focus on kinetic and total relativistic energy, on the definition of the de Broglie momentum hypothesis and using momentum and energy in Schrodinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Anti-Neutron Model of the Atom

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a simple universal theory/model of the atom composed of anti-neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos which better explains fusion, fission, radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, gravity, electric force, magnetic force, and the strong force.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proving the Theorem of Wigner by an Exercise in Simple Geometry

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 6 pages

The leading idea of this paper is to prove the theorem of Wigner with concepts and methods inspired by geometry. The exercise mentionned in the title has two functions: On the one hand it can serve as a pedagogical text in order to make the reader acquainted with the essential features of the theorem and its proof. On the other hand it will turn out to be the core of the general proof.
Category: Quantum Physics

Note on the Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Edward Fredkin
Comments: 1 page

We describe a hypothetical apparatus for making arbitrarily accurate simultaneous successive measurements of a particle's positions, momenta, energies and times.
Category: Quantum Physics

Notes on Quantum Mechanics and General Covariance.

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this letter we study two different aspects of general covariance, first we quantize a reparametrization invariant theory, the free particle in Minkowski spacetime and point out in detail where this theory fails (notably these comments appear to be missing in the literature). Second we study the covariance of quantum field theory and show how it connects to causality, the outcome of this study is that QFT is what we shall call ultra weakly covariant with respect to the background spacetime. Third, we treat the question of whether evolution in quantum theory (apart from the measurement act) needs to be unitary, it is easily shown that a perfectly satisfying probabilistic interpretation exists which does not require unitary evolution. Fourth, we speculate on some modifications quantum theory should undergo in order for it to be generally covariant. This paper is primarily written for the student who wishes to study quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Intuitive Physics from Natures Elements; Inertial Fields Wind, Water, Racing Yachts, and the Discrete Field Model.

Authors: Peter A Jackson
Comments: 6 pages

It may seem that we have no more natural intuition about Relativity than we have about quantum mechanics (QM) yet nature has revealed far more than we yet understand, including in the elements on Earth. Einstein said; "we don't yet understand 1,000th of 1% of what nature has revealed to us." But with mathematics being considered the only language of physics we suggest we are missing and failing to translate important parts of the language of nature. Intuition can only come with good knowledge and experience, and assumption is the enemy of knowledge and destroyer of logic. We give an example of a better approach to empiricism, one of conceptual logic informed by both experience of nature and knowledge of physics theory. The results support the discrete field model (DFM) of mutually exclusive reference frames, which unifies Relativity and QM on a united field basis, explaining the constant speed of light for all emitters and observer frames, removing all the paradox from physics and many of the anomalies from astrophysics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comments on the Entropy of the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages

Academically, among students, an apparent paradox may arise when one tries to interpret the second law of thermodynamics within the context of the quantum mechanical wave function collapse. This is so because a quantum mechanical system suddenly seems to undergo, from a less restrictive state constructed from a superposition of eigenstates of a given operator, to a more restrictive state: the collapsed state. This paper is intended to show how this picture turns out to be a misconception and, albeit brie y, furtherly discuss the scope of Max Born's probabilistic interpretation within the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comments on the Entropy of the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages

Academically, among students, an apparent paradox may arise when one tries to interpret the second law of thermodynamics within the context of the quantum mechanical wave function collapse. This is so because a quantum mechanical system suddenly seems to undergo, from a less restrictive state constructed from a superposition of eigenstates of a given operator, to a more restrictive state: the collapsed state. This paper is intended to show how this picture turns out to be a misconception and, albeit brie y, furtherly discuss the scope of Max Born's probabilistic interpretation within the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Comments on the Entropy of the Wave Function Collapse

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages

Academically, among students, an apparent paradox may arise when one tries to interpret the second law of thermodynamics within the context of the quantum mechanical wave function collapse. This is so because a quantum mechanical system suddenly seems to undergo, from a less restrictive state constructed from a superposition of eigenstates of a given operator, to a more restrictive state: the collapsed state. This paper is intended to show how this picture turns out to be a misconception and, albeit briefly, furtherly discuss the scope of Max Born's probabilistic interpretation within the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cracks of Fundamental Quantum Physics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 14 pages

