Relativity and Cosmology

Three Ethers of Einstein

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

The world is full of ways to think about a Dark Objects. I propose You my way, please follow.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Gravitational Theory

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 5 Pages.

We establish the new gravitational theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Secret of Gravity - the Mimicry of the Obvious

Authors: Andrej Rehak
Comments: 7 Pages.

Although acceleration is, by its descriptive definition, the expansion of velocity, where celeritas /kɛ'lɛritas/ or /tʃɛ'lɛritas/ is a Latin word translated as "swiftness" or "speed", we prove that gravity is expansion (dilation) of the speed of light (celeritas c), i.e. the genesis of space in time. From this evidence, we explain the arrow of time. Implicitly, the foundation of a complex manifestation of nature is deduced to a tautological relationship between space-time variables, with the consequence of a unification of the reference measurement system. By unique relation, we connect the predictions of General and Special relativity. We introduce the scalar principle valid in all space-time dimensions of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the String Tension Formalism from Inherent Parameters of a Holographic Anthropic Multiiverse (HAM)

Authors: Richard L. Amoroso, Elizabeth A. Rauscher
Comments: 12 Pages.

In Holographic Anthropic Multiverse (HAM) cosmology observed temporal reality is a 3(4)D virtual subspace of an 11(12)D eternity in correspondence with the tenets of the F-Theory incarnation of M-Theory; 12D being the minimum number of dimensions (D) to signify causal separation from temporality. Succinctly HAM cosmology postulates an infinite number of nested Hubble spheres each with their own laws of physics; this and other details of the HAM will be discussed in detail. The HAM present is a dynamic instant, a continuous-state standing wave of the least cosmological unit of the 12D Superspace undergoing a Continuous Dimensional Reduction / Compactification Process (CDRCP) based on extensions of the Wheeler-Feynman-Cramer transactional models. This HAM dynamic entails an energy dependent spacetime metric as 1st proposed by Einstein. This means that HD properties of the CDRCP standing wave metric entail a form of future-past hysteresis loop. The energetics of this so-called hysteresis loop of the 12D least unit reveal a new action principle driving the evolution of the HAM which is itself a form of self-organized complex system. Since the HAM is scale invariant these energetics also apply to self-organized Autopoietic living systems. This new teleological or noetic action principle is shown to be associated with the unitary physical field and a form of ‘super quantum potential’ as postulated by de Broglie and Bohm. Using these parameters an alternate derivation of the string tension formalism is derived. It is anticipated that this form of the string tension formalism may shed light on recalculating Planck’s constant and lead to a program for completing quantum theory. HAM cosmology is empirically testable and an experimental protocol for isolation of the new energy dynamics is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein was Wrong--A new Proofs

Authors: John Girault
Comments: 1 Page. We show that E=mc^2 is not correct

It is well known that the energy of a particle is equal to mv, with m mass and v the velocity of the particle, We use this, to show that Einstenn was wrong..
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why There Can Be No 'Quantum Theory of Gravity'.

Authors: Richard Blaber
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper sets out to refute the idea of a ‘quantum theory of gravity’ on the basis that the General Theory of Relativity accounts for gravity in terms of the curvature of space-time, rather than treating it as a force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Transmission and the Sagnac Effect on the Rotating Earth

Authors: Stephan J.G. Gift
Comments: 24 Pages. This paper has been submitted for publication

Light transmission on the surface of the rotating Earth is examined using the Langevin metric of general relativity. It is shown that this metric which yields the rigorously tested and verified algorithm for clock synchronization in the Global Positioning System (GPS) also predicts east-west light speed anisotropy that is inconsistent with light speed isotropy postulated to hold at a local level on the rotating Earth. This light speed anisotropy is further demonstrated using experimentally confirmed light travel time in a simple speed calculation as well as the classical method of light speed relative to a terrestrial observer rotating with the Earth for light travel in the Earth-Centred Inertial (ECI) frame. These theoretical results are confirmed by experimental findings from GPS measurements and lead to the re-interpretation of the Sagnac effect normally treated as a time correction in GPS operation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity Applied to Electricity, an Introduction

Authors: Ken S. Tucker
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article applies General Relativity (GR) to energy stored in a charge configuration termed, “potential energy of a system of charges”, as it affects gravitation and space-time. All mass and energy is expressible as, and convertible to electrical energy, as grams are equivalent to electron-volts. The analysis predicts gravitational radiation to be radiated and propagated as Electro-Magnetic Radiation (EMR), therefore gravitational radiation is equivalent to EMR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy is Conserved in General Relativity

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 10 Pages.

Since the early days of relativity the question of conservation of energy in general relativity has been a controversial subject. There have been many assertions that energy is not exactly conserved except in special cases, or that the full conservation law as given by Noether’s theorem reduces to a trivial identity. Here I refute each objection to show that the energy conservation law is exact, fully general and useful.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Information and Cosmology: the Connections

Authors: A.Garcés Doz
Comments: 11 Pages. FQXI essay contest 2013: It from Bit or Bit from It?

The information or knowledge we can get from a quantum state, depends on the interaction of this state with the measurement process itself. As we know, this involves an uncertainty in the amount of information and accuracy of this knowledge. Now we ask: is there an information content intrinsic and independent of the observer, in quantum reality? Our answer is a resounding, yes. More precisely, we show that this information is encoded on surfaces, and specifically in circular compactifications. That is, there is a holograph on surfaces. In this encoding of quantum information will call as the strong holographic principle. Due to the application of this principle, it will show as the Higgs vacuum value implies a subtle correction by entropic uncertainty. The connections of quantum information, to cosmology, are clearly shown when the values of the dark energy density approxeq = ln2;and matter density Omega_{m}= Omega_{c}+ Omega_{b}, approxeq = 1-ln2. It showed that the equation of the energy-momentum has five solutions by factoring by two components which appear in terms of mass and imaginary momentum. Far from being a mere mathematical artifice, we see that these states should exist, and that our interpretation of them is that every particle appears to be a mixture of two states, one of them unobservable, having an imaginary component. In other words: these involve imaginary states faster than the speed of light, without contradicting Special Relativity, as we shall see. Failure to observe Cherenkov radiation forces us to determine which are virtual states. These five states also appear to be related to the minimum number of microstates which generate the group E8. Finally: all these results lead us to postulate a particle candidate to the dark matter, of approximately 9,2 Gev.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The New Accelerated Coordinate System by the Tetrad

Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the general relativity theory, find the new accelerated system theory that used the tetrad on the new method and discover the new inverse-coordinate transformation of the new accelerated system theory and expand to be the new accelerated system theory of the accelerated observer that have the initial velocity. Therefore know that the Rindler coordinate theory is not the unique accelerated coordinate theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Glimpse of the Nature of Physical Reality

Authors: Sunil Thakur
Comments: 26 Pages.

