Relativity and Cosmology

The Speed of Light is Constant Using Classical Mechanics.

Authors: Jesus Gonzalez Llorente
Comments: 4 Pages.

A Simple idea stating that the fact of light being a constant does not imply the denial of Classical Mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Our Physics the Only Reality?

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 2 Pages. This paper attempts to stimulate thought on an apparently seldom talked about but nevertheless important subject and points out the potential danger from outer space.

A number of points are brought up below for pondering and possible discussion. We should not regard our physics as the one and only reality. What is described below may seem like science fiction, but should not be brushed off as inconsequential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Cold Big Bang Cosmology and the Flatness Problem

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 1 page. English.

In my papers \cite{Assis1} and \cite{Assis2}, I obtain a Cold Big Bang Cosmology, fitting the cosmological data, with an absolute zero primordial temperature, a natural cutoff for the cosmological data to a vanishingly small entropy at a singular microstate of a comoving domain of the cosmological fluid. Now, in this brief paper, we show the energy density of the $t$-sliced universe must actually be the critical one, following as consequence of the solution in \cite{Assis1} and \cite{Assis2}.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerating Universe and the Increasing Bohr Radius

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 11 Pages.

It seems that- Bohr radius of hydrogen atom, quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - are connected with the large scale structure of the massive universe. In the accelerating universe, as the space expands, in hydrogen atom, distance between proton and electron increases and is directly proportional to the mass of the universe (which is the product of critical density and the Hubble volume). `Rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ by Albert Einstein is Based on Trickeries Open Letter to Professors, Teachers, Researchers and Students of Physics

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The article ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ by Albert Einstein (1905) is based on trickeries. The Voigt transformation was simply a mathematical possibility which was changed by Lorentz by introducing the Lorentz factor but the Lorentz factor is not real; has been shown in the article Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012). Thus nature and forces in nature were trivialized and made subservient to mathematics in the theories of relativity, Big Bang Theory, Space-time concept and in all physical sciences which are directly or indirectly based on the ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’. It is unfortunate for humanity that exposing these trickeries took more than one hundred years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Retrocausal Hologram Dark Energy as Lnif Advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh Blackbody Real Photons Equivalent to Lif Zero Point Vacuum Virtual Photons

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 3 Pages.

The cosmic microwave background black body radiation consists of retarded photons from the surface of last scattering remnant of the hot Big Bang. In contrast, the dark energy accelerating our observable universe is back-from-the-future advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh black body radiation from our observer-dependent future event horizon that may also be the hologram screen.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Scientific Journal for 1 February 2012

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 16 Pages.

We explore, in depth, Dr. Einstein’s Special Relativity and cite noted physicists Daniel Gezari, Reginald Cahill, Danielle Sasso, Rodney Bartlett, and Johannes Valks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Could the Measurements Trying to Detect Absolute Motion of Earth Allow to Test Sub-Manifold Gravity?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The history of the modern measurements of absolute motion has a long - more than century beginning from Michelson-Morley 1887. The earliest measurements assumed aether hypothesis. Cahill identifies the velocity as a velocity with respect to some preferred rest frame and uses relativistic kinematics although he misleadingly uses the terms absolute velocity and aether. The preferred frame could galaxy, or the system defining rest system in cosmology. It would be easy to dismiss this kind of experiments as attempts to return to the days before Einstein but this is not the case. It might be possible to gain unexpected information by this kind of measurements. Already the analysis of CMB spectrum demonstrated that Earth is not at rest in the Robertson-Walker coordinate system used to analysis CMB data and similar motion with respect to galaxy is quite possible and might serve as a rich source of information also in GRT based theory. In TGD framework the situation is especially interesting since sub-manifold gravity implies that maximal signal velocity depends on the space-time sheet and this effect might show itself in Mickelson-Morley type experiments. Also the motion of space-time sheets with respect to each other might be detectable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inflation and TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 8 Pages.

The comparison of TGD with inflationary cosmology combined with new results about TGD inspired cosmology provides fresh insights to the relationship of TGD and standard approach and shows how TGD cures the lethal diseases of the eternal inflation. Very roughly: the replacement of the energy of the scalar field with magnetic energy replaces eternal inflation with a fractal quantum critical cosmology allowing to see more sharply the TGD counterpart of inflation and accelerating expansion as special cases of criticality. The rapid expansion periods correspond to phase transitions increasing the value of Planck constant and increasing the radius of magnetic flux tubes. This liberates magnetic energy and gives rise to radiation in turn giving rise to radiation and matter in the recent Universe just like the energy of inflaton field would give rise to radiation at the end of the inflation period in cosmic inflation. The multiverse of inflationary scenarios is replaced with the many-sheeted space-time and one can say that the laws of physics are essentially same everywhere in the sense that the fundamental symmetries are the symmetries of standard model everywhere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Absolute Theory of Relativity & Parameterized Special Theory of Relativity & Noninertial Multirelativity

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 92 Pages.

In this book we present the hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe - thus refuting the speed of light postulate. While Einstein considered a relative space and relative time but the ultimate speed of light, we do the opposite: we consider an absolute time and absolute space but no ultimate speed, and we call it the Absolute Theory of Relativity (ATR). We then parameterize Einstein’s thought experiment with atomic clocks, supposing that we know neither if the space and time are relative or absolute, nor if the speed of light is ultimate speed or not. We obtain a Parameterized Special Theory of Relativity (PSTR). Our PSTR generalizes not only Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, but also our ATR, and introduces three more possible Relativities to be studied in the future. Afterwards, we extend our research considering not only constant velocities but constant accelerations too. Eventually we propose a Noninertial Multirelativity for the same thought experiment, i.e. considering non-constant accelerations and arbitrary 3D-curves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Neutrino and the Photon: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 2 Pages.

The recent European experiment in which neutrinos apparently travel faster than light does not violate general relativity. However, the explanation of this phenomenon lies in another experiment (the latter being in electrical engineering in 2009).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model for a Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 3 Pages.

Different from the various approaches towards a quantum theory of gravity an attempt is made to develop a gauge theory of gravitation. For this purpose first of all a model is constructed with the gauge group GLN(4,R) x U(1) and with interaction between the matter field, the gravitational field, and the electromagnetic field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Scientific View of Spacetime; a New Notion of Time

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages. perhaps my most important article to date

A brief overview of science and the politics of science, a 'quantum realism' accurate view of space and time, minimal attributes of space and time, a 'novel' view of time attributed to P.Y. Ulianov, and implications.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Small Bang Criando um Universo a Partir do Nada. (Small Bang Creating a Universe from Nothing)

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 171 Pages. The text of the book is in Portuguese.

This book presents a model named Ulianov Theory (UT) that creates a fictional universe in a "slow" process named “Small Bang”. The UT is based on three basic concepts: a) General Octo-Dimension Universe (GODU) - Space/time of eight dimensions where four of them are “normal dimensions” and four are “wraps dimensions”, and the time is a complex variable. The GODU also can be represented like for sub-spaces (each one whit three space dimensions and one complex time dimension) separated from each other by “time walls” and “space walls”. b) Sphere Ulianov (Usphere) - Eight dimension spheres placed in GODU that held together to form special networks. c) Hole Ulianov (Uhole) – The Uhole is an Usphere with zero radius and behaves as an elastic hole. One Uhole in a “time wall” have a mass propriety and “resist” to move in space. One Uhole in a “space wall” have a electrical charge propriety and “resist” to move in time. The Small Bang begin whit one Uhole compressed by a radial force field (General Octo-Dimension Hole Force or GODHF). When the GODHF is removed, the Uhole expand and form one Usphere. Like the Usphere “wall” is made of Uholes, it’s also expand forming a Ulianov SpereNetworks (USN). Like the USN initially expands only in imaginary time, to an observer in real time the “Small Bang Process” is instantaneous and will look like a Big Bang . The UT model is defined over a complete scope, were the concepts of, force (Ulianov Force) and energy (Ulianov Energy) are defined from the Uhole elasticity propriety. Based on these concepts the UT generated a fictional universe that begins in a Small Bang, from which arise particles similar to photons (Ulianov foton) electrons (Ulianov electron), protons (Ulianov proton), neutrons (Ulianov neutron), and neutrinos (Ulianov neutrino). The UT model does a series of equations who are linked to laws observed in our universe, as the formulas of Newton gravitation law and Einstein's relativistic equations. On this way the author note that despite the UT model is set to create a universe fictional, coincidentally it’s generated one universe that is very close to the universe in which we live… This book was written in 2005 and registered in the National Library of Brazil, on 10.05.2007, with registration number 404616, in Book 754, Page 276. The text of the book is in Portuguese.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Light

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 Pages. The paper contains some new points on the velocity of light and a conclusion based on the recent discovery of superluminary motion of quantum particles at CERN.

@@This paper touches on the subject of whether light really needs a medium, which is termed the luminiferous ether, for its transmission as is in the case of sound which requires a fluid such as air or liquid as the medium for its transmission, and the subject of the velocity of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mass Distribution in Black Hole Interiors

Authors: David Proffitt
Comments: 3 Pages.

Two problems exist for the physics of black holes defined for the static Schwarzschild solution to Einstein’s field equations: the incompatibility of having all infalling matter reside at a singular point with the axiomatic basis of quantum mechanics; and the black hole information paradox. This paper resolves these issues and calculates for the first time, the density distribution of matter inside the event horizon of a black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Mass and the Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 6 Pages. Strange relations can not be ignored.

It seems that- quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - both are connected with the large scale structure of the universe. In the expanding universe `quanta' increases with increasing mass of the universe. By any chance if the noticed empirical relation is found to be true and valid, `rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Digital Complex Model of Time

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article describes some advantages arising from the manipulation of time by means of a complex variable and discusses the possibility of calculating the extent of the imaginary dimension of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Non-Higgs, Revised Electroweak Unification, Revised Gravitation, and Explained Dark Energy/dark Matter

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 7 Pages. viXra removed my superscripts. E=mc2 is, to use BASIC notation, E=mc^2. And E=m1+0 is E=m^1+0

Recently, scientists have been excited by the possibility of finding the Higgs particle and Higgs field, which is supposed to give all matter its mass. Fortunately, they’re also excited at the possibility of discovering the Higgs doesn’t exist. That could open the way for many new things in science – here I’ll attempt to describe some of these new things. There’s no Standard Model Higgs particle. You can call the following description a non-SM Higgs if you like. It has several consequences which I’ll also describe. Consequences for gravity, dark energy, the Weinberg/Glashow/Salam electroweak unification, Einstein’s Unified Field Theory … Addressing this last person, I’ll refer to submission 519 (http://vixra.org/abs/1201.0088 - “Exactly Where Dr. Einstein Went Wrong” by Glenn A. Baxter) in “Relativity and Cosmology” which refers to http://www.k1man.com/c1.pdf and the latter’s statement that “E=mc2 appears to be incorrect and also much too simplistic”. In the 4th and 5th paragraphs, I’ll suggest that the formula is not entirely mistaken but would be more correctly stated as E=m1+0 .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Misner/wheeler Correct About Einstein's Unified Field Theory Being Successful

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 6 pages in length; if a popularized introduction to my own work is desired, see reference #10

In 1957, Charles Misner and John Wheeler, in the “Annals of Physics”, claimed Albert Einstein’s latest equations demonstrated the unified field theory. It has been argued that the gravitational fields, if known everywhere but only for a limited time, do not contain enough information about their electromagnetism to allow the future to be determined, so Einstein's unified theory fails. Physicists also argue that a unified "theory of everything" must now include not just gravity and electromagnetism, but also the weak and strong nuclear forces plus dark matter and dark energy. This article claims Misner and Wheeler were correct, and addresses all modern objections.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Exactly Where Dr. Einstein Went Wrong

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show exactly where Dr. Einstein went wrong with Special Relativity by improperly crossing over from relativity physics to classic physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Point Mass Sources, Null Naked Singularities and Euclidean Gravitational Action as Entropy

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages. Submitted to the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

It is rigorously shown how the static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein's equations can furnish a $null$ naked singularity associated with a point mass source at $ r = 0$. The construction relies in the possibility of having a metric $discontinuity$ at the location of the point mass. This result should be contrasted with the spacelike singularity described by the textbook black hole solution. It has been argued by some authors why one cannot get any information from the null naked singularity so it will not have any undesirable physical effect to an outside far away observer and cannot cause a breakdown of predictability. In this way one may preserve the essence of the cosmic censorship hypothesis. The field equations due to a delta-function point-mass source at $ r = 0 $ are solved and the Euclidean gravitational action (in $ \hbar $ units) corresponding to those solutions is evaluated explicitly. It is found that it is precisely equal to the black hole entropy (in Planck area units). This result holds in any dimensions $ D \ge 3 $. We finalize by arguing why the Noncommutative Gravity of the spacetime tangent (co-tangent) bundle is the proper arena to study point masses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physics of Several Universities Versus RUBINO’S Physics

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 19 Pages.

Here is a comparison, in 14 points, between the modern prevailing physics of many universities and mine. The reader has the task to judge the comparison and decide. The nowadays’ prevailing physics is proceeding with problems and inconsistencies with the density of the Universe, with its expansion, with the acceleration and with the visibile borders of the Universe itself, with strange interpretations of the CMBR, with the justification of the mysterious dark matter, with the fast spinning of galaxies, with the absence of a convincing unification between two very similar forces, the gravitational and the electromagnetic ones, then with the mysterious and unjustifiable fourth dimension of the relativity, then with the unexplained existence and constancy of the c speed limit, with the apparently complete extraneousness of the microscopic and macroscopic worlds, then with the impossibility to provide a convincing explanation for the dimension of a galaxy, then with lost energies, with the apparent missing of the antimatter in the Universe, with the inability to justify the appearing of the Universe etc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Complete Doppler Formula

Authors: Albert Zotkin
Comments: 1 Page.

A complete Doppler formula for electromagnetic waves is presented here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Criticism of the Foundations of the Relativity Theory

Authors: S.N. Arteha
Comments: 223 Pages.

The present book is devoted to systematic criticism of the fundamentals of the relativity theory (RT). The main attention is given to the new logical contradictions of RT, since presence of such contradictions brings ”to zero” the value of any theory. Many disputable and contradictory points of this theory and its corollaries are considered in detail in the book. The lack of logical and physical grounding for fundamental concepts in the special and general relativity theory, such as time, space, the relativity of simultaneity etc., is demonstrated. A critical analysis of experiments that resulted in the generation and establishment of relativity theory is presented in the book. The detailed criticism of dynamical SRT concepts is also given in the book. The inconsistency and groundlessness in a seemingly ”working” section of the relativity theory – the relativistic dynamics – is shown. The given book can be of interest to students, post-graduates, teachers, scientists and all mans, that independently meditate on fundamental physical problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Negative Masses in General Relativity and the Dirac Equation

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown that Einstein’s gravitational field equations imply the existence of negative masses. With the inclusion of negative masses, Dirac spinors can be composed of a large positive and likewise large negative mass. The gravitational interaction of these positive-negative masses is positive and leads to a helical motion and not to an unstable vacuum as claimed by Cavalleri and Tonni.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Theory of Relativity and the Law of Conservation of Momentum

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 68 Pages.

This article attempts to use the law of conservation of momentum of a closed system for determining the values of the constants in the two possible transformations of coordinates and times in inertial reference system
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Theory of Relativity: Definition of an Impulse and Kinetic Energy of the Closed System of Constantly Cooperating Bodies

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 18 Pages.

In article attempt to show on a concrete example becomes that application of the special theory of relativity by consideration of movement of the closed mechanical system of bodies in inertial systems of readout can lead to that the impulse and kinetic energy of the closed system will be time functions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Theory of Relativity: Condition of Performance of Laws of Preservation Impulse and Energy (Reduced Variant of Article)

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 16 Pages.

In article it is shown that use of laws of preservation of an impulse and energy of the closed mechanical system presumes to check up justice of the special theory of relativity theoretically.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Successful Search for Ether Drift in a Modified Michelson-Morley Experiment Using the GPS

Authors: Stephan J.G. Gift
Comments: 12 Pages. Accepted for publication in Applied Physics Research

Ether drift resulting from the rotation of the Earth has been detected. This was accomplished using GPS technology in a modified Michelson-Morley experiment. The original Michelson-Morley experiment searched for ether drift by observing round-trip light travel time differences using interference fringe shifts. This method is limited by length contraction effects that significantly reduce any fringe shifts. In the modified approach elapsed time for one-way light transmission is directly determined using GPS clocks. The method yields travel time differences for light transmission in the East-West direction but not in the North-South direction consistent with rotationally-induced ether drift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Compatibility of Non-Negative Outcome of Michelson&Morley Experiments with Lorentz-Invariant Transformations of the Light Speed in Moving Optical Media

Authors: V. V. Demjanov
Comments: 13 Pages.

        From the first-principles of the relativistic theory of Lorentz-invariant addition of the speed of light (c/n) with speed (υ) of moving optical medium having a refractive index n >1 in the natural way there becomes clear the cause of the kinetic anisotropy of the speed of light, registered for more than 100 years in experiments like the Michelson&Morley (MM) experiment by non-zero amplitudes (A_m≠0) of the shift of interference fringe. Miller's measurement (1925) and my experiments (1968) showed (in my interpretation) that the cause of this anisotropy is always associated with the presence in the light carrying medium of polarizable particles translationally moving with respect to stationary aether. The anisotropy of refractive index n >1 of the light carrying medium is created by the electrodynamic connection between the polarization (Δε=n²–1) of its particles and polarization (ε_aether=1) of the aether. The absence of anisotropy of the speed of light in vacuum (in the aether without particles) is proved not by the disputed attribution of MM type experiments to "negative, A_m=0", but rather by a recognition that they are non-negative. In this case, by the actual experimental dependence of A_m(Δε)≠0 is easily proved the absence of anisotropy in vacuum in the asymptotic limit of the zero fringe shift A_m(Δε→0)→0 at the beginning of the trend A_m(Δε).
        Accounting for the effects of polarization of light-carrying media, of the first order of "smallness" (n²–1)<<1 in the gases and the second order of magnitude (n²–1)²~1 in media of higher permittivity, plays a key role in the proposed relativistic interpretation of my measurements and all the famous experiments of MM type. Revising the calculations of υ from measurements of non-zero fringe shift (A_m≠0), described by MM, 1887; Miller, 1925; Kennedy, 1926; Illingworth, 1927; Joos, 1930, and many others, I found their principal error. They did not take into account not only the relativistic structure (n²–1) of the polarization activity of particles of the luminiferous medium, but its real value n >1. As a result, they received the underestimated speed υ – units km/s. Accounting for the relativistic structure of only the first (n²–1) of the order of "smallness" in the gases immediately reveals (for the same non-zero measurements A_m≠0 of these authors) the real speed of "aether wind" υ as a few hundred km/s.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Non-Vanishing Cosmological Constant is Geometrodynamically Prohibited

Authors: K. Sandale
Comments: 14 Pages.

If one solves the electromagnetic wave equation in the Lorenz gauge for a charged particle moving with a uniform velocity, and then inserts this solution into the gauge condition, mathematically one gets the result that the current density must be the charge density times the velocity. Thus the field equations of electromagnetism through the gauge condition imply a correct velocity requirement for the current density four-vector, much like the field equations of General Relativity imply through the Bianchi Identities a correct acceleration requirement. Likewise we can construct a velocity requirement for the stress-energy tensor from the gauge condition of the Linear Field Equations of gravitation. However, the correct velocity relationship will be implied only if the cosmological constant vanishes. Thus the cosmological constant must vanish.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrodynamic Mass Decrease During Gravitational Collapse

Authors: K. Sandale
Comments: 13 Pages.

The proof of Birkhoff's Theorem relies on a coordinate transformation to diagonalize the metric. This coordinate transformation is made to affect the vacuum region, but will nevertheless cause the matter in the non-vacuum region to have a different velocity in the new coordinate system than in the old coordinate system, because a coordinate transformation cannot be abruptly turned off where the two regions meet without violating the holonomy requirement. The effects of this coordinate transformation on the matter have never before been studied. In fact, the coordinate transformation turns out to cause part of a gravitationally collapsing mass distribution to at some point start to move backwards in time. This causes problems which invalidate the proof. Furthermore, we provide an actual counterexample to Birkhoff’s Theorem: In the particular circumstance of a spherically symmetric thin shell of matter collapsing it is shown that the Bianchi Identities give results contrary to Birkhoff’s Theorem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment Pertaining to “Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Superconducting Circuit”, Nature 10:1038 V 479

Authors: Vic Kley, John Celenza
Comments: 1 Page.

The recent measurements of the Casimir effect by Wilson, et al1 established the existence of a pervasive background of charged particles in what has been perceived as an empty Universe. As a result, photons moving through what we have hitherto taken as a vacuum will be slowed5, while neutrino speed will be unaffected. All our measurements of the propagation of light and its wavelength have not been been corrected for this slowing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Milgrom’s Law

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

To explain Milgrom’s law (MOND) and the accelerated expansion of the universe, in both instances involving an acceleration of the same order of magnitude, it is assumed that the vacuum of space in a kind of plasma made up of an equal number of positive and negative mass Planck mass particles, gravitationally interacting with each other. This hypothesis leads to positive mass Dirac spinors, as composed particles, made up of positive and negative quasiparticles of this plasma. The formation of the positive mass Dirac spinors is accompanied by the emission of negative masses. The gravitationally self interacting positive mass spinors lead to the formation of a filamentary vortex tangle connecting neighboring galaxies with the galaxies formed by the Jeans instability of a cylindrical mass cylinder. This hypothesis not only explains the filamentary structure of the metagalaxy, but also Milgrom’s law by Newton’s gravitational force of a mass cylinder. The negative masses released during the formation of the positive mass Dirac spinors fill the space in between the positive mass filaments, explaining the observed voids.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Undulating Relativity

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 96 Pages. 96

ABSTRACT The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know: -The dilatation of time, and -The contraction of the Lorentz Length. The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Crux of Relativity

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 8 Pages. None

We identify exactly where Special Relativity went wrong in 1905 and present a practical modern day and easily reproducible experiment to exactly verify the newly developed Special Relativity mathematical equations presented here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Experimental & Theoretical Evidences of Fallacy of Space-Time Concept and Actual State of Existence of the Physical Universe

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 30 Pages. Space-time concept is shown to be based on trickery

The postulate of constancy of velocity of light irrespective of relative uniform motion of the source and the observer introduced by Albert Einstein in the article ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ Albert Einstein (1905a) is absolutely consistent with the physical and experimental observations. The other postulate of ‘laws by which physical systems undergo change are not affected when referred to different inertial reference frames’ is in contradiction with all the derivations in the article. Since the change in any physical system; due to whatever reason; could be mainly in reference to the space and time of that physical system; whereas article derives that space and time of any physical system would be different in different inertial reference frames. This article will establish theoretically as well as experimentally that the concept of length contraction in the direction of motion, as proposed by Lorentz & FitzGerald to explain Michelson–Morley experiment is fundamentally incorrect. Consequently the concept of exchangeability of mass and energy as proposed by Einstein in the article ‘Does the Inertial of the Body Depend upon its Energy Content’ Albert Einstein (1905b) fails conceptually, theoretically as well as experimentally. The theoretical and experimental evidences against the concept of contraction of space in the direction of motion leads to the failure of space – time concept and every theory and concept associated with it. The obvious conclusions are space is finite & absolute, time is relative & emergent, matter is emergent and radiation is the electromagnetic work capacity dissipated by the matter which propagates in the medium of ether as a wave motion. Consequent upon these experimental and theoretical evidences this unique state of existence of the physical universe emerges which has been partly described in the article ‘Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living Things & Living Things’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b). This article discusses in detail the experimental evidences of the coordinate transformation between two coordinates system in uniform motion derived in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b); which in turn shows that Lorentz transformation which Einstein physically interpreted in the article Albert Einstein (1905a) is fundamentally incorrect. Consequently the physics which evolved in twentieth century is shown to be incorrect including the formulae E=mc2 and mv=m0/(1-v2/c2)1/2 .The final conclusion is that space is finite & absolute and accordingly the Big Bang Theory is established to be baseless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundation of Theory of Everything: Non-Living Things and Living Things

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 27 Pages. Historical article

For the first time in the human & scientific history the concepts of absolute space, emergent & relative time and aether or ether of classical physics (dark energy of modern physics now named as Luminiferous Energy) have been conceived simultaneously. The mystery of the above three concepts existed in the electromagnetic radiation or light as the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiations was not understood correctly resultantly the true nature of everything remained unknown to the mankind. A theistic Foundation of Theory of Everything: Non-living Things and Living Things is being proposed on purely scientific basis which would explain the yet unexplained concerns of human beings. The existence of ether is shown beyond any reasonable doubt and the electromagnetic properties of this medium have been defined. The mass, as we know it, is shown to be the manifestation of the energy; which constitutes the matter; due to the existence of ether resultantly the formula has been shown to be incorrect. The correct coordinate transformation instead of Galilean and Lorentz transformations has been derived. The very concept of space-time has been shown to be a mathematical misrepresentation. A unified theory of forces in nature has been proposed. The theistic Foundation of Theory of Everything also envisages the theory for living things with primary concern of the life of human beings. The characteristics of the ‘soul’ energy has been defined; besides proposal has been put forward regarding the characteristics of the ‘energies’ which being the source of life in all plants and animals. This article is in continuation of the author’s previous works (Mohammad Shafiq Khan, 2010a, b, c) [9] [10] [11].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Michelson– Morley Experiment: a Misconceived & Misinterpreted Experiment

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 11 Pages. Historical article

A thorough review of the Michelson–Morley experiment reveals that the experiment had been not only misinterpreted but also misconceived. Under the theory & methodology adopted by Michelson & Morley the reasons of misconception and misinterpretation have been found to be: 1. Doppler Effect of light was not taken into account and 2. The motion of the solar system was not also taken into account. Since this experiment formed the basis of misinterpretation of absence of luminiferous ether in the space and as the consequence of absence of luminiferous ether the concept of length contraction in the direction of motion, theories of relativity, space–time concept and big bang theory were adopted. The basis of all these theories and concepts is challenged. The present article is the detailed and corrected version of the article ‘Ultimate Proof of Energy Theory of Matter & Cosmology’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010a) necessitated by the article ‘Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living & Living Things’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b). This article finally explains the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Theory of Matter & Cosmology

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages. New Theory of Cosmology

A new theory ‘Energy Theory of Matter and Cosmology’, as an alternative theory, is proposed which could explain all the problems with different theories of physics; the main cause of which are the theories of relativity and resultantly the Big Bang Theory fails. Since it is established that the basic building substance of matter is energy and it has to be under the influence of a scalar force field this energy is converted into the matter. The scalar force field originated from the universal creator and with the initiation of the scalar force field energy, of which the matter is made up of, was converted into matter. During the process of conversion of energy into the particles, the particles attained high energies and collisions of the particles started. These particles in the process of fusion emit radiation which finally takes the form of cosmic background radiation and under the influence of said scalar force field, weak nuclear force; strong nuclear force and electromagnetic forces the atoms started forming. Then these atoms under the influence of gravitational force started clustering and thereby planets, stars and other astronomical bodies came into existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simple Solution to Dark Energy

Authors: Paul Hoiland
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short rethink on the whole C as a constant issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Relook at the no-Boundry Idea

Authors: Paul Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

In considering the multiverse idea one comes across the subject of the domain wall that seperates our cosmos from that original false vacuum domain. In general that domain and the wall itself effects the evolution of the cosmos. But very few direct signatures would result.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Theory of Black Holes

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 5 Pages.

The gravitational theory is the most accredited theory for explaining black holes. In this paper we present a new interpretation based on the relativistic theory that explains black holes as a consequence of the relativistic speed of departure between the speed of celestial system and the speed of both light and quantum rays at very high energy, calculated with respect to the observer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Open Letter to Professor Brian Schmidt on His Alleged Black Hole in Nova Scorpii

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 3 Pages.

Brain Schmidt is a joint Nobel Prize winner for Physics in 2011. He is an astronomer at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia, at the time of writing. He and his colleagues claim a black hole close binary system in Nova Scorpii. This Open Letter challenges the alleged black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What a Coincidence! Strange Numerical Links in the Universe

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper you will find ten examples of numerical coincidences among the physical quantities of the universe. Unfortunately, you will unlikely find them somewhere else, as most of them are here presented in an environment which is hostile to the prevailing cosmology, made of an unjustifiable (thick, dark, transparent, heavy and invisible!!!) dark matter, of unacceptable theoretical densities of the universe and unacceptable rotation speeds on galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Complete Treatise on the General Theory of Relativity with the Special Theory of Relativity and Gravity from Electromagnetism as Appendixes

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 86 Pages.

In this paper you can find a complete treatise on the General Theory of Relativity, starting from the basic geometry, through the Einstein's field equations, to the calculation of the deflection of light by the Sun and of the precession of the perihelion of planets. Moreover, as appendixes, you will also find the Restricted Theory of Relativity and an explanation on how I see the Gravity (coming from) the Electromagnetism!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Getting Rid of Dark Matter and Fourth Dimension

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 15 Pages.

The mysterious dark matter is a totally unknown and unjustifiable object which has been introduced to make theoretical and measured data match. The fourth dimension in the Theory of Relativity has no support from the real Universe. The fourth axis introduced in relativity through the 4-vectorial formulation of the quantities is just the falling axis of the matter towards the center of mass of the Universe, with speed c! And this axis is, of course, located in the 3-dimensional context of the Universe itself. Moreover, forget the tens of dimensions, rolled up over themselves, coming from the String Theory!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Relativity is Absolutely Wrong

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the Nature exist countless facts, whereas only thing backing relativity is the hypothesis, that the speed of light is invariant universal constant. However this hypothesis is meaningless, because it is clear that there exist superluminal velocities and absolute quantities. In this case, the Theory of relativity is arbitrary and wrong. This has been mentioned by many true scientists, such as Rutherford, Soddy, Michelson, Sagnac, Lenard, Larmor, McMillan, Tesla, Tsiolkovsky and others, unlike the modern physics. As regards so-called relativistic proofs, they are mostly imaginary and hidden. For example, black holes are hidden under a layer of luminous atmosphere, gravitational lens is hidden in the atmospheric lens, gravitational redshift of a star is hidden in the Compton effect, mass of an electron is hidden in the mass of the beam, Lorentz contraction is hidden in stellar aberrational contraction etc. Also, the relativistic navigational system GPS, actually works in accordance with classical physics, because there is a privileged coordinate system, as well as disturbances in data, which are being corrected permanently by ground control stations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Matter and Energy

Authors: R G Kulkarni
Comments: 16 Pages.

Equivalence of mass and energy relation can be proved by Newtonian mechanics. The law of conservation of energy necessitates to assume that when the body moves increase in mass of the body is real so total energy of the body measured by all observers is same irrespective of their state of motion. Second postulate of theory of relativity can be proved. But theory of relativity is not correct. Mass and time are absolute quantities. This also indicates that nature has upper limit for velocity and absolute frame of reference exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Towards a New Paradigm?

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 11 Pages. First draft; Goal is to stimulate discussion

Arguments are presented for the contention that a new fractal cosmological paradigm is on the verge of replacing the previous standard paradigm of physics. The old and new paradigms are compared and contrasted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Universe Accelerating Expansion: a Counterexample

Authors: Faycal Ben Adda
Comments: 15 Pages. 7 Figures

In this paper we build a counterexample that raises a fundamental distinction between recession movement of matter and space expansion. We prove that observing matter recession at an accelerating rate is not an indication for the acceleration of the universe expansion. More precisely, we show that the observed acceleration in the recession movement of galaxies is naturally due to a universe deceleration. The counterexample provides us with a possible space with independent movement that might produce the observed behavior of galaxies registered for the redshift $z<0.5$ as well as for the redshift $z>0.5$. This counterexample calls into question the recent interpretation of the accelerating recession movement of galaxies as a sign of universe acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simple Proof that Dark Energy is Back-from-the-Future Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh de Sitter Horizon Black Body Radiation

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 4 Pages.

The dark energy accelerating our observable patch of the multiverse is Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh black body radiation back from our future de Sitter cosmological horizon. This horizon is also a hologram computer along the lines suggested by Seth Lloyd at MIT. The Stefan-Boltzmann-Planck blackbody radiation law is that the energy density ~ T^4, therefore, as expected, the advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking radiation density at the future horizon is the Planck value hc/LP^4 and it is redshifted back from our future to us at hc/\/LP^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Generate a Warp Drive

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 9 Pages.