The fundaments of quantum physics are still not well established. This paper tries to find the cracks in these fundaments and suggests repair procedures. This leads to unconventional solutions and a new model of physics. As part of this enterprise an underpinning of the existence of strands is provided. Another innovation is the derivation of a curvature field from the superposition of all other fields. The most revolutionary introduction is the representation of dynamics by a sequence of separable Hilbert spaces.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attributive Quantum Fields

Authors: Philip Carter
Comments: 23 pages, Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License

A brief history of the ether (aether) is presented, leading up to the proliferation of space-filling fields required by the current Standard Model of particle physics. The excessive number of fields, along with the mathematical inconsistency of Quantum Field Theory and the grossly wrong space-density calculation, lead us to conclude that Quantum Field Theory is built upon a faulty paradigm. An alternative physical model is presented whereby quantum fields are associated with quantum attributes rather than particle species. This model is shown to illuminate the mathematical process of quantum measurement while corresponding to ancient esoteric teachings concerning the classical elements and the ether.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Cold Genesis Theory of Fields and Particles

Authors: Marius Arghirescu
Comments: 78 pages.

The book argues the possibility of cold genesis of particles and of fundamental fields through a phenomenological approach using the concept of sub-quantum fluid, the theory explaining the elementary particle and the fundamental fields cold genesis with ideal unitary prequantum particle' models of simple or composite chiral soliton type, formed at T?0K from confined "dark energy" in a cascade vortex process, according to the ideal fluids mechanics applied to the particle soliton vortex, in the Protouniverse' period, by primordial gravstars. The exponential form of the nuclear potential is theoretically found through a nucleon model of degenerate electrons and an Eulerian expression, as being generated by the vortexial dynamic pressure inside the nucleonic quantum volume. The weak force is explained by a dynamid model of neutron with intrinsic vibration and the particle disintegration are explained as a result of intrinsic vibration of quarks formed as cluster of quasi-electrons. For a phenomenologic model of cosmic expansion, by the dependency of the Ggravitation constant of the etheronic local density, the physical cause of the cosmic expansion results as a force of pressure difference of etheronic winds coming from the ultrahot stellary structures having an antigravitic charge given by destroyed particles, the speed of expansion resulting with a semi-sinusoidal variation.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Prediction Loophole in Bell's Theorem

Authors: John R. Dixon
Comments: 5 pages.

We consider the Bell's Theorem setup of Gill et. al. (2002). We present a \proof of concept" that if the source emitting the particles can predict the settings of the detectors with sufficiently large probability, then there is a scenario consistent with local realism that violates the Bell inequality for the setup.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Dynamics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 268 pages

When physics must be based on an axiomatic foundation then the law set of traditional quantum logic is a valid candidate. However, at first sight, these axioms do not treat physical fields and they do not treat dynamics. It only prescribes the static relations that exist between quantum logical propositions that treat static subjects. These subjects are considered to be physical subjects or their properties. Amongst these propositions statements exist that describe everything that can be said about the static condition of a given physical item. Such propositions represent that item.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Dynamics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 268 pages

When physics must be based on an axiomatic foundation then the law set of traditional quantum logic is a valid candidate. However, at first sight, these axioms do not treat physical fields and they do not treat dynamics. It only prescribes the static relations that exist between quantum logical propositions that treat static subjects. These subjects are considered to be physical subjects or their properties. Amongst these propositions statements exist that describe everything that can be said about the static condition of a given physical item. Such propositions represent that item.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Dynamics

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 191 pages

When physics must be based on an axiomatic foundation then the law set of traditional quantum logic is a valid candidate. However, at first sight, these axioms do not treat physical fields and they do not treat dynamics. It only prescribes the static relations that exist between quantum logical propositions that treat static subjects. These subjects are considered to be physical subjects or their properties. Amongst these propositions statements exist that describe everything that can be said about the static condition of a given physical item. Such propositions represent that item.
Category: Quantum Physics