Paper discusses nature of physical reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Violation and Modified Gravity

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Modified torsion is proposed as an alternative to dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Absolute Space Explanation of the Null Result of Michelson Morley Experiment

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 10 Pages.

The theory of ‘Dynamic Absolute Space’ proposed here states that absolute motion is a change in state of motion rather than motion relative to some universal reference. This theory can explain the null result of Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment. This theory reconciles Galileo’s invariance principle and the two postulates of special relativity with the concept of absolute space. An experiment has been proposed in which Michelson-Morley’s interferometer is set into motion relative to the earth so as to detect the expected fringe shift. According to this theory and according to the null result of the MM experiment, the absolute velocity of the earth (hence Michelson Morley’s interferometer) is much smaller than 30Km/s even though its velocity relative to the sun is 30Km/s. In view of the long standing confusion between the notions of absolute motion and relativity, the ‘Dynamic Absolute Space’ theory proposed in this paper sheds some light on the problem. However, the only way to check the correctness of this theory is through experiments. A Michelson-Morley interferometer accelerated to about 5 Km/sec relative to the earth is a crucial experiment to test this theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Transformation And The Relative Velocity

Authors: Amine Benachour
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous publication, we have imagined a thought experiment, showing that the relative velocities of two observers in a uniform lineaire motion, are different, unlike the predictions of Lorentz transformation. Thanks to this experiment, we show that assuming the equality of the relative velocities, leads inevitably to contradictions. Based on the axioms of the affine space, and their implications, an explanation is provided to understand the source of these contradictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inconstante Cosmologique, Supernovæ 1a et Décélération de L’expansion

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 16 pages. « Inconstante cosmologique, supernovae 1a et décélération de l’expansion » is the French version of «Cosmological Inconstant, Supernovæ 1a and Decelerating Expansion» on viXra: 1304.0169v1

En 1998, deux équipes américaines constatèrent que les supernovæ 1a (SN1a) qu’ils observaient étaient moins brillantes que prévu dans un univers en expansion décélérée. Ils en déduisirent que l'univers connaissait une expansion accélérée sous la pression négative d'une énergie noire. Les astronomes ressortirent la constante cosmologique, positive cette fois, pour justifier cette accélération, ce qui cadre avec l’image d’un univers inflationnaire. Pour expliquer la trop faible luminosité des SN1a les plus lointaines, ils misèrent essentiellement sur leur distance qui était à revoir à la hausse. Nous considérons qu’une expansion accélérée conduit droit à une « catastrophe de l’énergie noire » et nous supposons plutôt que l'univers connaît une expansion décélérée sous la pression positive d’une énergie noire, à savoir une constante cosmologique variable. La luminosité noire de cette dernière serait celle d’une « lumière fatiguée » qui aurait perdu de l’énergie avec la distance. Quant au faible rayonnement des SN1a, il s’expliquerait par un double processus physique. Au surplus des arguments sérieux déjà apportés, nous conjecturons que leur luminosité faiblisse sans cesse par des interactions avec des champs magnétiques cosmiques, à l’instar de l’expérience terrestre PVLAS dont le laser perd beaucoup plus de photons qu’attendu en parcourant un champ magnétique.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Energy of the Gravitational Field for the Schwarzschild Metric

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is the application of [1] to the Schwarzschild metric. And it gives the energy of the Earth gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

DR. Einstein Dead Wrong

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: Eight pages

A brief, simple, and solid disproof, by contradiction, of Dr. Einstein’s Special Relativity is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Inconstant, Supernovæ 1a and Decelerating Expansion

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 1998, two groups of astronomers, set out to determine the deceleration of the universe by measuring the recession speeds of type la supernovæ (SN1a), came to an unexpected conclusion: its expansion rate has been speeding up. To justify this acceleration, they suggested that the universe does have a mysterious dark energy and they have proposed a positive cosmological constant consistent with the image of an inflationary universe. They have bet on their distance revised upwards to explain the observed dimming of high-redshift SN1a. We consider that an accelerated expansion leads right to a «dark energy catastrophe» and we suppose rather that the universe knows a slowdown expansion under the positive pressure of a dark energy, otherwise called a variable cosmological constant. The dark luminosity of the latter would be that of a «tired light» which has lost energy with distance. We propose that the SN1a luminosity continually fades by interactions with cosmic magnetic fields, like the earthly PVLAS experiment which loses much more laser photons than expected by crossing a magnetic field. It goes in the sense of a «tired light» which has lost energy with distance and, therefore, a decelerated expansion of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Information Within Universe

Authors: Ioannis Hadjidakis
Comments: 2 pages

We disclose some thoughts about the role of information and how information is transmitted within Universe. This letter could be the backbone for a more extended work on this issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How an Effective “cosmological Constant” May Affect a Minimum Scale Factor, to Avoid a Cosmological Singularity.( Breakdown of the First Singularity Theorem )

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 Pages. May be after extensive revisions, submitted to Prespacetime

We examine the break down of Theorem 6.1.2 of Ellis, Maartens, and Mac Callum ( Cosmology) in lieu of Dr. Kauffman's results which imply a non zero initial radius of the universe. The theoretical construction which comes closest to this classical singularity theorem, is the Bianchi I universe model when we have a w = -1 equation of state. This though is not a precise fit, and if we apply an effective cosmological parameter as defined by Ellis, et.al,and put that into a Friedman equation, we have a complete break down of our analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Massive Gravitons (and Gravitinos) may Affect and Modify The Fundamental Singularity Theorem (Irrotational Geodestic Singularities from the Raychaudhuri Equation)

Authors: A.W. Beckwith
Comments: 5 Pages. sent for review as part of a small Prespacetime publication

The author presents the consequences of what if Gravitinos in the Electroweak era, all 10^8 to 10^12 of them have an (almost) invariant energy from the beginning of cosmology. This in turn may lead to massive Gravitons. This invariant energy constitutes an initial energy value at the start of the universe which can be used to obtain, at the onset of inflation Kauffman’s lower bound to a non zero initial radius of the universe. We reference Theorem 6.1.2 of the book by Ellis, Maartens, and MacCallum in order to argue that if there is a non zero initial scale factor, that there is a partial breakdown of the Fundamental Singularity theorem which is due to the Raychaudhuri equation. The arguments for why the scale factor may not go to zero are reviewed, with suggestions as to linkage as to how to avoid the Anthropic principle in having continuity of from a prior to the present universe. We also look at how different models of contributing vacuum energy, initially may affect divergence from the first singularity theorem and its results. This document implicitly uses Salvoy’s (1983) results
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Thermodynamics in F(T, R)-Gravity

Authors: Mustafa Salti, Murat Korunur
Comments: 5 Pages.