A closer look at tachyon decay engineered vacuum state changes via reheat and inflation and if they could lead to a micro warp bubble as proposed by Fernando Loup and based upon the work of Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Remarks Concerning the Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is shown that the gap between the theory of gravity and the gauge theories of standard model is not so great, as one might think. (a) The theory of gravity can equivalently be written as a theory with interaction between gravitation and matter, but without curvature of space. (b) The task of carrying out second quantization is not only dispensable for gravitation but also for quantum field theory in general. (c) A model for massive elementary particles is sketched on a qualitative level. In this model massive elementary particles can be considered as quantum field theorical counterparts of black holes. (d) Some proposals are made how to begin the search for a gauge theory of gravitation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hidden Meaning of Planck's Constant

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 16 Pages. constructive comments welcome

A new cosmological paradigm based upon global discrete scale invariance proposes a radical revision in our understanding of atomic scale dynamics. The discrete self-similar scaling of this paradigm predicts a very large and discrete scale-dependence for gravitational coupling factors. This alternative gravitational scaling leads to revised values for the Planck mass, Planck length and Planck time, which appear to be more unified and physically comprehensible than is the case with the conventional Planck scale values. The fundamental interrelationship of the revised Planck mass, the corrected gravitational constant for atomic scale systems, the reduced Planck’s constant and the velocity of light suggests a hidden meaning for Planck’s constant. Within the context of the discrete fractal cosmological paradigm, Planck’s constant is revealed as the fundamental unit of gravitational action for atomic scale systems. Implications for atomic scale dynamics are briefly outlined.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Meaning of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 11 Pages. constructive comments welcome

A possible explanation is offered for the longstanding mystery surrounding the meaning of the fine structure constant. The reasoning is based on a discrete self-similar cosmological paradigm that has shown promise in explaining the general scaling properties of nature’s global hierarchy. The discrete scale invariance of the paradigm implies that “strong gravity” dominates the dynamical interactions within atomic scale systems. A new atomic scale gravitational coupling constant G(-1) is derived with a value of roughly 10^38 G(0) , where G(0) is the conventional Newtonian gravitational constant. G(-1) is then used to calculate a revised Planck scale. Given G(-1) and the revised Planck mass, one can demonstrate that within the context of the discrete self-similar paradigm the fine structure constant is the ratio of the strengths of the unit electromagnetic interaction and the unit gravitational interaction within atomic scale systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Towards a Resolution of the Vacuum Energy Density Crisis

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 13 Pages. constructive comments welcome

The theoretical vacuum energy density estimated on the basis of the standard model of particle physics and very general quantum assumptions is 59 to 123 orders of magnitude larger than the measured vacuum energy density for the observable universe which is determined on the basis of the standard model of cosmology and empirical data. This enormous disparity between the expectations of two of our most widely accepted theoretical frameworks demands a credible and self-consistent explanation, and yet even after decades of sporadic effort a generally accepted resolution of this crisis has not surfaced. Very recently, however, a discrete self-similar cosmological paradigm based on the fundamental principle of discrete scale invariance has been found to offer a rationale for reducing the vacuum energy density disparity by at least 115 orders of magnitude, and possibly to eliminate the vacuum energy density crisis entirely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Breakthrough Propulsion: It's Future

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 Pages.

A relook at what is needed for the realization of breakthrough propulsion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Universe the Primordial Black Hole

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Comments: 9 Pages. Physics of Rotating and Expanding Black Hole Universe'', Progress in Physics, vol. 2, April, 2010, p. 7-14

The concept of `dark energy' is still facing and raising a number of fundamental unresolved problems. `Cosmic acceleration',`dark energy' and `inflation', are the results of Edwin Hubble's incomplete conclusions. If there is a misinterpretation in Hubble's law - flat model of cosmology can not be considered as a correct model of cosmology. If the primordial universe is a natural setting for the creation of black holes and other nonperturbative gravitational entities, it is also possible to assume that throughout its journey, the whole universe is a primordial cosmic black hole. Planck particle can be considered as the baby universe. Key assumption is that, ``at any time, cosmic black hole rotates with light speed''. Cosmic temperature is inversely proportional to the geometric mean of cosmic mass and planck mass. For this growing cosmic sphere as a whole, while in light speed rotation, `rate of decrease' in temperature is a ``primary'' measure of cosmic `rate of expansion'. It can be suggested that, `rate of increase in galaxy red shift' from and about the cosmic center is a ``secondary'' measure of cosmic `rate of expansion'. Present `cosmic mass density' and `cosmic time' are fitted with the natural logarithm of ratio of cosmic volume and planck particle's volume. If present CMBR temperature is isotropic at 2.725 ${}^{0}$Kelvin, present angular velocity is 2.17 x 10${}^{-18}$ rad/sec = 67 Km/sec/Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Observation Rede Ning Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Subodh Vashist
Comments: 6 Pages.

Contradiction of `Principle of relativity' with the conclusions of Special Theory of Relativity(STR) that which represent the physical phenomenons like Time Dilation of Muons, is well known, and supposedly can be nullified by considering the `Time Dilation' due to General Relativity. Moreover, the nuclear decay rates from the family of Muons(involving weak nuclear force), are apparently found to depend on the Earth-Sun distance and Solar activities like Solar ares, undoubtedly questions the absoluteness of the Time Dilation of the Muons. Whereas, STR is based on the principle of constancy of speed of light for every inertial observer, present paper argues the possibility of constancy of speed of light as a consequence of absence of ether. Utilising the relativistic nature of light proves that, speed of light is not relatively invariant and vice-versa. While all the relativistic results are produced and explained, with `rate of time' constant, including the Time Dilation of Muons and the correlations with the Earth-Sun distance and Solar ares.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity and Holographic Conjecture Tangles with Quantum Mechanics and Sub Quantum Theories :New Insights and Interpretations About Strings and Quantization with Cosmological Significance

Authors: Sourish kumar Maitra
Comments: 14 Pages. A new look about holographic priciple and quantum randomness

General relativity and various possibilities about its proper combination with Quantum mechanics is a central topic in theoretical physics. In this article we explain various links which bridge between different views about Quantum Gravity theories. It turns out that these have very close relation with different interpretations about what quantization mean.We try to justify basic questions like what a string tension mean. First, we start with qualitative analysis and then we confirm these with quantitative results. These are shown to have relation with Quantum Gravity noise, Dark Energy, Hogan's noise and the Holographic principle. We clarify a long standing confusion in entropic Gravity, whether increase in entropy ($\triangle s$) makes the particle to move ($\triangle x$) or vice-versa. We indicate the possibility about non-local entanglement operation carried out by space-time which will increase entropy and a particle in space will move causing $\triangle x$. We relate noise with dissipation, much like a statistical system. In this context, we discuss the hierarchy issue. We try to see string as a natural consequence of intrinsic computation in space-time in planck scale. We clarify that although we talk about dissipative sub-quantum models, as quantization track only equivalence class (according to T'Hooft), it does not contradict with information conservations in quantum mechanics; equivalence class informations are conserved. We try to describe why we can attach entropy to an arbitrary spatial surface ( like a black hole horizon) and can derive Einstein's equation as the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity Ultimate Test

Authors: M. Hernando-Guevara
Comments: 28 Pages.

From the hypothesis of the validity of Newton's dynamics and space as a privileged reference frame, the null results of Michelson and Morley's type of experiments are experimentally reinterpreted and invalidated as a proof of the non existence of the Luminous Ether. Other recent experiments to test Special Relativity, such as Brillet-Hall’s, Cedarholm-Townes’, etc, are also epistemologically revisited and an alternative explanation of their null results is given. Finally, using two-beam interferometry techniques, two conclusive experiments to test the validity of the Special Theory of Relativity under this new perspective are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expanding Relative Theory to Including Supper-C-Neutrino

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article expands the classical velocity to surpassing that of light and does not vary the formula of Relative Theory, to construct a theory well explains the current measures like the velocity and energy of neutrinos tested between Gran Sasso and Cern.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Another Cern Solution

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 pages.

The CERN Problem is examined from another prespective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Paths to Superluminal Travel

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 21 pages, A redo of a article I did

A short look at some of the paths to superluminal travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Theoretical Proof of the Weak Equivalence Principle from Within the Confines of Newtonian Gravitation

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 10 pages

The great Italian scientist and philosopher, Galileo Galilee, is reported to have stood at the learning tower of Pisa in Italy and famously dropped objects of different masses (and compositions), thereby demonstrating that the motion of matter in a gravitational field is independent of the body's composition since these objects, despite their different masses (and compositions), their free-fall time was practically equal. By so doing, Galileo demolished a more than one and a half millennium of dogma that had been set forth by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, namely that, in a gravitational field, heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Galileo's conclusion is a posteriori justified current scientific dogma, we all accept this as a durable fact of experience. Gently and modestly, this reading appears to furnish this hypothesis. We unambiguously demonstrate beyond any shadow of doubt that Newtonian gravitation implies that gravitational and inertial mass are equal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

TGD Inspired Vision About Entropic Gravitation

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 21 pages

Entropic gravity (EG) introduced by Verlinde has stimulated a great interest. One of the most interesting reactions is the commentary of Sabine Hossenfelder. The article of Kobakhidze relies on experiments supporting the existence of Schrödinger amplitudes of neutron in the gravitational field of Earth develops an argument suggesting that EG hypothesis in the form in which it excludes gravitons is wrong. Indeed, the mere existence of gravitational bound states suggests strongly the existence of transitions between them by graviton emission. The following arguments represent TGD inspired view about what entropic gravity (EG) could be if one throws out the unnecessary assumptions such as the emerging dimensions and absence of gravitons. Also the GRT limit of TGD is discussed leading to rather strong implications concerning the TGD counterparts of blackholes.

1. If one does not believe in TGD, one could start from the idea that stochastic quantization">stochastic quantization or something analogous to it might imply something analogous to entropic gravity (EG). What is required is the replacement of the path integral with functional integral. More precisely, one has functional integral in which the real contribution to Kähler action of the preferred extremal from Euclidian regions of the space-time surface to the exponent represents Kähler function and the imaginary contribution from Minkowskian regions serves as a Morse function so that the counterpart of Morse theory in WCW is obtained on stationary phase approximation in accordance with the vision about TGD as almost topological QFT. The exponent of Kähler function is the new element making the functional integral well-defined and the presence of phase factor gives rise to the interference effects characteristic for quantum field theories although one does not integrate over all space-time surfaces. In zero energy ontology one has however pairs of 3-surfaces at the opposite light-like boundaries of CD so that something very much analogous to path integral is obtained.

2. Holography requires that everything reduces to the level of 3-metrics and more generally, to the level of 3-D field configurations. Something like this happens if one can approximate path integral integral with the integral over small deformations for the minima of the action. This also happens in completely integral quantum field theories.

   The basic vision behind quantum TGD is that this approximation is much nearer to reality than the original theory. In other words, holography is realized in the sense that to a given 3-surface the metric of WCW assigns a unique space-time and this space-time serves as the analog of Bohr orbit and allows to realize 4-D general coordinate invariance in the space of 3-surfaces so that classical theory becomes an exact part of quantum theory. This point of view will be adopted in the following also in the framework of general relativity where one considers abstract 4-geometries instead of 4-surfaces: functional integral should be over 3-geometries with the definition of Kähler metric assigning to 3-geometry a unique 4-geometry.

3. A powerful constraint is that the functional integral is free of divergences. Both 4-D path integral and stochastic quantization for gravitation fail in this respect due to the local divergences (in super-gravity situation might be different). The TGD inspired approach reducing quantum TGD to almost topological QFT with Chern-Simons term and a constraint term depending on metric associated with preferred 3-surfaces allows to circumvent this difficulty. This picture will applied to the quantization of GRT and one could see the resulting theory as a guess for what GRT limit of TGD could be. The first guess that Kähler function corresponds to Einstein-Maxwell action for this kind of preferred extremal turns out to be correct. An essential and radically new element of TGD is the possibility of space-time regions with Euclidian signature of the induced metric replacing the interiors of blackholes: this element will be assumed also now. The conditions that CP₂ represents and extremal of EYM action requires cosmological constant in Euclidian regions determined by the constant curvature of CP₂ and one can ask whether the average value of cosmological constant over 3-space could correspond to the cosmological constant explaining accelerating cosmic expansion.

4. Entropic gravity is generalized in TGD framework so that all interactions are entropic: the reason is that in zero energy ontology (ZEO) the S-matrix is replaced with M-matrix defining a square root of thermodynamics in a well defined sense.

Gravity and Mass not Fundamental?

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 pages

In this article a suggestion is raised where by gravity and mass are both emergent, not fundamental.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Absurdity of Relativity and Root of Its Success

Authors: Ji Qi, YinLing Jiang
Comments: 49 pages

There has existed the focus of debate between the viewpoint of space-time of classical physics and that of relativity for almost a hundred years. Which is more reasonable on earth? The fundamental principle of the theory of relativity and its basic transformation will be discussed in detail in this study. By discussion, I hope we can see the essence of the theory of relativity clearly and make people profoundly understand the fundamental conception of physics on time and space. I wish we can return a sunny sky to physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proposed Solutions to Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Gravity Mysteries.

Authors: Nikolas S Lewis
Comments: 11 pages

This article puts forth the theory that mass is energy in a dimensional form; mass doesn't just create gravity, but the dimensions themselves. The main part of this theory is when gravity gives a force on mass it will balance, but when gravity gives a force on anything without mass, such as light, there is imbalance. This article consists of explanation and evidence that centers on a new particle, the oreka, created when gravity alters the direction of photons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Positive Energy Solution to Exotic Energy Requirement of Any Generic Warp Drive Metric

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 pages

In this article I look at some of the math behind replacing the exotic energy of any warp metric with an inflation field with a focus on a simple generic solution to the frame switch in the recent CERN superluminal neutrino detection to that of a Newtonian metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Problems with Warp Drive Examined

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 11 pages

In a short examination of some of the major problems raised as objections to Doctor Alcubierre?s original proposal of warp drive within General Relativity(1) by many author?s in both peer review publication and archive articles one discovers that solutions to these problems do exist if one is willing to consider a modified version of that original proposal. It is the findings of this Author that Warp Drive cannot be properly ruled out at this time at least as a possible future method of sub-light propulsion with the possible added benefit of working as a superluminal field propulsion drive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Towards a More Realistic Gravitomagnetic Displacement Drive

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 47 pages

I have been at both physics and Electrical Engineering going on about 32 years now. But I have had two major interests all along. One is to better understand the Cosmos we live in. The other stems back to two events in my life several years removed from each other. The first event happened in Texas back in 1973 while taking a short trip across east Texas with my folks. The event was witnessing something that would be classified as a close encounter of the first type. What my folks and I saw out in east Texas was a very brilliant glowing object circular in shape due south of the road we where on above a cattle field. I and my folks remember pulling over to look at it and we remember driving away afterwards. But we do not remember anything in between. The second event took place back in 1983 in Tucson Arizona while working for the Military. One evening I and several others had gone out into the desert northeast of Tucson to cook out and have a good time. What we did not know was several unidentified objects had been spotted out south of Tucson by workers up on Kitt Peak in the area of Ryan Field a small local airport south of Tucson.. These objects took a slow flight path out across Tucson towards the direction we where at.. I ended up being about 100 yards from one of these as it progressed across the valley. Close enough to see a lot of detail, to get a good idea by its general shape and size and flight aspects that this was not anything our Military had at the time. While I never saw any aliens or little green men. What I witnessed was intelligently controlled, had some motive power different from anything our planet uses and could have been a robotic probe similar to one's we launch at present into space.. I also learned later that the Military on Davis Monthan had tracked these same objects that evening also. These two events sparked keen interests in space propulsion which later got utilized during the era of Alcubierre Warp Drive research with the group ESAA.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Another Alternative to Superluminal Propulsion

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 7 pages

In this article as based upon an alternative answer to the measured superluminal velocity of Neutrinos at CERN I propose an alternative approach to superluminal propulsion that on the surface does not suffer from some of the problems of the more standard Alcubierre Drive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Not Linear Element, Cosmological Redshift and Deflection of Light in the Gravitational Field

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 18 pages

Starting from some questions on General Relativity we make a few critical considerations in concordance with the Theory of Reference Frames (TR). TR represents firstly a critical viewpoint and secondly an alternative solution with regard to whether Special Relativity or General Relativity, moreover it represents a new answer to problems of dynamics of motion. The new definition of not linear element is the most important concept expressed in this article and particularly we consider the physical explanation of the change of the linear element into a not linear curved element when it is in a gravitational field. In the absence of gravitational field, the geodetic (trajectory along which the work carried out by a force is the smallest) coincides with the linear element and inside the gravitational field it changes into the curved element. We prove that in a gravitational field this change is caused by energy reasons and not by the space and time kinematic warp. A few classical experiments, like cosmological redshift and deflection of light, at last are considered and a new interpretation is given outside General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity Without the Equivalence Principle

Authors: Andrew Downing
Comments: 17 pages, dedicated under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication

A simple method is presented to account for the macroscopic effects of potential unknown attractive and repulsive forces that obey the inverse square law. This method is implemented in an n-body simulation. Graphs and screenshots from the simulation are then used to show that practically any quantum mechanical big bang theory with many arbitrary types of particles and fundamental forces would necessitate cosmic inflation, structure formation in the early universe, Hubble's law, the cosmological principle, slightly accelerated expansion of the universe, and, in specific cases (such as protoplanetary disks), the equivalence principle, regardless of what the particles and forces in the theory are.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole Catastrophe: a Short Reply to J. J. Sharples

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: This paper was published in The Hadronic Journal, 34, 197-224 (2011) and is an abridged version of the paper, ‘The Black Hole Catastrophe: A Reply to J. J. Sharples', http://vixra.org/abs/1011.0062

A recent Letter to the Editor (Sharples J. J., Coordinate transformations and metric extension: a rebuttal to the relativistic claims of Stephen J. Crothers, Progress in Physics, v.1, 2010) has analysed a number of my papers. Dr. Sharples has committed errors in both mathematics and physics. His notion that r = 0 in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution" marks the point at the centre of the related manifold is false, as is his related claim that Schwarzschild's actual solution describes a manifold that is extendible. His post hoc introduction of Newtonian concepts and related mathematical expressions into the "Schwarzschild solution" is invalid; for instance, Newtonian two-body relations into what is alleged to be a one-body problem. Each of the objections are treated in turn and their invalidity fully demonstrated. Black hole theory is riddled with contradictions. This article provides definitive proof that black holes do not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Do the Observations of Superluminal Neutrinos Lead to the Model Where Light Speed Increases Over Time?

Authors: Mark Zilberman
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the recent research the OPERA collaboration has reported the observation of superluminal neutrinos. They did not state what exact value they used as the speed of light c, but we could safely assume that in accordance to the SI system it was 299,792,458 m/s. In the following research A.G. Cohen and S. L. Glashow showed that "superluminal neutrinos would lose energy rapidly via the bremsstrahlung of electronpositron pairs" and that "most of the neutrinos would have suffered several pair emissions en route". This obvious paradox between experiment and theory can easily be resolved if the speed of light is slowly increasing and is now (or at least was during the experiment) higher than in 1970-1980 when mentioned that 299,792,458 m/s was measured. In this case the speed of neutrinos in the OPERA experiment can be higher than 299,792,458 m/s, but at the same time be lower or equal to the current c. Without subscribing to the model where c increases over time, it can still be a good idea to measure the speed of light c during the replication of the experiment. In addition, if slow increase of c will be proven, it may also explain the red shift of distant galaxies without the big-bang theory, since the more distant and earlier periods of time we observe - the slower the light speed there, and less is the energy of photons emitted there; what for current observer appears as a red shift in the spectrum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity is Theorem Based and Some Suggestions About Opera Experiment

Authors: Hamid Bassera
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this work I show that special relativity is mathematical theorem based on just Chasles relation in Euclidian space. So special relativity will appears just as a direct consequence of Euclidean geometry no more, no less. In the end of this paper some light is brought about OPERA experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How the 17 Gev Opera Superluminal Neutrino from Cern Arrived at Gran Sasso Without Desintegration??: it Was Carried Out by a Natario Warp Drive. Explanation for the Results Obtained by Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Recently Superluminal Neutrinos have been observed in the OPERA experiment at CERN.Since the neutrino possesses a non-zero rest mass then according to the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance this Superluminal speed result would be impossible to be achieved.This Superluminal OPERA result seems to be confirmed and cannot be explained by errors in the measurements or break-ups in the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance. In order to conciliate the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance with the OPERA Superluminal Neutrino we propose a different approach: Some years ago Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson introduced the idea of the micro Warp Drive:Microscopical particle-sized Warp Bubbles carrying inside sub-atomic particles at Superluminal speeds. These micro Warp Bubbles according to them may have formed spontaneously in the Early Universe after the Big Bang and they used the Alcubierre Warp Drive geometry in their mathematical model.We propose exactly the same idea of Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson to explain the Superluminal Neutrino at OPERA however using the Natario Warp Drive geometry.Our point of view can be resumed in the following statement:In a process that modern science still needs to understand,the OPERA Experiment generated a micro NatarioWarp Bubble around the neutrino that pushed it beyond the Light Speed barrier.Inside the Warp Bubble the neutrino is below the Light Speed and no break-ups of the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance occurs but outside the Warp Bubble the neutrino would be seen at Superluminal speeds.Remember that the CERN particle accelerators were constructed to reproduce in laboratory scale the physical conditions we believe that may have existed in the Early Universe so these micro Warp Bubbles generated after the Big Bang may perhaps be re-created or reproduced inside particle accelerators. We believe that our idea borrowed from Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson can explain what really happened with the neutrinos in the OPERA experiment.We also explain here the results obtained by Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Question of Planck's Constant in Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments

Authors: Joseph F. Messina
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is argued that the failure of conventional experiments to detect dark matter may be attributable to an enigmatic, non-Planckian, elementary quantum of least "action" that is indigenous to quantum mechantics. It is pointed out, as a preliminary to advancing this argument, that no purely dark matter measurement of Planck's constant exists. The resulting hypothesis mandates the existence of a new, experimentally verifiable, dark matter candidate. It is emphasized that an unequivocal test of this hypothesis necessitates probing previously uncharted sensitivity thresholds. Finally, some of the more immediate, observationally verifiable, cosmological implications of such a non-Planckian "action" are examined.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Modified Special Relativity Theory in the Light of Breaking the Speed of Light

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the OPERA experiment the neutrino broke the speed of light. It moved with speed greater than the highest speed in the universe (the speed of light in vacuum) according to the special relativity [32]. This experiment if it is confirmed will contradict the main basis that the special relativity built on which is the constancy of speed of light, and no particle or electromagnetic wave can exceed this speed [37]. In 2000, NEC Research Institute in Princeton claims to have achieved propagation speeds of 310 c (c= speed of light) by Quantum tunneling [34]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Principle of Least Action in Covariant Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: v1 in Russian (28 pages), v2 in English (25 pages)

By variation of action integral equations for computing of metric, equations of motion of substance, as well as equations for gravitational and electromagnetic fields in covariant theory of gravitation are found. In covariant form stress-energy tensor of gravitational field, strength tensor of gravitational field and 4-current of mass are determined. The meaning of cosmological constant and its relation to components of energy density in action functional are explained. The results indicate validity of Mach's principle, assuming that gravitation effects are due to flows of gravitons. The idea substantiates that metric can be entirely determined by variables describing properties of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Spherical Inner Solution's Non-Existence of the General Relativity Theory and the Gravity Field Equation

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 6 pages

In the general relativity theory, using Einstein's gravity field equation and acceleration in the spherical skin's condition, prove that the spherical inner solution don't exist .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Motion in a Non-Inertial Frame of Reference Vs. Motion in the Gravitomagnetical Field

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 5 pages

We mathematically proved that the inertial forces, which appears in a noninertial frame of reference, such as accelerating and rotating reference frame, are equivalent to the real forces which appears, when the body moves in the gravitomagnetical field. We will remind the rotating bucket with water problem with the new proposal of the solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Do We Need Dark Energy to Explain the Cosmological Acceleration?

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 6 pages, no figures

We argue that the phenomenon of the cosmological acceleration can be easily and naturally explained from first principles of quantum theory without involving empty spacetime background, dark energy and other artificial notions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Particles, Consciousness, Unified Field Theory and Relativity

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 3 pages.

The paper describes the relation between quantum particles, consciousness, the unified field theory and relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Demonstration of One-Way Light Speed Anisotropy Using GPS Technology

Authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
Comments: 7 pages

The one-way speed of light in an East-West direction over short distances is examined by exploiting the successful operation of the Global Positioning System. This system has been rigorously and extensively tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame, a frame that moves with the Earth as it revolves around the Sun but does not share the Earth's rotation. The result is a simple demonstration of one-way light speed variation depending on the direction of propagation that indicates the need for a change in the practice of the routine application of the principle of light speed constancy in the frame of the Earth
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Consequences of Using the Four-Vector Field of Velocity in Gravitation and Gravitomagnetism

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 6 pages

In this paper are discussed the physical consequences of using the fourvector field of velocity (V_g)^μ in gravitation and gravitomagnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can the Natario Warp Drive Explain the Opera Superluminal Neutrino at Cern??

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 32 pages

Recently Superluminal Neutrinos have been observed in the OPERA experiment at CERN.Since the neutrino possesses a non-zero rest mass then according to the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance this Superluminal speed result would be impossible to be achieved.This Superluminal OPERA result seems to be confirmed and cannot be explained by errors in the measurements or break-ups in the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance. In order to conciliate the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance with the OPERA Superluminal Neutrino we propose a different approach: Some years ago Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson introduced the idea of the micro Warp Drive:Microscopical particle-sized Warp Bubbles carrying inside sub-atomic particles at Superluminal speeds. These micro Warp Bubbles according to them may have formed spontaneously in the Early Universe after the Big Bang and they used the Alcubierre Warp Drive geometry in their mathematical model.We propose exactly the same idea of Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson to explain the Superluminal Neutrino at OPERA however using the Natario Warp Drive geometry.Our point of view can be resumed in the following statement:In a process that modern science still needs to understand,the OPERA Experiment generated a micro NatarioWarp Bubble around the neutrino that pushed it beyond the Light Speed barrier.Inside the Warp Bubble the neutrino is below the Light Speed and no break-ups of the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance occurs but outside the Warp Bubble the neutrino would be seen at Superluminal speeds.Remember that the CERN particle accelerators were constructed to reproduce in laboratory scale the physical conditions we believe that may have existed in the Early Universe so these micro Warp Bubbles generated after the Big Bang may perhaps be re-created or reproduced inside particle accelerators. We believe that our idea borrowed from Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson can explain what really happened with the neutrinos in the OPERA experiment
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Uncertainties of Light

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 2 pages

This paper touches on the subject of whether light really needs a medium, which is termed the luminiferous ether, for its transmission as is in the case of sound which requires a fluid such as air or liquid as the medium for its transmission, and the subject of the velocity of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Another Test of the Light Speed Invariance Postulate

Authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
Comments: 8 pages

In a paper in 1910 Tolman pointed out that the light speed invariance postulate of special relativity requires that the time for light to traverse a fixed distance between two points is independent of the movement of those points relative to the light source. The range equation of the GPS is used to directly test this proposition. This equation has been rigorously tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame where light signals propagate in straight lines at constant speed c. The result is a simple demonstration of light speed anisotropy that is consistent with light speed variation detected in other experiments and inconsistent with the light speed invariance postulate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Superluminal Particles and the Extended Relativity Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 pages, submitted to Physics Letters B

Superluminal particles are studied within the framework of the Extended Relativity theory in Clifford spaces (C-spaces). In the simplest scenario, it is found that it is the contribution of the Clifford scalar component π of the poly-vector-valued momentum which is responsible for the superluminal behavior in ordinary spacetime due to the fact that the effective mass M = (see paper) is imaginary (tachyonic). However, from the point of view of C-space, there is no superluminal (tachyonic) behavior because the true physical mass still obeys M2 > 0. Therefore, there are no violations of the Clifford-extended Lorentz invariance and the extended Relativity principle in C-spaces. Furthermore, to lowest order, there is no contribution of terms involving powers of the Planck mass (1/m2P ) indicating that quantum gravitational effects do not play a role at this order. A Born's Reciprocal Relativity theory in Phase Spaces leads to modified dispersion relations involving both coordinates and momenta, and whose truncations furnish Lorentz-violating dispersion relations which appear in Finsler Geometry, rainbow-metrics models and Double (deformed) Special Relativity. These models also admit superluminal particles. A numerical analysis based on the recent OPERA experimental findings on alleged superluminal muon neutrinos is made. For the average muon neutrino energy of 17 Gev, we find a value for π = 119.7 Mev that, coincidentally, is close to the mass of the muon m_μ = 105.7 Mev.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Impossibility of Separating Clocks from Rulers

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 9 pages, This essay was first submitted to the 2nd FQXi essay contest in early october 2009. The link can be found here: http://www.fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/577

The Lorentz Transformations imply that time and length are in some sense interconvertible, much in contrast to our ordinary intuitions. This paper attempts to present an approach which is supposed to make it intuitively evident that time and length are in fact interconvertible and, furthermore, that this approach is compatible with two well-known phenomena predicted by SR, namely time dilation and length contraction. This is accomplished by demonstrating how a clock can be used as a ruler, and vice versa, leading to the realization that length contraction and time dilation directly imply each other in the context of the motion of the same measurement device. What makes both kinds of measurements using the same device really possible in the first place is the existence of a finite upper limit on motion. Because of this limit, length measurements cannot be completed without involving the passage of time, and time measurements cannot be completed without involving finite displacement. But that means any clock or ruler really measures both time and length. Hence one constraint on what is fundamentally possible in physics is our ability to build measurement devices that can be exclusively used just as rulers or just as clocks
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Derivation of the Speed of Light Postulate

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 8 pages

The speed of light postulate, one of the two fundamental assumptions upon which the special theory of relativity (SR) is based, still seems as mysterious today as when it was first introduced. This paper presents a derivation of the postulate from three axioms:1) A definition of motion in proper time that captures most of the mathematical aspects of SR except for the speed of light postulate itself, 2) An axiom concerning the nature of the existence of entities which do not age, and finally 3) an axiom which defines existence in a spacetime to be transitive. The second axiom is motivated by an apparent paradox inherent in the structure of SR, called the existence paradox, pertaining to entities which do not age. The duration of existence of such entities in their proper frame is precisely equal to zero, which would normally be interpreted to be consistent with non- existence and inconsistent with the empirical evidence for the existence of such entities. The resolution of this apparent paradox is guided by a quasi-philosophical principle, called the Principle of least Speciality. The second axiom presents a resolution to the existence paradox that follows this principle while at the same time providing the essence of the explanation for the speed of light postulate. Given the three axioms, it is straightforward to show that the speed of light postulate is a logical consequence. Furthermore, this framework implies a direct experimentally testable prediction that is, according to currently prevailing views, unexpected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Important Report on the Dark Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 7 pages

Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and gravitational potential energy (GPE). In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be created and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition [1]. Also, GPE is composed by 3 units of U++, U--, and U-+ when negative and positive energy exists, U-+ (GPE between negative mass and positive mass) has positive values and is the component that makes repulsive gravitational effect [2]. U-+ corresponds with the inner energy of the system and can be interpreted as dark energy. Also, situations in which U-+ has much higher value than jU-- + U++j depending on the distribution of negative mass and positive mass is possible. This doesn't mean that 72.3% of dark energy independently exists, but means that explanation from GPE occurring from 4.6% of negative energy, which is the same as 4.6% of positive energy, is possible. Moreover, 4.6% of negative energy is the energy which is inevitably required from zero energy, which is the most natural total energy value in the universe. This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravity and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Stages of Evolutions of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Parameters/intrinsic Parameters and the Associated Hierarchies of Spacetimes/intrinsic Spacetimes and Parameters/intrinsic Parameters in a Universe. Part II.

Authors: Akindele (Adekugbe) Joseph
Comments: 18 pages

The hierarchy of masses/intrinsic masses of a particle or body in a hierarchy of spacetimes /intrinsic spacetimes in a universe, isolated in the first part of this paper, is extended to the hierarchies of other physical parameters/intrinsic parameters. Spacetime and intrinsic spacetime are proposed to be composed of the ponderable (or metric) gravitational components and the non-ponderable (or affine) dynamical components, and the mass and intrinsic mass of a particle or body as composed of the ponderable (or metric) gravitational components and non-ponderable (or affine) dynamical components. The constant speed of 'signals', c = 300,000 Km/s, is separated into the constant dynamical speed of electromagnetic waves, c = 300,000 Km/s in vacuo and the constant static (or gravitational) speed of gravitational waves cg = 300,000 Km/s, where cg being a static (or gravitational) speed, is not made manifest in actual translation through space of the massless graviton. The time dimension ct is likewise split into the metric static (or gravitational) component cg t and the affine dynamical component c t. The static (or gravitational) speed of gravitational waves cg is incorporated into the gravitational local Lorentz transformation (GLLT)in the context of the theory of gravitational relativity (TGR) on flat spacetime and the absolute intrinsic line element, absolute intrinsic metric tensor and absolute intrinsic Ricci tensor of the metric theory of absolute intrinsic gravity (MAIG) on curved 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic spacetime in every gravitational field of the present theory, developed in a previous paper, while the dynamical speed c of electromagnetic waves should appear in local Lorentz transformation (LLT) of the special theory of relativity (SR), derived on flat spacetime in an external gravitational field in the present theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Stages of Evolutions of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Parameters/intrinsic Parameters and the Associated Hierarchies of Spacetimes/intrinsic Spacetimes and Parameters/intrinsic Parameters in a Universe. Part I.