How Logical Foundation of Quantum Theory Derives from Foundational Anomalies in Pure Mathematics

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 17 pages

Logical foundation for quantum theory is considered. I claim that quantum theory correctly represents Nature when mathematical physics embraces and indeed features, logical anomalies inherent in pure mathematics. This approach links undecidability in arithmetic with the logic of quantum experiments. The undecidablity occupies an algebraic environment which is the missing foundation for the 3-valued logic predicted by Hans Reichenbach, shown by him to resolve `causal anomalies' of quantum mechanics, such as: inconsistency between prepared and measured states, complementarity between pairs of observables, and the EPR-paradox of action at a distance. Arithmetic basic to mathematical physics, is presented formally as a logical system consisting of axioms and propositions. Of special interest are all propositions asserting the existence of particular numbers. All numbers satisfying the axioms permeate the arithmetic indistinguishably, but these logically partition into two distinct sets: numbers whose existence the axioms determine by proof, and numbers whose existence axioms cannot determine, being neither provable nor negatable. Failure of mathematical physics to incorporate this logical distinction is seen as reason for quantum theory being logically at odds with quantum experiments. Nature is interpreted as having rules isomorphic to the abovementioned axioms with these governing arithmetical combinations of necessary and possible values or effects in experiments. Soundness and Completeness theorems from mathematical logic emerge as profoundly fundamental principles for quantum theory, making good intuitive sense of the subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminacy in Arithmetic, Well-Known to Logicians But Missing from Quantum Theory

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 16 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered within quantum theory. Crucially, a formula's undecidability certifies its indeterminacy and vice versa. This paper describes the algebraic environment in which the undecidability and indeterminacy originate, provides proof of their existence, and demonstrates the role these play in a 3-valued logic which is free to permeate mathematical physics via this algebra. The radical ideas applied in this research are taken from well-known results in mathematical logic. All scalars engage in the arithmetic of scalars by way of a single algebra. But in terms of validity, these scalars partition into sets which are logically distinct: those with valid existence with respect to this algebra, and those with indeterminate existence. Failure of mathematical physics to notice this distinction is the reason why quantum theory is logically at odds with quantum experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminacy in Arithmetic, Well-Known to Logicians But Missing from Quantum Theory

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 16 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered within quantum theory. Crucially, a formula's undecidability certifies its indeterminacy and vice versa. This paper describes the algebraic environment in which the undecidability and indeterminacy originate, provides proof of their existence, and demonstrates the role these play in a 3-valued logic which is free to permeate mathematical physics via this algebra. The radical ideas applied in this research are taken from well-known results in mathematical logic. All scalars engage in the arithmetic of scalars by way of a single algebra. But in terms of validity, these scalars partition into sets which are logically distinct: those with valid existence with respect to this algebra, and those with indeterminate existence. Failure of mathematical physics to notice this distinction is the reason why quantum theory is logically at odds with quantum experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminacy in Arithmetic Well-Known to Logicians is Missing from Quantum Theory

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 14 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered within quantum theory. Significantly, a formula's undecidability certifies its indeterminacy and vice versa. This paper describes the algebraic environment in which the undecidability and indeterminacy originate; provides proof of their existence; and demonstrates the role these play in a threevalued logic which is free to permeate mathematical physics via this algebra. The radical idea applied in this research is taken from very well-known results in mathematical logic. All scalars engage in the arithmetic of scalars by way of a single algebra. But in terms of validity, these scalars partition into sets which are logically distinct: those with valid existence with respect to this algebra, and those with indeterminate existence. Failure of mathematical physics to notice this distinction is the reason why quantum theory is logically at odds with quantum experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Indeterminacy in Arithmetic Well-Known to Logicians is Missing from Quantum Theory