The main intention of the present work is to investigate the validity of the first and second laws of gravitational thermodynamics in the framework f(T;R) gravity (T and R are the torsion and curvature scalars, respectively). We assume that the universe is Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW)type and is filled with ordinary matter enclosed by the apparent horizon with the Hawking temperature. We observe that an additional entropy term is produced in the first law of gravitational thermodynamics. Next, we derive a general circumstance for the second law of gravitational thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From the Waveguided Gravity to the Periodic Waveguided Multiverse as United Solution of Dark Energy & Dark Matter & Susy Mysteries

Authors: Iourii Gribov
Comments: 91 Pages.

The quasi-classical concept of Periodic Waveguided Multiverse (PWM) is proposed. This periodic 4D-hyperstructure has substantial theoretical and observational-cosmological confirmations because it unites and refines the basic physical laws (SR&GR&QM, etc), inseparably emergent in the waveguided dynamics and gives the multiversal explanation of dominating observational DE&DM-mysteries (including predicted and observed two-component DM) – interconnected cosmological evidences for the PWM-existence. The PWM concept can be soon tested in a laboratory: (a) it predicts antigravity in the anti-hydrogen gravity test at CERN; (b) predicts direct-atypical DM&ANTIMATTER annihilation with radiation of one – visible-detectable and one – dark-undetectable gamma quantum - as basis for the proposed selective direct DM-detection. The PWM-foundation is surprisingly compact – it is based on two penetrating Planckian & Einsteinian ideas: I - photon-quanta and II - principle of equality of our 3D-spatial dimensions (x,y,z) with an additional extra-dimension L, realizing so expanded - automatically Euclidean 4D-space (x,y,z,L). We have applied these basic physical insights in frames of classical-Maxwellian-like 3D-waveguides Wn [x,y,z,nL0<L<(n+1)L0], realizing an endless periodic chain of physically identical parallel W2n/W2n+1 Universes/Antiuniverses (n = ±1, ±2, ±3,…, ±¥), filling this global space (x,y,z,L), where Lo=lel.Compton » 1 picometer, determined by the lightest (electron) rest mass particle. This structure discloses the waveguided co-emergence of the (1) pure C4-dynamical quantized-gapped - “elementary” rest mass; (2) the SR & QM & Newtonian-like, periodic matter/antimatter antigravity; (3) the CPTPWM symmetry between particles/antiparticles, with the gravity “charge” symmetry (4) the modified Equivalence Principle EPPWM; (5) singularity-less Diracian-like fermions/antifermions and GR-like black/white holes free of singularity; (6) opens physical possibility of the nongravitating – chargeless, very robust scalar (Cooper-like) composites - electron-positron-cells, hidden in their globally coherent superfluid vacuum condensate at low T – as Diracian-like, equilibrium superfluid sea/anti-sea. Common electron/positron pairs arise as elementary defects – Diracian holes/antiholes in this vacuum, disclosing the composite-SUSY nature and explaining why cosmological constant is zero; (7) the global C3-dynamical pseudo-Euclidean 4D-spacetime concept by Minkowski is rethought and reformulated on the 3D-waveguided, 4D-Euclidean physical basis, where global linear intervals (→→→→→C3tMink.) → (↗↘↗↘↗↘↗↘↗↘C4tPWM) -waveguided-polygonal intervals - C4t-parameterizations of the polygonal rest mass particle dynamics, disclosing the waveguided/wave-optical (Huygens-Fermat’s) sense of the mechanical Lagrangian and Hamilton's principle of the least action.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy – Momentum Vectors for Matter and Gravitational Field.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is the simple example of the using the First Noether theorem generalized on asymmetric metric tensors in curved spaces and taking into account the second derivatives. It defines the ordinary energy-momentum vector for matter and the energy-momentum vector for gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

L’augmentation de L’unité Astronomique Est-Elle Causée Par L’effet D’éclipse Allais ?

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 17 pages. « L'augmentation de l’unité astronomique est-elle causée par l’effet d’éclipse Allais ? » is the French version of «Is the Growth of the Astronomical Unit Caused by the Allais Eclipse Effect?» on viXra: 1304.0124.

En plus des anomalies Pioneer et Flyby, d’autres anomalies inexpliquées, telle la croissance de l’unité astronomique, perturbent la dynamique du système solaire. Nous montrons dans cet article que la majeure partie de l’augmentation inattendue de l’échelle de longueur du système solaire est provoquée par l’effet d’éclipse Allais. La Terre et la Lune tournent autour de leur centre commun de gravité et celui-ci orbite autour du Soleil ; la perturbation de l’éclipse atteint simultanément ces deux mouvements képlériens. Ce serait cette brutale perturbation sur le barycentre Terre-Lune, impliquant le Soleil, qu’aurait enregistrée le pendule paraconique sous forme d’un mouvement abrupt. La thèse de la friction des marées soutient que le frottement des marées océaniques transfère le moment cinétique de la Terre à la Lune, ralentit la rotation de la Terre tout en éloignant la Lune. Toutefois, nous pensons qu’il n’y a pas assez de mers peu profondes pour sanctionner cette interprétation. Le système des marées Terre-Lune pourrait être inexact ou peu fiable dans la détermination du taux réel de ralentissement de la rotation de la Terre. Notre hypothèse est que le changement de la rotation terrestre serait provoqué par une interaction gravitationnelle répulsive pendant l’éclipse solaire. La perturbation soumettrait à des variations et à des distorsions non seulement la région du barycentre du système Terre-Lune, mais aussi celle du barycentre Soleil-Terre, avec le double effet séculaire que la Lune spirale vers l’extérieur et que le système Terre-Lune s’éloigne du Soleil.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Investigation of Coulomb-Like Gravitational Interaction

Authors: Kamal Barghout
Comments: 28 Pages.

Gravitational relationship between two types of mass is investigated. It is proposed that the source of a dynamic scalar field that permeates all of space and defines the dynamics of the cosmos is the repelling self-gravitational nature of dark matter (DM) particles and the attractive gravitational nature between DM and baryons respectively. The model defines DM as a new form of matter and attributes self-antigravity to both baryons and DM and defines DM-Baryon gravitational interaction as like particles repel while unlike particles attract; a coulomb interaction. DM particles are proposed to permeate all of space, and arguably define space-time itself when describing Relativity Theory, and interact with baryons only gravitationally. To resolve the controversy of the apparent self-attraction of baryonic matter, metal-like force is proposed to produce Newtonian dynamics within cores of galaxies. In this metal-like attraction, same type mass (baryons) are gravitationally attracted to each other when a sea of other type DM “particles” are attracted to them and glue them together analogous to a metal bond. When baryonic objects defy their own repulsive nature and come close enough to each other, other dominant forces take place such as electromagnetic force. Normal matter is then created and further coalesces to form galactic structures. In light of this attraction-repulsion gravitational force, intergalactic self-repulsive DM particles are proposed to result in accelerating expansion of the universe. The model introduces new physics and explains the large scale structure of the universe. It also explains many cosmological anomalies and mysteries and removes gravitational singularity of black holes. An attempt to explain the model under the umbrella of Relativity Theory is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Growth of the Astronomical Unit Caused by the Allais Eclipse Effect?