Authors: Akindele (Adekugbe) Joseph
Comments: 23 pages

Three stages of evolutions of spacetime/intrinsic spacetime and mass/intrinsic mass in a universe are isolated. The ab initio absolutely immaterial state of a universe with flat 'four-dimensional' absolute-absolute spacetime containing absolute-absolute rest mass and its underlying flat 'two-dimensional' absolute-absolute intrinsic-intrinsic spacetime containing absolute-absolute intrinsic-intrinsic rest mass, evolved into an intermediate absolute material state with flat 'four-dimensional' absolute spacetime containing absolute rest mass and its underlying flat 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic spacetime containing absolute intrinsic rest mass, at the first stage; followed by evolution into yet an intermediate relative material state with flat four-dimensional proper spacetime containing rest mass and its underlying flat two-dimensional proper intrinsic spacetime containing intrinsic rest mass, at the second stage. These are then followed by evolution into a final relative material state with flat four-dimensional relativistic spacetime containing relativistic (or inertial) mass and its underlying flat two-dimensional relativistic intrinsic spacetime containing relativistic intrinsic mass (or intrinsic inertial mass), at the third (and final) stage. The three stages commenced and progress simultaneously and are still on-going in every universe at present. The second and third stages of evolutions of spacetime/intrinsic spacetime and mass/intrinsic mass in a universe, correspond to the first and second stages in a gravitational field, already developed in the previous papers. The associated hierarchies of spacetimes and masses (comprising of three layers of space-time-mass) in every universe is highlighted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Waves Versus Cosmological Perturbations: Commentary to Mukhanov's Talk

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 8 pages

Recently, on the conference "Quantum Theory and Gravitation" held in Zürich on June 14-24, 2011, V.F. Mukhanov has been presented talk "Massive Gravity" discussing the relationships between massive gravitational waves and Cosmological Perturbations of the Minkowski background. His crucial result was modification of the Newtonian potential of universal gravitation due to a multiplicative constant equal to 4=3. However, this presentation has been stirred up my negative opinion. The controversy has been caused by absence of a lot of details, what have been made the talk manifestly misleading. The lecturer did not respond to my questions satisfactory. Mukhanov's deductions are at most half-true, and they can be easily verified by straightforward calculations. In this paper I explain shortly what is right and what is wrong in the approach propagated by Mukhanov. Particularly, I shall to show that restoration of the Newton law of universal gravitation is unambiguous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Relativistic Approach to Macroscopic Chemical Kinetics

Authors: Rafael-Andrés Alemañ-Berenguer
Comments: 9 pages

Theoretical research has paid little attention to the influence on chemical kinetics of the motion of reference frames where chemical reactions are carried on. In order to improve this situation, in this paper the main chemical-kinetics relations with regards to inertial and gravitational frames in the relativistic range are developed, and also some simple experiments designed to test their scope are suggested.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

If the Speed of Light is not an Universal Constant According to the Theory of Reference Frames: on the Physical Nature of Neutrino

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 8 pages

The Theory of Reference Frames considers two speeds of light: the physical speed which is an universal constant and the relativistic speed which instead is variable and depends on the relative speed between the considered reference frames. We analyse physical consequences of the not constant speed of light as per principles of the Theory of Reference Frames which makes use of different relativistic transformations of space-time. Specifically we consider variation of mass, relativity of space-time and the revealing physical effect concerning the muon average life. At last we make a few considerations about the recent experiment on the speed of muon neutrino from CERN to LNGS.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Observation Redefining Special Theory of Relativity and Explaining Jenkins-Fischbach Effect

Authors: Subodh Vashist
Comments: 16 pages, This paper is copyrighted (2011)

Counter-intuitive concept of decrease in rate of time and increase in mass due to motion are fundamental conclusions of Special Theory of Relativity(STR). STR successfully explains the decrease in nuclear decay rates due to motion until recently, when nuclear decay rates are found to depend on Earth-Sun distance and solar activities like solar ares. Present paper is an alternate theory to STR and produces the same mathematical results of STR but with completely different meaning of the observed effects due to motion. Utilising simple spherical model for properties of matter, present theory also explains the dependence of nuclear decay rates on Earth-Sun distance and solar activity. On the other hand present theory assumes the rate of time and mass to be constant, thereby keeping the theory self-contained, while accounting for all the relativistic effects, including Newton's Second law of motion which is mathematically inconsistent in STR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Exact Solution of the Pioneer Anomaly According to the General Theory of Relativity and the Hubble's Law

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami
Comments: 14 pages

Radio metric data from Pioneer 10/11 indicate an apparent anomalous, constant, acceleration acting on the spacecraft with a magnitude ~ , directed towards the Sun[1,2]. Turyshev [7] examined the constancy and direction of the Pioneer anomaly, and concluded that the data a temporally decaying anomalous acceleration with an over 10% improvement in the residuals compared to a constant acceleration model. Anderson, who is retired from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is that study's first author. He finds, so "it's either new physics or old physics we haven't discovered yet." New physics could be a variation on Newton's laws, whereas an example of as-yet-to-be-discovered old physics would be a cloud of dark matter trapped around the sun[12]. In this paper I introduce the exact solution for the Pioneer anomaly depending on the general theory of relativity and the Hubble's law. According to my solution, there are two terms of decelerations that controls the Pioneer anomaly. The first is produced by moving the Pioneer spacecraft through the gravitational field of the Sun, which causes the velocity of the spacecraft to be decreased according to the Schwarzschild Geometry of freely infalling particle. This deceleration is responsible for varying behaviour of the Pioneer anomaly in Turyshev [7]. The second term is produced by the Hubble's law which is constant and equals to the Hubble's constant multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on the Mass-Energy Relation

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 1 page

The famous equation that relates the mass with the energy can be deduced without using the special relativity of Einstein; however, the relation obtained is slightly different.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Neutrino Opera in the CNGS Beam

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 6 pages

In this brief paper, we solve the relativistic kinematics related to the intersection between a relativistic beam of particles (neutrinos, e.g.) and consecutive detectors. The gravitational effects are neglected, but the effect of the Earth rotation is taken into consideration under a simple approach in which we consider two instantaneous inertial reference frames in relation to the fixed stars: an instantaneous inertial frame of reference having got the instantaneous velocity of rotation (about the Earth axis of rotation) of the Cern at one side, the lab system of reference in which the beam propagates, and another instantaneous inertial system of reference having got the instantaneous velocity of rotation of the detectors at Gran Sasso at the other side, this latter being the system of reference of the detectors. Einstein's relativity theory provides a velocity of intersection between the beam and the detectors greater than the velocity of light in the empty space as derived in this paper, in virtue of the Earth rotation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

SR Theory of Gravity

Authors: Sudesh Kumar
Comments: 16 pages

This paper shows that a complete theory of gravity can be deduced purely from special theory of relativity and equivalence principle without using general theory of relativity or Einstein's field equations. It is shown how the time periods of identical clocks and lengths of identical measuring rods will vary with change in gravitational potential, and how we can derive Schwarzschild Metric from this variation, proving that special theory of relativity is not so special and applies to non-inertial frames as well. Then the equations of motion and Kepler's Laws are derived from Schwarzschild Metric using a novel yet simple method of differentiation with respect to time. Equation of motion thus derived contains a completely new and hitherto unknown term for gravitational acceleration. Using this new equation of motion it is shown that perihelion advance of mercury, high orbital speeds in galaxies, deflection of light by the Sun and gravitational lensing in the galactic clusters are completely explainable. This makes dark matter redundant and paves way for a new theory of Gravity different from the ones given by both Newton and Einstein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galaxy Rapid Rotation and Planar Appearance Determined by Hierarchical Two-Body Gravitation

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 19 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables; Some of the content has been published at a conference proceeding; Citation: Yang, Y. F., Proceedings of the 18th annual conference of the NPA, College Park, Maryland University, USA, Vol.8: 712-721 (2011)

Long-term observation shows that both stars in the galaxy and galaxies in the clusters revolve much faster than expectation, but the established models like dark matter and other gravity alternatives are difficult to account for this unusual motion. Most disc and elliptical galaxies are often with planar rotational appearance, but the mechanism that determines this feature remains unclear. Here we employ a newly introduced hierarchical two-body gravity model to work, and show that the motion of each star in a galaxy is determined by all the mass that is interior to this star from the galaxy's center, thereby an uniform velocity profile may be yielded for all the stars in a galaxy, and show that under the effect of gravitation a successive hierarchical approach between all components of a galaxy may confine them to fall on a plane and thus remain planar appearance for the galaxy. We rework out the mass of galaxy N4605, 1035, 4062, 2742, 701, 2608, 3495, 1087, 4682, 3672, 1421, 2715, 4321, 7541, 7664, 2998, 753, 801, U3691, I467, and U2885 and find an average increase of 2.99 % the mass that is derived from integral disc model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wick Rotation with the Condition of Retaining the Validity of the Lorentz Group

Authors: Juan Carlos Alcerro Mena
Comments: 11 pages.

This document reports some of the important results of a theoretical work that performed the Wick rotation with the condition of retaining the validity of the Lorentz group.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Particularization of the Sequence of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime Geometries and Associated Sequence of Theories in a Metric Force Field to the Gravitational Field.

Authors: Akindele (Adekugbe) Joseph
Comments: 27 pages, Submitted to Progress in Physics. Author's name recently changed from Joseph Akindele O Adekugbe to Akindele O Adekugbe Joseph.

The two stages of evolution of spacetime/intrinsic spacetime and the associated spacetime /intrinsic spacetime geometries in a long range metric force field, isolated in previous papers, are particularized to the gravitational field. The theory of relativity on flat four-dimensional spacetime (E³, ct) and the intrinsic theory relativity on the underlying flat two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime (φρ, φcφt), due to the presence of a metric force field, as well as the absolute intrinsic metric theory (of the metric force field) on curved 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic spacetime (φρ^, φc^φt^), which evolve at the second (and final) stage of evolution of spacetime/intrinsic spacetime in a long range metric force field, developed in the previous papers, become the theory of gravitational relativity (TGR) on the flat four-dimensional relativistic spacetime, the intrinsic theory of gravitational relativity (φTGR) on the underlying flat two-dimensional relativistic intrinsic spacetime and the metric theory of absolute intrinsic gravity (φMAG) on the curved 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic spacetime in a gravitational field. The basic aspects of these co-existing theories in every gravitational field are developed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The New Gravitational Theory and the Expansion Theory of the Universe

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 6 pages. In Chinese

Using the tachyonic theory we find the new gravitational formula (16) and establish the expansion theory of the Universe see Fig. 2, (22)-(25). We show that gravitons can be converted into the rest mass, see Fig. 2, m-bar → m, (24) and (27). We point out that Newtonian gravitational theory is approximate and the general theory of relativity is wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity and Quantum Electrodynamics in the Theory of Reference Frames: the Origin of Physical Time

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 8 pages.

In this paper the main aspects of the Theory of Reference Frames are presented: in particular we consider the relativistic relation between time and mass, the electrodynamics of a moving charged particle, the quantum electrodynamic behavior of accelerated electron and a new explanation of the Compton effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Momentum and Energy in the Schwarzschild Metric

Authors: Douglas L. Weller
Comments: 30 pages

Albert Einstein validated his field equations by demonstrating that they complied with what he called the laws of momentum and energy. The most well-known solution to Einstein's field equations is the Schwarzschild metric describing the gravitational field of a mass point. Here is examined how what Einstein called the laws of momentum and energy are manifest in the Schwarzschild metric and how these laws limit the geometry of space-time that is defined by the Schwarzschild metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Fundamental Principle of Relativity

Authors: Douglas L. Weller
Comments: 32 pages

The laws of physics hold equally in reference frames that are in motion with respect to each other. This premise of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity is a fairly easy concept to understand in the abstract, however the mathematics-particularly the tensor calculus used by Einstein to describe general relativity-used to flesh out this premise can be very complex, making the subject matter difficult for the non-specialist to intuitively grasp. Here is set out a fundamental principle of relativity that can be used as a tool to understand and explain special and general relativity. The fundamental principle of relativity is used to independently derive the Lorentz factor, the Minkowski metric and the Schwarzschild metric. The fundamental principle is also used to derive metric tensors for systems with multiple point masses and to explain Newtonian kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and mass-energy equivalence in the context of special and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Numeric Example of a Contradiction in Special Relativity

Authors: Andrew Banks
Comments: 3 pages

Assume the standard configuration under Special Relativity (SR) and a light pulse is emitted when the origins of two coordinate systems are common. Further assume v = .6c and that the spherical light wave (SLW) has attained the unprimed coordinated (2ls,10ls,0) where ls is the distance light travels in 1 second. Then t₁ = √104s and using LT, ( x'₁ 1.25(2-.6√104) ,10 ,0) x₁ = - ls ls . Since x₁ > and x'₁ < , both frames agree along the line y = 10 the SLW is in between the two origins. According to nature, the SLW will propagate further. So, assume that condition. Both frames conclude, along the line y =10 , any further propagation of the SLW must place the SLW further from its own origin assuming the light postulate in its frame. A valid question to propose is, by considering coordinates only with y =10 and z = 0 , where will the SLW move to after further propagation? If both frames agree the SLW must move further from the respective origin, and the SLW is in between the two origins, then the SLW must move two different directions along the line y = 10 to satisfy the SR conditions of each frame. Based on this fact, it will be proven in the context of either frame, after further propagation of the SLW, Lorentz transformations (LT) will contradict the light postulate in the target frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teoria DE la Relatividad, Mecanica Cuantica Y Teoria Conectada (I)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 21 pages

Theory of Everything? Any theory is already a theory of everything.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Supernova from the Smashing Collision of a Binary Star

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 9 Pages, 3 figures

Supernovae are generally believed to be triggered either in the core collapse of a massive star or in the increase of mass that a white dwarf star accumulates from a stellar companion (through accretion or merger), but a long-standing puzzle surrounding Type II supernovae is why the compact object remnant after the explosion gains a large velocity away from the core. Another unresolved problem of supernova is how to determine high rotating neutron stars that are ascribed to be a skillful kick from asymmetric collapse of a massive star, but the mechanism of this asymmetry is still unknown. Here we propose that due to orbital shrinkage the two stars of a binary star system may finally take place a smashing collision to form a supernova. The simulation of white dwarfs RX J0806.3+1527 in principle fits to the observed features of supernova.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Specification of the Motions of Observable Structures

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 49 Pages, 16 figures and 3 tables

A general description of the association of observable structures and their motions had been presented currently, but the specification of these motions is still not yet formed. Here we specify that, within a series of hierarchical two-body systems, the motion of an object relative to another object is determined by both the number of motion and its magnitude between them. The Sun and planets in the solar system are good candidates to test such a specification. Here we quantitatively compare the data from JPL's Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System, the result between the two is consistent approximately.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Interaction Between Massive and Massless Gravitons by the Perturbing Topological Field Theory

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 8 pages with 4 figures,submitted to Commum.Theor.Phys, comments and criticisms are welcome

We test the N.Wu gauge theory of gravity with massive gravitons in the perturbing topological field theory framework. We show that the computation of the correlation function between massive and massless gravitons is reported up to 4-loop and appears to be unaffected by radiative correction. This result ensures the stability of the linking number between massive and massless gravitons with respect to the local perturbation, a result with potential wider applications in cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Geometric Unification of Gravity and Dark Energy

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 8 pages,submitted to Cass.Quantum.Grav,comments and criticisms are welcome

In the framework of Finslerian geometry, we propose a geometric unification between traditional gauge treatments of gravity, represented by metric field, and dark energy, which arises as a corresponding gauge potential from the single SU (2) group. Furthermore, we study the perturbation of gravity waves caused by dark energy. This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Equation that Changed the Universe

Authors: Chun-Xuan. Jiang
Comments: 15 pages

This paper explains the behavior of the entire universe from the smallest to the largest scales, found an equation that changed the universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Invalid Intervals of X' Calculated by the Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Andrew Banks
Comments: 8 pages

Under Special Relativity (SR), as a consequence of the light postulate, a spherical light wave (SLW) propagates away from the light emission point in the frame in all directions at a constant velocity c . Further, assuming the standard configuration, since the Lorentz transformations (LT) are required to preserve the truth of all aspects of the SLW, then on any time interval, LT must preserve the propagation the SLW away from the origin of the primed frame. In short, since there is only one SLW under SR assuming one light pulse and given some time interval for the unprimed frame, since the set of vectors for that time interval demonstrates the propagation of the SLW away from the unprimed origin at c , then the corresponding set of LT mapped vectors must also demonstrate the SLW propagates away from the primed origin at c . More specifically, SLW expansion in one frame must translate using LT to SLW expansion for any other frame. However, it will be shown, using some arbitrary ...
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Law of Energy Creation

Authors: R G Kulkarni
Comments: 20 pages

The energy density of free space is constant and negative. Energy, which comes from free space according to the law of energy creation, is created at a constant rate. Matter or energy that is created contains equal amounts of positive and negative energy. Therefore, the total energy of the body is zero. This law offers insights on the beginning and end of the universe, as well as how this cycle continues.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein's Equivalence Principle and Susskind's Black Hole Complementarity

Authors: Cristi Stoica
Comments: 2 pages

There are two complementary descriptions of the fate of the information traversing the event horizon of a black hole, one given by an infalling observer, and the other by an outside observer. According to the black hole complementarity principle, although contradictory, both these descriptions are true, but they cannot lead to an inconsistency because the two observers cannot meet each other. On the other hand, Einstein's equivalence principle suggests that the black hole complementarity principle should remain the same if we apply it to the Rindler horizon of an accelerated observer instead of the event horizon. But in the case of the Rindler horizon, the two observers can meet each other and compare their records, proving that the observer reporting violent evaporation of the objects approaching the Rindler horizon was in fact wrong. This may reveal a severe limitation imposed by the equivalence principle to Susskind's hypothesis of the black hole complementarity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Negative Mass is Stable at the State of High Energy.

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 8 pages

All the while, the field of physics did not seriously consider the possibility of existence of negative mass at the general state [1{4]. The standard explanation about negative mass is, if energy level of negative exists, that the state of low energy is stable, and the lowest state of energy is minus infinity, so the positive mass of all emits energy, and it will transit to the energy level of minus infinity, and the universe will collapse [5]. However, at the present, our universe exists without collapsing, so the explanation for this became the strong proof for the nonexistence of the negative mass and the energy level of negative. We have taken this as the natural common sense and teach it to students. At the center of this background, there is the fundamental proposition that "State of low energy is stable" (SLES) [2], [3]. In this paper, we show that the SLES proposition is an incomplete one, and in case of a positive mass, it is stable at the low state, whereas, in case of negative mass, it is stable at the high state [6]. Due to this, the problem of the transition of the energy level of minus infinity (PTEMI) does not occur, and therefore, in our universe, the existence of negative mass is possible. Moreover, we will show that negative mass provides a qualitative explanation for dark matter and dark energy, which are the biggest problem for Cosmology at the present.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

MCS Physics Article 5: Relativity's Nightmare Universe

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 4 pages

I describe a universe in which all universal matter is of zero rest mass and is traveling at the speed of light (this class of universe is hereinafter abbreviated ALSU). In this universe motion through space is a result of constant rate repetition of discrete swift microscopic leaps averaging to a smooth-like motion at C in the macroscopic scale. All matter in this universe is composed of EMPs (see Article 1), and the difference between photons whose speed of light is recognized in the macroscopic scale of reality and between particles whose speed of light is not recognized as motion in the macroscopic scale, is in the symmetry of their EMP based structures. While bosons have semispherical structural symmetry, fermions have spherical structural symmetry. Photons thus follow geodesic lines in their motion, while other elementary ALSU particles are exercising their microscopic light speed leaps, frenetically joggling around a local mid point, with the directional leap of each EMP in their construction being cancelled out by a consequent leap of another EMP moving in the opposite direction. In such a universe particles and photons are on an equal footing, they are constructed from the same building blocks, have the same speeds, the same ticking rate of time, the same zero rest mass and the same light speed mass per each EMP participating in their construction. The physicists residing in this ALSU unfortunately live in the macroscopic world, and are thus unaware of said equal footing. Since they are able to recognize only the macroscopic averages of the microscopic light speed leaps of particles, they mess up everything: they relate to fermionic particles as if they are at rest, to their light speed masses as if they were rest masses, and to small differential values in the particles' light speeds as absolute small speeds. Consequently they invent relativity theories, and finally become confused of the inconsistency of such theories with the quantum realm. I guess you will not be surprised to find out that according to MCS Physics this hypothetical universe is the one in which we happen to reside.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Potential Alternative to Solar System Gravitational Singularities

Authors: Javier Bootello
Comments: 6 pages, Comments and annotations are welcome

This article presents a gravitational potential, which could explain some astronomical singularities: the secular increase of the eccentricity of the Moon and the increase of the Astronomical Unit. This potential is also consistent with the solution to the unexplained anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury, which was the first success of General Relativity, event which is near to reach its first centenary.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Critical and Thorough re-Analysis of the Null Result of the Michelson and Morley Experiment

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 5 pages

It has happened sometimes in the history of scientific development, that a misinterpretation of a phenomenon or an experiment by a renowned scientist, will spread thereafter under the mantle of his authority without anyone bothering to verify the veracity of those arguments and check for its correctness. With time it becomes so settled that any attempt to deny it will meet with strong opposition. The word of this or that distinguished scientist is irrefutable and only a fool would dare to question it. This kind of attitude has caused serious harm to the scientific development over the centuries and led research in many areas astray. The last century has not been different. I'm coming back again and again to this issue, always in a somewhat different and more explicit mode because this is an emblematic case of what has been said above. In two previous papers1 we got to demystify the phenomenon of stellar aberration and show that there is nothing magic with light and, as has been demonstrated, there is no violation of the constancy of the speed of light in applying Eddington's rain drops analogy. Since there is a straight correlation, as will be readily shown, between the phenomenon of light aberration and the M/M experiment, we shall start making a rapid pass through it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Differential Coordinate Transformation in the General Relativity Theory

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 pages

The differential coordinate transformation in the general relativity theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evidence for the Hubble Sphere Model of Cosmological Redshift and Dark Energy

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Hubble sphere model uses a single equation of frequency versus distance to describe the linear and non-linear cosmological redshift data. The non-linear portion of the cosmological redshift curve is what has been interpreted as Dark Energy, an unnecessary phenomena that can easily be described by the interaction of Hubble spheres, where the gravitational and electromagnetic forces are limited to the range of the Hubble radius. Analysis of Type Ia supernovae data reveals the simple, 3rd-order polynomial predicted by the Hubble sphere model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Gravitation Dependence of the Speed of the Light and the Pioneer 10&11 Acceleration Anomaly Explanation

Authors: Gocho Sharlanov
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the article the "ether" is considered to be the "warped space-time of the Universe" itself. Unambiguous results for the presence of anisotropy of the speed of light are obtained up to now. The approach in this paper is that fairness requires that experiments have to be related to the reference system, associated with the space itself, where the Earth moves and warps the space around. The results: - Constant speed of light in time-spatial domains with equal gravitational potential. - Explanation of the anomaly in the acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 at escaping from the Sun's gravity with "acceleration of the speed of the electromagnetic radiation" emanated from the spacecrafts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Not so Fast, DR. Einstein

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 44 Pages.

The Special Theory of Relativity is disproved here using simple high school algebra. The theory of relativity is LACED throughout and therefore clouds modern scientific thinking. As with Aristotle's theory about everything being made of earth, air, fire, and water, or that a heavier canon ball will fall to earth faster than a lighter wooden ball, said theories standing for over 2000 years, Dr. Einstein's Special Relativity is also wrong and has stood intact for over 100 years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Unified Field Theory, Theory of Everything and More About Nature

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper takes a look at the formulating of the unified field theory and the theory of everything. It shows how a unified field theory and theory of everything may be obtained. It also brings up a number of new and controversial concepts relating to nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Principle of Proportionality of Mass and Energy: New Version

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: v1 in Russian (24 pages), v2 in English (22 pages).

The essence of mass and its relationship to energy is considered. It is concluded that after radiation of energy from a system or when the system does work the mass of the system must not diminish, but increase. The opposite case is heating of bodies from external sources, when an increase in internal heat energy must be accompanied by an increase in entropy and decrease in the mass of the bodies. On the basis of strong gravitation is explained mass defect of atomic nuclei. Conclusions of general relativity and covariant theory of gravitation about mass and energy are analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relevance of the Repelling Force of Colour Electric Fluxlines in QCD as the Gravitational Force

Authors: Stefan Mehedinteanu
Comments: 7 pages.

Based on the results of a dual Ginzburg-Landau model, in the following is quantified the repelling force of colour electric fluxlines due of the dual Meissner effect, in view to found its relevance as of gravitational force. This is demonstrated by using a scalar form of Einstein's equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Self-Similar Model of the Universe Unveils the Nature of Dark Energy

Authors: Alfredo G. Oliveira
Comments: 21 pages, 7 figures

This work presents a critical yet previously unnoticed property of the units of some constants, able of supporting a new, self-similar, model of the universe. This model displays a variation of scale with invariance of dimensionless parameters, a characteristic of self-similar phenomena displayed by cosmic data. The model is deducted from two observational results (expansion of space and invariance of constants) and has just one parameter, the Hubble parameter. Somewhat surprisingly, classic physical laws hold both in standard and comoving units, except for a small new term in the angular momentum law that is beyond present possibilities of direct measurement. In spite of having just one parameter, the model is as successful as the ΛCDM model in the classic cosmic tests, and a value of H₀ = 64 kms^-1Mpc^-1 is obtained from the fitting with supernovae Ia data from Union compilation. It is shown that in standard units the model corresponds to Big Bang cosmologies, namely to the ΛCDM model, unveiling what dark energy stands for. This scaling (dilation) model is a one-parameter model that seems able of fitting cosmic data, that does not conflict with fundamental physical laws and that is not dependent on hypotheses, being straightforwardly deducted from the two observational results above mentioned.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rigidly Rotating Disk Dust in the Special Relativity

Authors: A. Rozenkevich
Comments: v1 in Russian (6 pages), v2 in English (6 pages)

A mathematical derivation of geometry is rigidly rotating disk dust, taking into account special relativity. Based on this formula are defined geometric forms a rotating disk, sphere and torus.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 pages.

Special Relativity Theory (SRT) has two postulates, one stating that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, and the other stating that the speed of light is the constant 186,000 miles per second, regardless of any reference frames. As a result of these postulates, SRT renders predictions such as: 1) No object can travel faster than 186,000 miles per second (the speed of light itself); 2) On approaching the speed of light, a moving object contracts in length in the direction of motion, while 3) a clock traveling with the object slows down; 4) The mass of an object multiplied by the square of the speed of light gives energy ( E = mc² ); i.e., mass could be converted to energy and vice versa; 5) Observers do not agree on the simultaneity of events - two events that are simultaneous for one observer might not be simultaneous for another. There are evident inconsistencies among these predictions. There is also a philosophical problem relating to the nature of reality. Could there be more than one reality in Nature; that is, can reality be subjective, and only a matter of interpretation? This paper explores the evident inconsistencies and the philosophical problem by developing arguments and providing numerical examples.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mind, Intergalactic Space, and Phi

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 16 pages.

Although counter-intuitive, many published papers have proved that scientific experiments are affected by the act of observation, as well as the mind being affected by local astronomical forces and factors, such as gravity, electromagnetism, spin, and orientation. This paper details the ability of the mind to filter out all of these local factors, and visualise experiments as if they were being undertaken in intergalactic space. In order to undertake this research both the mind and quantitative observation are required. As dowsing involves both it was adopted. The physical dimensions of simple geometric shapes were measured to compare to the dimensions of the same geometric shapes perceived "mentally" by the body's senses. Global scaling has been demonstrated in these laboratory conditions with simple equations obeying power laws that involve the universal constant phi (f) and no arbitrary constants. Examples are d = 0.5 * L ^ φ /2, S_max = 2 . r ^ φ, and a = φ * r ^ √φ. These formulae cannot be random results. The implications are (1) that phi forms part of the structure of space-time, (2) the important quantified discovery that the mind can interface with the fundamentals of space-time and the cosmos. The latter concept supports ancient Eastern philosophy, although it is alien to traditional western science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on the Quantization Mechanism Within the Cold Big Bang Cosmology

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 2 pages.

In my paper [3], I obtain a Cold Big Bang Cosmology, fitting the cosmological data, with an absolute zero primordial temperature, a natural cutoff for the cosmological data to a vanishingly small entropy at a singular microstate of a comoving domain of the cosmological fluid. This solution resides on a negative pressure solution from the general relativity field equation and on a postulate regarding a Heisenberg indeterminacy mechanism related to the energy fluctuation obtained from the solution of the field equations under the Robertson-Walker comoving elementar line element context in virtue of the adoption of the Cosmological Principle. In this paper, we see the, positive, differential energy fluctuation, purely obtained from the general relativity cosmological solution in [3], leads to the quantum mechanical argument of the postulate in [3], provided this energy fluctuation is quantized, strongly supporting the postulate in [3]. I discuss the postulate in [3], showing the result for the energy fluctuation follows from a discreteness hypothesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitomagnetics, a Simpler Appraoch Applied to Rotating Bodies

Authors: H. Ron Harrison
Comments: 5 pages.

In reference [1] the basics of the new approach are outlined but in this paper more details are given where the method is applied to rotating bodies. Application to single bodies is often referred to as the de Sitter effect and when applied to rotating bodies it is known as the Lense-Thirring effect. This new approach gives the same form of result as the generally accepted equations but with a different factor for the Lense-Thirring effect. This variation is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Important Note on the Mechanism Within the Cold Big Bang Cosmology

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 2 pages.

In this paper, I discuss the postulate in [1], showing the result for the energy fluctuation follows from a discreteness hypothesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Better Look at the Michelson/morley Experiment

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 5 pages.

For over a century, the elusive nature of the outcome of the M/M experiment has baffled generations of physicists from all around the world. Indeed, the analysis has revealed some subtleties. I have already, for some time, had, intuitively, all the pieces of the puzzle in my mind but didn't know how to correctly join them. I tried twice without success but now, everything leads me to believe I could finally assemble the whole picture. So, I go back to the subject in a detailed way that seems to me absolutely clear and unambiguous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Lagrangian for the Lambda CDM Model.

Authors: Hontas F. Farmer
Comments: 6 pages. Submitted to the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

Current cosmology is well served by a model which is a combination of General Relativity, with Inflation theory and Dark Matter-Energy. In this paper I propose a single Lagrangian which contains all of the physics of the standard concordance model of cosmology known as Lambda CDM. This single Lagrangian contains General Relativity and fields for both scalar and vector Inflation. When these fields are treated as quantum fields it becomes clear each will have a particle associated with it which would be candidates for dark matter. If this Lagrangian is validated by observations it could serve as a unified mathematical basis for LCDM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What the Null Energy Condition (And When it May be Violated) Tells us About Gravitational Wave Frequencies in / for Relic Cosmology?

Authors: A Beckwith
Comments: 22 pages, accepted for publication by JMP for August to October, i.e. it is in their pool of to be published papers. 1 table.

We introduce a criterion as to the range of HFGW generated by early universe conditions. The 1 to 10 Giga Hertz range is constructed initially starting with what Grupen writes as far as what to expect of GW frequencies which can be detected assuming a sensitivity of h ~ 10^-27 . From there we examine the implications of an earlier Hubble parameter at the start of inflation, and a phase transition treatment of pre to post Planckian inflation physics via use of inflatons.. We close with an analysis of how gravitational constant G may vary with time, the tie in with the NEC condition and how to select a range of relic GW frequencies. The gravitational frequencies in turn may enable resolving a mis match between the datum that the entropy of the center of the galaxy black hole is greater than the entropy of the present four dimensional universe as we can infer and measure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spinor Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 9 Pages.

A theory of gravitation based upon a spinor connection and solder form with a nonvanishing torsion tensor is constructed and a mapping to Einstein Cartan theory is made. As applications, the at Friedmann and Schwarzschild solutions are derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Insights Into the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli, Dusan Klinar, Davide Fiscaletti
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the 20th century, physics has understood space and time as being coupled into a "spacetime" manifold, a fundamental arena in which everything takes place. Space-time was considered to have three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension. Out of the mathematical formalism for the fourth space-time component X4 = ict one can conclude that time t is only a numerical order of material change, i.e., the motion that we obtain with clocks. Time is not a 4th dimension of space. For the description of the Special Theory of Relativity it is here proposed an Minkowski 4D space whilst time t is merely a numerical order of a photon motion in a 4D space. This view opens new perspectives on the understanding of the quantum entanglement, where the 4D space becomes an immediate medium for quantum communication.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Effect Does a Spinning Sun Have on the Advance of Mercury's Perihelion?: a Comment on Arxiv:1106.1568

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 Pages.