Authors: Steve Faulkner
Comments: 14 pages

This article is one of a series explaining the nature of mathematical undecidability discovered within quantum theory. Significantly, a formula's undecidability certifies its indeterminacy and vice versa. This paper describes the algebraic environment in which the undecidability and indeterminacy originate; provides proof of their existence; and demonstrates the role these play in a threevalued logic which is free to permeate mathematical physics via this algebra. The radical idea applied in this research is taken from very well-known results in mathematical logic. All scalars engage in the arithmetic of scalars by way of a single algebra. But in terms of validity, these scalars partition into sets which are logically distinct: those with valid existence with respect to this algebra, and those with indeterminate existence. Failure of mathematical physics to notice this distinction is the reason why quantum theory is logically at odds with quantum experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 10 pages.

Quantum theory brought an irreducible lawlessness in physics. This is accompanied by lack of specification of state of a system. We can not measure states even though they ever existed. We can measure only transition from one state into another. We deduce this lack of determination of state mathematically, and thus provide formalism for maximum precision of determination of mixed states. However, the results thus obtained show consistency with Heisenberg's uncertainty relations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalized Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 10 pages.

Quantum theory brought an irreducible lawlessness in physics. This is accompanied by lack of specification of state of a system. We can not measure states even though they ever existed. We can measure only transition from one state into another. We deduce this lack of determination of state mathematically, and thus provide formalism for maximum precision of determination of mixed states. However, the results thus obtained show consistency with Heisenberg's uncertainty relations.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Richard B. Dowd
Comments: 3 Pages.

A derivation of the fine structure constant by deduction
Category: Quantum Physics

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 11/12 pages, v2 in Italian, v3 in English

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 12 pages, In Italian

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin).
Category: Quantum Physics

A Causal Net Approach to Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Authors: R.D. Bateson
Comments: 19 pages.

In this paper we discuss a causal network approach to describing relativistic quantum mechanics where each vertex on a causal net represents a possible point event or particle observation. By constructing the simplest causal net based on Reichenbach-like conjunctive forks in proper time we can exactly derive the 1+1 dimension Dirac equation for a relativistic fermion and correctly model quantum mechanical statistics. Symmetries of the net provide various quantum mechanical effects such as quantum uncertainty and wavefunction, phase, spin, negative energy states and the effect of a potential. The causal net can be embedded in 3+1 dimensional space-time and is consistent with the conventional Dirac equation. In the low velocity limit the causal net approximates to the Schrödinger equation and Pauli equation for a fermion in an electromagnetic field. Extending to different momentum states the net is compatible with the Feynman path integral approach to quantum mechanics that allows calculation of well known quantum phenomena such as diffraction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 19 pages

The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time and reversible time shows that progressive time which is experienced by macroscopic systems is a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could result in a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations in the Higg's field near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 10% over a period of 1 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process.
Category: Quantum Physics

Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics with Schrödinger Quantization Rule

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 5 pages

Quantum theory is a probabilistic theory, where certain variables are hidden or non-accessible. It results in lack of representation of systems under study. However, I deduce system's representation in probabilistic manner, introducing probability of existence w, and quantize it exploiting Schrödinger's quantization rule. The formalism enriches probabilistic quantum theory, and enables systems's representation in probabilistic manner.
Category: Quantum Physics

Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics with Schrödinger Quantization Rule

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 5 pages

Quantum theory is a probabilistic theory, where certain variables are hidden or non-accessible. It results in lack of representation of systems under study. However, I deduce system's representation in probabilistic manner, introducing probability of existence w, and quantize it exploiting Schrödinger's quantization rule. The formalism enriches probabilistic quantum theory, and enables systems's representation in probabilistic manner.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 2 pages

Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 2 pages

Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantizing Time and Space from the Standing Wave to the Primary Gas Structure of a Particle V

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 21 pages

The author introduces the concept of a primary gas which is an abstract gas where the microstates are occupied successively in time unlike in the case of a real gas where the microstates are occupied simultaneously. He shows that a single plane wave associated with a standing wave formed by the confinement of a luminal wave could be treated as the microstate of the primary gas that represents a particle. This approach makes it possible to understand the dynamics of a particle in terms of the thermodynamics of the primary gas. In this approach, time and space turn out to be the intrinsic properties of the primary gas that represents a particle and the quantized nature of time and space emerges from it in a natural manner. It is shown that the action (with a negative sign) of a particle could be identified with the entropy of the primary gas and the principle of least action is nothing but the second law of thermodynamics. The author shows that the uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics can be derived directly from the equation for fluctuations and he explains the statistical basis of the virtual interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: v3 169 pages In Italian, v4 164 pages in English.