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 16 Pages.

In addition to the Pioneer anomaly and the Earth flyby anomaly for spacecraft, other unexplained anomalies disrupt the solar system dynamics, like the astronomical unit. We show in this paper that the Allais eclipse effect causes the major part of the growth of the length scale for the entire solar system. It is the rough disturbance on the barycenter Earth-Moon implying the Sun that was recorded in the movement of the paraconical pendulum. Earth and Moon revolve around their common center of gravity, which in turn orbits the Sun, and the perturbation of the eclipse hits this double, coupled Kepler’s movements. The thesis of the tidal friction supports that oceanic tidal friction transfers the angular momentum of the Earth to the Moon, slows down the rotation of the Earth while taking away the Moon. However, we think that there are not enough shallow seas to sanction this interpretation. The Earth-Moon tidal system might be inaccurate or unreliable in determining the Earth’s actual rotational spin-down rate. Our assertion is that the change in the Earth’s rotation is caused by a repulsive gravitational interaction during solar eclipse. The perturbation would submit to variations and distortions the region of the barycenter of the Earth-Moon system which revolves around the Sun, with the dual secular effects that the Moon spirals outwards and that the Earth-Moon system goes away from the Sun.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nature's Coordination

Authors: Ioannis Hadjidakis
Comments: 6 Pages.

The logic stretch that Relativity has imposed was caused by the alteration of length perception that Einstein forced to introduce in order to accommodate time in a four dimensional orthogonal manifold. Because no space and time can be both at once “absolute”, Einstein changed the definitions of both in order to keep light’s velocity - that was derived by space and time - invariant. This was a mistake in logic. In this work a different approach is proposed that uses a space-time manifold with three degrees of freedom in a four dimensional manifold. This simple model seems to explain a lot of extremely complex phenomena with an extremely primitive way although it demands an alternative intuitive view of Nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

M-Theory and the Eternal Pre-Big Bang Universe Model Produced

Authors: Michael Muteru
Comments: 02 Pages.

M-theory reveals the magnificent physics in the 11 Dimension Hyperspace, that highly inspired the ekpyrotic 3 Dimensional physics, and most possibly all possibilities
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detecting Fractal Dimensions Via Primordial Gravitational Wave Astronomy.

Authors: J.Foukzon, A.A.Potapov, S.A. Podosenov, E.R.Men’kova.
Comments: 74 Pages.

Lower fractal dimensionality of the early Universe at higher energies is an theoretical possibility as recently pointed out in [1].Gravitational-wave experiments with interferometers and with resonant masses can search for stochastic backgrounds of gravitational waves of cosmological origin.In this paper using cosmological models with fractional action and Calcagni approach to cosmology in fractal spacetime [18], we will examine a number of theoretical aspects of the searches fractal dimensionality from a stochastic fractal background of GWs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Electrodynamic Space-Time Relativity (Revision 2)

Authors: Yingtao Yang
Comments: 17 Pages.

The theory of electrodynamic space-time relativity (TESTR) is the study of the transformation of time and space between two electrodynamic inertial frames of reference, which have both inertial velocity difference and electric potential difference. It is a fundamental space-time theory of theoretic physics based on the Einstein’s special theory of relativity, the electric potential limit postulate and the high-precision experimental facts of the inversion proportional square law of Coulomb’s force. It founded new physical space-time concepts, for example, the electrodynamic space-time is five-dimensional which is composed of quaternion space, and time. It also proposed some new basic concepts of physics, such as electric potential limit, quaternion electric potential and etc., revealing the inherent relationships between electric potential-velocity and time-space. This paper discusses in detail the process of establishing the theory of complex electrodynamic space-time relativity and theory of quaternion electrodynamic space-time relativity as well as their various conversions and transformations. At the same time, the basic effects of TESTR were discussed, obtaining the equations for superposition of quaternion velocity and potential of TESTR. It predicts some important new space-time change effects, which provides theoretical basis for the experimental validation of TESTR. This is the fundamental theory of the author’s series. Keyword: theory of electrodynamic space-time relativity, theory of complex electrodynamic space-time relativity, theory of quaternion electrodynamic space-time relativity, theory of electric potential relativity, special theory of relativity, electric potential limit, complex speed, complex electric potential, quaternion velocity, quaternion electric potential, quaternion, electrodynamic space-time, five-dimensional space-time, the time expansion effect of electric potential, electrodynamic space-time effects
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Les Courbes de Rotation Des Galaxies Tracees Par la Theorie de la Relation

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 12 pages. « Les courbes de rotation des galaxies tracées par la théorie de la Relation » is the French version of «GALAXY ROTATION CURVES TRACED OUT BY THE THEORY OF RELATION » on viXra: 1304.0079

Les astronomes savent depuis les années 1930 qu’il y a des galaxies qui se déplacent plus rapidement que ce qu’implique la gravité de la matière visible, ce qui indique l’attraction d’une énorme quantité de matière invisible. La théorie de la Relation prétend que la perte d’énergie négative de l’onde électromagnétique d’espace-temps plat de l’expansion se transforme en matière positive et en espace-temps gravifique. L’expansion universelle, contrairement à la pensée unique actuelle, décélère et est contrebalancée par une masse globale continuellement croissante ; une création perpétuelle de matière ordinaire et noire au sein d’un incessant processus de big bang. La décélération globale prend l’allure d’une accélération locale de chaque galaxie vers le centre intérieur. On a remarqué que l’ordre de grandeur des courbes de rotation anormales observées sur les galaxies éloignées était très semblable à celui de la décélération universelle Hc et avait les mêmes variations de gravité anormales mesurées sur la sonde Pioneer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Flux Divergence Method of Solving Einstein Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

Trying to solve Einstein Equation with new integral of motion (conserved quantity) for system. The integrals of motion are important. Let us say, that discovery of new one means the Nobel Prize. Using them the "unsolvable" problems solve. Several dust collapse solutions satisfy the new formulas. I propose to try them while collapse of perfect liquid sphere and all other questions. Critically discussed known conserved quantities. Revealed the nature of Dark Energy. Cancelled the cyclic Universe hypothesis (World will never be shrinking).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Undulating Relativity + §21 Advance of Mercury’s Perihelion of 42.79” Calculated with the Undulating Relativity.