Mercury precesses 5600 seconds of arc per century. Newtonian celestial mechanics accounts for only 5557 arc seconds, leaving a discrepancy of 43". In 1859, Urbain Le Verrier, considering all the perturbations in the solar system, wrestled only 35 arc seconds more beyond the 1557". Had he thought about the effect of a spinning sun on Mercury's orbit, he would have gained another 6 arc seconds, for a total of 41", only 2.3% shy of General Relativity's calculation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy, Momentum, Mass and Velocity of Moving Body

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: v1 in Russian (22 pages), v2 in English (21 pages)

In the weak-field approximation the problem of 4/3 is formulated for internal and external gravitational fields of a body in the form of a ball. The dependence of the energy and mass of the moving substance on energy of field accompanying the substance, as well as dependence on the characteristic size of the volume occupied by substance are found. Additives in the energy and momentum of the body, defined by energy and momentum of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields associated with the body are explicitly defined. The conclusion is that energy and mass of the body can be described by the energy of usual and strong gravitation, and through the energy of electromagnetic fields of particles that compose the body.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inconsistency of the Beckwith Entropy Formula

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 5 pages, Prespacetime Journal 2(5), pp.733-736 (May 2011)

In my recent paper [1] published by Prespacetime Journal I discussed certain consequences of the entropy formula presented by A.W. Beckwith and his coauthors [2]. The main result of the deductions were bonons and the inflaton constant. However, I now consider the Beckwith entropy formula to be wrong, and deductions based on this relation can therefore be at most half-true. In this brief paper the right way to deduce the entropy formula is concisely discussed, the results obtained previously are revised, and certain new results are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Absolute Movement

Authors: Mauro Lacy
Comments: 4 pages

An experiment devised to detect absolute motion. Quantum entanglement proposed as a means to avoid the clock synchronization problem. Consequences of detecting absolute movement. Philosophy of science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Explanation of the GZK Limit Based on the WSM Model of SRT

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 4 pages

Explanation of The GZK Limit Based on the WSM Model of SRT
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Mass Plasma Roton Solution of the Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: F Winterberg
Comments: 9 pages, submitted to Physical Review D, comments and criticisms are welcome

The failure by the large hadron collider to detect supersymmetry and the Higgs particle, suggests to replace supersymmetry with another fundamental symmetry, for example the symmetry of the Planck mass plasma where the vacuum is made up by an equal number of positive and negative Planck mass particles. The Planck mass plasma has for each mass component a phonon-roton spectrum and it can explain the observed small positive cosmological constant. The masses of the elementary particles are here explained by the gravitational field energy of pole-dipole particles, which explain Dirac spinors as composed from gravitationally interacting positive and negative masses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Obviously Non-Zero Shift of Interference Fringes is Interpreted Again as Confirming Negative Outcome of Experiments on Michelson Type Interferometers

Authors: Demjanov V.V.
Comments: 18 pages.

In the present report I analyze interesting experimental results of laboratory measurements of the speed of aether wind recently (2009) obtained by Dutch researcher V.Haan at Michelson-type interferometer based on fiber optic waveguides transmitting the light with wavelength ~1 μm. Because of a wrong interpretation of his measurements, those proposed at days of Miller (1933) and Shamir&Fox (1968), V.Haan, proceeding from a reliably measured shift of the interference fringe registered by modern phasometric electronics, 40 times underestimated the speed of aether wind (7 km/s), i.e. obtained the same estimations as was earlier reported by Michelson, Miller, Shamir&Foxs and others who also incorrectly interpreted their data. Now I critically discuss the errors of interpretation of the experiment by V.Haan. I show that really he measured the speed of aether wind several hundred km/s. Some proposals are made of modernization of the construction of fiber optics interferometer capable to raise about 5 times the ratio signal/noise in the device. Thus the resolution by the phase shift can be obtained not less than 0.005 of the fringe width.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Nature Continuous or Discrete, and How Can These Two Conceptions be Reconciled?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 11 pages. Source material for rencontres de blois contribution. Either as poster, if that is what the author is allowed, or as material for the power point for a talk. 11 pages, four tables, one figure. Represents how octionic gravity is built upon a foundation of t'Hooft "deterministic quantum mechanics' , which the author asserts came from a multi verse feed in , as an extension of a suggestion the author saw Penrose make in 2007 in the inagural meeting of the Penn state cosmology center.

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it appears discrete. This due to al phase transition at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are not necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity, arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Finally, the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via Sherrer k essence physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Relativistic Lorentz Transformation Using the Wave Structure of Matter - May 27, 2007

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 4 pages

The SRT frequency shift, time dilation and energy equivalence formulas are derived from wave structure of matter concepts. The derivation shown removes Einstein's requirement for the constancy of the speed of light between reference frames, which is not necessary in producing the results of the Lorentz transforms. Also, the photon is revealed to be the interaction between two electron wave centers, not a separate particle, showing a preference for Tetrode's concept of a photon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmological-Redshift Explained by the Intersection of Hubble Spheres

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 9 pages

The cosmological redshift is described by the intersection of two Hubble spheres, where a Hubble sphere is defined as a range over which spherical, quantum-waves interact, specifically Ru = 1.9 x 10²⁶ m.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time... is What Allows Things to Happen in Sequence But Keeps Everything from Happening at Once

Authors: Michael J Savins
Comments: 13 pages.

The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of decay observable in nature. Time is a measure by which things happen, the yardstick of causality and is a fundamental property of the universe. We can deduce from E = mc² it is mass that gives an arrow to time and energy that gives it a rate of flow. The rate of flow of time is the square root of the energy of the universe divided by its mass (matter less antimatter). As mass is responsible for gravity, it can be re written as the rate of flow of time is the square root of the energy of the universe divided by its gravity. The rate of flow of time whilst being an average for the universe can vary locally. Time is the notches on the yardstick of entropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time and Time-Travel

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 pages.

Time is actually an abstract entity which became part of Special Relativity. There has in fact been postulation that time is unreal but just an invention of the intellect. Whether time is an invention or actually real, it cannot be denied that it plays a very important role in our lives, e.g., without a watch to tell us the time practically all of us would be lost in time. This paper takes a look at the philosophical ramifications and difficulties of time, as well as time-travel, and clarifies things.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity is

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 pages.

Newton accidentally discovered gravity after observing an apple falling from a tree. What exactly is gravity? This paper takes a look at gravity, which evidently remains a subject of mystery.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Cold Big Bang Cosmology an Alternative Solution Within the GR Cosmology

Authors: Armando V. D. B. Assis
Comments: 6 pages. This paper is reviewed and accepted for publication in Progress in Physics.

We solve the general relativity (GR) field equations under the cosmological scope via one extra postulate. The plausibility of the postulate resides within the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, being heuristically analysed throughout the appendix. Under this approach, a negative energy density may provide the positive energy content of the universe via fluctuation, since the question of conservation of energy in cosmology is weakened, supported by the known lack of scope of the Noether's theorem in cosmology. The initial condition of the primordial universe turns out to have a natural cutoff such that the temperature of the cosmological substratum converges to the absolute zero, instead of the stablished divergence at the very beginning. The adopted postulate provides an explanation for the cosmological dark energy open question. The solution agrees with cosmological observations, including a 2.7K CMBT prediction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galaxy Rotation Anomaly

Authors: Michael J Savins
Comments: 4 pages.

The galaxy rotation problem is the discrepancy between the observed rotation speeds of matter in the disk portions of spiral galaxies and the predictions of Newtonian dynamics considering the known mass. However, gravitational time dilation from the outside in allows galaxies and the space they each occupy to rotate as one.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Geometry of Large Rotating Systems

Authors: Cameron Rout, Bruce Rout
Comments: 28 pages. This submission is a revised version of the paper appearing in the Proceedings of the 2011 Western Conference of the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers.

This paper presents an analytical solution to the geometry of large rotating systems which reconciles the peculiar rotation profiles of distant galaxies with Einstein's principle of General Relativity. The resulting mathematical solution shows that large rotating systems are distorted in the space of a non-rotating observer into a spiral pattern with tangential velocities that behave in agreement with those observed in distant galaxies. This paper also demonstrates how the scale of the spiral structure of rotating systems can be used to determine its distance from the observer. The authors' proposed equations for the rotation profile and the distance measure are compared with the observed rotation profiles and Cepheid distance measurements of several galaxies with strong agreement. A formal error analysis is not included however the authors suggest a method for better qualifying the accuracy of the theorums.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solving the Einstein Twin's Paradox

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 2 pages.

This paper is using the theory of quantized time - length and a new model of internal structure of elementary particles by my expression [1] to solve Einstein twin's paradox.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Studies on K-Essence Lagrangian

Authors: Somnath Mukherjee
Comments: 11 pages

It has by now established that the universe consists of roughly 25 percent dark matter and 70 percent dark energy. Parametric lagrangian from an exact k-essence lagrangian is studied of an unified dark matter and dark energy model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The General Theory of Relativity, Metric Theory of Relativity and Covariant Theory of Gravitation: Axiomatization and Critical Analysis

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 14 pages. This is the English version.

The axiomatization of general theory of relativity (GR) is done. Axioms of GR are compared with the axioms of the metric theory of relativity and the covariant theory of gravitation. The need to use the covariant form of total derivative with respect to proper time of the invariant quantities, the 4-vectors and tensors is indicated. The definition of the 4-vector force density in a Riemannian spacetime is deduced.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Theory of Light and Ether

Authors: Udrea Sergiu
Comments: 7 pages.

Light as a wave needs a medium of propagation. The ether is the medium through which propagate light waves. Light shows a surprising number of properties that were difficult to explain relatively to the ether, but which must appear as naturals, a normal result of the properties of ether. The ether must support the phenomena related to light, particles and their interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Field Theory with Electric-Magnetic Duality and Spin-Mass Duality But Without Grand Unification and Supersymmetry

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 26 pages.

I present a generalization of quantum electrodynamics which includes Dirac magnetic monopoles and the Salam magnetic photon. This quantum electromagnetodynamics has many attractive features. (1) It explains the quantization of electric charge. (2) It describes symmetrized Maxwell equations. (3) It is manifestly covariant. (4) It describes local four-potentials. (5) It avoids the unphysical Dirac string. (6) It predicts a second kind of electromagnetic radiation which can be verified by a tabletop experiment. An effect of this radiation may have been observed by August Kundt in 1885. Furthermore I discuss a generalization of General Relativity which includes Cartan's torsion. I discuss the mathematical definition, concrete description, and physical meaning of Cartan's torsion. I argue that the electric-magnetic duality of quantum electromagnetodynamics is analogous to the spin-mass duality of Einstein-Cartan theory. A quantum version of this theory requires that the torsion tensor corresponds to a spin-3 boson called tordion which is shown to have a rest mass close to the Planck mass. Moreover I present an empirically satisfied fundamental equation of unified field theory which includes the fundamental constants of electromagnetism and gravity. I conclude with the remark that the concepts presented here require neither Grand Unification nor supersymmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Pioneer Anomaly

Authors: Michael J Savins
Comments: 1 pages.

Could the Pioneer anomaly be caused by the gravity of our solar system causing a local time dilation. As Pioneer leaves the solar system the rate of flow of time is increasing causing a relative doppler blue shift. In other words the red shift isn't as far red shifted as predicted. The craft is where it is supposed to be, it just appears to be closer to us than it is. This seems to be the simplest answer and one that should be expected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Phoenix Theory of the Universe

Authors: Michael J Savins
Comments: 20 pages.

Much knowledge has been discovered about the Universe and is readily available. The Phoenix Theory attempts to re-interpret it in a simple and intuitive manner that better fits what we see. The Phoenix theory builds upon Einstein's theories of Relativity and General Relativity. His simple equation E = mc² explains a lot more about the universe than it has been credited with. This theory fills in many of the missing details and attempts to complete the picture. Everything in the universe is made of energy. This theory attempts to explain the relationship between mass, energy and time in a cyclic universe, matter, antimatter ad infinitum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

ZPE Zero Point Energy Examples Around Black Holes.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 11 pages.

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM in Quantum FFF THEORY. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a NEW splitting, accelerating and pairing MASSLESS BLACK HOLE, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real energy by entropy decrease, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation, down to Sunspots, Comets and even Ball Lightning.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Three Fundamental Masses Derived by Dimensional Analysis

Authors: Dimitar Valev
Comments: 8 pages.

Three new mass dimension quantities i m have been derived by dimensional analysis, in addition to the Planck mass ...(see paper)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One-Way Speed of Light Relative to a Moving Observer

Authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
Comments: 8 pages.

The one-way speed of light relative to a moving observer is determined using the range measurement equation of the Global Positioning System. This equation has been rigorously tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame where light signals propagate in straight lines at constant speed c. The result is a simple demonstration of light speed anisotropy that is consistent with light speed anisotropy detected in other experiments and inconsistent with the principle of light speed constancy. This light speed anisotropy was not observed before because there has been no direct one-way measurement of light speed relative to a moving observer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reduced Total Energy Requirements for the Original Alcubierre and Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes-the Role of Warp Factors.

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 15 pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows Superluminal Travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions: The Alcubierre Warp Drive discovered in 1994 and the Natario Warp Drive discovered in 2001. However as stated by both Alcubierre and Natario themselves the Warp Drive violates all the known energy conditions because the stress energy momentum tensor(the right side of the Einstein Field Equations) for the Einstein tensor G₀₀ is negative implying in a negative energy density. While from a classical point of view the negative energy is forbidden the quantum theory allows the existence of very small amounts of it being the Casimir effect a good example as stated by Alcubierre himself. But the stress energy momentum tensor of both Alcubierre and Natario Warp Drives have the speed of the ship raised to the square inside its mathematical structure which means to say that as fast the ship goes by then more and more amounts of negative energy are needed in order to maintain the Warp Drive. Since the total energy requirements to maintain the Warp Drive are enormous and since quantum theory only allows small amounts of it,many authors regarded the Warp Drive as unphysical and impossible to be achieved. We compute the negative energy density requirements for a Warp Bubble with a radius of 100 meters(large enough to contain a ship) moving with a speed of 200 times light speed(fast enough to reach stars at 20 light-years away in months not in years)and we verify that the negative energy density requirements are of about 1045 times the positive energy density of Earth!!!(We multiply the mass of Earth by c² and divide by Earth volume for a radius of 6300km). However both Alcubierre and Natario Warp Drives as members of the same family of the Einstein Field Equations requires the so-called Shape Functions in order to be mathematically defined. We present in this work two new Shape Functions one for the Alcubierre and another for the NatarioWarp Drive Spacetimes that allows arbitrary Superluminal speeds while keeping the negative energy density at "low" and "affordable" levels. We do not violate any known law of quantum physics and we maintain the original geometries of both Alcubierre and Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Jorge de Sousa e Meneses
Comments: 6 pages

It is accepted from the beginning that nothing can escape from the Universe and a distance is found at which the expansion and compression of the space around a mass are in equilibrium. With this in mind the density of the space is calculated. The value obtained matches the value obtained experimentally by measuring cosmologic redshifts. Applying this concept to the mass of the Universe a second equation is found. This equation, together with the first one, allows the age of the Universe to be calculated and a value is found which is between the normally accepted limits. The same equations allow the deduction of the density equation calculated by Milne and the relativistic equation deduced by Friedmann. Finally, with these equations, the relation between the mass of the Universe, the speed of light and the universal constant of gravitation is found. This relation indicates possibly new areas of investigation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Addressing Strength of GW Radiation Affected by Additional Dimensions

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 15 pages, 3 tables, two figures.; Has arguments in simplified form as to what will be brought up for presentation by the author in rencontres de Moriond, in a GW symposium

We examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, δ₀ of the universe when triggered by changes in space-time geometry; i.e. We hope to find traces of the breakdown of the Entropy/QM space-time regime during δ₀. In particular, we look at if higher dimensions affect the relative strength of Ω_GW , and comment as to how this magnitude may affect opportunities for detection of GW from relic sources. In particular, we will explain the reason why GW O of the pre big bang model is so strong, up to 10 to the - 6 power, while the Ω_GW of ordinary inflation is so weak. In relic conditions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity the Theory of Information

Authors: John R. McWhinnie
Comments: 14 pages

This paper shows that the theory that we know as the Theory Of Relativity is more accurately described as A Theory Of Information. Explained from an informational perspective and the conclusions that its author, Albert Einstein came to, come into question through the natural viewpoint as the entire theory being simply about the transfer of information between informational systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The General Relativity Precession of Mercury.

Authors: Javier Bootello
Comments: 7 pages

The solution to the unexplained anomalous precession of the perihelion of Mercury, was the first success of GR (Einstein 1915), event which is near to reach its first centenary. We propose in this paper, to update the classic test of relativity, studying the gradual progression of one-orbit precession, not only in its perihelion, but also along a complete trajectory around the Sun. Just to underline GR results, we have confronted it with other virtual and mathematical potentials which, leading to an identical secular advance of the perihelion, offer different equations of motion with only theoretical meaning. Spacecraft Messenger will begin to orbit Mercury next March 18, and during twelve months, both will make 4.2 revolutions around the Sun. That event should afterwards allow us, to measure and draw accurately, the geometry of the whole geodesic orbit as an open free-fall path, isolated from other planets gravitational interference. This update must verify the GR issues with modern standards, throughout an accessible test to perform, with clear results, unlike a complex test, expensive and with uncertain conclusions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Serious Anomalies in the Reported Geometry of Einstein's Gravitational Field

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

Careful reading of the reported geometry of Einstein's gravitational field reveals that the physicists have committed fatal errors in the elementary differential geometry of a pseudo-Riemannian metric manifold. These elementary errors in mathematics invalidate much of the reported physics of Einstein's gravitational field. The consequences for astrophysical theory are significant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Errors in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 15 pages

The notion of black holes voraciously gobbling up matter, twisting spacetime into contortions that trap light, stretching the unwary into long spaghetti-like strands as they fall inward to ultimately collide and merge with an infinitely dense point-mass singularity, has become a mantra of the astrophysical community. There are almost daily reports of scientists claiming that they have again found black holes again here and there. It is asserted that black holes range in size from micro to mini, to intermediate and on up through to supermassive behemoths and it is accepted as scientific fact that they have been detected at the centres of galaxies. Images of black holes interacting with surrounding matter are routinely included with reports of them. Some physicists even claim that black holes will be created in particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider, potentially able to swallow the Earth, if care is not taken in their production. Yet contrary to the assertions of the astronomers and astrophysicists of the black hole community, nobody has ever found a black hole, anywhere, let alone imaged one. The pictures adduced to convince are actually either artistic impressions (i.e. drawings) or photos of otherwise unidentified objects imaged by telescopes and merely asserted to be due to black holes, ad hoc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Line-Elements and Radii: a Correction

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 2 pages

Using a manifold with boundary various line-elements have been proposed as solutions to Einstein's gravitational field. It is from such line-elements that black holes, expansion of the Universe, and big bang cosmology have been alleged. However, it has been proved that black holes, expansion of the Universe, and big bang cosmology are not consistent with General Relativity. In a previous paper disproving the black hole theory, the writer made an error which, although minor and having no effect on the conclusion that black holes are inconsistent with General Relativity, is corrected herein for the record.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Particles and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 4 pages

The alleged existence of so-called Planck particles is examined. The various methods for deriving the properties of these "particles" are examined and it is shown that their existence as genuine physical particles is based on a number of conceptual flaws which serve to render the concept invalid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Theoretical Contradictions and Physical Misconceptions in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

It is demonstrated herein that:-
1. The quantity 'r' appearing in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution" is neither a distance nor a geodesic radius in the manifold but is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of the spatial section and does not generally determine the geodesic radial distance (the proper radius) from the arbitrary point at the centre of the spherically symmetric metric manifold.
2. The Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of point-mass singularities because they imply infinite energies (or equivalently, that a material body can acquire the speed of light in vacuo);
3. Ric=R_μν =0 violates Einstein's 'Principle of Equivalence' and so does not describe Einstein's gravitational field;
4. Einstein's conceptions of the conservation and localisation of gravitational energy are invalid;
5. The concepts of black holes and their interactions are ill-conceived;
6. The FRW line-element actually implies an open, infinite Universe in both time and space, thereby invalidating the Big Bang cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric and Physical Defects in the Theory of Black Holes

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 12 pages

The so-called 'Schwarzschild solution' is not Schwarzschild's solution, but a corruption of the Schwarzschild/Droste solution due to David Hilbert (December 1916), wherein m is allegedly the mass of the source of the alleged associated gravitational field and the quantity r is alleged to be able to go down to zero (although no proof of this claim has ever been advanced), so that there are two alleged 'singularities', one at r=2m and another at r=0. It is routinely alleged that r=2m is a 'coordinate' or 'removable' singularity which denotes the so-called 'Schwarzschild radius' (event horizon) and that the 'physical' singularity is at r=0. The quantity r in the usual metric has never been rightly identified by the physicists, who effectively treat it as a radial distance from the alleged source of the gravitational field at the origin of coordinates. The consequence of this is that the intrinsic geometry of the metric manifold has been violated in the procedures applied to the associated metric by which the black hole has been generated. It is easily proven that the said quantity r is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of Schwarzschild spacetime and so does not denote radial distance in the Schwarzschild manifold. With the correct identification of the associated Gaussian curvature it is also easily proven that there is only one singularity associated with all Schwarzschild metrics, of which there is an infinite number that are equivalent. Thus, the standard removal of the singularity at r=2m is actually a removal of the wrong singularity, very simply demonstrated herein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Schwarzschild Solution and Its Implications for Gravitational Waves

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 27 pages

The so-called 'Schwarzschild solution' is not Schwarzschild's solution, but a corruption, due to David Hilbert (December 1916), of the Schwarzschild/Droste solution, wherein m is allegedly the mass of the source of a gravitational field and the quantity r is alleged to be able to go down to zero (although no proof of this claim has ever been advanced), so that there are two alleged 'singularities', one at r=2m and another at r=0. It is routinely asserted that r=2m is a 'coordinate' or 'removable' singularity which denotes the so-called 'Schwarzschild radius' (event horizon) and that the 'physical' singularity is at r=0. The quantity r in the so-called 'Schwarzschild solution' has never been rightly identified by the physicists, who, although proposing many and varied concepts for what r therein denotes, effectively treat it as a radial distance from the claimed source of the gravitational field at the origin of coordinates. The consequence of this is that the intrinsic geometry of the metric manifold has been violated. It is easily proven that the said quantity r is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the 'Schwarzschild solution' and so does not in itself define any distance whatsoever in that manifold. With the correct identification of the associated Gaussian curvature it is also easily proven that there is only one singularity associated with all Schwarzschild metrics, of which there is an infinite number that are equivalent. Thus, the standard removal of the singularity at r=2m is, in a very real sense, removal of the wrong singularity, very simply demonstrated herein. This has major implications for the localisation of gravitational energy i.e. gravitational waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof that the Black Hole is Fallacious (Without Mathematics)

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 4 pages

The proponents of the black hole make much fanfare of the quantity r that appears in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution". They treat this issue with complicated mathematics and thereby confuse those not versed in the relevant mathematics. They routinely claim that this r is the radius, one way or another. However, this is false because it is not even a distance in "Schwarzschild" spacetime since it is easily proven that it strictly plays the role of the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of the spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of "Schwarzschild" spacetime and so does not itself denote any distance whatsoever in "Schwarzschild" spacetime. Now one does not even need to understand the abstruse mathematics surrounding this issue to see that the black hole is invalid, making this complicated mathematical matter irrelevant, as I now show.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fictitious 'interior' of Schwarzschild Spacetime (And a Couple of Other Fallacies)

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 8 pages

All arguments for the black hole are based upon the same fundamental idea in that they conceive of a region that in actual fact does not exist. This fictitious region the relativists call the 'interior', i.e. the region they think is contained by their a spherically symmetric surface they call the 'event horizon'. But there is no such region. The notion comes from a failure to recognise that the centre of spherical symmetry of the problem at hand is not located where they think it is, at their r = 0. I shall discuss this now in more detail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ligo, Lisa Destined to Detect Nothing

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 pages

It is claimed that the LIGO and LISA projects will detect Einstein's gravitational waves. The existence of these waves is entirely theoretical. Over the past forty years or so no Einstein gravitational waves have been detected. How long must the search go on, at great expense to the public purse, before the astrophysical scientists admit that their search is fruitless and a waste of vast sums of public money? The fact is, from day one, the search for these elusive waves has been destined to detect nothing. Here are some reasons why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole, the Big Bang: a Cosmology in Crisis

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

It is often claimed that cosmology became a true scientific inquiry with the advent of the General Theory of Relativity. A few subsequent putative observations have been misconstrued in such a way as to support the prevailing Big Bang model by which the Universe is alleged to have burst into existence from an infinitely dense point-mass singularity. Yet it can be shown that the General Theory of Relativity and the Big Bang model are in conflict with well-established experimental facts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Concerning Fundamental Mathematical and Physical Defects in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 13 pages

The physicists have misinterpreted the quantity 'r' appearing in the socalled "Schwarzschild solution" as it is neither a distance nor a geodesic radius but is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the Schwarzschild manifold, and so it does not directly determine any distance at all in the Schwarzschild manifold - in other words, it determines the Gaussian curvature at any point in a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the manifold. The concept of the black hole is consequently invalid. It is also shown herein that the Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of point-mass singularities because they imply infinite energies (or equivalently, that a material body can acquire the speed of light in vacuo), and so the black hole is forbidden by the Theory of Relativity. That Ric=R_μν = 0 violates Einstein's 'Principle of Equivalence' and so does not describe Einstein's gravitational field, is demonstrated. It immediately follows that Einstein's conceptions of the conservation and localisation of gravitational energy are invalid - the General Theory of Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes, Unicorns, and All that Jazz

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 pages

The notion of black holes voraciously gobbling up matter, twisting spacetime into contortions that trap light, stretching the unwary into long spaghetti-like strands as they fall inward to ultimately collide and merge with an infinitely dense point-mass singularity, has become a mantra of the astrophysical community, so much so that even primary-school children know about the sinister black hole, waiting patiently, like the Roman child's Hannibal, for an opportunity to abduct the unruly and the misbehaved. There are almost daily reports of scientists claiming that they have again found black holes again here and there. It is asserted that black holes range in size from micro to mini, to intermediate and on up through to supermassive behemoths. Black holes are glibly spoken of and accepted as scientific facts and it is routinely claimed that they have been detected at the centres of galaxies. Images of black holes having their wicked ways with surrounding matter are routinely included with reports of them. Some physicists even claim that black holes will be created in particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider, potentially able to swallow the Earth, if care is not taken in their production. Yet despite all this hoopla, contrary to the assertions of the astronomers and astrophysicists of the black hole community, nobody has ever found a black hole, anywhere, let alone 'imaged' one. The pictures adduced to convince are actually either artistic impressions (i.e. drawings) or photos of otherwise unidentified objects imaged by telescopes and merely asserted to be due to black holes, ad hoc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Science.article.cosmology.models.summary

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages, one figure, three tables. Predictions of page 8 will be proved rigorously in the near future.

We examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, of the universe when triggered by changes in spacetime geometry; i.e. We hope to find traces of the breakdown of the Entropy/QM spacetime regime during initial phase change induced by the geometry of space time alterations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

If the Speed of Light is a Constant, Then Light is a Wave

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 3 pages

In this short note we mathematically prove that if we assume that the speed of light is constant, then light propagates as a wave.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Prove that the Transition from Pre Planckian to Planckian Space Time Physics May Allow Octonionic Gravity Conditions to Form. and How to Measure that Transition from Pre Octionic to Octionic Gravity, and Check Into Conditions Permitting Possible Multiple Universes

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 22 pages, three figures, 4 tables. Provides foundations of GW astronomy as being developed by Chonqujing University department of physics

We ask if Octonionic quantum gravity [1] is a relevant consideration near the Planck scale. Furthermore, we examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase, and look into multiple universe generation. And an Ergodic mapping which may allow multiple universe embedding of Octonionic gravity as a starting point to inflation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Gravity in Start of Cosmological Inflation as by Product of Dynamical Systems Mappings ?

Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: 6 pages, one table. An entry into the 11 DSTA conference, in Lotz, Poland, in December 5-8, 2011m put in to facilitate mathematical development and continuation/ improvement of a suggestion brought up by Dr. R. Penrose which the author was priviliged to attend in summer , 2007, at the inagural opening of the new Penn State gravitational physics center.

We present how a Gaussian mapping, combined with what we hope to turn into a strange attractor for re cycling prior universe matter-energy may enable quantum gravity to form. And embed it in a larger- non linear theory. The key development to be worked upon would be turning into a strange attractor the supposition R. Penrose made as to re cycling the 'history' of the universe without the necessity of a 'big crunch', i.e. a contracting universe. The nature of the attractor would be instrumental in helping us come up with conditions enabling the evolution of pre Planckian embedding of non linear ' analog reality' ( 'classical' ) physics meshing into, with an increase in degrees of freedom into 'digital reality' ( 'quantum mechanics') and de facto quantum gravity , at the start of Planckian space time. This Planckian space time would mark the beginning of inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detailing Minimum Parameters as Far as Red Shift, Frequency, Strain, and Wavelength of Gravity Waves / Gravitons, and Possible Impact Upon GW Astronomy

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 11 pages, 3 tables. Submitted by invitation to Advances in Astronomy. Coverse material part of presentation for

This document will briefly outline some of the issues pertinent to early inflation and how it affects both strain readings for a GW detector, GW wave lengths, the number of gravitons which may be collected per phase space, among other issues. Different inflation models will also be briefly alluded to.explain in part what may be happening, as far as rates of alternations of wavelengths of GW 's from their genesis in terms of pre inflation to inflationary generation. We also mention a standard as far as GW measurement and how the 'metric' of measurement varies between the different models To summarize we state that the best chances for relic GW measurements are Ω_GW ~ 10⁶ are in the 1Hz < f < 10 GHz range. This according to the pre big bang models, and the QIM model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) and Examination if a Joint DM-DE Model is Feasible, with Applications to " Atoms of Space Time " Thermodynamcs and BBN

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 15 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Advances in Astronomy

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. One noticeable datum, that a calculated inflaton φ (t) may partly re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may be a contributing factor to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. Many theorists assume that the inflaton is the source of entropy. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe one billion years ago, at red shift value of Z ~ .423. The key formula, for joint DM-DE shows up in terms of deceleration parameter, Q(z). The choice of the DM-DE eqn. may eventually illuminate how early BBN may affect the formation of low levels of lithium for early star formation which we reference toward the end of this document. We also discuss what is necessary for not only proper BBN, but also to the implications for 'atoms' of space time congruent with relic GW production, i.e. the thermodynamics of emergent structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The First 10^-35 Seconds from the Imaginary to the Real a First Course in the Exploration of the Unknown

Authors: Nikiforos A. Sideris
Comments: 137 pages.

The first Edition of this work was published as a book in English under the title "THE FIRST 10^-35 SECONDS" (ISBN: 960-630-425-6) in Athens on 2005. The circulation of this book however was restricted mainly in the little community of the Greek physicists. Thanks to the very smart development of the viXra.org. I considered that it would be good to present it to the wide International Physics Community in electronic form since the ideas and findings from my work bring new information in the sectors of Elementary Particle Physics and in Cosmology. Some of these new results are based on other works of mine that have already been published mainly in the international journal Physics Essays and also in my new book published in Greek under the title "The Machinary of Newtonian Gravitation and the fallacies of General Relativity" (ISBN: 978-960-8160-49-1). I hope that for many physicists will be useful to be informed that to many as yet unsolved problems of physics, this presentation will give answers that may be discussed. I thank in advance and I congratulate the viXra. organization for their contribution to transfer to the physics community new ideas that perhaps, to my opinion, will bring a little restlessness to some of the top leading minds of the contemporary physics. Perhaps this is one of the reasons that new ideas are prevented to be exposed by some of the top journals on physics. But the ancient Greeks had a proverb: Nothing can be hidden under the Sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theory of Everything

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 4 pages.

A theory of everything , or, grand unified theory (which Einstein had been working on without success, with Superstring Theory now being a good candidate), is one which unites all the forces of nature, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. Important as this theory might be, it is lacking in one important fundamental aspect, viz., the role of consciousness, which could in fact be considered the most fundamental aspect of physics. This paper explains that a theory of consciousness is more important than a theory of everything or grand unified theory and should be the theory of everything instead, or, at least, a part of the theory of everything.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Experiments to Determine the Mass Related Lightspeed Extinction Volume Around the Earth and Around Spinning Objects in the Lab.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 7 pages.

According to Einstein's relativity theory, is the speed of light for every observer the same in all reference frames. However, there seem to be tiny differences in the lightspeed if we observe the outliers of satellite to satellite distance measurements. At the same time we found tiny structural irregularities in Planetary radar-pulse reflection measurements, made by I.I. Shapiro in 1964, between the Earth and Venus and Mercury. Both observations support the idea of the existence of ellipsoidal lightspeed extinction volumes around massive objects like the earth. As a consequence we propose new lightspeed experiments between the earth and dual satellites or dual balloons and even in the laboratory to support these lightspeed extinction ideas.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Does Free-Fall Acceleration Due to Gravity Tell us About the Speed of Light in the Space of the Earth?