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the color theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittedly primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 169 pages, small corrections, modified some figures, added a Section on P C invariance.

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the color theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittedly primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 164 pages, In Italian, abstract and some figures slightly amended

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the colour theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittely primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research
Category: Quantum Physics

The Trapped Light ie Towards an Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 17 pages, slightly amended

Examines the possibility of a purely electromagnetic formation of the physical world, and in particular electron. For this purpose presents a number of parallels between elementary particles and radar signals and radar target.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experiment to Test the Quantum Effect of a Waveguide (I)

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

The waveguide can be regarded as a potential barrier to microwaves and we apply quantum mechanics to study the coefficient of reflection R and transmission T . An initial experimental result is also presented in this paper that the transverse momentum of the electromagnetic field in a waveguide is zero which is no longer in proportion to the transverse wave vector. We're preparing to detect under other conditions and will report as soon as possible.
Category: Quantum Physics

Equivalent Waveguide Representation for Dirac Plane Waves

Authors: Giuliano Bettini, Alberto Bicci
Comments: 18 pages, slightly amended.

Ideas about the electron as a sort of a bound electromagnetic wave and/or the electron as electromagnetic field trapped in (equivalent) waveguide can be found more or less explicitly in many papers, for example by Zhi-Yong Wang, Roald Ekholdt, David Hestenes, V.A.Induchoodan Menon, J. G. Williamson, M. B. van der Mark. What we want to show here is that the Dirac equation for electron and positron plane waves admits an equivalent electrical circuit, consisting of an equivalent transmission line. The same transmission line is representative of a mode in waveguide, so you can also say that the Dirac equation for plane waves includes an implicit representation in terms of an equivalent waveguide. All the calculation will be done in elementary form, with the usual notations of circuit theory and electromagnetism, without the need to resort to Clifford algebra as in previous papers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Standing (Electromagnetic) Wave Structure of the Electron III Creation of the Electric Charge

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.

The author shows that that just as the mass and the spin, the electric charge of the electron also could be attributed to its standing helical (electromagnetic) half wave structure [1]. It turns out that the fine structure constant is the ratio of the electromagnetic field energy of the electron to its total energy. The magnetic dipole moment of the electron also emerges in a simple manner from the standing helical half wave structure. This structure rules out the existence of the magnetic monopole. The standing helical half wave structure also allows two states which would not possess any charge while having spin of ?h. The author suggests that they could very well represent the neutrino and the anti-neutrino.
Category: Quantum Physics

Getting Path Integrals Physically and Technically Right

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 18 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0910.2490 [physics.gen-ph].

Feynman's Lagrangian path integral was an outgrowth of Dirac's vague surmise that Lagrangians have a role in quantum mechanics. Lagrangians implicitly incorporate Hamilton's first equation of motion, so their use contravenes the uncertainty principle, but they are relevant to semiclassical approximations and relatedly to the ubiquitous case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta, which accounts for the Lagrangian path integral's "success". Feynman also invented the Hamiltonian phase-space path integral, which is fully compatible with the uncertainty principle. We recast this as an ordinary functional integral by changing direct integration over subpaths constrained to all have the same two endpoints into an equivalent integration over those subpaths' unconstrained second derivatives. Function expansion with generalized Legendre polynomials of time then enables the functional integral to be unambiguously evaluated through first order in the elapsed time, yielding the Schrödinger equation with a unique quantization of the classical Hamiltonian. Widespread disbelief in that uniqueness stemmed from the mistaken notion that no subpath can have its two endpoints arbitrarily far separated when its nonzero elapsed time is made arbitrarily short. We also obtain the quantum amplitude for any specified configuration or momentum path, which turns out to be an ordinary functional integral over, respectively, all momentum or all configuration paths. The first of these results is directly compared with Feynman's mistaken Lagrangian-action hypothesis for such a configuration path amplitude, with special heed to the case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unambiguous Quantization from the Maximum Classical Correspondence that is Self-Consistent: the Slightly Stronger Canonical Commutation Rule Dirac Missed