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 113 Pages.

The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know: -The dilatation of time, and -The contraction of the Lorentz Length. The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Gravity Mediated by Higgs Boson in 3-D Euclidean Space

Authors: David Torne Berga
Comments: 3 Pages.

General relativity and the Standard Model predict accurately most of the physic phenomena at small and big scales. In extreme cases like dark matter, dark energy or singularities both theories disagree on the outcome. Our research aims to open the path to solve this question. We view the Higgs boson as a repulsive force carrier particle that creates a displacement of Higgs energy field to the interacting particle. We explain the gravitational attraction as the effect as entropic force pressures of Higgs boson. We understand time being dependent on the density of the field. We view dark matter as space where then mean Higgs field is higher than the solar system. We predict that the speed of light in a lower gravitational field is smaller than c measured outside that field. We show a theory that can unite both frameworks, General Relativity and Standard Model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galaxy Rotation Curves Traced Out by the Theory of Relation

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 11 Pages.

Astronomers know since the 1930s that galaxies are moving around faster than the gravity of the visible matter would imply, indicating that a huge amount of invisible matter is pulling on them. The theory of Relation asserts that the loss of negative energy of the expanding electromagnetic wavelength of flat spacetime is transformed into positive matter and gravific spacetime. The universal expansion decelerates, unlike the current single thought, and is counterbalanced by a continual growing global mass; a perpetual creation of ordinary and dark matter within an incessant big bang process. The global deceleration takes the form of a local acceleration of every galaxy towards the internal center. It was noted that the order of magnitude of the abnormal rotation curves observed on the remote galaxies was very similar to that of the universal deceleration Hc and had the same anomalous gravitational variations measured on Pioneer probes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ether,dark Matter and Topology of the Universe

Authors: Thierry Delort
Comments: 17 Pages.

The idea of the existence of ether has been abandoned after the theory of relativity was accepted. It appears that the existence of an ether, compatible with the main points of the classical standard Cosmological model, permits to solve some enigmas of the present Cosmological model that are very important, for instance the enigma connected to dark matter or to fossil radiation. In this article we show how the existence of ether, being compatible with the classical standard Cosmological model, permits to solve those enigmas. In particular we show how it can give the nature of dark matter, the origin of its invisibility, the curve of velocities of stars in galaxies (constant) and the baryonic Tully-Fisher’s law. We will also justify a very simple topological form of the Universe and the position of our galaxy inside this Universe. We will also give the possible nature of the enigmatic dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

4/3 Problem for the Gravitational Field

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 12 Pages.

The gravitational field potentials outside and inside a uniform massive ball are determined using the superposition principle, the method of retarded potentials and Lorentz transformations. The gravitational field strength, the torsion field, the energy and the momentum of the field, as well as the effective masses associated with the field energy and its momentum are calculated. It is shown that 4/3 problem exists for the gravitational field as well as in the case of the electromagnetic field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toward the Unification of Physics

Authors: Mohammad Bahrami, Mahdi Zareie, Davood Hashemian
Comments: 45 Pages.

We found fundamental equations between base quantities including space, time, mass, charge and temperature in which proportionality constant of equations is a Combination of fundamental constants of physics. If these quantities are divided, universal equations of relativity, and if multiplied, universal equations of quantum will be obtained. Based on relativity equations, we concluded that force has an ultimate limit in addition to velocity, and with modification of Newton’s law of gravitational, we proposed a rational explanation for dark matter. In the following, based on quantum equations, a new relativity was discovered causing the time to pass at higher rates in microscopic scales in comparison to macroscopic scales and length expands. This is exactly opposed to Einstein’s relativity in which time gets slower and length contracts. Moreover, with combination of quantum and relativity equations, a theory is presented for universe creation explaining causes of space expansion and dark energy without needing inflationary models. In this theory, universe creation consists of two different stages of expansion and contraction in which the former includes the transformation of space to mass, charge and temperature, and the latter includes opposing phenomenon. This article relates fundamental and important subjects of physics such as special relativity, general relativity, quantum, big bang theory, uncertainty principle, Planck units, light, black hole, fundamental constants of physics, dark matter, dark energy, Maxwell equations, Newtonian mechanics and rotational motion only by using several simple equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The First Noether Theorem with Taking Account of Second Derivatives in Lagrangian, Space Curvature and Asymmetric Metric Tensors.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 6 Pages.

This Part VII deals with the first Noether theorem. It takes into account not only the first derivatives of the fields by the coordinates in Lagrangian, but also the second (this permits to apply this theorem to gravity, since the second derivatives from the metric tensor enter in the Lagrangian of the gravitational field). Also this theorem is generalized on the curved spaces. And at last it's generalized on asymmetric metric tensors.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bounds Upon Graviton Mass – Using the Difference Between Graviton Propagation Speed and HFGW Transit Speed to Observe Post-Newtonian Corrections to Gravitational Potential Fields/ Updated to Take Into Account Early Universe Cosmology and Penrose’s Cyclic

Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: 12 Pages. For possible inclusion in Pre Spacetime journal after corrections are added

@@The author presents a post-Newtonian approximation based upon an earlier argument in a paper by Clifford Will as to Yukawa revisions of gravitational potentials, in part initiated by gravitons having explicit mass dependence in their Compton wave length. Prior work with Clifford Will’s idea was stymied by the application to binary stars and other such astrophysical objects, with non-useful frequencies topping off near 100 Hertz, thereby rendering Yukawa modifications of Gravity due to gravitons effectively an experimental curiosity which was not testable with any known physics equipment. This work improves on those results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof That the Velocity of Photons is not Constant but Varies

Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 14 Pages.

It has been tried to prove: 1. Since the electrons possess spin motion, the photons emitted from the orbiting electrons too possess spin motion and their velocity depends upon frequency of their spin motion (ɷph) and frequency of spin motion of the orbiting electrons (ɷ); 2. The velocity of photons of infrared, visible, ultraviolet and higher frequency regions also depends upon their ɷph. Their velocity varies as, e.g., an exponentially varying variable varies in very deep region of its asymptotic variation where the variation becomes extremely small but never attains any constant value. It has also been tried to prove that, when the electrons are accelerated by a large voltage, after attaining relativistic velocity by them as the rate of increase in their velocity starts decreasing, the rate of increase in their ɷ starts increasing in order to conserve their spin angular momentum (Ls), motional energy (Em) and motional momentum (pm). Because, due to their spin motion, they possess Ls, Em = kinetic energy (Ek) + spin energy (Es), and pm = linear momentum (plin) + spin momentum (ps). The spin motion of electron generates tendency of linear motion and hence ps in it in the direction of its Ls. Their mass does not start increasing in order to conserve their Ek and plin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General Reality of Gravity, as Well as Other Forces in Nature and the Creation of Material Particles and Force Fields in the Universe

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 14 Pages.