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages.

It is a surprise to learn that free-fall acceleration in the space of the earth actually indicates that the speed of light in earth's space is reduced. We calculate the indicated reduction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What the Null Energy Condition Tells us About Gravitational Wave Frequencies in / for Relic Cosmology?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages, one table. Attempt to start preparing for bridge to actual experimental measurements. Based upon some structural considerations as far as space time geometry.

We introduce a criterion as to the range of HFGW generated by early universe conditions. The 1 to 10 Giga Hertz range is constructed initially starting with what Grupen writes as far as what to expect of GW frequencies which can be detected assuming a sensitivity of h ~ 10^-27 . From there we examine the implications of an earlier Hubble parameter at the start of inflation , and a phase transition treatment of pre to post Planckian inflaton physics. We close with an analysis of how gravitational constant G may vary with time , the tie in with the NEC condition and how to select a range of relic GW frequencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Violations of the Null Energy Condition Tell us About Information Exchange Between Prior to Present Universes? How to Obtain Spectral Index Confirmation?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages.

The universe is now dominated by DE leading to renewed acceleration, so what we can do is to examine how DE arose in the first place, and what role cosmologies not obeying the null energy condition play in terms of facilitating information exchange from a prior to the present universe. So how do we test for this, and what are the data collection protocols? Based upon a Rencontres De Moriond, 2008 article, we present a glimpse as to how to ascertain data collection procedures via inputs into a spectral index model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and What Violations of the Null Energy Condition Tell us About Information Exchange Between Prior to Present Universes ?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 19 pages, one figure one table. Two themes. First that Octonionic gravity breaks down

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it is made to appear discrete. This due to an initial phase transition just at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are in themselves not appropriate or necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Also the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via judicious use of Sherrer k essence physics The universe is now dominated by DE leading to renewed acceleration, so what we can do is to examine how DE arose in the first place, and what role cosmologies not obeying the null energy condition play in terms of facilitating information exchange from a prior to the present universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and How Can These Two Different But Very Useful Conceptions be Fully Reconciled? (Expanded Version)

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 14 pages, one table, one figure. This is the complete article. Sent to Pre space time, for article processing if the FQXi entry does not get a prize.

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it is made to appear discrete. This due to an initial phase transition just at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are in themselves not appropriate or necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Finally, that the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via judicious use of Sherrer k essence physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Nature Fundamentally Continuous or Discrete, and How Can These Two Different But Very Useful Conceptions be Fully Reconciled? (Condensed Version)

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages, 24,981 characters. Actual entry for the FQXi contest. One figure one table.

Our contention, is that reality is actually analog, but that at a critical limit, as when the Octonian gravity condition kicks in, that for a time it appears discrete. This due to al phase transition at the start of the big bang. Our second consideration is, that symmetry breaking models, i.e. the Higgs boson are not necessary for the formation of particles with mass just before Octonionic gravity which could arise in pre Planckian physics models without a potential. Finally, the necessity of potentials for pre Octonionic gravity physics can be circumvented via Sherrer k essence physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Helical CMBR Asymmetry, Pre Big 'bang' State, Dark Matter and the Axis of Evil, the Architecture of the Universes

Authors: Peter A. Jackson
Comments: 4 pages.

We describe the solution to Cosmic Microwave background Radiation (CMBR) quadrupolar asymmetry and anisotropy, which is as predicted by the discrete field model (DFM) described in earlier archives, and explain how it may have taken it's spiral, or in fact it should be 'helical' form, the so called 'axis of evil', and the big bang, or more appropriately big 'whoosh', and pre big bang conditions resulting. We provided logical and photographic evidence. These discoveries are based on the apparently 'magic bullet' properties of the DFM and found as part of a a falsification exercise which has recently also provided galactic secular evolution sequencing, and unites Relativity with a Quantum mechanism. This uses the postulates of Special Relativity (SR) but makes a small conceptual correction to it's understanding to put it on a basis precisely equivalent to General relativity (GR), also better defining Quantum mechanics. This is an initial paper pending consideration of publication of fuller papers, which will be followed up here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Entropy Production and a Toy Model as to Irregularities in the CMBR Spectrum

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 36 pages, 15 pages of article, 21 pages of optional appendix entries. Sent to Pre space time editor, Johanthan Dickau, where I expect it to undergo drastic revisions. NO problem.

While assuming the relatively narrow spectrum of graviton frequencies in the onset of inflation, it is necessary to examine how this could tie into instanton-anti-instanton production. We do so via a thermal input from the prior universe model. We also discuss how the break up of such structure could influence later inflationary cosmology -physics. The following paper attempts a thought experiment as to how to present a genesis of irregularites in the CMBR spectrum. This is not meant to be a substitute for Sakar's ground breaking work, but an addendium as to how the initially very smooth start of inflation could lead to the pronounced irregularities Dr. Sarkar commented upon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Open Questions as to What a Large Vacuum Energy Implies for Graviton Production in a Relic Setting, I.e. a Toy Model to Consider

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 6 pages. 3 tables, 1 figure. Meant as a companion piece to the Octonionic gravity work done earlier for possible inclusion in the Nova Book Chapter of Cosmology.

If we have a non infinite but huge negative value of the cosmological vacuum energy in the wormhole, then we have 10¹⁰ bits of computing information. When we leave the wormhole, we have 10¹²⁰ bits of computing information We specify a transition between the two regions in terms of a causal discontinuity regime created by a(t) chaotic behavior due initially to the initially very large value of thermal vacuum energy transmitted. Note that this is a toy model to account for thermal transfer of energy from a prior to a present universe perhaps enabling graviton production. This is a companion piece to the Octonian gravity document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Several Routes to Determining Entropy Generation in the Early Universe

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages. Submitted to the Hadronic journal, to senior Editor, Christian Corda, PhD

We analyze how entropy could be generated via a semi classical argument as well as by multiple braneanti brane combinations leading to an initial soliton-instanton formation. The supposition is that the two different types of methods give similar initial conditions for entropy and information/ computational bits of information in the initial universe. We close then with observations we think are pertinent to entropy increase . This is linkable to a table of computational bits as presented by Smoot in 2007.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detailing Coherent, Minimum Uncertainty States of Gravitons, as Semi Classical Components of Gravity Waves, and How Squeezed States Affect Upper Limits to Graviton Mass

Authors: A. Beckwith, F.Y. Li, N. Yang, J. Dickau, G. Stephenson, L. Glinka, R. Baker
Comments: 31 pages, companion piece to the following two articles. A.W. Beckwith, ” Energy content of Gravition as a way to Quantify both Entropy and Information Generation in the early Universe”, accepted for publication in JMP, February 2011 Is Octonionic Quantum Gravity Relevant Near the Planck Scale? if Gravity Waves Are Generated by Changes in the Geometry of the Early Universe, How Can We Measure Them?

This document will out line what the authors suppose is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classical "particles" , which is akin to the Pilot model of Quantum Mechanics as embedded in a larger non linear 'deterministic' background. In addition, as the main author has discussed with Stuart Allen in long evening talks, the relative classical embedding of QM will be linkable to upper bounds to the graviton mass, for reasons brought up in the manuscript.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Big Bash Alternative Model of the Universe

Authors: G. H. Mickey Thompson
Comments: 8 pages.

Cosmologists continue to discover anomalies which are not congruent with the currently accepted standard model of the universe. The Inflationary Model asserts that the big bang marked the creation of the universe; yet, scientists are finding cosmological structures that appear to be much older than the big bang. The author posits that the evidence points to a much older, larger, and more internally dynamic universe in which our big bang was but a local event. This new model describes a steady-state universe wherein gravity is the prime mover and big bangs are not initiated by smoothly inflating singularities, but rather result from the light-speed collisions of ultra-massive black holes. This model does not require any unproven fundamentals of physics nor does it tax our scientific sensibilities. It is based on the assumption that the big bang did not clarion the beginning of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Biggest Misunderstanding of the 20th Century Science is that Time is a 4th Dimension of Space

Authors: Amrit Srecko Sorli
Comments: 5 pages.

Today's physics understands space and time as being coupled in "space-time"; a fundamental arena in which universe takes place. Einstein himself has never considered time as being part of space; he was talking about a "four-dimensional continuum" in which physical events occur. In his Special Theory of Relativity Einstein used Minkowski's 4-dimensional space that has four coordinates: X1, X2, X3, X4 where X4 = ict. X4 is not a "temporal coordinate", X4 is not the time t that is measured with clocks. In the formula X4 = ict, time t is only a component. Out of this mathematical formalism one can conclude that in the Special Theory of Relativity time t is not part of space. Minkowski space is not 3D+T, it is 4D (1).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Coupling of the Origin of Asteroid Belt (Planetary Ring) and Comets

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 14 pages.

It is a popular feature in the solar system that there are an asteroid belt and four planetary ring systems, various scenarios [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7] have been presented to account for their origins, but none of them is satisfactory. Asteroid belt that is located between planetary orbits (Mars and Jupiter) is thin, circular, and parallel to the ecliptic, relatively, planetary rings that are located between satellite's orbits are also thin, circular, and approximately parallel to their father planetary equatorial plane. This similarity in distribution and shape implies that asteroid belt and planetary ring is likely to derive from the same physical process. Here we show, the two bodies of a binary planetary system (satellite system) due to their orbital shrinkages occur a powerful collision, which shatters them into fragments to all around. But due to the effect of hierarchical two-body gravitation (a non-Newton's gravitation proposed by Yang) that is responsible for the association of celestial objects in space, the barycenter of the initial binary planetary system (satellite system ) is survived in the collision and continues to orbit, which brings the barycenters of a series of subordinate hierarchical two-body associations of fragments to move. This successive hierarchical drag trends to constrain these separated fragments to form a circular belt (ring), and subsequently dynamical evolution confines the belt (ring) to become thin. The farther fragments are dragged by the belt (ring) to run across the solar system back and forth, which gives rise to the advent of comets when close enough to the Sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Horizons(causally Disconnected Regions of Spacetime) and Infinite Doppler Blueshifts in Both Alcubierre and Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 50 pages

Although both Alcubierre and Natario Spacetimes belongs to the same family of Einstein Field Equations of General Relativity and both have many resemblances between each other ,the Energy Density distribution in the Alcubierre Warp Drive is different than the one found in the Natario Warp Drive.The Horizons will arise in both Spacetimes when approaching Superluminal(Warp) speeds however due to a different distribution of Energy Density the Natario Warp Drive behaves slightly different when compared to the Alcubierre one. The major differences between the Natario and Alcubierre Warp Drive Spacetimes occurs when we study the Infinite Doppler Blueshifts that affect the Alcubierre Spacetime but not affect the Natario one because while in Alcubierre Spacetime the Negative Energy is distributed in a toroidal region above and below the ship perpendicular to the direction of the motion while in front of the ship.the space is empty having nothing to prevent a photon to reach the Horizon because in this case the Horizon lies on empty space,in the Natario Spacetime the Energy Density is distributed in a spherical shell that covers the entire ship and a photon sent to the front will be deflected by this shell of Negative Energy before reaching the Horizon because the Horizon also lies inside this shell and not on "empty" space.This shell avoids the occurrence of Infinite Doppler Blueshifts in the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime.We examine in this work the major differences between both Natario and Alcubierre Spacetimes outlining the repulsive character of the Negative Energy Density.The creation of a Warp Bubble in Alcubierre or Natario Spacetimes is beyond the scope of Classical General Relativity and will have to wait until the arrival of a real Quantum Gravity theory that must encompass Superluminal Non-Local Quantum Entanglement Effects in order to deal with the Horizon problem added to the Geometrical features of Classical General Relativity plus it must also provide a way to generate large outputs of Negative Energy Densities.Since this theory is ahead of our scientific capabilities,we discuss in the end of this work an approach that could be performed by our science in a short period of term.to increase our knowledge about the Warp Drive as a Dynamical Spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vixra.org and Reversal of a Paradigm Shift

Authors: Charles B. Leffert
Comments: 8 pages 3 figures

In 1998-1999 two teams of astronomers, measuring the radiation from exploding supernova Ia (SNIa) stars, found that their predicted curves fell short of the measured values of magnitude m, or distance modulus m-M, for redshift z ~0.5 - 1.0. Instead of announcing incomplete theoretical models, and searching for an increase in the luminosity distance dL, they used their free parameters and added more physical content to our universe of either Einstein's rejected lambda or dark energy, to better fit the data. Such added contents also added acceleration to the expansion rate of our universe. The unwise acceptance of this added acceleration by the scientific community, now known as the acceleration paradigm shift, will become one of the greatest, and more costly, blunders of science. It so happened in 1993, that this author had started the development of a new nonrelativistic model of the universe and by 1998 could check his new model for its prediction of the magnitude of the SNIA data near redshift z ~ 1. Using the new computer model, a check on the first reported data, indicated the new model could predict the data with no addition of either lambda or dark energy. As the development of the author's model continued, a long 20 year effort began to try to halt and reverse the acceleration paradigm. This paper describes the record of those efforts, and it adds another face of experience to most all of the major points of the "Why viXra?".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fermat Last Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis (3)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 35 pages

In 1637 Fermat wrote: "It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into powers of like degree: I have discovered a truly marvelous proof, which this margin is too small to contain." This means: (3)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fermat Last Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis (2)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 40 pages

In 1637 Fermat wrote: "It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into powers of like degree: I have discovered a truly marvelous proof, which this margin is too small to contain." This means: (2)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fermat Last Theorem and Riemann Hypothesis (1)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 48 pages

In 1637 Fermat wrote: "It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into powers of like degree: I have discovered a truly marvelous proof, which this margin is too small to contain." This means:
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Flat-Universe Model Recovering Mach Principle

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 9 pages

Mach Principle presents the absolute universe. For example, when you stand on the ground and relaxed, your arms fall down naturally. However, if you rotate your body then your arms are lifted up as the rotation is faster and faster. Mach principle is that the matter of the whole universe can affect local dynamic systems. That is, the matter of the whole universe sets up the local absolute reference frames. However, both the theories of general relativity and Big Bang are against the absolute reference frames of Mach Principle. Here I present a simple model of flat universe which is consistent to most cosmic laws, and Mach Principle is recovered amazingly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extending the Schwarzschild Derivation to a Pseudo-Spherical Space-Time

Authors: Adam G. Freeman
Comments: 5 pages

Here is presented an extension to the Schwarzschild derivation for the vacuum field equations corresponding to the gravitational field surrounding a pseudo-spherical point mass. The same restrictions employed by Schwarzschild are used here but an interesting property of the space-time is elicited in that it is valid for a radius greater than zero but less than 2GM/c² and so is bounded by 0 < r < 2GM/c². Also the mass appears to be gravitationally repulsive as opposed to gravitationally attractive. The pseudosphere point mass solution complements the spherical Schwarzschild solution which is valid for a radius greater than 2GM/c².
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Our Universe Expands with the Arrow of Time

Authors: Charles B. Leffert
Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures

There are no such entities as dark matter or dark energy and, indeed, there can be no future for our universe with an accelerated rate of expansion. A new closed model for the expansion of our universe predicts correctly all astronomical measurements so far presented with no free parameters for adjustments to fit the data. Our universe is more complex than anticipated by Einstein. This has already been made clear by the inability to unify quantum physics with classical physics, The many problems encountered by general relativity (GR) in trying to account for the expansion also attest to that complexity and in particular, the collapse of the universe with the third (k = 1) option of the Friedmann equations. There can be only one correct model, so the vision of the new expansion model began with the complete abandonment of GR and a search for what makes our universe expand. The reality of space and its production rate takes center stage in the new model. New concepts of geometry and higher-dimensional spaces with a new arrow of time came into being which solved many other long-standing fundamental problems. Only algebra and beginning calculus were needed to develop the new model. The new model is described in detail in a new self-published Book 3 just coming off the press and the highlights are described in the following paper. Normally cosmology papers are written about incomplete models with free parameters and the authors minimize the number of equations. The opposite approach was used for the closed model in this Book 3. In 112 pages, nine present fixed data are presented with 50 equations and 58 figures so the reader could reproduce any, or all, of the predictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sifting the Doppler Effect

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 7 pages

What many people do not realize is that in the root of all motion detection by means of sound or electromagnetic waves, be it by interferometry or direct wave length measurements, there is, invariably, the all important Doppler effect. Experimenters who conducted experiments in interferometry, which involve phase comparisons, resorted frequently to a naive analogy with boats in river flows to substantiate their calculations.That analogy does not take into account that the source and observer are moving together in the same direction. And that makes all the difference! Apparently, the prime importance of the Doppler effect has been consistently neglected. Thinking in terms of Doppler makes things easier!. So, let's, firstly, try to bring it back to its rightful stand.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Competing Cosmology Models. Can Entropy Production Help Falsify Cyclic Models of Cosmology, or Variants Along the Lines Discussed by Roger Penrose at the ICG Conference in Penn State, 2007?

Authors: A. Beckwith, F.Y. Li, N. Yang, J. Dickau, G. Stephenson, L. Glinka
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure, meant as a companion piece to the Octonionic gravity document. The co authors will be involved in extensive revisions of this document, with a decision made before February 1st, as to what publication it should go to

In the inaugural ICG meeting, on August 11, 2007 at Penn State, Roger Penrose[1] gave a presentation about an alternative to cyclic cosmological models, which needs experimental tests for falsifiabity. As discussed by Beckwith, in EJTP [2], Penrose brought up how a De Albertain wave equation, as simplified in flat space could lead to a rising vacuum nucleation field which would engender the pop up behavior as sought in most emergent field models of gravity. The scalar field pop up with certain qualifications is not so startling in itself. Now for the radical extension Penrose brought to bear. Penrose asserted in his ICG lecture that there was a good chance that there was no collapse in future events, but that matter would be eventually sucked up by 'millions' of black holes, creating a clean up of most interstellar matter. The issue to be brought up is how to come up with a mapping for re combination of the black hole collected material, for a big bang. A topic which was not solved by Penrose.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Open Question. Could a Causal Discontinuity Lead to an Explanation of Fluctuations in the CMBR Radiation Spectrum ?

Authors: A. Beckwith
Comments: 22 pages, 2 figures, to be heavily edited with co authors added by those expressing an interest. To be submitted to a journal after enough edits

Could a causal discontinuity lead to an explanation of fluctuations in the CMBR radiation spectrum? Is this argument valid if there is some third choice of set structure (for instance do self referential sets fall into one category or another?). The answer to this question may lie in (entangled?) vortex structure of space time, along the lines of structure similar to that generate in the laboratory by Ruutu [1] (1996). Self referential sets may be part of the generated vortex structure, and we will endeavor to find if this can be experimentally investigated. If the causal set argument and its violation via this procedure holds, we have the view that what we see a space time 'drum' effect with the causal discontinuity forming the head of a 'drum' for a region of about 10¹⁰ bits of 'information' before our present universe up to the instant of the big bang itself for a time region less than t ~ 10^-44 seconds in duration, with a region of increasing bits of 'information' going up to 10¹²⁰ due to vortex filament condensed matter style forming through a symmetry breaking phase transition.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Space-Time Map of the Universe

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages

On a summer morning in 1981 I sat at my kitchen table in upstate New York and drew a space-time map of the cosmos, such as we see in Fig. 1. It has remained unchanged in all essential details since that time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Binary Pulsars. Orbital Precession and Decay

Authors: H. Ron Harrison
Comments: 4 pages

Measurement of the precession and orbital decay of binary pulsars is said to support the General Theory of Relativity. This is true for the rate of precession but the rate of decay is said to be due to energy loss. The loss of energy alone cannot account for the decay. In some cases it is attributed to gravitational energy loss and in others it is due to tidal drag. The quoted theory for the decay is based on Newtonian dynamics but it is not applicable in these cases because the equations used are derived assuming that the energy is constant and the orbits are conical. This article gives justification to this comment, however this does not mean that gravitational radiation is not the cause of binary decay.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Law Governing Universe Instability

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

It is obvious that the principle directing the expansion of the universe works in a way completely opposite to what we expect. We therefore come up with a law that says a nearby universe is tugging at ours on the basis of an inverse cube relationship, not inverse square.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Expansion Model of Our Universe

Authors: Charles B. Leffert
Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures

In this introduction to the new SC-expansion model of our universe, the new physical concepts will be quickly reviewed to explain the source of gravity and a failure of the big bang consensus cosmology to account for a fundamental photon feature in an expanding universe.. This photon delay effect is not accounted for using present relativistic concepts of co-moving distance and standard candles. It is shown that following the photons by integration of the photon delay equation produces a larger luminosity distance and greater apparent magnitude sufficient to fit the supernovae SNIa data with no need of dark energy. It is shown that without this photon delay effect, the cosmic microwave radiation would not produce a clear first-pass pattern, but a smeared background of multi-orbit passes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Use the Cosmological Schwinger Principle for Energy Ux, Entropy, and "Atoms of Space-Time" to Create a Thermodynamic Space-Time and Multiverse

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages, 2 figures, submitted to DICE 2010 as part of their conference

We make explicit an idea by Padmanabhan in DICE 2010 [1], as to finding "atoms of space{time" permitting a thermodynamic treatment of emergent structure similar to Gibbs treatment of statistical physics. That is, an ensemble of gravitons is used to give an "atom" of space-time congruent with relic GW. The idea is to reduce the number of independent variables to get a simple emergent space-time structure of entropy. An electric field, based upon the cosmological Schwinger principle, is linked to relic heat flux, with entropy production tied in with candidates as to infl aton potentials. The effective electric field links with the Schwinger 1951s result of an E field leading to pairs of e+e- charges nucleated in space-time volume V.t. Note that in most in flationary models, the assumption is for a magnetic field, not an electric field. An electric field permits a kink-anti-kink construction of an emergent structure, which includes Glinka's recent pioneering approach to a Multiverse. Also an E field allows for an emergent relic particle frequency range between one and 100 GHz. The novel contribution is a relic E field, instead of a B field, in relic space-time "atom" formation and vacuum nucleation of the same.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in a Metric Force Field. Part Iv.

Authors: Akindele J. Adekugbe
Comments: 18 pages, Submitted to Progess in Physics.

The flat two-dimensional proper intrinsic spacetime... (see paper)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in a Metric Force Field. Part III.

Authors: Akindele J. Adekugbe
Comments: 20 pages, Submitted to Progess in Physics.

A curved 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic metric spacetime... (see paper)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Octonionic Quantum Gravity Relevant Near the Planck Scale? if Gravity Waves Are Generated by Changes in the Geometry of the Early Universe, How Can We Measure Them?

Authors: A. Beckwith, F.Y. Li, N. Yang, J. Dickau, G. Stephenson, L. Glinka
Comments: 25 pages, seven figures, FIRST draft of a chapter to go to Nova book publishers in February 2011 for a book in cosmology. Expect extensive revisions to be made to this document.

We ask if Octonionic quantum gravity [1] is a relevant consideration near the Planck scale. Furthermore, we examine whether gravitational waves would be generated during the initial phase,and how to detect their effects during alterations of an initial phase factor which may be detected in a GW detector . Doing this will enable the development of realistic cosmology models
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introducing Distance and Measurement in General Relativity: Changes for the Standard Tests and the Cosmological Large-Scale

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 7 pages.

Relativistic motion in the gravitational field of a massive body is governed by the external metric of a spherically symmetric extended object. Consequently, any solution for the point-mass is inadequate for the treatment of such motions since it pertains to a fictitious object. I therefore develop herein the physics of the standard tests of General Relativity by means of the generalised solution for the field external to a sphere of incompressible homogeneous fluid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General Solution to Einstein's Vacuum Field for the Point-Mass When λ ≠ 0 and Its Consequences for Relativistic Cosmology

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 12 pages.

It is generally alleged that Einstein's theory leads to a finite but unbounded universe. This allegation stems from an incorrect analysis of the metric for the point-mass when λ ≠ 0. The standard analysis has incorrectly assumed that the variable r denotes a radius in the gravitational field. Since r is in fact nothing more than a real-valued parameter for the actual radial quantities in the gravitational field, the standard interpretation is erroneous. Moreover, the true radial quantities lead inescapably to λ = 0 so that, cosmologically, Einstein's theory predicts an infinite, static, empty universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Kruskal-Szekeres "extension": Counter-Examples

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 pages.

The Kruskal-Szekeres "coordinates" are said to "extend" the so-called "Schwarzschild solution", to remove an alleged "coordinate singularity" at the event horizon of a black hole at r = 2m, leaving an infinitely dense point-mass singularity at "the origin" r = 0. However, the assumption that the point at the centre of spherical symmetry of the "Schwarzschild solution" is at "the origin" r = 0 is erroneous, and so the Kruskal-Szekeres "extension" is invalid; demonstrated herein by simple counter-examples.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Regge-Wheeler Tortoise and the Kruskal-Szekeres Coordinates

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 pages.

The Regge-Wheeler tortoise "coordinate" and the the Kruskal-Szekeres "extension" are built upon a latent set of invalid assumptions. Consequently, they have led to fallacious conclusions about Einstein's gravitational field. The persistent unjustified claims made for the aforesaid alleged coordinates are not sustained by mathematical rigour. They must therefore be discarded.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Vacuum Field of a Sphere of Incompressible Fluid

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages.

The vacuum field of the point-mass is an unrealistic idealization which does not occur in Nature - Nature does not make material points. A more realistic model must therefore encompass the extended nature of a real object. This problem has also been solved for a particular case by K. Schwarzschild in his neglected paper on the gravitational field of a sphere of incompressible fluid. I revive Schwarzschild's solution and generalise it. The black hole is necessarily precluded. A body cannot undergo gravitational collapse to a material point.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Generalisation of Kepler's 3rd Law for the Vacuum Field of the Point-Mass

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages.

I derive herein a general form of Kepler's 3rd Law for the general solution to Einstein's vacuum field. I also obtain stable orbits for photons in all the configurations of the point-mass. Contrary to the accepted theory, Kepler's 3rd Law is modified by General Relativity and leads to a finite angular velocity as the proper radius of the orbit goes down to zero, without the formation of a black hole. Finally, I generalise the expression for the potential function of the general solution for the point-mass in the weak field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cobe and Wmap: Signal Analysis by Fact or Fiction?

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 8 pages, This paper was published in the international magazine "Electronics World" in 2010.

Pierre-Marie Robitaille, a Professor of Radiology at Ohio State University, is an expert when it comes to instrumentation and signal analysis. It was Robitaille who conceived and directed the construction of the world's first 8 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner [1,2]. In doing so, he nearly doubled the maximum field strength in MRI and gave birth to Ultra High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (UHFMRI). Robitaille's scanner immediately revealed anatomical structures within the human brain that were previously never seen on human scans [3]. In recent years, Robitaille has applied his skills to astrophysics, and his findings are very significant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Isotropic Coordinates and Einstein's Gravitational Field

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

It is proved herein that the metric in the so-called "isotropic coordinates" for Einstein's gravitational field is a particular case of an infinite class of equivalent metrics. Furthermore, the usual interpretation of the coordinates is erroneous, because in the usual form given in the literature, the alleged coordinate length (see paper) is not a coordinate length. This arises from the fact that the geometrical relations between the components of the metric tensor are invariant and therefore bear the same relations in the isotropic system as those of the metric in standard Schwarzschild coordinates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole Catastrophe and the Collapse of Spacetime

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 9 pages

The notion of black holes voraciously gobbling up matter, twisting spacetime into contortions that trap light, stretching the unwary into long spaghetti-like strands as they fall inward to ultimately collide and merge with an infinitely dense point-mass singularity, has become a mantra of the astrophysical community, so much so that even primaryschool children know about the sinister black hole. There are almost daily reports of scientists claiming that they have again found black holes here and there. It is asserted that black holes range in size from micro to mini, to intermediate and on up through to supermassive behemoths. Black holes are spoken of as scientific facts and it is routinely claimed that they have been detected at the centres of galaxies. Images of black holes having their wicked ways with surrounding matter are routinely included with reports of them. Some physicists even claim that black holes will be created in particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider, potentially able to swallow the Earth. Despite the assertions of the astronomers and astrophysicists, nobody has ever found a black hole, anywhere, let alone "imaged" one. The pictures adduced to convince are actually either artistic impressions (i.e. drawings) or photos of otherwise unidentified objects imaged by telescopes and merely asserted to be due to black holes, ad hoc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Certain Conceptual Anomalies in Einstein's Theory of Relativity

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

There are a number of conceptual anomalies occurring in the Standard exposition of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. These anomalies relate to issues in both mathematics and in physics and penetrate to the very heart of Einstein's theory. This paper reveals and amplifies a few such anomalies, including the fact that Einstein's field equations for the so-called static vacuum configuration, R_μν =0, violates his Principle of Equivalence, and is therefore erroneous. This has a direct bearing on the usual concept of conservation of energy for the gravitational field and the conventional formulation for localisation of energy using Einstein's pseudo-tensor. Misconceptions as to the relationship between Minkowski spacetime and Special Relativity are also discussed, along with their relationships to the pseudo-Riemannian metric manifold of Einstein's gravitational field, and their fundamental geometric structures pertaining to spherical symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitation on a Spherically Symmetric Metric Manifold

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 7 pages

The usual interpretations of solutions for Einstein's gravitational field satisfying the spherically symmetric condition contain anomalies that are not mathematically permissible. It is shown herein that the usual solutions must be modified to account for the intrinsic geometry associated with the relevant line elements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Brief History of Black Holes

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 4 pages

Neither the layman nor the specialist, in general, have any knowledge of the historical circumstances underlying the genesis of the idea of the Black Hole. Essentially, almost all and sundry simply take for granted the unsubstantiated allegations of some ostentatious minority of the relativists. Unfortunately, that minority has been rather careless with the truth and is quite averse to having its claims corrected, notwithstanding the documentary evidence on the historical record. Furthermore, not a few of that vainglorious and disingenuous coterie, particularly amongst those of some notoriety, attempt to dismiss the testimony of the literature with contempt, and even deliberate falsehoods, claiming that history is of no importance. The historical record clearly demonstrates that the Black Hole has been conjured up by combination of confusion, superstition and ineptitude, and is sustained by widespread suppression of facts, both physical and theoretical. The following essay provides a brief but accurate account of events, verifiable by reference to the original papers, by which the scandalous manipulation of both scientific and public opinion is revealed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Geometry of the General Solution for the Vacuum Field of the Point-Mass

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 12 pages

The black hole, which arises solely from an incorrect analysis of the Hilbert solution, is based upon a misunderstanding of the significance of the coordinate radius r. This quantity is neither a coordinate nor a radius in the gravitational field and cannot of itself be used directly to determine features of the field from its metric. The appropriate quantities on the metric for the gravitational field are the proper radius and the curvature radius, both of which are functions of r. The variable r is actually a Euclidean parameter which is mapped to non-Euclidean quantities describing the gravitational field, namely, the proper radius and the curvature radius.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Ramifications of the Schwarzschild Space-Time Metric

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 7 pages

In a previous paper I derived the general solution for the simple point-mass in a true Schwarzschild space. I extend that solution to the point-charge, the rotating pointmass, and the rotating point-charge, culminating in a single expression for the general solution for the point-mass in all its configurations when Λ = 0. The general exact solution is proved regular everywhere except at the arbitrary location of the source of the gravitational field. In no case does the black hole manifest. The conventional solutions giving rise to various black holes are shown to be inconsistent with General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Dimensional Analysis

Authors: Jose Alverez Lopez
Comments: 23 pages.

The Lorenatzian "contraction" for length, time, mass and temperature - taken as functions of a dimensional equation - enable the author to define the mathematical structure of the constants of nature. In this way the a priori determinaation of all the constants of nature has been rendered possible
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units of a Metric Tensor and Physical Interpretation of the Gravitational Constant.