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 pages, Final publication in Foundations of Physics; available online at http://www.springerlink.com/content/k827666834140322/

Dirac's identification of the quantum analog of the Poisson bracket with the commutator is reviewed, as is the threat of self-inconsistent overdetermination of the quantization of classical dynamical variables which drove him to restrict the assumption of correspondence between quantum and classical Poisson brackets to embrace only the Cartesian components of the phase space vector. Dirac's canonical commutation rule fails to determine the order of noncommuting factors within quantized classical dynamical variables, but does imply the quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets between any linear function of phase space and the sum of an arbitrary function of only configuration space with one of only momentum space. Since every linear function of phase space is itself such a sum, it is worth checking whether the assumption of quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets for all such sums is still self-consistent. Not only is that so, but this slightly stronger canonical commutation rule also unambiguously determines the order of noncommuting factors within quantized dynamical variables in accord with the 1925 Born-Jordan quantization surmise, thus replicating the results of the Hamiltonian path integral, a fact first realized by E. H. Kerner. Born-Jordan quantization validates the generalized Ehrenfest theorem, but has no inverse, which disallows the disturbing features of the poorly physically motivated invertible Weyl quantization, i.e., its unique deterministic classical "shadow world" which can manifest negative densities in phase space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unambiguous Quantization from the Maximum Classical Correspondence that is Self-Consistent: the Slightly Stronger Canonical Commutation Rule Dirac Missed

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0908.3755 [quant-ph]. To ensure clarity, the demonstration that the slightly stronger canonical commutation rule is still self-consistent is expounded at greater length.

Dirac's identification of the quantum analog of the Poisson bracket with the commutator is reviewed, as is the threat of self-inconsistent overdetermination of the quantization of classical dynamical variables which drove him to restrict the assumption of correspondence between quantum and classical Poisson brackets to embrace only the Cartesian components of the phase space vector. Dirac's canonical commutation rule fails to determine the order of noncommuting factors within quantized classical dynamical variables, but does imply the quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets between any linear function of phase space and the sum of an arbitrary function of only configuration space with one of only momentum space. Since every linear function of phase space is itself such a sum, it is worth checking whether the assumption of quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets for all such sums is still self-consistent. Not only is that so, but this slightly stronger canonical commutation rule also unambiguously determines the order of noncommuting factors within quantized dynamical variables in accord with the 1925 Born-Jordan quantization surmise, thus replicating the results of the Hamiltonian path integral, a fact first realized by E. H. Kerner. Born-Jordan quantization validates the generalized Ehrenfest theorem, but has no inverse, which disallows the disturbing features of the poorly physically motivated invertible Weyl quantization, i.e., its unique deterministic classical "shadow world" which can manifest negative densities in phase space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zitterbewegung and Higgs Particle. a Short Introduction.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 19 pages