Abstract This work derives the relation between the Planck constant and Einstein’s gravitational constant. The relation between the Planck constant and Newton’s gravitational constant is deduced. The relation between the Planck constant and the electric force of 1 Coulomb and the magnetic force of 1 Henry is deduced. It establishes that the Planck constant represents the density of momentum of the void space in the Universe. This work proves that gravitational force has its opposite force in the internal momentum of atomic particles of matter. It establishes that two terms mass and electric charge introduced by mankind are not known in nature. It is proven that, in nature, there is only one type of force and that is the force-balance of inertial forces, between the internal momentum of particles and the reversely oriented force of its own force-field in the surroundings of mass particles. This work further maintains that the essence of the composition of the mass of all atomic particles, as well as all force fields in the universe, is the same and is created by the compression of density of the momentum of the void space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Correct Interpretation for Harvard Tower Experiment

Authors: Oliver R Jovanovic
Comments: 3 Pages.

Correct interpretation for Harvard Tower Experiment, utilizing law of energy conservation...
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Invalidity of the Hawking-Penrose Singularity ‘Theorems’ and Acceleration of the Universe with Negative Cosmological Constant

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 11 Pages.

In 1970 Hawking and Penrose proposed “A new theorem on spacetime singularities … which largely incorporates and generalizes the previously know results” which they claimed “implies that space-time singularities are to be expected if either the universe is spatially closed or there is an ‘object’ undergoing relativistic gravitational collapse (existence of a trapped surface)” and that their ‘Theorem’ applies if four certain physical conditions are satisfied. Hartle, Hawking and Hertog have recently proposed a quantum state with wave function for the Universe which they assert “raises the possibility that even fundamental theories with a negative cosmological constant can be consistent with our low-energy observations of a classical, accelerating universe.” They also relate this concept to string cosmology. It is however proven in this paper that the Hawking-Penrose ‘Singularity Theorem’ and accelerated expansion of the Universe with negative Λ are invalid because they are based upon false foundations relating to Einstein’s field equations, trapped surfaces, and the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Violation and Modified Geodesics

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a modification of proper time, which is dependent on vierbein and spin connection. It explicitly breaks local Lorentz gauge symmetry, while preserving diffeomorphism invariance. In the non-relativistic limit, the geodesics are consistent with galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity With Apparent Simultaneity

Authors: Michael Devine
Comments: 23 Pages.

An interpretation of special relativity is presented with alternative principles that treat an appearance of simultaneity as physically real. This implies instantaneous propagation of incoming light, but maintains light’s invariable propagation rate of c by using an alternative measure of speed.

The relativistic Doppler effect is derived from physical principles based on the direct appearance of moving clocks, without relying on a delay of light. Predictions of the Lorentz transformation for time are demonstrated to be equivalent to what is apparent to a differently located observer. Changes to relative simultaneity are equivalent to a change in observer location. The second postulate of relativity is derived from a less restrictive alternative postulate.

Under this interpretation, simultaneity depends on observer location, time and distance are found to be equivalent, and measured delay of light is unified with time dilation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relations Between Distorted and Original Angles in STR

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using the Oblique-Length Contraction Factor, which is a generalization of Lorentz Contraction Factor, one shows several trigonometric relations between distorted and original angles of a moving object lengths in the Special Theory of Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kaluza-Klein Fields Have Two Orthogonal Components and Two Orthogonal Sources.

Authors: Michael J. Burns
Comments: Two pages, mburns92003@yahoo.com

This is verifiable by inspection of the geometry of gravitational fields that have been constructed expressly to behave as electromagnetic fields and their sources would. This geometry consists of a field of red partitions and a field of blue partitions that are orthogonal everywhere. (These red and blue partitions are derived in my paper, “Draw the metric!”.) The sources for each Kaluza-Klein field are two dilation horizons that are at Cartesian right angles to each other. These sources are conserved by the Bianchi identities, that apply to them as a matter of definition. The orientations of the field of blue partitions and of its source are both necessarily slightly superluminal, and also almost orthogonal; the dilation horizon being almost parallel to the surface of the blue partitions. And the red partitions and their source are slightly subluminal. Together these components present a small gravitational field to spacetime objects that are not like Kaluza-Klein fields, but a very large magnitude of field is apparent to other Kaluza-Klein fields. Furthermore, in the presence of other Kaluza-Klein fields, the Kaluza-Klein fields and sources polarize in a push-me-pull-you manner so that the response of a Kaluza-Klein charge is far in excess of what external spacetime curvature justifies. Neglecting vacuum physics still allows a Kaluza-Klein emulation of an electron to be very close to Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Virtual Special Relativity - A Generalization of Einstein's Special Relativity

Authors: Edigles Guedes
Comments: 14 pages, Portuguese.

We built the Virtual Special Relativity which is a generalization of Einstein's Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inadequacy of Modern Cosmology and Basics of Atomic Cosmology

Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana, B.V.S.T. Sai
Comments: 11 Pages.

If light is coming from the atomic matter of the galaxy, then the observed redshift can be interpreted as an index of the galactic atomic matter ‘light emission mechanism’. Clearly speaking redshift may not be connected with ‘galaxy receding’. The proposed basic idea is - during cosmic evolution, as age of the hydrogen atom increases, emitted photon energy increases. If so current cosmological changes may be reflected in any existing atom. At any given cosmic time, Hubble length can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. By highlighting the six major shortcomings of modern cosmology, in this paper an attempt is made to verify the cosmic acceleration in a quantum mechanical approach. The four possible assumptions are : 1) Reduced Planck’s constant increases with cosmic time. 2) Being a primordial evolving black hole and Hubble’s constant being the angular velocity, universe is always rotating with light speed. 3) Atomic gravitational constant is squared Avogadro number times the classical gravitational constant and 4) Atomic gravitational constant or the classical gravitational constant shows discrete behavior. This may be the root cause of discrete nature of revolving electron’s angular momentum. With reference to the present atomic and nuclear physical constants, obtained Hubble’s constant is (67.88 to 71.75) km/sec/Mpc and is very close to the recommended value. This is a remarkable coincidence and seems to play a vital role in future unified physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Axiomatic Description of the Origin of Any Given Spacetime

Authors: Shreyak Chakraborty
Comments: 6 Pages.