Authors: Boris Hikin
Comments: 9 pages

It is shown that writing the metric tensor in dimensionfull form is mathematically more appropriate and allows a simple interpretation of the gravitational constant as an emergent parameter. It is also shown that the value of the gravitational constant is due to the contribution of all the particles in the Universe. Newton's law of gravitation is derived from atomic considerations only. The Dirac's large number is related to the number of particles in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unification of Quantum Mechanics (QM), Relativity (TR) and Classical Physics (CF)

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 5 pages

In this paper the inconsistency of contemporary quantities of energy and momentum in QM, TR and CF are demonstrated .To correlate these quantities inevitability of installation rest momentum po and total momentum pt according to TR rest and total energy concept is required. It is explained that: (see paper)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How the Universe Works Differently

Authors: Noel Eberz
Comments: 6 pages

While entitled 'differently' is a big order, it is not so much refutation but alternative views essentially 'decoded' from the multiple disciplines of general science. These four concise assertions can find correlation with both the fine and large scale structure of the universe: Time as only Now, Mass as the confinement of Energy, Defining a base energy form - Optical Gre theory, Interpreting an electromagnetic Space fabric. In concert these ideas are interpreted in three parts: Why Mass & Energy are different or are they? Justifying an Electromagnetic Space fabric Originality in decoding Complexity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General Solution to Einstein's Vacuum Field and Its Implications for Relativistic Degeneracy

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 6 pages

The general solution to Einstein's vacuum field equations for the point-mass in all its configurations must be determined in such a way as to provide a means by which an infinite sequence of particular solutions can be readily constructed. It is from such a solution that the underlying geometry of Einstein's universe can be rightly explored. I report here on the determination of the general solution and its consequences for the theoretical basis of relativistic degeneracy, i. e. gravitational collapse and the black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simple Table of Forces and Energy States

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 28 pages

This table may be read like an English paragraph. Row one recapitulates the the creation of matter in the "Big Bang". The universe begins with light, free electromagnetic energy - a perfectly symmetric form of energy. The role of gravity at this stage is to provide sufficient negative energy to counterbalance the positive energy of the "Creation Event", such that the cosmos is born from a state of zero net energy and charge. The intrinsic motion of light (which is the entropy drive of light) creates space, the expanding and cooling entropy/conservation domain of free energy. The interaction of high-energy light with the metric structure of spacetime creates virtual particle-antiparticle pairs of primordial leptoquarks (leptoquarks are primordial leptons broken into three subunits, the quarks). (See: "The Particle Table".) Symmetry is maintained so long as there are equal numbers of particles vs antiparticles. Row one ends with symmetrybreaking of the primordial leptoquark pairs and the production of single (matter) baryons and leptons by the action of the Higgs boson and the weak force Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".) (Although leptoquark particle-antiparticle pairs are produced in equal numbers, electrically neutral antimatter leptoquarks apparently decay at a slightly faster rate than their matter counterparts.) The sub-elementary quarks carry fractional charges necessary to the production of electrically neutral leptoquarks, allowing the neutrals to live long enough to undergo asymmetric weak force decays. These decays should also produce leptoquark neutrinos, which are "dark matter" candidates. (See: "The Origin of Matter and Information".)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reasons for Relativistic Mass and Its Influence on Duff's Claims that Dimensionful Quantities Are Physically Nonexistent

Authors: J Kokošar
Comments: 10 pages

The main argument against the relativistic mass is that it does not tell us anything more than the total energy tells us, although it is not incorrect. But, one reason is to show a relation between time dilation and relativistic mass. This relation can be further used to present a connection between space-time and matter more clearly, and to show that space-time does not exist without matter. This means a simpler presentation than is shown with Einstein's general covariance. Therefore, this opposes that special relativity (SR) is only a theory of space-time geometry. The next reason is to show, how phenomenon of increasing of relativistic mass with speed can be used for a gradual transition from Newtonian mechanics to SR. The postulates, which are used for the definition of SR, are therefore still clearer and the total derivation of the Lorentz transformation is clearer. Such derivation also gives a more real example and counter-arguments for the debate regarding Duff's claims of physical nonexistence of dimensionful units and quantities (PND). Therefore, the debate about Duff's claims becomes clearer. Still other counter-arguments against PND are added.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometry in a Metric Force Field. Part II.

Authors: Akindele J. Adekugbe
Comments: 20 pages. Submitted to Progress in Physics

Graphical analysis of the geometry of a curved 'three-dimensional' absolute intrinsic metric space, (an absolute intrinsic Riemannian metric space) φM³, which is curved onto the absolute time/absolute intrinsic time 'dimensions' (along the vertical), as a curved hyper-surface, and projects a flat three-dimensional proper intrinsic metric space φE'³ underlying its outward manifestation namely, the flat proper physical Euclidean 3-space φE'³, both as flat hyper-surfaces along the horizontal, isolated in part one of this paper, is done. Two absolute intrinsic tensor equations, one of which is of the divergenceless form of Einstein free-space field equations and the other which is a tensorial statement of local Euclidean invariance on φM³, are derived. Simultaneous (algebraic) solution of the equations yields the absolute intrinsic metric tensor and absolute intrinsic Ricci tensor of absolute intrinsic Riemann geometry on the curved absolute intrinsic metric space φM³, in terms of an isolated absolute intrinsic curvature parameter. Relations for absolute intrinsic coordinate projections into the underlying flat proper intrinsic space are derived. A superposition procedure that yields resultant absolute intrinsic metric tensor and resultant absolute intrinsic Ricci tensor, as well as resultant absolute intrinsic coordinate projection relations when two or a larger number of absolute intrinsic Riemannian metric spaces co-exist, are developed. Finally the fact that a curved 'three-dimensional' absolute intrinsic metric space φM³ is perfectly isotropic (that is, all directions are perfectly the same) and is consequently contracted to a 'onedimensional' absolute intrinsic metric space denoted by φρ, which is curved onto the absolute time/absolute intrinsic time 'dimensions' along the vertical and that the underlying projective three-dimensional flat proper intrinsic metric space φE'³ is perfectly isotropic and is consequently contracted to a straight line one-dimensional isotropic proper intrinsic metric space φρ' along the horizontal, with respect to observers in the physical proper Euclidean 3-space φE'³ that overlies φρ', are deduced.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime/intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in a Metric Force Field. Part I.

Authors: Akindele J. Adekugbe
Comments: 11 pages. Submitted to Progress in Physics

Having isolated a four-world picture in which four symmetrical universes in different spacetime domains coexist and in which an isolated two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime underlies the four-dimensional spacetime in each universe, and having shown that the special theory of relativity rests on a four-world background elsewhere, we review the geometry of spacetime/intrinsic spacetime in a long-range metric force field within the four-world picture in the four parts of this paper. We show within an elaborate programme that the four-dimensional metric spacetime and its underlying two-dimensional intrinsic metric spacetime undergo two stages of evolution in the sequence of absolute spacetime/absolute intrinsic spacetime → proper spacetime/proper intrinsic spacetime → relativistic spacetime/relativistic intrinsic spacetime in all finite neighborhood of a long-range metric force field and that these are supported by a sequence of spacetime /intrinic spacetime geometries. The programme takes off in this first paper by isolating two classes of three-dimensional Riemannian metric space namely, the conventional three-dimensional Riemannian metric space and a new 'three-dimensional' absolute intrinsic Riemannian metric space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can the Universe be Represented by a Superposition of Spacetime Manifolds?

Authors: Raymond Jensen
Comments: 15 pages, To appear in 2011 SPESIF Proceedings.

In this article it is argued, that the universe cannot be modeled as a space-time manifold. A theorem of geometry provides that null geodesics on a space-time manifold which begin at the same point with the same initial tangent vector are unique. But in reality, light originating from a single point with a given initial direction does not travel along a unique null geodesic path when a massive object attracts it, in particular when the massive object is in an indefinite location. Therefore, the universe cannot be described as a space-time manifold. It is then argued that the universe is a superposition of space-time manifolds, where the manifolds form a Hilbert space over the complex numbers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origin of Space and Time: Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages

During the "Big Bang", free electromagnetic energy, or light, is converted to bound electromagnetic energy, or matter, by an unknown asymmetric interaction between the weak force and matter-antimatter particle pairs; these pairs are themselves produced by the self-interaction of high-energy light with its own structural component, the metric of spacetime (see: "The Origin of Matter and Information"). The central difficulty with the primordial conversion of light to matter is that whereas light is completely connected to its spatial metric and entropic conservation domain by virtue of its intrinsic motion "c", matter lacks any such dimensional connection, as it is intrinsically immobile, at rest. Indeed, light's intrinsic motion creates space, and also causes its expansion and cooling. "Velocity c" gauges both the entropy drive and the "nonlocal" metric and distributional symmetry of light. "Velocity c" banishes the asymmetric time dimension (light's "clock is stopped"), maintaining metric symmetry while simultaneously causing the expansion and cooling of space. Matter's energy, however, has no ostensible contact with a spatial metric, entropy drive, or conservation domain, a completely untenable situation from the viewpoint of energy conservation. The solution is found in matter's gravitational field, which forms a physical connection between matter and space, reestablishing contact with light's spatial conservation domain. Through gravity, matter is reconnected to space and light; this connection is not trivial, as it results in the creation of a surrogate or alternative conservation dimension (time), entropy gauge ("velocity T"), entropy drive (the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension) and conservation domain (historic spacetime).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Accelerating Universal Expansion

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 25 pages

Repulsive gravity at large distances has been included in the universal solution of Einstein's equations by introducing a cosmological constant, which excludes the dark energy interpretation. For an external-coordinate-observer cosmological model, the big-bang singularity has been replaced by a granular primeval particle, and expansion is controlled by the velocity of light. Then problems inherent in the standard model do not arise, and no inflation phase is necessary. It is advantageous to truncate the graviton field at a maximum radius, which is related to proton dimensions through the ratio (e²/Gm²). This governs the onset of universal repulsion at around 7Gyr, in rough agreement with observations of Type Ia supernovae.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Intrinsic Motions of Matter

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages

Intrinsic motions are the expression of conservation law and cosmic order in matter. The Universe, and everything in it, is always in some type of motion, whether absolute, relative, intrinsic, entropic, atomic, biological, or evolutionary.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole Catastrophe: a Reply to J. J. Sharples

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 29 pages

A recent Letter to the Editor (Sharples J. J., Coordinate transformations and metric extension: a rebuttal to the relativistic claims of Stephen J. Crothers, Progress in Physics, v.1, 2010) has analysed a number of my publications in Progress in Physics. There are serious problems with this treatment which should be brought to the attention of the Journal's readership. Dr. Sharples has committed errors in both mathematics and physics. For instance, his notion that r = 0 in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution" marks the point at the centre of the related manifold is false, as is his related claim that Schwarzschild's actual solution describes a manifold that is extendible. His post hoc introduction of Newtonian concepts and related mathematical expressions into Schwarzschild's actual solution are invalid; for instance, Newtonian two-body relations into what is alleged to be a one-body problem. Each of the objections are treated in turn and their invalidity fully demonstrated. Black hole theory is riddled with contradictions. This article provides definitive proof that black holes do not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Possible Connection Between "Inflation" and the "Big Crunch"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages

In Alan Guth's theory of inflation, "repulsive gravity" is produced by the "negative pressure" of a supercooled "Higgs inflaton field" in a "false vacuum". This "repulsive gravity" drives the expansion of space (restoring the "true vacuum") during the brief period of inflation which initiates the Universe. There is a curious similarity between this conception of the mechanics of inflation and the notion of a "rebound" at the end of a cosmic life cycle or "Big Crunch" in a closed, cyclic Universe. This "rebound" is the explosion of a cosmic-sized black hole which has exhausted all external supplies of space, and so can no longer create the gravitational field and time dimension necessary to contain its energy content, which exists largely or wholly in the form of gravitationally bound light (due to proton decay within the black hole's event horizon). (See: "Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics".)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Perspectives on the Classical Theory of Motion, Interaction and Geometry of Space-Time

Authors: A. R. Hadjesfandiari
Comments: 73 pages

By examining the theory of relativity, as originally proposed by Lorentz, Poincare and Einstein, a fundamental theory of general motion is developed. From this, the relationship between space-time and matter is discovered. As a result, the geometrical theory of interaction is introduced. The corresponding geometrical theory of electrodynamics resolves the origin of electromagnetic interaction, as a vortex-like field, and clarifies some of the existing ambiguities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Champs, Vide, et Univers Miroir

Authors: L. Borissova, D. Rabounski
Comments: 263 pages, première édition en langue française, traduit de l'anglais et édité par Patrick Marquet, American Research Press, Rehoboth (NM), USA

Cet ouvrage est la traduction française du livre "Fields, Vacuum and the Mirror Universe" publié originalement en anglais en 2009, par les physiciens Larissa Borissova et Dmitri Rabounski, enrichi de nouveaux exposés. Le livre propose une analyse physico-mathématique nouvelle en élaborant une théorie des observables dans le cadre de la relativité générale. Dans leur célèbre livre de référence "Théorie des Champs", Lev Landau et Evgeny Lifshitz ont décrit de manière très complète le mouvement des particules dans les champs électromagnétique et gravitationnel. Les méthodes d'analyse covariante alors en vigueur depuis le milieu des années 30 ne prenaient pas encore en compte les concepts de quantités physiquement observables (grandeurs chronologiquement invariantes ou plus précisément grandeurs dites "chronométriques") de la relativité générale. Les auteurs ont donc voulu insister sur la nécessité d'étendre cette perspective mathématique à la théorie physique existante en l'appliquant au mouvement des particules se déplaçant dans les champs électromagnétiques et gravitationnels. De plus, l'étude des mouvements d'une particule douée de moment de rotation intrinsèque, n'a pas été entreprise dans ce contexte par Landau et Lifshitz. C'est pourquoi un exposé séparé du livre a été entièrement consacré à ce type de mouvement particulier. Les auteurs ont également ajouté un chapitre redéfinissant les éléments d'algèbre tensorielle et d'analyse dans le cadre des invariants chronométriques. L'ensemble de cet ouvrage se présente alors comme une contribution supplémentaire à la "Théorie des Champs".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Adiabatic Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Shehrin Sayed
Comments: 4 pages

The expansion of the universe is proved to be an adiabatic process. The proposed idea shows good agreement with the observable universe and can explain some basic characteristics of the universe. It is also showed that the first kind of Friedmann model contradicts with the observable universe. The proposed idea also indicates that the size of the universe is finite.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): a General Systems Perspective (Parts II, III, IV)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages

The IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) are the field vectors (force carriers) of the weak force. The IVBs reconstitute the very dense, early metric of spacetime (during the "Big Bang"), and their mass is the probable consequence of the binding energy necessary to condense, compact, and/or convolute the spacetime metric. Originally, the "W" IVBs were indistinguishable from the early dense metric of which they were a part - the energy level of electroweak unification. The "Electroweak Era" existed from 10(-12) to 10(-35) seconds after the Big Bang, when collision energy exceeded 100 GEV and the temperature exceeded 10(15) Kelvins. During this time (a tiny fraction of a second in human terms) the whole of spacetime - the whole Cosmos - was in effect a single huge "W" IVB within which all the transitions of "identity" within the lepton family of particles (including the heavy leptons), and all the transitions of "flavor" within the quark family of particles (including quarks of the heavy baryons or "hyperons"), could take place freely without restriction or energy barriers (quark and lepton families were unified among themselves, but quarks remained separate from leptons.) (See: Brian Greene: "The Fabric of the Cosmos", page 270, Knopf, 2004.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Another Look at the Cosmological Model of Omnès

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 7 pages

The cosmological model of Roland Omnès was abandoned more than 30 years ago because it failed to show that coalescence was able to continue long enough to produce aggregations as large as the masses of galaxies. It was also determined that a universe containing antimatter galaxies is inconsistent with observations of cosmic annihilation radiation. This paper explores the implications of a simple assumption that suggests a reevaluation of those objections is needed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mach Principle Applied to Rotary Motion: Centrifugal Force in a Spinning Reference Frame as a Consequence of Gravitational Interaction with the Universe

Authors: Leonid I. Filippov
Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures, In Russian

The mass point is moving along the circle of a radius at angular velocity of ω and interacts with the spherical domain of 3.10²⁶m radius, with a uniform mass and 10^-26 kg/m³density. As a result of the treatment we arrive at the formula for a centrifugal force F = m,ω².a.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Re-Identification of the Many-World Background of Special Relativity as Four-World Background. Part II.

Authors: Akindele O. J. Adekugbe
Comments: 15 pages. Paper to appear in Progress in Physics vol.1, 2011, pp. 25-39.

The re-identification of the many-world background of the special theory of relativity (SR) as four-world background in the first part of this paper (instead of two-wold background isolated in the initial papers), is concluded in this second part. The flat two-dimensional proper intrinsic spacetime, which underlies the flat four-dimensional proper spacetime in each universe, introduced as ansatz in the initial paper, is derived formally within the four-world picture. The identical magnitudes of masses, identical sizes and identical shapes of the four members of every quartet of symmetry-partner particles or objects in the four universes are shown. The immutability of Lorentz invariance on flat spacetime of SR in each of the four universes is shown to arise as a consequence of the perfect symmetry of relative motion at all times among the four members of every quartet of symmetry-partner particles and objects in the four universes. The The perfect symmetry of relative motions at all times, coupled with the identical magnitudes of masses, identical sizes and identical shapes, of the members of every quartet of symmetry-partner particles and objects in the four universes, guarantee perfect symmetry of state among the universes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Re-Identification of the Many-World Background of Special Relativity as Four-World Background. Part I.

Authors: Akindele O. J. Adekugbe
Comments: 22 pages. Paper to appear in Progress in Physics, vol.1, 2011, pp. 3-24.

The pair of co-existing symmetrical universes, referred to as our (or positive) universe and negative universe, isolated and shown to constitute a two-world background for the special theory of relativity (SR) in previous papers, encompasses another pair of symmetrical universes, referred to as positive time-universe and negative time-universe. The Euclidean 3-spaces (in the context of SR) of the positive time-universe and the negative time-universe constitute the time dimensions of our (or positive) universe and the negative universe respectively, relative to observers in the Euclidean 3-spaces of our universe and the negative universe and the Euclidean 3-spaces of or our universe and the negative universe constitute the time dimensions of the positive time-universe and the negative time-universe respectively, relative to observers in the Euclidean 3-spaces of the positive time-universe and the negative time-universe. Thus time is a secondary concept derived from the concept of space according to this paper. The one-dimensional particle or object in time dimension to every three-dimensional particle or object in 3-space in our universe is a three-dimensional particle or object in 3-space in the positive time-universe. Perfect symmetry of natural laws is established among the resulting four universes and two outstanding issues about the new spacetime/intrinsic spacetime geometrical representation of Lorentz transformation/intrinsic Lorentz transformation in the two-world picture, developed in the previous papers, are resolved within the larger four-world picture in this first part of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Face of the Multiverse Hypothesis: Bosonic-Phononic Inflaton Quantum Universes

Authors: Lukasz Glinka
Comments: 12 pages, published in Prespacetime Journal 1(9), pp. 1395-1402 (November 2010)

The boson-phonon duality due to inflaton energy is presented in the context of quantum universes discussed recently by the author. The duality leads to bonons, i.e. the bosonic-phononic quantum universes. This state of things manifestly corresponds to the Lewis-Kripke modal realism, and physical presence of Multiverse in Nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equivalent Photon Model of Matter

Authors: Juan Carlos Alcerro Mena
Comments: 11 pages

An unpublished observation made in the theory of relativity, reveals a reality of higher spatial dimensions which implies a new model of matter, called equivalent photon model of matter, which displays every particle with rest mass greater than zero, as a photon in a fourdimensional space (without referring to the space-time). This gives an alternative derivation of quantum physics, also can observe the reality behind special relativity, arise physical predictions that not are covered by the existing physical theory and spontaneously arises the concept of fivedimensional space-time, with its fourth spatial axis of compact type.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm: III. the Big Bang

Authors: Royce Haynes
Comments: 11 pages, Paper 3 in series of 3, "Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm", submitted to Apeiron, November 2, 2010.

In the first paper in this series, we described a "cosmic fabric" which served as the birthplace of our universe: spin-oriented hydrogen atoms at zero Kelvin in a matrix perhaps infinite and (almost) eternal. In the second paper we described how a portion of the cosmic fabric ultimately condensed into a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), the "primeval atom". In this third paper we describe the Big Bang itself, an implosion-explosion event involving nuclear fusion of hydrogen into the primordial mix of elements. Using the ZKBB model, one can calculate the approximate temperature of the Big Bang as 5.7 billion K. The explosion fragmented the remaining BEC, propelling billions of fragments of "cosmic shrapnel" out from the locus of the Big Bang, which ultimately evolved into the structures we see in our present universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm: II. Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Primeval Atom

Authors: Royce Haynes
Comments: 8 pages, Paper 2 in series of 3, "Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm", submitted to Apeiron, November 2, 2010.

In the first paper in this series, we described the logic suggesting a "cosmic fabric", which served as the birthplace of our universe: a sparse distribution of spin-oriented hydrogen atoms at zero Kelvin, perhaps infinite and (almost) eternal. This second paper describes how a portion of this cosmic fabric could have condensed into a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). This cold ball of highly concentrated matter may be the "primeval atom", proposed by Georges Lemaître in 1931, as the starting point for our universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm: I. Logic and the Cosmic Fabric

Authors: Royce Haynes
Comments: 13 pages, Paper 1 in series of 3, "Zero Kelvin Big Bang, an Alternative Paradigm", submitted to Apeiron, November 2, 2010.

This is the first in a series of papers describing an alternative paradigm for the history of the universe. The Zero Kelvin Big Bang (ZKBB) theory is compared to the prevailing paradigm of the Standard Big Bang (SBB), and challenges the notion that the universe is "all there is". Logic suggests that the Big Bang was not a creation event, but that the universe did have a beginning: a "cosmic fabric" of pre-existing matter, in pre-existing space. Instead, the ZKBB was a transitional event between that "beginning" and our present universe. Extrapolating entropy back in time (as SBB does for matter and energy) and applying simple logic suggests a "cosmic fabric" consisting of the simplest, stable particles of matter, at the lowest energy state possible: singlet state, spin-oriented atomic hydrogen at zero Kelvin, at a density of, at most, only a few atoms per cubic meter of space, infinite and (almost) eternal. Papers II and III in this series describe formation of an atomic hydrogen Bose-Einstein condensate as Lemaître's primeval atom, followed by an implosion-explosion Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theoretical Technique for the Measurement of Highfrequency Relic Gravitational Waves

Authors: R. Clive Woods, Robert M L Baker Jr., Fangyu Li, Gary V. Stephenson, Eric W. Davis, Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 28 pages, 12 figures. Represents a research collaboration of gravwave.com team members as listed above, from the USA and China

It is generally accepted that under most models of the early universe evolution, highfrequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) were produced. They are referred to as "relic" highfrequency gravitational waves or HFRGWs and their detection and measurement could provide important information on the origin and development of our Universe - information that could not otherwise be obtained. So far three instruments have been built to detect and measure HFRGWs, but so far none of them has achieved the required sensitivity. This paper concerns another detector, originally proposed by Baker in 2000 and patented, which is based upon a recently discovered physical effect (the Li effect); this detector has accordingly been named the "Li-Baker detector." The detector has been a joint development effort by the P. R. China and the United States HFGW research teams. A rigorous examination of the detector's performance is important in the ongoing debate over the value of attempting to construct a Li-Baker detector and, in particular, an accurate prediction of its sensitivity will decide whether the Li-Baker detector will be capable of detecting and measuring HFRGWs. Its sensitivity and noise sources as well as other operational concerns are discussed here. The potential for useful HFRGW measurement is theoretically confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Gravitational Collapse

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 7 pages, Research artical submitted to PMC Physics A

Gravitational collapse of diffuse material has been investigated using a new solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity. This replaces the theory of black-hole formation developed for the standard vacuum solution of Schwarzschild. The bodies which now form have reasonable physical properties, such as nuclear hard core density in collapsed stars, or 10⁴kg/l in galactic centres, and only 1kg/l in quasars. Accreting material converts to kinetic energy and radiation, so that a singularity cannot be produced.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity in Combinatorial Gravitational Fields

Authors: Linfan Mao
Comments: 12 pages

A combinatorial spacetime (CGj t) is a smoothly combinatorial manifold C underlying a graph G evolving on a time vector t. As we known, Einstein's general relativity is suitable for use only in one spacetime. What is its disguise in a combinatorial spacetime? Applying combinatorial Riemannian geometry enables us to present a combinatorial spacetime model for the Universe and suggest a generalized Einstein's gravitational equation in such model. For finding its solutions, a generalized relativity principle, called projective principle is proposed, i.e., a physics law in a combinatorial spacetime is invariant under a projection on its a subspace and then a spherically symmetric multisolutions of generalized Einstein's gravitational equations in vacuum or charged body are found. We also consider the geometrical structure in such solutions with physical formations, and conclude that an ultimate theory for the Universe maybe established if all such spacetimes in R3. Otherwise, our theory is only an approximate theory and endless forever.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Octonionic Quantum Gravity in the Pre-Planckian Regime of Space Time Violated? Input from a Worm Hole Bridge from Another Universe Considered as a Model for Examining This Issue.

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, L Glinka
Comments: 12 pages

Linking a shrinking prior universe via a wormhole solution for a pseudo time dependent Wheeler-De Witt equation may permit the formation of a short-term quintessence scalar field. We claim that the addition of the wormhole could be equated to an initial configuration of the Einstein field equations, allowing for high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGW) at the onset of inflation. The virtual worm hole with a large fluctuation permits the interior region to tunnel into a nascent cosmology with a large vacuum energy defined by that fluctuation in energy. The universe or cosmology it tunnels from is unaffected from this, other than having a tiny bit of vacuum energy "robbed." The worm hole is a high energy, but zero temperature, virtual fluctuation. Use of this construction may permit us to ask if Octonionic quantum gravity[1] constructions are relevant in the pre Planckian regime of space time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Motions of Observable Structures Ruled by Hierarchical Two-Body Gravitations in the Universe

Authors: Yongfeng Yang
Comments: 81 pages

Human's exploration to the universe has achieved a delectable progress since the foundation of heliocentric theory, but more and more observational results are doubting some of the established theories. Various discrepancies appear to hint a significant but still unknown principle owned by the universe. Here we show, all observable celestial structures in the universe are orderly organized in a series of hierarchical two-body systems with gravitation. Within these systems, the two components of each two-body system are orbiting around the barycenter of this system, and at the same time each two-body system is orbiting around the barycenter of a superior two-body system. A large number of observations strongly support this hierarchical association of celestial objects. Under the effect of gravitation, the orbits of all celestial objects in size are gravitationally shrinking, which determines large-scale structures a commonly planar rotational profile and accelerative redshifts. Here a theoretical model is developed to demonstrate the hierarchical built-up of different celestial structures from small units. A predictable model for measuring the position of celestial object is also constructed. The formation of both the solar system and galaxy is hopefully explained. Some unresolved astronomical problems such as galaxy rotation curve, the momentum of the solar system, flyby anomaly of spacecraft, and formation of supernova are also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Causal Discontinuity as Postulated in the Pre Planckian State Affect / Create Conditions for the Break Down of Non Commutative Geometry Necessary for Quantum Effects?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, L Glinka
Comments: 6 pages

Linking a shrinking prior universe via a wormhole solution for a pseudo time dependent Wheeler-De Witt equation[1] permits the formation of a short-term quintessence scalar field [2]. As both Beckwith and Glinka[3] postulated the existence of at least a brief period of causal discontinuity in the vicinity of Pre Planckian physics space time, the question is does the construction as given by Crowell[1] for an Octonionic non associator which leads to the commutation relations between position x and momentum p of quantum mechanics still hold up? Crowell's derivation heavily depends upon a value of the path integral of the [xi,pj] over spatial variation equal to - constant times T(ijk). Here, T(ijk) is a structure constant, which we claim would go to zero if a discontinuity exists, leading to x.p = p.x in the neighborhood of pre Planckian space time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is a Vev Due to the Bunch-Davies Vacuum Fluctuation a Way to Obtain Octonionic Quantum Gravity in the Planckian Regime of Space Time? Yes, But Only After Planck Time T_planck

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, L Glinka
Comments: 15 pages

Linking a shrinking prior universe via a wormhole solution for a pseudo time dependent Wheeler-De Witt equation permits the formation of a short-term quintessence scalar field. We claim that our model and the addition of the wormhole is tied to an initial configuration of the Einstein field equations, allowing for high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGW) at the onset of inflation. We examine Bunch-Davies vacuum fluctuations[1] of a scalar field, (see paper for equation), if we use the wave function for an average value of the Hubble parameter (see paper for equation) , with VeV resulting from Ψ of a pseudo time dependent WdW wave function [2],[3], and H from initial values of the Friedman equation. The benefit from defining the Bunch-Davies vacuum fluctuation this way is that there would be a way to obtain partial time evolution of the VeV and also to ask if Octonionic quantum gravity[2] constructions are relevant in the Planckian regime of space time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Use the Cosmological Schwinger Principle for Energy Flux, Entropy, and "Atoms of Space Time", for Creating a Thermodynamics Treatment of Space-Time

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages

We make explicit an idea by, T. Padmanabhan in DICE 2010 [1], as to finding "atoms of space time" permitting a thermodynamic treatment of emergent structure similar to Gibbs treatment of statistical physics. I.e. an ensemble of gravitons, is used to give an 'atom' of space time congruent with relic GW . The idea is to reduce the number of independent variables to get a simple emergent space time structure of entropy. An electric field, based upon the Cosmological Schwinger principle is linked to relic heat flux, with entropy production tied in with candidates as to inflaton potentials. The effective electric field links with the Schwinger result, 1951, of an E field leading to pairs of e+ e- charges nucleated in space-time volume V.t . Note that in most inflationary models, the assumption is for a magnetic field, not electric field. An electric field permits a kink anti kink construction of an emergent structure. Also an E filed allows for an emergent relic particle frequency range between one to 100 Giga Hertz. The novel contribution is a relic E field, instead of a B field, in relic space time "atom$quot; formation and vacuum nucleation of the same.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Gravitation Effects Speed of Light and Electromagnetic Constants

Authors: Alvydas Jakeliunas
Comments: 3 pages

Here is proposed a new dependence between speed of light, vacuum permittivity, vacuum permeability and gravitation. Proposed dependence well explains all known behavior of quantum in gravitation. Moreover it opens easy enough way to redefine Einstein's theory of gravitation without using paradigm of curved spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ever-Present Lambda and the Quantum Potential of Spacetime

Authors: Willard Mittelman
Comments: 18 pages

An approach to dark energy is presented that combines ideas of causal set theory with a Machian perspective and a treatment of spacetime as a condensate, yielding a "quantum potential of spacetime" Q whose density ρQ acts as an effective Λ that satisfies the uncertainty relation ΔVΔΛ ~ 1 of unimodular relativity. In contrast to the ever-present Λ of causal set theory, ρQ's value is always non-negative, and the nonlocality of Q ensures that ρQ is spatially homogeneous, in accordance with observation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Symmetries in Evolving Space-Time and Their Connection to High-Frequency Gravity Wave Production

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages

Linking a shrinking prior universe via a wormhole solution for a pseudo time dependent Wheeler-De Witt equation permits the formation of a short-term quintessence scalar field. We claim that our model and the addition of the wormhole is tied to an initial configuration of the Einstein field equations, allowing for high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGW) at the onset of inflation. This is due to symmetries in space-time, which enable the creation of highfrequency gravitational waves. The duration of a wormhole thermal bridge between prior and present universes is less than Planck's time duration, but has consequences up to our present cosmological era. This also leads to phase transition changes that form a template for graviton production. The initial conditions so created also suggest optimal environmental conditions for advanced spacecraft propulsion systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Content of Gravitation as a Way to Quantify Both Entropy and Information Generation in the Early Universe

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 8 pages

Based upon Alcubierre's formalism about energy flux of gravitational waves, as well as Saunder's treatment of temperature dependence of the Hubble parameter in the early universe, we initiate a particle count treatment of gravitons, and subsequent entropy generation which gives, via the standard model treatment of the FRW metric a way to explain/ justify a value of entropy of the order of S ~ 10⁶-10⁷ at the very onset of inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Arrow of Time Problem: Answering if Time Flow Initially Favouritizes One Direction Blatantly

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, Lukasz Glinka
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Prespacetime Journal 1(9), pp. 1358-1375 (November 2010)

The following article begins an analysis of if by first principles there is a way to show time unidrectionality at the start of creation. Recently J. Vaccarro appealed to Kaon physics to show how time asymmetry could be violated after the big bang, as well as how and why time asymmetry vanishes later. We examine the nature of the evolution Hamiltonian after stepping through Vacarro's analysis and go to where we think it needs to be improved. This answers questions to if both the CPT theorem and related physics are manifestly violated, or not violated at the beginning of emergent space time, via judicious use of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, a base of quantum cosmology and quantum gravity. We initially detail the limits of a derivation given the authors by Vaccaro which claims using of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and suggest ways to suppress the CPT violation, as suggested by Kaon physics after inflation at the onset of inflation, using refinements suggested by the authors. We propose to support the Kauffmann treatment of CPT violation as the useful one, as well, and will be part of long term solutions to this problem. Note that though, Vaccaro incorrectly identifies a Euclidian representation of the Hamiltonian (energy) function as equal to the Hamiltonian constraint, which leads to identifying the Schrodinger equation used for Kaon physics with the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, as H|ψ> = 0 as written by Vaccaro is still usual non-relativistic time-dependent quantum mechanics and not necessarily linkable to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, which in the result of primary quantization of the Hamiltonian constraint and has manifestly absent time, in the vicinity of a 'quantum bounce', or singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thought-Experiment Provides a Formula for "Dark Energy Force".