As I showed in my previous writings [16], a field similar to the gauge boson W provides a helical motion that transforms a TEM in a TE (or TM) in a waveguide. This helical motion in the Hestenes interpretation of electron is the zitterbewegung. In [16] I just talk about electromagnetic fields, TEM and TE, TM. I noticed that "a TEM is wrapped in a waveguide and becomes a TE or TM with mass" and "the Higgs particle do not appear". Similarities inevitable appear, already appeared in [15], all questionable, with neutrinos and electrons / positrons. However Hestenes in "Spacetime calculus", speaking of the helical motion ie zitterbewegung makes more explicitly the hypothesis that, given the above similarities, it seems interesting: "This opens up possibilities for integrating the zitterbewegung idea with electroweak theory. Evidently that would obviate the need for including Higgs bosons in the theory, since the zitterbewegung provides an alternative mechanism to account for the electron mass." In face of a possible elimination of the Higgs particle from the electroweak theory it appears useful to repeat my ideas in a popular way.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electroweak Forces Acting on TE, TM, TEM.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 46 pages, V1 In Italian, V2 in English

In a previous paper [1] we showed that the energy impulse four vector of the propagation of electromagnetic fields into a waveguide and in free space can be described by a Dirac spinor ψ . This suggest an analogy with for example TE-electron, TM-positron and possibly TEM-neutrino. Aim of this work is an interpretation of the action, if any, of the electroweak gauge group SU(2) ⊗ U(1) on the before mentioned e.m. fields (TE, TM, TEM modes). This is based on the following observation: the energy impulse four vector is invariant under a global transformation of SU(2) ⊗ U(1), so ψ can be "gauged" in order to verify the effect not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the weak forces. In other words, what are "weak forces", if any, on TE, TM and TEM? Obviously this requires "a modification of the Dirac equation to accomodate the larger gauge group" (Hestenes, [2]). This is in fact done here, and it is shown that the analogous of the "weak forces" can be roughly interpreted in the following way: the W boson acts as a horn antenna (receiving or transmitting), performing the transformation TEM ↔ TE, TM, giving or subtracting mass to the field; the Z⁰ boson is as a radar target acting on the TEM (neutrinos) with a doppler frequency. Those objects have a mathematical counterpart in gauge fields. No Higgs boson is needed in the theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 and v3 in Italian, V2 and v4 in English, (slightly amended, corrected formula (123)) .

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 and v3 (slightly amended, corrected formula (123)) in Italian, V2 in English, .

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 in Italian, V2 in English

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Towards a Set Theoretic Axiomatization of Quantum Theory and Related Topics

Authors: B. Serifo Balde
Comments: 17 pages, This manuscript is a preliminary draft of work in progress : Set Theoretic Axiomatization of Physics. Comments , corrections and typo alerts are most welcome !

Motivated by Hilbert's sixth problem on axiomatization of physics, the author is proposing a rather provocative abstract axiomatic framework called S - formalization, where S is an arbitrary physical system .The proposal is an attempt to provide a general axiomatic framework , from which mathematical frameworks of new physical theories can be formulated on firm axiomatic basis and the mathematical frameworks of subjects such as standard (nonrelativistic) quantum mechanics are naturally derived as special cases of this general axiomatic framework. Introduction
Category: Quantum Physics

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-Revisiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Unified Theory Replaces Quantum Theory & Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 12 pages

Heisenberg argued that wave and particle are too exclusively different in properties, making the intrinsic wave-quantum unity of light impossible to visualize and describe by the language. He invented mathematical Quantum Theory to circumvent visualization and inadequacy of language. But mathematics too is a language to supplement description. He used it to superimpose hidden concepts leading to the Uncertainty Principle. In Unified Theory the wave & particle aspects of electromagnetic radiation and moving material particle coexist blended together as wave-quantum UNITY. This is also supported by experiments. The wave-or-quantum DUALITIES of Quantum Theory appear due to experimental limitations to observe only one and not both of the two aspects simultaneously. Conservation of mass & momentum are inviolable. Matter's creation from, or dissolution into, 'nothing' is unrealistic. So the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is rejected as unrealistic and new Principle of Null Action with universal applications is introduced. The Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Theory is reappraised critically.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 64 Pages.

I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M⁴ x CP₂ to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP₂ and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M⁴) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP₂) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP₂) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP₂ and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M⁴ metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kähler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M⁴ x CP₂ to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP₂ and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M⁴) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP₂) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP₂) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP₂ and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M⁴ metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kähler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.
Category: Quantum Physics