We formulate the origin of a spacetime from a naked singularity using elementary set theory and modal logic. This leads to the proof of the existence of statements/results which govern the initial state of any universe originating from a ?big bang-like? event. We provide a qualitative description of the dynamics and mechanism of spacetime formation. We use certain assumptions and axioms which may be related to the statements in G?del?s Ontological Proof [1.] and can be further used in the FaTe Model of Hyperspace [2.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How "Conscientious Apologetics" SRT Today Refutes the Perversions a Theory of Relativity, that Have Invented Einstein

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: Pages.

In the №12 (2012) of journal Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk Professor Aleshkevich V.A. out Moscow State University (MSU) wrote an article about how the experiments of the 20th century on the relativistic particles (note – with a particles) prove absolute correctness of relativistic physics in comparison with of her classical interpretation. Conscientiously collected experimental data gives worthy rebuff to all "adversaries relativism", which calling for back to the classics. But why do not keeps on giving anti-relativistic mood among physicists, receiving education in universities, which more than 100 years old them instill "without-etherial specialization of" SRT, professor MSU could not explain. The mention of ethical problems birth SRT in 1905, very an unexpected for apologetics of SRT, explains nothing. Recognize same, that only merit Einstein in 1905 was the failure from aether, in the almost finished of aether-dynamic theory of relativity (ADTR) Lore ntz and Poincaré, in which remained only to overcome the "latent unobservability of aether", apologetics SRT even today still is not ready. "Without-aether" Lorentz's contraction and "relativistic mass growth" were declared "seeming", and same isotropism "emptiness" and "the negativity of" the Michelson's experiment become seeming "as obvious". Such a "without-etherial specialization of" in physics for many very liked, and his began to study in the universities of world. But discordant criticism of the "without-etherial" SRT does not cease. Professor of MSU offers a "improved" teaching SRT based on the latest experiments on the "hard" of relativistic particles, ignoring criticism of Abraham, Minkowski, Brillouin, and others on the "non-applicability" of vacuum transformations SRT of ideal world without particles (n=1.) to the real world with particles (n>1). A true a invariant of inertial of system, suitable and for the abstract world (with n=1.) and for real world (with n>1) with the observed rates of c */c=1/n < 1, hitherto "not open". To access it, we have to admit aether and develop the teaching ADTR instead of SRT. Comments:
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Major Shortcomings of Modern Cosmology and to Unify the Atomic, Nuclear and Cosmological Physical Constants

Authors: U.V.S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 4 Pages.

Authors made an attempt to highlight the 6 major shortcomings of modern cosmology. Observed cosmic redshift can be considered as a measure of age difference of our galaxy and observed galaxy. It can be suggested that - during cosmic evolution, as age of the hydrogen atom increases, emitted photon energy increases.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why There Can Be No 'Quantum Theory of Gravity'.

Authors: Richard Blaber
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper sets out to refute the idea of a ‘quantum theory of gravity’ on the basis that the General Theory of Relativity accounts for gravity in terms of the curvature of space-time, rather than treating it as a force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Energy of the Gravitational Field for the Schwarzschild Metric

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 3 Pages.

In (viXra.org 1304.0106) there described the 3 generalizations of the First Noether theorem. As the simple example of application of this generalized theorem there is a paper “Energy-Momentum Vectors for the Matter and Gravitational Field”(viXra.org 1304.0130). And the application of the last paper to the Schwarzschild metric is described in the current paper. And it gives the energy of the Earth gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Information Within Universe

Authors: Ioannis Hadjidakis
Comments: 2 pages

We disclose some thoughts about the role of information and how information is transmitted within Universe. This letter could be the backbone for a more extended work on this issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy – Momentum Vectors for Matter and Gravitational Field.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is the simple example of the using the First Noether theorem generalized on asymmetric metric tensors in curved spaces and taking into account the second derivatives. It defines the ordinary energy-momentum vector for matter and the energy-momentum vector for gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Flux Divergence Method of Solving Einstein Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 7 Pages.

Trying to solve Einstein Equation with new integral of motion (conserved quantity) for system. The integrals of motion are important. Let us say, that discovery of new one means the Nobel Prize. Using them the "unsolvable" problems solve. Several dust collapse solutions satisfy the new formulas. I solved also collapse of perfect liquid ball with unexpected result. After the perfect liquid I have got result(s) for the real liquid. Critically discussed known conserved quantities. Revealed the nature of Dark Energy. Cancelled the cyclic Universe hypothesis (World will never be shrinking).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Undulating Relativity + §21 Advance of Mercury’s Perihelion of 42.79” Calculated with the Undulating Relativity.

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 113 Pages.

The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know: -The dilatation of time, and -The contraction of the Lorentz Length. The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bounds Upon Graviton Mass – Using the Difference Between Graviton Propagation Speed and HFGW Transit Speed to Observe Post-Newtonian Corrections to Gravitational Potential Fields: Updated to Take Into Account Early Universe Cosmology

Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: 12 Pages. re do of appendix C, due to the complaints of a reviewer. Penrose CCC removed due to it being deemed confusing. Valev formulas 12 and 13 removed, to be reincerted in a later document. Much material that was deemed confusing by reviewer removed

The author presents a post-Newtonian approximation based upon an earlier argument in a paper by Clifford Will as to Yukawa revisions of gravitational potentials, in part initiated by gravitons having explicit mass dependence in their Compton wave length. Prior work with Clifford Will’s idea was stymied by the application to binary stars and other such astrophysical objects, with non-useful frequencies topping off near 100 Hertz, thereby rendering Yukawa modifications of Gravity due to gravitons effectively an experimental curiosity which was not testable with any known physics equipment. This work improves on those results. Futhermore we argue in favor of both a non zero initial radius of the universe, using Kenneth Kauthman’s work and also try to make the case for a non zero graviton mass. We use Salvoy’s document of 1983 to argue in favor of both a non zero initial radius of the universe, and non zero graviton mass ( heavy gravitons). We claim that a non-zero initial radius (of the universe) supports the massive graviton hypothesis. Which is the main point of our document. Also Gravitinos in the Electroweak era, all 10^8 10 to 10^ 12 of them have an (almost) invariant energy from the beginning of cosmology. This invariant energy constitutes an initial energy value at the start of the universe which can be used to obtain, at the onset of inflation Kauffman’s lower bound to a non zero initial radius of the universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bounds Upon Graviton Mass – Using the Difference Between Graviton Propagation Speed and HFGW Transit Speed to Observe Post-Newtonian Corrections to Gravitational Potential Fields Updated to Take Into Account Early Universe Cosmology and Penrose’s Cyclic

Authors: Andrew Walcott Beckwith
Comments: Additional pages added to strengthen bridges between different parts of the article.