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 10 pages

First this: The "dark energy force formula" is used in three theoretical papers, which introduce a new cosmological model, named the Twin-Tori Model (TTM). This paper, however describes the introduction of my "thought-experiment", which produced this "dark energy force formula", in retroperspective. To explain this: The "thoughtexperiment is dating back to April 4 2004. Then it was published April 4 2010 on my website [1]. Since then I made some text-modifications without altering the original mathematical (word) content. The point is, the formula was used by PhD-mathematics and -Physics, Christopher Forbes (UK) and his colleague, with whom, in co-authorship, three "papers" were published about the TTM in the viXra-archive[1]. These "papers" describe a "double torus universe of dark energy and dark matter". So, this "thought-experiment" is the original paper in a step up to the TTM and submitted exclusively for viXra. The "thought-experiment" is a "way of logic-thinking" about "scaling away" from each other two black holes (small and large) under conditions of having a kind of entanglement with an observer, in order to receive evaporation-information simultaneously from both black holes. The result was my "dark energy force formula", which seems to be a force in a higher order universe, the TTM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Inner Connection Between Gravity, Electromagnetism and Light

Authors: Fayçal Ben Adda
Comments: 24 pages, 2 figures.

In this paper, we find out a clear connection between gravity and electromagnetism. We prove that the universe expansion affects gravity as well as the permittivity and the permeability of the free space. The use of a special expansion notion in the special relativity theory to study the inertial frame movement leads to the existence of an inner connection between gravity and electromagnetism. It turns out that gravity is perceptible to the surrounding medium via an invariant equation, which leads to perceive gravity as nothing else than a transverse undulation of the same medium that is the origin of electric and magnetic phenomena as well as light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Contraction of Radiation and Matter in a Gravitational Field: a Comment on Vixra:1009.0067

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 4 pages

The author of viXra:1009.0067 claims that radiation experiences a contraction in energy in a gravitational field, such as that of the Earth. Why, then, did Pound-Rebka measure an increase in energy of radiation?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Behavior of Quantum in Gravitation

Authors: Alvydas Jakeliunas
Comments: 1 page

Here is proposed a new equation for speed of light in gravitation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Experimental Failure to Detect Dark Matter

Authors: Joseph F. Messina
Comments: 2 pages

It is argued that the failure of dark matter experiments to verify its existence may be attributable to a non-Planckian 'action,' which renders dark matter's behavior contradictory to the consequences of quantum mechanics as it applies to luminous matter. It is pointed out that such a possibility cannot be convincingly dismissed in the absence of a physical law that prohibits an elementary 'action' smaller than Planck's. It is further noted that no purely dark matter measurement of Planck's constant exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitoelectromagnetism (Gem), Lagrange Equations and Faraday Induction Law

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 18 pages. In Italian, a short English version is included.

Recently gravitoelectromagnetism ("GEM") has been discussed by a number of authors. In this paper, after a brief reminder of viXra:1008.0042 "An interpretation of the laws of gravity and inertia", it is shown that the law of motion and the gravitoelectromagnetic fields can be deduced from the Lagrange function of a non relativistic particle in a non inertial reference frame. The discussion has been extended to the Faraday induction law: a gravity field can be induced in a loop if the gravitomagnetic flux through the loop is changed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formal Proof that C is the Limiting Speed

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 6 pages

If light is made of particles or waves which propagate at the same speed in all inertial frames, then the speed of light is the greatest speed possible.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proposed New Laws

Authors: Alvydas Jakeliunas
Comments: 1 page

New equations to eliminate spacetime curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment on Arxiv:1009.2266

Authors: Willard Mittelman
Comments: 3 pages

We discuss a recent attempt by Gogberashvili and Kanatchikov to derive the value of the fine structure constant α using cosmological parameters. We correct some errors in the proposed derivation, as well as modifying the authors' account of dark energy. As a result of these corrections and modifications, a viable derivation of α's value is obtained, thereby vindicating the basic approach of the above authors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physics is a Bunch of Fairy Tales

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 3 pages

Answers to ten simple questions is explored in the standard theory of Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Over 30 Years Aether Wind Was not Detected in Michelson-Type Experiments with Resonators

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 5 pages

We show that measured by S.Herrmann et al., Phys.Rev.D 80, 105011 (2009) the relatively small variation δν of the resonance frequency of a chosen mode of an evacuated optical resonator, when changing its orientation in space, can not serve as an indication of the absence of a preferred direction related with the motion of the setup in aether. In order to detect the absolute motion and determine the value and direction of its velocity, the volume of the resonator should be regarded, at any degree of evacuation, as being an optical medium, with its refractive index n > 1 to be necessarily taken into account, irrespective of the extent of the medium's tenuity. If the working body is a gas then δν is proportional to n²-1 and to the square of the velocity υ that the resonator moves with in aether. At sufficiently large values of optical density, δν is proportional to (n²-1)(2-n²), and at n > 1.5 it may possess such a great value that there even becomes possible a hopping of the automatic laser frequency trimmer from the chosen mode of the reference resonator to its adjacent modes. Taking into account the effect of the medium permeability in experiments with resonators performed by the scheme of the Michelson experiment enabled us to estimate the absolute speed of the Earth as several hundreds kilometers per second.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Conformal in Nity and Compactifications of the Minkowski Space

Authors: Arkadiusz Jadczyk
Comments: 60 pages

Using the standard Cayley transform and elementary tools it is reiterated that the conformal compactification of the Minkowski space involves not only the "cone at infinity" but also the 2-sphere that is at the base of this cone. We represent this 2-sphere by two additionally marked points on the Penrose diagram for the compactified Minkowski space. Lacks and omissions in the existing literature are described, Penrose diagrams are derived for both, simple compactification and its double covering space, which is discussed in some detail using both the U(2) approach and the exterior and Clifford algebra methods. Using the Hodge * operator twistors are realized as spinors (i.e., vectors of a faithful irreducible representation of the even Clifford algebra) for the conformal group O(4, 2). Killing vector fields corresponding to the left action of U(2) on itself are explicitly calculated. Isotropic cones and corresponding projective quadrics in pseudo-Hermitian spaces H_p,q are also discussed. Applications to flat conformal structures, including the normal Cartan connection and conformal development has been discussed in some detail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The New Principle of Inertia. (The End of Absolute Space and Inertial Systems.)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 11 pages

Connected theory is not only a theory about gravitation. It is the theory that has eliminate absolute space and inertials reference frames of Newton-Einstein. Presentation of the relational metric that eliminates absolute rotation movements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Supplying Conditions for Having up to 1000 Degress of Freedom in the Onset of Inflation, Instead of 2 to 3 Degrees of Freedom, Today, in Space-Time.

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages, no figures. Specifically written to answer a question about a non standard departure from usual degrees of freedom theory , as reported by Kolb and Turner, with usual peak values of N(T) ~ 10²

The following document attempts to answer the role additional degrees of freedom have as to initial inflationary cosmology. A comparison is made to two representations of a scale evolutionary Friedman equation, with one of the equations based upon LQG, and another involving an initial Hubble expansion parameter with initial temperature T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV used as an input into T⁴ times N(T). The upshot is that initial assumptions as to the number of degrees of freedom has for T_Planck ~ 10¹⁹ GeV a maximum value of N(T)~ 10³ . Making that upper end approximation for the value of permissible degrees of freedom is dependent upon a minimum grid size length as of about l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters. Should the minimum uncertainty and permissible grid size for space time be significantly higher than be much higher than l_Planck ~ 10³³ centimeters, the net effect will be to reduce to top level value of N(T)~ 10³ to something lower. The author submits that such degrees of freedom is important for initial configurations for the initial configuration of the arrow of time , i.e entropy growth for reasons which will be made clear in the manuscript.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Hypothesis on the Nature of Light

Authors: J. Arnold
Comments: 14 Pages

It is proposed that light is at absolute rest, its apparent motion being the reflection of the motion of mass in time. The hypothesis resolves the paradox of the apparent wave/particle duality of light, accounts for its speed being invariant and a limit, explains numerous other peculiarities of its behavior, and identifies the motion of mass in time as the source of gravitational energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Trimmer et Al. "Did not Detect" Aether Wind in 1973?

Authors: V.V.Demjanov
Comments: 4 Pages

          In 1960s several authors began independently studies of the interferometric detection of "aether wind" using in the device optical media. Shamir&Fox in 1969 made measurements on the plexiglas and declared them "negative" (whereas they registered the shift of the fringe at ~1/3000 of its width, and "determined" a corresponding to it velocity of aether wind ~6.6 km/s). In 1973 Trimmer et al. mounted at the one-armed device the glass optics and registered with a big resolution the shift of the interference fringe (at most ~10^–6 of its width) and determined by it the speed of "aether wind" ~3.8 cm/s. This result enhanced still more the confidence in that the attempts to detect aether are unfavorable. However, my results of the same years being favorable fell out of the common line of "negative" verdicts to aether. I managed to register on gases, liquids and solid optical materials million times greater relative fringe shifts (0.01÷5.0), revealed the horizontal projection of the aether wind velocity hundreds km/s. Since my results "weakened the experimental foundation of special relativity", their publishing is rejected until now.
          In the current report I argue reasonably, relying on my experience, that Trimmer et al. (as well as Shamir &Fox), actually obtained positive results in their measurements of aether wind which amounts to several hundreds km/s, proceeding from the declared by them resolution of their experimental units. I believe their experimental data. But I guess that they were faced with hidden artefacts in the interferometer with solid optic materials and not aware of it. The theory used by them for processing the measurements of the interference fringe shift obtained is not appropriate for interferometers with solid optical materials. I have found the possible reason why Trimmer et al. did not reveal the experimental facts undermining theories repudiating aether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitation, Force and Geometry

Authors: J. Arnold
Comments: 2 Pages

Gravitation is described as a uniquely geometric phenomenon, incompatible with the concepts of force and energy, and only analogically associable with non-geometric mathematical formalizations. In particular, the mathematical derivation of gravitational waves from the field equations is shown to be arbitrary and physically untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Relativity is Wrong

Authors: Emil D. Gigov
Comments: 18 pages

Very true scientists, such as Rutherford, Soddy, Michelson, Sagnac, Lenard, Larmor, McMillan and others, have claimed, that the Theory of relativity is wrong. Even Poincare and Einstein are hinted something similar. Classical physics is far from simple, already during the XIX century has been spoken about things like gravity waves, nuclear power and variable mass. Theory of relativity as a whole, is based only on the hypothesis, that the speed of light in Euclidean empty space is, invariant universal constant. But in reality this velocity is variable, in Newtonian sense. Newton's emission theory of light, has been proven through many experiments, for example by those of Michelson, Sagnac and Fizeau. Also, the velocity of photons in one ray, is variable with respect to lateral observer, and is consistent with the classical law for velocity addition.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitons Writ Large; I.e. Stability, Contributions to Early Arrow of Time, and Also Their Possible Role in re Acceleration of the Universe 1 Billion Years Ago?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages, one figure. A distillation of work done since January 2010: Last 9 months of derivational work done, and condensed on DM, DE, and Arrow of time issues w.r.t. gravitons, coherent states of gravitons <=> GW, and other issues. From conference material from Beyond the Standard Model, 2010, S.A, Dark Side of the Universe in Leon, Mexico, Rudn 10 of Moscow, Fundamental Frontiers of Physics, 11, Paris, Blois, France, 2010. MAIN work is in cross referencing different research and regularizing what was, initially partly contradictory research results. This is the result. Source document for all these discussions condensed to 17 pages. Done to cross reference numerous issues which the author will bring up in DICE itself. Commentary from DICE, will lead to a substantially revised document, i.e. that is to be expected considering the quality of the attendees at DICE, which is very high. First phase of preparation for a 8-10 page conference proceedings entry for DICE 2010

This document is due to a question by Debasish of the Saha institute of India asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico[1], and also is connected with issues as to the initial configuration of the arrow of time brought up in both Rudn 10 [2], in Rencontres de Blois[3], and Fundamental frontiers of physics 11 [4], in Paris, in July 2010. Further reference is made as to how to reconcile early inflation with re acceleration, partly by dimensional analysis and partly due to recounting a suggestion as by Yurov [5] , which the author thinks has merit and which ties into, to a point with using massive gravitons as a re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago enabler, as perhaps a variant of DE.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Big Boing Theory (The Exam at the End of All Exams)

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 9 Pages.

Two cosmonauts had been living in an obscure compartment of the Mir Orbiter for seven years, ever since Ground Control inadvertently omitted them from a list of return passengers...
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Configuration of the Arrow of Time, in Initial Start of Inflation?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 pages, 1 figure. Actual proceedings submission to the Rencontres De Blois 2010 conference , with an emphasis upon issues brought up earlier, in a less organized fashion un Rudn 10, in Moscow, May 30.

Initial relic entropy growth is presented in the context of a zero valued chemical potential and different formulations of overall energy values, which may be tied into massive gravitons appearing at the onset of inflation This is contrasted with the role of gravitons with non zero rest mass in four dimensions a billion years ago. Questions as to if an interplay between two different regimes for 'heavy' gravity are presented s open research issues.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitons, and the Initial Configuration of Arrow of Time in Inflation?. Part 2, of a Discussion Started at Rudn 10, in Moscow, June 30, 2010

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 7 pages, one figure. Significant enhancement of arrow of time issue at the onset of inflation which will be brought up in the DICE meeting , with other topics, in September 13-17, 2010.

This investigation sets forth initial conditions for a start of the arrow of time in cosmology based upon the idea that of having initil degrees of freedom set as g_star ~ 1000 initially , instead of a maximum value of g_star ~ 100 - 120 for the number of degrees of freedom during the electro weak era.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Initial Data for Cosmological Arrow of Time Emerging Due to Inflation Start?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages. One figure. Contribution to the Rudn 10 conference by Andrew Beckwith, in a parallel session in cosmology, May 30, 2010 at Peoples Friendship University, Moscow, Russia as a guest of the Russian Gravitational society.

We ask if setting the vanishing chemical potential limit μ -> 0 with entropy S ∝ T³ [1] for a number of degrees of freedom significantly greater than the standard electroweak value of g_star ~ 100 - 120, do we have a new foundation for the arrow of time in quantum cosmology with inflation?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Covariant Energy-Momentum Conservation in General Relativity with Cosmological Constant

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 11 pages, this is an updated version of an earlier paper originally archived as arXiv:gr-qc/9701028. The cosmological constant has been added to the analysis, plus other small additions. Submitted to Prespacetime Journal.

A covariant formula for conserved currents of energy, momentum and angular-momentum is derived from a general form of Noether's theorem applied directly to the Einstein-Hilbert action of classical general relativity. Energy conservation in closed and flat big-bang cosmologies including cosmic radiation and dark energy is discussed as special cases. Special care is taken to distinguish between kinematic and dynamic expressions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Could Gravitons from Prior Universe Survive Quantum Bounce to Reappear in Present Universe

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure. Part of what will be brought up in DICE 2010, as of September 13-17, 2010, in Italy . The other part of the DICE presentation will be finished by the end of next week

We ask the question if an entropy S = E/T with a usual value ascribed of initial entropy S ~ 10⁵ of the onset of inflation can allow an order of magnitude resolution of the question of if there could be a survival of a graviton from a prior to the present universe, using typical Planckian peak temperature values of T ~ 10¹⁹ GeV. We obtain the values consistent with up to 1038 gravitons contributing to an energy value of E ~ 10²⁴ GeV if we assume a relic energy contribution based upon each graviton initially exhibiting a frequency spike of 1010 Hz. The value of E ~ 10²⁴ GeV is picked from looking at the aftermath of what happens if there exists a quantum bounce with a peak density value of ρ_maximum ~ 2.07 ρ_Planck as has been considered recently by P. Malkiewicz and W. Piechocki [15] in the LQG bounce regime radii of the order of magnitude of l ~ 10³⁵ meters. In this paper estimates specifically avoids using S = (E - μN)/T are done, by setting vanishing chemical potential μ = 0 for ultra high temperatures. Finally we compare briefly the obtained results with the ones recently investigated by G. 't Hooft [20] and L.A. Glinka [21, 22].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Doppler Shift Reveals Light Speed Variation

Authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
Comments: 8 pages

Light speed variation relative to a moving observer occurring according to classical velocity composition is demonstrated using Doppler Shift. This directly contradicts the light speed invariance postulate of special relativity and confirms ether drift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transition of Expansion Acceleration of the Universe Through Negative Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 5 Pages.

This letter explains that density of positive mass and negative mass is almost uniformly throughout the whole universe, but density of positive mass and negative mass included in a random universe radius R can be different from each other. Like this, positive, zero, negative values of total gravitational potential energy are all possible due to density difference of positive mass and negative mass included in a random universe radius R. This letter is showing possibility in explaining the decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion due to density difference of positive mass and negative mass because negative mass and positive mass conducts different forms of movement depending on the density difference of positive mass and negative mass. As change of total gravitational potential energy sign occurs from UT=0 and total gravitational potential energy oscillates based on 0. This provides valid explanation regarding to the problems of the atness of the universe and fine tuning.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Interpretation of the Laws of Gravity and Inertia

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 16 Pages. v1 in Italian, v2 in English

Ideas on a source of inertia from fixed stars have crossed Physics least Mach onwards. Equations "Maxwell-like" for gravitation and inertia were obtained by several authors as a subspecies of the simplified theory of General Relativity. A precursor was Dennis Sciama. Introducing a four-potential, I submit here a tentative interpretation of our laws about gravity and inertia, in complete analogy with electromagnetism. In classical mechanics is not introduced, usually, a four potential. The field produced by this four-potential describes both gravitational and inertial forces. Admit the gauge transformation on potential is equivalent to enunciate the equivalence principle, and vice versa. Inertial forces (ex. Coriolis force) are interpreted as a field action. All the inertia is interpreted as a field action. The physical presence of this field seems to be a fact, even more concrete the usual admission of inertial "fictitious forces".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One-Way Light Speed Determination Using the Range Measurement Equation of the GPS

Authors: Stephan J. G. Gift
Comments: 8 pages

The one-way speed of light is determined using the range measurement equation of the Global Positioning System. This equation has been rigorously and extensively tested and verified in the Earth-Centred Inertial frame, a frame that moves with the Earth as it revolves around the Sun but does not share its rotation. The result is a simple demonstration of one-way light speed anisotropy depending on the direction of propagation relative to the rotating Earth that contradicts the principle of light speed constancy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Conformal Gauge Relativity on the Geometrical Unification of Gravitation and Gauge Fields

Authors: Juan Andrés Musante Apolo
Comments: 44 pages

A Lagrangian depending on geometric variables (metric, affine connection, gauge group generators) is given which maintains compatibility with General Relativity. It generates the dynamics for Electromagnetism and other Gauge Fields along with Gravitation, at the time it gives a geometric foundation for the stress-energy tensor of continuous matter. The geometric-invariance principle under this integration is exposed and the resulting field equations are obtained. The theory is developed over the tangent space of a four-dimensional real manifold and the generators become those from the Homogenous Lorentz group.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Contraction of Space and the Gravitational Field

Authors: Morgan D. Rosenberg
Comments: 10 pages

By considering the gravitational field as an optical medium with a radially-dependent index of refraction, we are able to show that a physical model of space being radially compressed by mass, rather than curved by mass, as in general relativity, yields the same results predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. We are further able to show that this spatial compression is equivalent to the Lorentz contraction of special relativity. The predictions of general relativity are all derived with relatively basic mathematics without reliance on the grossly complex Riemannian geometry needed for Einstein's curved space-time model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Expansion Theory of the Universe with no Dark Matter and no Dark Energy

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we find a new gravitational formula: F-bar = -mc²/R = and establish an expansion theory of the universe with no dark matter and no dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Shamir and Fox Did not Detect "Aether Wind" in 1969?

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Up to 1960ies the measurement of the aether wind velocity by the technology of Michelson presumed that a medium placed across the path of light rays has no substantial significance (except as being an obstacle) for obtaining the expected shift of the interference fringe from the brought together orthogonal rays on the interference of the turnabout device. In 1960ties several authors began independent research on the Michelson-type interferometers with different optical media used as light carriers. J.Shamir and R.Fox declared "negative" the results of their measurements on the plexiglas (though they registered the fringe shift 1/3000 fraction of the fringe's width and determined the respective velocity of aether wind 6.5 km/s). The authors considered this result as "enhancing the experimental basis of special relativity", and their report has been published. My results of same years appeared to be positive. I managed to register on gaseous, liquid and solid optically transparent bodies hundred times greater relative shifts of the fringe (0.01-5.0) giving for horizontal projection of the aether wind velocity the value hundreds km/s. At different times of day and night at the latitude of Obninsk city I registered the changing of this velocity in the interval 140-480 km/s. Insofar as my results "weaken the experimental basis of special relativity", their publication is still refused. I will show in the present report, basing on my experimental experience, that in reality Shamir and Fox obtained positive results. The historical precedence of misunderstanding the positive measurements of aether wind of the order 200-400 km/s, performed by Michelson and Miller in 1920-1930ies at lengthened to 32 m air light carriers, described by me in arXiv:0910.5658v3, 24 June 2010, repeated in the work by Shamir and Fox. Misunderstood was another artifact, manifesting itself in an interferometer with a solid light carrier. In the current work, I explain the nature of this artifact, hiding from Shamir and Fox their experimental success in detecting the aether wind velocity of hundreds km/s. I discussed also the inadequacy of their own interpretation of the results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Invariance of the Velocity of Light

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 14 pages

The Special Theory of Relativity postulates that the velocity of light would always be invariant at 186,000 miles per second at all inertial frames. The paper examines this aspect of the Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Three-Particle States for Superluminal Communication

Authors: Raymond W Jensen
Comments: 19 pages, Presented at the SPESIF-2010 Conference at JHU Applied Physics lab in Feb. 2010

Using a three-particle entangled system (triple), it is possible in principle to transmit signals faster than the speed of light from sender to receiver in the following manner: From an emitter, for every triple, particles 1 and 2 are sent to the receiver and 3 to the sender. The sender is given the choice of whether or not to measure polarization of particle 3. Meanwhile the receiver measures particle correlation vs. relative polarization angle for the polarizers of particles 1 and 2. The particle 1 and 2 correlation statistics depend on whether or not particle 3 polarization was measured, instantaneously. This dependence is a basis for faster-than-light communication.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Theory of Relativity in Absolute Space and the Symmetric Twin Paradox ( on the Possibility of Absolute Motion )

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya, Mabedle Donald Ngobeni
Comments: 21 pages, 10 figures, 1 table.

Departing from the traditional case where one twin stays put while the other rockets into space, we consider the case of identically accelerated twins. Both twins depart at uniform relativistic speeds in opposite directions for a round trip from the Earth on their 21th birthday destined into space to some distant constellation that is a distance L₀ in the rest frame of the Earth. A "proper" application of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) tells us that the Earth bound observers will conclude that on the day of reunion, both twins must both have aged the same albeit their clocks (which where initially synchronized with that of the Earth bound observers) will have registered a duration less than that registered by the Earth bound observers. In the traditional twin paradox, it is argued that the stay at home twin will have aged more than the traveling twin and the asymmetry is attributed to the fact that the travelling twin's frame of reference is not an inertial reference frame during the periods of acceleration and deceleration making it illegal for the travelling twin to use the STR in their frame, thus "resolving" the paradox. This same argument does not hold in the case considered here as both twins will undergo identical experiences where each twin sees the other as the one that is in motion. This means, each twin must conclude that the other twin is the one that is younger. They will conclude that their ages must be numerically different, thus disagreeing with the Earth bound observers that their ages are the same. This leads us to a true paradox whose resolution is found in the deduction that motion must be absolute. We provide a thought-experiment on how to measure absolute motion. Through this thought-experiment, we extend the second postulate of the STR to include the direction of propagation of light, namely that not only is the speed of light the same for all observers, but the direction of propagation as-well. Succinctly, the speed of light along its direction of motion in the absolute frame of reference is the same for all observers in the Universe. In an effort to try and resolve the symmetric twin paradox, we set-forth a relativistic aether model, which at best can be described as the Special Theory of Relativity in Absolute Space. By recalibrating several experiments performed by other researchers in the past, we find that the Earth's speed through the aether is in the range 240 ± 80 kms^-1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Michelson-Type Interferometer Operating at Effects of First Order with Respect to V/c

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 11 pages

          More than hundred years the opinion persists that Michelson interferometer can not detect aether wind by effects of first order with respect to the ratio υ/c. Below there will be shown that the degenerations of the interfer-ometer's sensitivity to effects of first order can be lifted changing the traditional configurations of the device. My experiment demonstrated that a two-media device operating at effects of first order can reliably measure the shift of the interference fringe (and thus the speed of "aether wind"), and much more successfully than by Michelson interferometer operating at effects of second order. Unlike in the traditional approach, in the interferometer of first order light rays (after splitting at semi-transparent plate) propagate in both orthogonal arms to rebounding mirrors in a one optical medium (with the dielectric permittivity ε₁), and return after reflection to a plate re-uniting them for interference via another medium (with the dielectric permittivity ε₂). The shift of interference fringe is reliably registered (in rotation of the interferometer by 90^o) even at gas light carrying pairs with arm's length up to 1 m. With this the fringe shift appears to be proportional to υ/c and difference ε₁–ε₂.
          The experimental findings have been interpreted basing on classical scheme of ray optics by two methods: 1) with the Fresnel model of dragging light by moving optical medium neglecting terms quadratic in υ/c (including the Lorentz contraction of the longitudinal to v arm as quadratic with respect to υ/c), 2) with the classical theory of the frequency dispersion of moving dielectric media, supplemented by the accounting classical and relativistic Doppler effects describing translatory motion (with velocity v) of particles of interferometer light carriers in aether. From observations of the fringe shift on the interferometer of first order with respect to υ/c there was found (at the latitude of Obninsk) the change of the horizontal projection of the Earth's velocity relative to luminiferous aether in the limits 140<υ<480 km/s depending on the local time of the day and night.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Verification of Cepheid Variable Distance Measurements Using Roxy's Ruler

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 12 pages

There has been some controversy over the validation of using the period/luminosity relationship of Cepheid variables to measure the distance to galaxies[2]. We present here a statistical analysis of distance variations for 21 galaxies between Cepheid variables and Roxy's Ruler. The analysis shows there is no systemic error in Measurements to galaxies using Cepheid variables and that such measurements are valid within well defined degrees of error.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Frame Error Discovery Derives Stellar Aberration and Paradox Free Special Relativity Via Huygens Principle.

Authors: P A Jackson, R K Nixey
Comments: 23 pages

We uncover an error of conception, influential on physics at a critical moment. Refraction due to relative motion was observed from the incorrect inertial frame for Stellar Aberration, the path 'dragged' by the new medium. Lodge discussed and showed this[1] in his influential 1893 paper following Michelson & Morley's null result. Jones's 1970 glass disks experiment repeated it.[2] Within the frames of moving media lights paths refract towards the normal, as in more dense media at rest. We show how in the Special Theory of Relativity (SR) using the correct observer frame is essential and how this wrongly affected consideration of Stellar Aberration and Stokes Ether Drag theory. We test subtle variations on Young's experiment, and consider, non-technically, implications on and relationship with SR, the interstellar medium, and EM field potential. Through the Huygens-Fresnel Principle,[3] WFS, interplanetary shocks and FM a possible simple clarification of SR emerges to connect it with a quantum mechanism, apparently requiring no more field than GR. We test it's predictive power and ability to remove perceived paradox and dissent. New perspectives on Snell and Fermat arise from a discrete field model using Einsteins 1952 view that 'space' is actually; "infinitely many spaces in relative motion."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Equation that Changed the Universe: F-Bar = Mc²/R

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 14 pages

This paper explains the behavior of the entire universe from the smallest to the largest scales,found an equation that changed the universe: F-bar = -mc²/R, established the expansion theory of the universe without dark matter and dark energy, It shows that gravity is action-at-a-distance and that a gravitational wave is unobservable.Thus,a new universe model is suggested that the universe has a centre consisting of the tachyonic matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A "New and Simple Idea", Dark Matter-Energy and the Crisis in Physical Theory

Authors: Frederick E. Alzofon
Comments: 20 Pages.

Correction of an omission in A. Einstein's operational definitions of time and space intervals in the special theory of relativity leads to an improved phenomenological and conceptual foundation for a previously proposed unified field theory. In combination with Einstein's researches on the fluctuation in energy of black body radiation, there results a "new and simple idea" of the kind Professor Richard Feynman felt to be necessary for the solution of the cosmological constant problem. A brief description of the formalism of the theory is presented. The infinite zero-point energy of the vacuum is eliminated. A model for the origin of inertial mass and dark matter-energy is deduced. The resulting relation between observed matter and dark matter-energy leads to a restriction on their magnitudes. The magnitudes of the latter quantities are then estimated from astronomical data. A model is proposed for the origin of the gravitational field in terms of a dynamic process at the basis of the proposed theory. The success of the special theory of relativity in predicting the results of three crucial observations establishing the validity of the general theory of relativity and the elimination of the infinite vacuum energy suggest that the unified field theory can lead to a solution of the cosmological constant problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Efecto Doppler, Transformaciones de Lorentz Y Dilatación Del Tiempo

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 11 pages

It is generally considered that the Doppler effect, predicted by the theory of special relativity of Einstein, is an indirect proof for the correctness of the Lorentz transformations. In this article it appears the formula for the Doppler effect from the new relational transformations. We also study the relationship between the Doppler effect and the time dilation of Einstein's special relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Massive Gravitons Stability , and a Review of How Many Gravitons Make up a Gravity Wave Detectable / Congruent with B.P. Abbott, Et.al., Nature 460, 991 (2009).

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure. Set of notes being turned into an article as to inter relating a graviton count, versus gravitational waves. Will be part of discussions raised in conferences this summer. coming up with specifics as far as the inter relationship

The following questions are raised. First, can there be a stable (massive) graviton? Secondly, what is the relationship between a Gravity Wave, and Gravitons? The inter relationship between a graviton, and a gravity wave is raised, with an idea of eventually making sense of a numerical count presented by Claus Kieffer, in his book on Quantum gravity, in conjunction with how a gravity wave/ graviton count could have some over lap.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Foundation of Gravito-Electromagnetism: the Theory of Informatons

Authors: Antoine Acke
Comments: 37 pages.

The theory of gravitoelectromagnetism (G.E.M.) - that assumes a perfect isomorphism between electromagnetism and gravitation - has been established by Oliver Heaviside (1) and Oleg Jefimenko (2). Within the framework of general relativity, G.E.M. has been discussed by a number of authors (3). It is shown that the gravitational analogs to Maxwell's equations (the G.E.M. equations) can be derived from the Einstein field equation. In this paper we propose an alternative theoretical foundation of G.E.M.: we explain the gravitational interactions, we identify the physical quantities that play a role in that context, and we mathematically derive the laws of gravitoelectromagnetism .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter II Jose Natario.

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 22 Pages. This work develops the Natario Warp Drive from ther arXiv paper gr-qc/0110086.

Natario Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the second Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However in the literature about Warp Drives the Natario Spacetime is only marginally quoted.Almost all the available literature covers the Alcubierre Warp Drive. It is our intention to present here the fully developed Natario Warp Drive Spacetime and its very interesting features.Our presentation is given in a more accessible mathematical formalism following the style of the current Warp Drive literature destined to graduate students of physics since the original Natario Warp Drive paper of 2001 was presented in a sophisticated mathematical formalism not accessible to average students. Like the Alcubierre Warp Drive Spaceime that requires a continuous function f(rs) in order to be completely analyzed or described we introduce here the Natario Shape Function n(r) that allows ourselves to study the amazing physical features of the Natario Warp Drive. The non-existence of a continuous Shape Function for the Natario Warp Drive in the original 2001 work was the reason why Natario Warp Drive was not covered by the standard literature in the same degree of coverage dedicated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive. We hope to change the situation because the Natario Warp Drive looks very promising.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inquiry as to if Higher Dimensions Can be Used to Unify DM and DE, if Massive Gravitons Are Stable.

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages, one figure. Initial work for possible submission to the DSU 2010 conference proceedings. Contains answer to question asked by Dr. Debasish Majumdar of the Saha institute, India, as to massive graviton stability which the author tried to answer.

The following questions are raised in this document. First, can there be a stable (massive) graviton? If so, does this massive graviton, as modeled by KK DM, with a modification of slight 4 dimensional space mass, contribute to DE, at least in terms of re acceleration ? The answer, if one assumes that the square of a frequency for graviton mass is real valued and greater than zero appears to be affirmative. The author, when considering a joint DM - DE model finds evidence that re acceleration of the universe one billion years ago in a higher dimensional setting can be justified in terms of a slight modification of standard KK DM models, if one considers how an information exchange between present to prior universes occurs, which the author thinks mandates more than four dimensional space time geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Photon Field and Infinity

Authors: John L. O'Sullivan
Comments: 6 pages

Existences have tangible dimensions and intangible dimensions. The tangible dimensions have finite energy responsible for mass and universal space-time and the intangible dimensions have infinite energy without beginning or end. This report will show the relation between mass and infinity where the speed of light is common to both giving an understanding of time and matter in the electromagnetic wave field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Can be Said About ( Massive) Graviton Stability? & is there DM Generated DE ?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 39 pages, talk for Rudn 10, Moscow, June 30, 2010. 3 figures. Divided into two themes . 1st :Criteria for Massive graviton stability, and 2nd : Applications of a massive graviton, if stable, to a modification of KK DM to possibly insure DE re acceleration 1 billion years ago

Delineating conditions for the existence of a stable (massive) graviton mass, and its possible role in mimicking DE one billion years ago in the re acceleration of the universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hipotese de Smarandache: Evidencias, Implicacoes e Aplicacoes

Authors: Leonardo F. D. da Motta
Comments: 5 pages, Paper in Portugues.