The author presents a post-Newtonian approximation based upon an earlier argument in a paper by Clifford Will as to Yukawa revisions of gravitational potentials, in part initiated by gravitons having explicit mass dependence in their Compton wave length. Prior work with Clifford Will’s idea was stymied by the application to binary stars and other such astrophysical objects, with non-useful frequencies topping off near 100 Hertz, thereby rendering Yukawa modifications of Gravity due to gravitons effectively an experimental curiosity which was not testable with any known physics equipment. This work improves on those results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof that the Velocity of Photons Cannot be Constant But Should Vary

Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 15 Pages. 1 Figure

It has been tried to prove: 1. The photons possess rest mass; 2. Since the electrons possess spin motion, the photons emitted from the orbiting electrons too should possess spin motion and their (photons) velocity should depend upon frequency of their spin motion (ɷph); 3. The velocity of photons of infrared, visible, ultraviolet and higher frequency regions should also depend upon their ɷph. Their velocity cannot be constant. It has also been tried to prove that, when the electrons are accelerated by a large voltage, after attaining relativistic velocity by them as the rate of increase in their velocity starts decreasing, the rate of increase in their frequency of spin motion (ɷ) starts increasing in order to conserve their spin angular momentum (Ls), motional energy (Em) and motional momentum (pm). Because, due to their spin motion, they possess Ls, Em [= kinetic energy (Ek) + spin energy (Es)], and pm [= linear momentum (plin) + spin momentum (ps)]. The spin motion of electrons generates tendency of linear motion and hence ps in them in the direction of their Ls. Their mass does not start increasing in order to conserve their Ek and plin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the General Reality of Gravity, as Well as Other Forces in Nature and the Creation of Material Particles and Force Fields in the Universe

Authors: Peter Sujak
Comments: 17 Pages.

This work derives the relation between the Planck constant and Einstein’s gravitational constant. The relation between the Planck constant and Newton’s gravitational constant is deduced. The relation between the Planck constant and the electric force of 1 Coulomb and the magnetic force of 1 Henry is deduced. It establishes that the Planck constant represents the density of momentum of the void space in the Universe. This work proves that gravitational force has its opposite force in the internal momentum of atomic particles of matter. It establishes that two terms mass and electric charge introduced by mankind are not known in nature. It is proven that, in nature, there is only one type of force and that is the force-balance of inertial forces, between the internal momentum of particles and the reversely oriented force of its own force-field in the surroundings of mass particles. This work further maintains that the essence of the composition of the mass of all atomic particles, as well as all force fields in the universe, is the same and is created by the compression of density of the momentum of the void space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Invalidity of the Hawking-Penrose Singularity ‘Theorems’ and Acceleration of the Universe with Negative Cosmological Constant

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 11 Pages. Version 1 of this paper contains a misalignment of references. This has been corrected in version 2.

In 1970 Hawking and Penrose proposed “A new theorem on spacetime singularities … which largely incorporates and generalizes the previously know results” which they claimed “implies that space-time singularities are to be expected if either the universe is spatially closed or there is an ‘object’ undergoing relativistic gravitational collapse (existence of a trapped surface)” and that their ‘Theorem’ applies if four certain physical conditions are satisfied. Hartle, Hawking and Hertog have recently proposed a quantum state with wave function for the Universe which they assert “raises the possibility that even fundamental theories with a negative cosmological constant can be consistent with our low-energy observations of a classical, accelerating universe.” They also relate this concept to string cosmology. It is however proven in this paper that the Hawking-Penrose ‘Singularity Theorem’ and accelerated expansion of the Universe with negative Λ are invalid because they are based upon false foundations relating to Einstein’s field equations, trapped surfaces, and the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Violation and Modified Geodesics

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a modification of proper time, which is dependent on vierbein and spin connection. It explicitly breaks local Lorentz gauge symmetry, while preserving diffeomorphism invariance. In the non-relativistic limit, the geodesics are consistent with galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relations Between Distorted and Original Angles in STR

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages.

Using the Oblique-Length Contraction Factor, which is a generalization of Lorentz Contraction Factor, one shows several trigonometric relations between distorted and original angles of a moving object lengths in the Special Theory of Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Mass-Energy Relationship E=mc2

Authors: John Shim
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines Einstein’s derivations of the mass-energy relationship E=mc2 using the Lorentz transformations applied to a slowly accelerating charge of mass m, and also applied to a moving system emitting photons in opposite directions. In the first case, it is shown that Einstein’s use of the transformations is inconsistent with the classical definition of electrostatic force, F= qE, and that the expression given by Einstein for the kinetic energy of the charge due to its motion relative to the stationary system must be interpreted as a modification of the classical electrostatic interaction. In the second case, it is shown that Einstein’s conclusion does not follow from his example, and that the Lorentz transformations give no information about the kinetic energy of the excitation energy of a system due to its motion relative to a stationary coordinate system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How "Conscientious Apologetics" SRT Today Refutes the Per-Versions a Theory of Relativity, that Have Invented Einstein

Authors: V.V. Demjanov
Comments: 14 Pages.

In the №12 (2012) of journal Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk Professor Aleshkevich V.A. out Moscow State University (MSU) wrote an article about how the experiments of the 20th century on the relativistic particles (note – with a particles) prove absolute correctness of relativistic physics in comparison with of her classical interpretation. Conscientiously collected experimental data gives worthy rebuff to all "adversaries relativism", which calling for back to the classics. But why do not keeps on giving anti-relativistic mood among physicists, receiving education in universities, which more than 100 years old them instill "without-etherial specialization of" SRT, professor MSU could not explain. The mention of ethical problems birth SRT in 1905, very an unexpected for apologetics of SRT, explains nothing. Recognize same, that only merit Einstein in 1905 was the failure from aether, in the almost finished of aether-dynamic theory of relativity (ADTR) Lore ntz and Poincaré, in which remained only to overcome the "latent unobservability of aether", apologetics SRT even today still is not ready. "Without-aether" Lorentz's contraction and "relativistic mass growth" were declared "seeming", and same isotropism "emptiness" and "the negativity of" the Michelson's experiment become seeming "as obvious". Such a "without-etherial specialization of" in physics for many very liked, and his began to study in the universities of world. But discordant criticism of the "without-etherial" SRT does not cease. Professor of MSU offers a "improved" teaching SRT based on the latest experiments on the "hard" of relativistic particles, ignoring criticism of Abraham, Minkowski, Brillouin, and others on the "non-applicability" of vacuum transformations SRT of ideal world without particles (n=1.) to the real world with particles (n>1). A true a invariant of inertial of system, suitable and for the abstract world (with n=1.) and for real world (with n>1) with the observed rates of c */c=1/n < 1, hitherto "not open". To access it, we have to admit aether and develop the teaching ADTR instead of SRT. Comments:
Category: Relativity and Cosmology