Paper about the Smarandache Hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe and one can construct any speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can a Massive Graviton be a Stable Particle ?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 6 pages, no figures. Relies upon determining if a frequency, for a graviton is, when squared positive definite, and real valued. The idea may be part of a Rudn 10 presentation June 30, in Moscow, along with a brief introduction to the author's ideas about a joint DM-DE model, heavily dependent upon this concept of stable gravitons with very small mass. If not used in Rudn 10, it will be part of a poster in Rencontres De Blois, in July 15-20, 2010

This document is due to a question asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico, when a researcher from India asked the author about how to obtain a stability analysis of massive gravitons. The answer to this question involves an extension of the usual Pauli_Fiertz Langrangian, with non zero graviton mass contributing to a relationship between the trace of a re done GR stress-energy tensor ( assuming non zero graviton mass) , and the trace of a re done symmetric tensor, times a tiny mass for a 4 dimensional graviton. The resulting analysis makes use of Visser's treatment of a stress energy tensor, with experimental applications discussed in the resulting analysis. If the square of frequency of a massive graviton is real valued and greater than zero, stability can be possibly confirmed experimentally.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Very Special Case, a Brief Comment About the Michelson / Morley Experiment

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 2 pages

Very often, in the history of science, amazingly simple phenomena, when initially misunderstood, may become laden with prejudice and somewhat mystical connotations and, since then, are passed on from generation to generation for no better reason then magister dixit. One example already discussed here [1] has been stellar aberration. But there is nevertheless a very special case where in trying to explain the null result of the Michelson and Morley experiment scientists, just to keep up to their prejudices, chose the weirdest explanations; instrument length contraction or ether drag !
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Perspectives About Density of Universal Cosmic Mass, Density of Space and the a-Temporal Gravitation

Authors: Davide Fiscaletti
Comments: 12 pages

Clocks are measuring systems for the numerical order, speed and frequency of material changes that run into space. Time does not run into space on its own, time exists only as numerical order, speed and frequency of material change. Stellar objects and particles move into space only and not into time. Gravitational interaction between material objects is the result of curvature of space that is determined by the granular structure of space. Density of the elementary grains of space depends on density of universal cosmic mass, higher is the density of universal cosmic mass lower is the density of grains of empty space. Density of empty space is the physical basis of its curvature. Material objects have a tendency to move into direction of lower density and higher curvature of space. Gravitational interaction mass-space-mass is immediate: the presence of a mass causes change of density of space, change of density of space causes gravitational motion. A mass acts on another mass indirectly via the change of density of empty space. Gravitational interaction between two masses is immediate: no time, namely no duration of motion of a particle or wave in space is needed to transmit gravitational interaction from one to another material object.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Numerical Order of Physical Events Has no Duration

Authors: Davide Fiscaletti, Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 8 pages

With clocks we measure numerical order t0,t1,t2,...,tn of a physical event. A sequence t_n-1 is "before" a sequence t_n equivalently to natural number n-1 is before natural number n. Numerical order t0,t1,t2,...,tn of a physical event has no duration. It runs in a timeless space where physical time is run of clocks. Duration of an event is a result of experiencing its measurement with a clock through the frame of psychological time "past-present-future" but events happen exclusively in space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Immediate Physical Phenomena and Space as a Direct Medium of Information

Authors: Davide Fiscaletti
Comments: 11 pages

For several physical phenomena elapsed clock run t for them to happen is zero. These events can be appropriately defined as "immediate physical phenomena" and support the view that, at a fundamental level, time exists only as a run of clocks in a timeless space. Immediate physical phenomena are carried directly by space which functions as a direct information medium. The perspective is opened that the quanta of space that build quantum space assume a crucial role as regards these phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detector of Aether Operating on Transverse Doppler Effect

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 7 pages

Rotating the source of light around the point lying on the light's beam we can observe the transverse Doppler effect by a spectrometer located in the center of rotation. The anomalous shift of the electromagnetic wave's frequency was found from this experiment (performed in 1969-1974 years) that appeared to be much higher than anticipated from the standard relativistic expression taking into account solely the linear velocity of rotation of the source in the laboratory. The interpretation of the experimental observations admitting absolute motion of the Earth and respective accounting for reality of the Lorentz contraction and time dilation enabled us to determine the speed of the Earth relative to luminiferous aether. It appeared to be somewhat above 400 km/s that agrees well with the value formerly found by me using three methods of determining the speed of "aether wind" by Michelson-type interferometers thoroughly accounted for refractive indices of optical media.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Faster Than Light?

Authors: Felice Russo
Comments: 3 pages

The hypothesis formulated by Smarandache on the possibility that no barriers exist in the Universe for an object to travel at any speed is here shortly analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mapping Penrose-Rindler Null Tetrads to the Advanced and Retarded Wheeler-Feynman-Aharonov Destiny & History Null Tetrads

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 3 pages

This is a short mathematical note clarifying the use of Cramer's Transactional Interpretation in the Spinor Qubit Pre-Geometry of Wheeler's IT FROM BIT.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relativity of Time. the Time of the Relativity

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 5 pages

Demonstration without mathematical formulas of the theory of special and general relativity of Einstein is false.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Where Does Universal Expansion Equal Gravitational Attraction?

Authors: Chris O'Loughlin
Comments: 9 pages

A comparison of the attractive motion experienced by masses due to gravitational interaction over relatively short distances with the recessional motion of masses at relatively large distances (that adhere to the velocity increases described by Hubble's v = Hr relation) is presented to demonstrate the similarities between the two motions. Based on the similarities of the two motions, and the observation that gravitational acceleration decreases as distance increases while recessional acceleration decreases as distance decreases the distance at which the two accelerations are equal in magnitude but in opposite directions resulting in zero net acceleration is calculated and compared to similar results provided by Chernin et al. [1]. The summation of the attractive gravitational acceleration and the recessional acceleration is presented and plotted depicting a smooth, continuous transition from gravitational attraction to universal expansion. The underlying cause of these accelerations is not addressed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Evaporation of Common Sense

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Common sense left the human mind a hundred years ago. It was forced out by relativity theory. This wildly imaginative work of fiction displaced all the logic humankind had labored so long to establish. People loved it. They were set free of the constraints of disciplined thought. But today we have a problem: relativity and all it has sprouted has taken us down a blind alley.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Mass Macrobodies

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages.

The relativistic growth of mass macrobodies differs from microparticles
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DM Generated DE Replacement?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 55 pages. 30 minute talk for the Dark Side of the Universe conference, Leon, Mexico, June 1st to June 6th, 2010

Contains specific elaboration of material on Glinkas quantum gas hypothesis, as far as a counting algorithm, and also attempts to show possible commonality between semi classical theories, and brane world interpretations ( higher dimensions) while addressing the issue of what are the implications of a small graviton mass in 4 dimensions, i.e. the violations of the correspondence/ complimentarity principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Big Bang ? a Critical Review

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 22 pages, 5 figures, published in Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 6, pp.1533-1547.

Inflationary Big Bang model is the generally accepted theory for the origin of universe. Nonetheless, findings of the observational astronomy as also the revelations in the field of fundamental physics over the past two decades question validity of the 'Big Bang' model as a viable theory for origin of the universe. This paper examines a few of the various factors which undermine the theory of the big Bang, including the organization of galactic superstructures, the Cosmic Microwave Background, distant galaxies, gravitational waves, redshifts, and the age of local galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Warp Drive Basic Science Written for "Aficionados". Chapter I Miguel Alcubierre.

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 37 Pages. The Warp Drive as a Dynamical Spacetime is one of the most interesting Spacetimes of General Relativity and is being heavily studied inside arXiv.org.See for example the arXiv papers 1001.4960, 0904.0141,0710.4474, gr-qc/0009013,gr.qc/0110086,gr.qc/9905084,gr.qc/9702026 or the Post Doctoral Dissertation Thesis gr-qc/9805037. We feel that it is time for viXra to have its own papers exclusively devoted to this Dynamical Spacetime:The Warp Drive

Alcubierre Warp Drive is one of the most exciting Spacetimes of General Relativity.It was the first Spacetime Metric able to develop Superluminal Velocities.However some physical problems associated to the Alcubierre Warp Drive seemed to deny the Superluminal Behaviour.We demonstrate in this work that these problems can be overcomed and we arrive at some interesting results although we used two different Shape Functions one continuous g(rs) as an alternative to the original Alcubierre f(rs) and a Piecewise Shape Function f_pc(rs) as an alternative to the Ford-Pfenning Piecewise Shape Function with a behaviour similar to the Natario Warp Drive producing effectively an Alcubierre Warp Drive without Expansion/Contraction of the Spacetime. We also introduce here the Casimir Warp Drive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(z) and the Role of Nucleated GW 'gravition Gas' in the Development of DE Alternatives

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 7 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables. Possible talk for the following conference "*Fundamental Frontiers of Physics*" which will take place in Paris, France from the 6th to the 9th of July, 2010.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A comparison with the quantum gas hypothesis of Glinka shows how stochastic GW/ gravitons may emerge in vacuum nucleated space, with emphasis upon comparing their number in phase space, as compared with different strain values
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Concept and Method of Physimatics, Logic of Existence and the Logical Time Formula

Authors: Robert Gallinat
Comments: 12 pages

Conceptual approach and heuristic method for an investigation of the possible algebraic structure of the interdependence between mathematical and physical reality and about the connection between local, non-local and global properties in physics and mathematics, expressed by a General N-fold algebra (continued)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Corrections to the Gravitational Potential and Orbital Motion

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Vasile Mioc
Comments: 3 pages, Submitted to the ROAJ, Vol. 20 , No. 2, 2010

GRT predicts the existence of relativistic corrections to the static Newtonian potential, which can be calculated and verified experimentally. The idea leading to quantum corrections at large distances consists of the interactions of massless particles, which only involve their coupling energies at low energies. Using the quantum correction term of the potential we obtain the perturbing quantum acceleration function. Next, with the help of the Newton-Euler planetary equations, we calculate the time rates of changes of the orbital elements per revolution for three different orbits around the primary. For one solar mass primary and an orbit with semimajor axis and eccentricity equal to that of Mercury we obtain that Δω_qu = 1.517x10^{-81 o}/cy, while ΔM_qu = -1.840x10^-46 rev/cy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the 5D Extra-Force According to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon Formalism and Three Important Features: Chung-Freese Superluminal Braneworld,strong Gravitational Fields and the Pioneer Anomaly.

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 91 Pages. This work was sent to arXiv.org as arXiv:0710.0924 in 4 October 2007 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Space Race and the launch of the Sputnik I (4 October 1957). It suffered major modifications in order to be accepted for publication. Versions #1 and #2 can be considered as a different paper from versions #3 and #4 It was published in the book Space Exploration Research Chapter IX from Nova Scientific Publishers ISBN 978-1-60692-264-4 2009. It was also published in the Volume 14 Issue 3-4 (Journal of Magnetohydrodynamics, Plasma and Space Research) ISSN: 1083-4729 The published versions are the #3 and #4 from arXiv.org - The versions #1 and #2 contains a mathematical description about how to solve the pathologies of the Einstein Field Equation known as the Superluminal Alcubierre Warp Drive. It also contains a Memorial to Serguei Pavlovitch Korolev(the creator of the Sputnik I) and a Memorial to all the Cosmonauts and Astronauts that died in Outer Space in the spaceships Soyuz I,Soyuz XI,Apollo I,Challenger and Columbia…the first 50 years of the Space Race We feel that this work in the unpublished version #1 and #2 deserves to be placed on viXra as a valid paper to overcome the limitations of the Superluminal Alcubierre Warp Drive Spacetime specially the part of the Horizons and the causally disconnected portions of the Spacetime inside the Warp Drive bubble.We use something that resembles the Apollo spacecrafts This version is exactly equal without changes to the version #2 stored in arXiv.org This paper was inspired in a TV series from the British Broadcasting Corporation called "The Space Race"

We use the 5D Extra Dimensional Force according to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon, Overduin-Wesson and Mashoon-Wesson-Liu Formalisms to study the behaviour of the Chung-Freese Superluminal BraneWorld compared to the Alcubierre Warp Drive and we arrive at some interesting results from the point of view of the Alcubierre ansatz although we used two different Shape Functions one continuous g(rs) as an alternative to the original Alcubierre f(rs) and a Piecewise Shape Function fpc(rs) with a behaviour similar to the Natario Warp Drive. We introduce here the Casimir Warp Drive.We also demonstrate that in flat 5D Minkowsky Spacetime or weak Gravitational Fields we cannot tell if we live in a 5D or a 4D Universe according to Basini-Capozziello-Ponce De Leon,Overduin-Wesson and Mashoon-Wesson-Liu Dimensional Reduction but in the extreme conditions of Strong Gravitational Fields we demonstrate that the effects of the 5D Extra Dimension becomes visible and perhaps the study of the extreme conditions in Black Holes can tell if we live in a Higher Dimensional Universe.We use a 5D Maartens-Clarkson Schwarzschild Cosmic Black String centered in the Sun coupled to the 5D Extra Force from Ponce De Leon together with Mashoon-Wesson-Liu and the definitions of Basini-Capozziello and Bertolami-Paramos for the Warp Fields in order to demonstrate that the Anomalous Effect disturbing two American space probes known as the Pioneer Anomaly is a force of 5D Extra Dimensional Nature.As a matter of fact the Pioneer Anomaly is the first experimental evidence of the "Fifth Force" predicted years ago by Mashoon-Wesson-Liu and we also demonstrate that this Extra Force is coming from the Sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hundred Year Detour: a Comment on Arxiv:1004.2901

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Arxiv:1004.2901 exposes a chink in the armor. It seems that joining general relativity with quantum mechanics is like trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. Obviously there's something terribly wrong with one of the theories. Since quantum mechanics has been far too successful in too many areas, it is felt general relativity has to go.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Non Standard DE & DM, with Deceleration Parameter Q(z) in Five Dimensions

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 4 pages, one figure. Actual ( minus the address ) submission for the following conference : extended abstract of 4 pages for possibly being placed in C. Corda's section namely , "Second Big Challenge Symposium - The Big Challenge of Cosmological Understanding: Gravitation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Towards New Scenarios" during the 8th International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, at Hotel Rodos Palace, Rhodes, Greece, 19-25 September 2010.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. We postulate that a calculated inflaton φ(t) may re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may be a contributing factor to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. Many theorists assume that the inflaton is the source of entropy. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe one billion years ago, at red shit value of Z ~ .423
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Five Dimensions, and Can a Partial re Appearance of Quinessence φ(t) Play a Role in an Increase in re Acceleration at Z ~. 423?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure. extended abstract of 3-4 pages for possibly being placed in C. Corda's section namely , "Second Big Challenge Symposium - The Big Challenge of Cosmological Understanding: Gravitation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Towards New Scenarios" during the 8th International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, at Hotel Rodos Palace, Rhodes, Greece, 19-25 September 2010.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. One noticeable datum, that a calculated inflaton φ(t) re-emerged after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton is a contributing factor to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe one billion years ago, at red shit value of Z ~ .423
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analyzing if a Graviton Gas Acts Like a Cosmological Vacuum State and 'cosmological' Constant Parameter

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures. Meant as a thought experiment which when cleaned up will be a companion piece to the question of the nature of cosmological constants, as presented in viXra:1004.0079

If a non zero graviton mass exists, the question arises if a release of gravitons, possibly as a "Graviton gas" at the onset of inflation could be an initial vacuum state. Pros and cons to this idea are raised, in part based upon bose gases. The analysis starts with Volovik's 1condensed matter treatment of GR, and ends with consequences, which the author sees, if the supposition is true.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Smarandache Spaces as a New Extension of the Basic Space-Time of General Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski
Comments: 2 pages.

This short letter manifests how Smarandache geometries can be employed in order to extend the "classical" (Riemannian geometry) basis of the General Theory of Relativity through joining the properties of two or more (different) geometries in the same single space. Perspectives in this way seem much profitly: the basic space-time of General Relativity can be extended to not only metric geometries, but even to non-metric ones (where no distances can be measured), or to spaces of the mixed kind which possess the properties of both metric and non-metric spaces (the latter should be referred to as "semi-metric spaces"). If both metric and non-metric properties possessed at the same (at least one) point of a space, it is one of Smarandache geometries, and should be referred to as "Smarandache semi-metric space". Such spaces can be introduced according to the mathematical apparatus of physically observable quantities (chronometric invariants), if considering a breaking of the observable space metric on the continuous background of the fundamental metric tensor.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Consequences of Squeezing Initially Coherent (Semi Classical) States with Regards to Finding if the Cosmological Constant Is, or is not a 'vacuum' Field

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 30 pages, 5 figures. One of two subject areas submitted to the conference 11th annual international meeting "Fundamental Frontiers of Physics" which will take place in the capital of France, Paris, from the 6th to the 9th of July, 2010.

The following document is to prepare an analysis on if the cosmological constant is a vacuum field. Candidates for how to analyze this issue come up in terms of brane theory, modified treatments of WdM theory (pseudo time component added) and/ or how to look at squeezing of vacuum states, as initially coherent semi classical constructions, or string theory versions of coherent states. The article presents a thought experiment if there is a non zero graviton mass, and at the end, in the conclusion states experimental modeling criteria which may indicate if a non zero graviton mass is measurable, which would indicate the existence, de facto of a possible replacement for DE, based upon non zero mass gravitons, and indications for a replacement for a cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Somme Remarks About Starlight Aberration

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 2 pages

Many physicists still do not accept the obvious conclusion that (c + v) and (c - v) are valid solutions when applied to moving observers. There are actually well known experimental proofs to validate those expressions. Besides the Sagnac effect, one experiment that has been hidden and given no publicity was a measurement of the orbital periods of the Jovian satellite (Io) performed by Ole C. Römer that shows just such a velocity composition as the Earth approaches the planet or recedes in its orbit. [1] But, perhaps due to the pervading lato sensu interpretation of the second postulate of the Special Theory of Relativity in connection with the currently generalized opinion that any physical theory, to be valid, must conform to the TR, many physicists are reluctant to accept it. Whenever such a situation arises, they are eager to draw the Lorentz transformation from their pockets and apply it in some way to alleviate the discomfort.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toward an Exciting Rebuilding of Modern Physics

Authors: Alex Ceapa
Comments: 80 pages

At the time factors of unknown origin and physical meaning (like β in the Lorentz transformation, the Dirac matrices, etc.) are embedded in some underlying equations and, by way of consequence, the physical significance of the terms of these equations rests undisclosed, we validate the principle of the physical determination of equations in special relativity theory and relativistic quantum theory, as first step toward an exciting foundation of modern physics on this principle (yet all restraints of the principle are off in modern physics).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in 4D and 5D Geometries, and Implications of Graviton Mass in Mimicking Dark Energy in Both Geometries

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages, 1 figure. Actual conference submission for the Beyond the Standard Model 2010, by Dr. Andrew Beckwith. Heavily referenced by Dr. Beckwith in PIERS 2010, XIAN, on March 22, at 11 a.m. in room D with two other presenters, Dr. Cruise of Birmingham University, and Dr. Li of Chongquing University, as given by http://piers.mit.edu/piers2010xian/files/FinalProgram.pdf. Note that Dr. Grishkuk, of Cardiff University did not attend. Conference entry for proceedings as edited by Dr. H. V. Klaptor-Kleingross, as given for http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/beyond2010/

The case for a four-dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in both four and five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis on the question whether 4D and 5D geometries as given here yield new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. Both cases give equivalent reacceleration one billion years ago, which leads to the question whether other criteria can determine the relative benefits of adding additional dimensions to cosmology models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Scale Factor of the Universe and Redshift.

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 6 pages

It is proposed that there has been a longstanding misunderstanding of the relationship between scale factor of the universe and redshift. It is shown how value of omega(matter) of one quarter of the true value, (hence the apparent dark energy phenomenon) can result from such a misconception. Predictions for the magnitudes of supernovae against redshift are made and found to be in good agreement with supernovae data, without dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Smarandache Φ-Theorem

Authors: Zhang Wenpeng
Comments: 1 page

Fermat's and Euler's theorem on congruencies are generalized to the case when the integers a and m are not necessarily co-prime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Origins of the Stellar Initial Mass Function

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures, submitted to MNRAS-MJ.

In this reading, a new theoreticalmodel of star and cluster formation is posited. Thismodel seeks to set a mathematical framework to understand the origins of the stellar Initial Mass Function and within this framework, explain star and cluster formation from a unified perspective by tieing together into a single garment three important observational facts: (1) that the most massive stars of most observed clusters of stars are preferentially found in their centers; (2) Larson's 1982 empirical observation that the maximum stellar mass is related to the total mass of the parent cloud; (3) that clump masses in giant molecular clouds exhibit a power mass spectrum law akin to that found in star clusters and this behavior is also true for molecular clouds as well. Key to this model is the way the cloud fragments to form cores from which the new stars are born. We show that the recently proposed azimuthally symmetric theory of gravitation has two scale of fragmentation where one is the scale that leads to cloud collapse and the other is the scale on which the cloud fragments. The collapse and fragmentation takes place simultaneously. If the proposed model is anything to go by, then, one can safely posit that the slope of the IMF can be explained from two things: the star formation rate of the cores from which these stars form and the density index describing the density profile. Additionally and more importantly, if the present is anything to by, then, fragmentation of molecular clouds is posited as being a result of them possessing some spin angular momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Speed and Time

Authors: Roald C. Maximo
Comments: 3 pages

In this short essay, I am starting from very basic concepts to try, step by step, to establish a valid physical relation between speed, energy and time. My intention, just from the start, is to by pass the Theory of Relativity and also avoid the application of the Lorentz transformation as canned good. If it has to be part of the solution it shall also arise spontaneously during the formulations as it ended up being the case.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DE Replacement?) Analysis of Linkage Between 1st, 2nd Inflation?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: A. Yurov; arXiv : hep-th/028129 v1, 19 Aug, 2002 material added to the analysis presented in S.A. at Beyond the Standard Model. 50 pages

presentation of 7 new pages with respect to linkage between 1st and 2nd inflation, 1st 10^-35 seconds after big bang, and 2nd one billion years ago
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

DE-Celeration Parameter Q(Z) and Does the Inflaton φ(t) Play a Role in an Increase in Cosmological Acceleration at Z ~ .423? I.e. How to Link Early Universe Inflation with re Acceleration?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 13 pages, 3 figures. Has very non standard treatment of an alleged two inflation model, as written up by A. Yurov; arXiv : hep-th/028129 v1, 19 Aug, 2002 included, as a way to parameterize behavior of inflation up to 10^ - 35 seconds after the big bang, and ALSO at red shift Z ~ .423 , a billion years ago. The author uses this formalism , as well as questions as of how and why information could have been parameterized in the onset of the big bang to ask foundational questions as to the origins of DM, DE, and graviton/ information. The double inflation scenario will be in part presented in Xian, March 22, and may be used in other conferences.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated; with emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A calculated inflaton φ(t) may partly reemerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe at red shit value of Z ~ .423. Comparison with quintessence perturbations as illustrated by R. Caldwell, and M. Kamionkowski's article in Annual reviews of Nuclear and Particle physics is offered to illustrate how quintessence could make a brief appearance, again, at Z ~ .423 to speed up acceleration of the universe in the manner usually associated with DE
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Heuristic Approach to Mechanics and Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies

Authors: Leonid I. Filippov
Comments: In Russian, 33 pages, 12 figures

Determination to make the Einstein's treatment of simultaneity and relativistic notions of length and time interval measurement more intuitive and illustrative led to creation of a model in which light impulses are substituted with sound signals. The model uncovers the substance of Einstein's mathematical constructs and the mechanisms that give rise to relativistic effects. Consistent application of the model resulted in new constructions. The paper examines known mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena that can be clarified by this model. The use of such an approach leads to the notion of a distinguished frame of reference. In particular, the theory calls for the existence of electromagnetic interaction that contradicts the principle of relativity. The paper contains a description of an experimental apparatus built to test this prediction, as well as the results of the experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Limits

Authors: Willi Penker
Comments: 3 pages

The theory of black holes states that without the energy set free by nuclear fusion, the gravity of a big star will always be stronger than all other forces, causing it to collapse and ending in a singularity. During such a collapse, however, gravity itself should free enough binding energy to ultimately prevent the star from collapsing to a state where its escape velocity reaches the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Calculation of a Possible Variation in the Speed of Light

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 3 pages, Published Journal of Theoretics

The idea of a possible variable light cosmology was recently investigated by certain authors. In our brief note an estimate for a possible variation in the speed of light can be calculated if fundamental relations of cosmology are used along with a plausible definition of the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Measurement of Absolute Velocities

Authors: Alex Ceapa
Comments: 4 pages, Published:Journal of Theoretics Oct/Nov 2002 Vol.4, No.5

Inertial observers can not only measure their absolute velocities but that of light as well, thereby being able to shed insight into the principle of the constancy of light velocity. The light speeds c±v, though considered to conflict with this principle, are shown herein to not be true physical entities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anisotropic Cosmological Models with a Generalized Chaplygin Gas

Authors: N. Mebarki
Comments: 10 pages, Presented at Invisible Universe International Conference, 29 June-10 July 2009, Paris, France

Anisotropic cosmological models with a generalized Chaplygin gas in a Finsler space-time geometry are considered and a class of exact solutions as well as cosmological parameters behaviors are studied. Moreover, the viability and stability criteria for a general solution are also discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higher Oreder Curvature Gravity in Finsler Geometry

Authors: N. Mebarki, M. Y. Boudjada
Comments: 3 pages, Presented in the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting 12-18 July 2009, Paris, France

In Finslerian space-time, a higher order curvature cosmological model of gravity is proposed and a class of cosmological solutions is obtained. Moreover, the viability and stability near critical points are also discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Meaning of Mass

Authors: Alex Ceapa
Comments: 2 pages, Published in Journal of Theoretics, vol.6-3, June/July 2004

Der Waerden obtained the spinorial transcription of the Dirac equation from the relativistic energy-momentum relationship. The recent validation of the principle of the physical determination of equations in the special relativity theory enables us to deduce the meaning of mass from his results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Messenger Particles and Relativity

Authors: John R. McWhinnie
Comments: 13 pages

This article is an attempt to expose the role played by messenger particles in physics. The concept of the "messenger particle" has long been considered in physics. The latest research shows evidence that the four fundamental forces of nature ,Gravitation, Electromagnetic and the Weak and Strong Nuclear forces are all created by messenger particles. This hypotheses is leading to a new way of thinking about the fundamental sub-atomic wave/particles that are the building blocks of our universe. Some of the latest evidence actually shows that in order to understand what is happening with these messenger particles it is necessary to perceive them as information carriers. The four messenger particles that are thought to exist are the Graviton (not yet discovered) , Photon, Weak Guage Boson and the Gluon. This paper shall be concerned with the Photon as an information carrier.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Methods in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova
Comments: 107 pages, In Russian language

METHODS IN THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Today's Take on Einstein's Relativity

Authors: Homer B. Tilton, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 109 pages, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE OF 18 FEB 2005

Einstein originally declared that the distortions of special relativity reflect real changes to the objects being remotely observed, then reconsidered. The first non sequitur is quoted here from Sachs
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Begin the Adventure How to Break the Light Barrier by A.d. 2079

Authors: Homer B. Tilton, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 147 pages

Because of the almost universal failure to recognize the distinction between physical (reality-based, dynamical) and visual (appearance-based, kinematical) variables, a tremendous volume of mythology arose over the past 100 years centered around Einstein's reality view of the distortions of special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrosophic Methods in General Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova
Comments: 80 pages

In this work the authors apply concepts of Neutrosophic Logic to the General Theory of Relativity to obtain a generalisation of Einstein's fourdimensional pseudo-Riemannian differentiable manifold in terms of Smarandache Geometry (Smarandache manifolds), by which new classes of relativistic particles and non-quantum teleportation are developed. Fundamental features of Neutrosophic Logic are its denial of the Law of Excluded Middle, and open (or estimated) levels of truth, falsity and indeterminancy. Both Neutrosophic Logic and Smarandache Geometry were invented some years ago by one of the authors (F. Smarandache). The application of these purely mathematical theories to General Relativity reveals hitherto unknown possibilities for Einstein's theory. The issue of how closely the new theoretical possibilities account for physical phenomena, and indeed the viability of the concept of a fourdimensional space-time continuum itself as a fundamental model of Nature, must of course be explored by experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

S-Denying of the Signature Conditions Expands General Relativity's Space

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova
Comments: 7 pages

We apply the S-denying procedure to signature conditions in a four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian space - i. e. we change one (or even all) of the conditions to be partially true and partially false. We obtain five kinds of expanded space-time for General Relativity. Kind I permits the space-time to be in collapse. Kind II permits the space-time to change its own signature. Kind III has peculiarities, linked to the third signature condition. Kind IV permits regions where the metric fully degenerates: there may be non-quantum teleportation, and a home for virtual photons. Kind V is common for kinds I, II, III, and IV.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Positive, Neutral and Negative Mass-Charges in General Relativity

Authors: Larissa Borissova, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

As shown, any four-dimensional proper vector has two observable projections onto time line, attributed to our world and the mirror world (for a mass-bearing particle, the projections posses are attributed to positive and negative mass-charges). As predicted, there should be a class of neutrally mass-charged particles that inhabit neither our world nor the mirror world. Inside the space-time area (membrane) the space rotates at the light speed, and all particles move at as well the light speed. So, the predicted particles of the neutrally mass-charged class should seem as light-like vortices.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Gravity Is. Some Recent Considerations

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

It is well-known, that when it comes to discussions among physicists concerning the meaning and nature of gravitation, the room temperature can be so hot. Therefore, for the sake of clarity, it seems worth that all choices were put on a table, and we consider each choice's features and problems. The present article describes a nonexhaustive list of such gravitation theories for the purpose of inviting further and more clear discussions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Few Remarks on "The Length of Day: a Cosmological Perspective"

Authors: V. Christianto, Matti Pitkänen, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

An interesting hypothesis concerning the varying length of day has been formulated in this edition, proposed by A.I. Arbab, based on a proposition of varying gravitational constant, G. The main ideas are pointed out, and alternative frameworks are also discussed in particular with respect to the present common beliefs in astrophysics. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Five Dimensional Geometries, and Does a re Appearance of Quinessence φ(t) Play a Role in an Increase in Cosmological Acceleration at Z ~. 423?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2010 Awards for Essays on Gravitation, Submitted March 4th, 2010

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A calculated inflaton φ(t) may partly re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may contribute to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe at red shit value of Z ~ .423
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gauss Planetary Equations in a Non-Singular Gravitational Potential

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 6 pages, Submitted to the Journal of Gravitational Physics, p.6

We study the effects of a non-singular gravitational potential on satellite orbits by calculating the corresponding changes of its orbital elements, using Gauss' planetary equations. We derive two non-zero expressions for the changes of the argument of the perigee and the mean anomaly, and we compare them to those of the general relativity. Using the GRACE satellite system, we obtain numerical results from which we conclude that the effect of such a potential, on the perigee cannot be separated from that of general relativity. Furthermore, we conclude that the effect on the mean anomaly can probably be observed by today's technology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Five Dimensional Geometries, and to What Degree a Partial re Appearance of Quinessence φ(t) May Play a Role in an Increase in Cosmological Acceleration at Z ~ .423

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages, two figures. Source document for presentation to be made in Xian, PRC, March 23, at PIERS http://piers.mit.edu/piers2010xian/. Main contribution is reconciliation of re appearance of inllaton as generator of entropy with graviton count, a la. Y. Ng's 2008 result, with increase in q(z) increase in rate of acceleration of the universe one billion years ago.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. One noticeable datum, that a calculated inflaton φ(t) may partly re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may be a contributing factor to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. Many theorists assume that the inflaton is the source of entropy. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe one billion years ago, at red shift value of Z ~ .423
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Four and Five Dimensional Geometries, and Implications of Graviton Mass in Mimicking DE in Both Geometries

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Eight pages, two figures. Template for submission to Beyond the Standard Model 2010 conference proceedings. May be cut to five papes, pending decision as to length of submission decision by Professor Hans Klaptor Kleingross, overall chair of Beyond the Standard Model, as given in http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/beyond2010/

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in both four and five dimen