Relativity and Cosmology

Messenger Particles and Relativity

Authors: John R. McWhinnie
Comments: 13 pages

This article is an attempt to expose the role played by messenger particles in physics. The concept of the "messenger particle" has long been considered in physics. The latest research shows evidence that the four fundamental forces of nature ,Gravitation, Electromagnetic and the Weak and Strong Nuclear forces are all created by messenger particles. This hypotheses is leading to a new way of thinking about the fundamental sub-atomic wave/particles that are the building blocks of our universe. Some of the latest evidence actually shows that in order to understand what is happening with these messenger particles it is necessary to perceive them as information carriers. The four messenger particles that are thought to exist are the Graviton (not yet discovered) , Photon, Weak Guage Boson and the Gluon. This paper shall be concerned with the Photon as an information carrier.

Methods in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Dmitry Rabunsky, Florentin Smarandache, Larisa Borisova
Comments: 107 pages, In Russian language

METHODS IN THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Today's Take on Einstein's Relativity

Authors: Homer B. Tilton, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 109 pages, PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE OF 18 FEB 2005

Einstein originally declared that the distortions of special relativity reflect real changes to the objects being remotely observed, then reconsidered. The first non sequitur is quoted here from Sachs

Begin the Adventure How to Break the Light Barrier by A.d. 2079

Authors: Homer B. Tilton, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 147 pages

Because of the almost universal failure to recognize the distinction between physical (reality-based, dynamical) and visual (appearance-based, kinematical) variables, a tremendous volume of mythology arose over the past 100 years centered around Einstein's reality view of the distortions of special relativity.

Neutrosophic Methods in General Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova
Comments: 80 pages

In this work the authors apply concepts of Neutrosophic Logic to the General Theory of Relativity to obtain a generalisation of Einstein's fourdimensional pseudo-Riemannian differentiable manifold in terms of Smarandache Geometry (Smarandache manifolds), by which new classes of relativistic particles and non-quantum teleportation are developed. Fundamental features of Neutrosophic Logic are its denial of the Law of Excluded Middle, and open (or estimated) levels of truth, falsity and indeterminancy. Both Neutrosophic Logic and Smarandache Geometry were invented some years ago by one of the authors (F. Smarandache). The application of these purely mathematical theories to General Relativity reveals hitherto unknown possibilities for Einstein's theory. The issue of how closely the new theoretical possibilities account for physical phenomena, and indeed the viability of the concept of a fourdimensional space-time continuum itself as a fundamental model of Nature, must of course be explored by experiment.

S-Denying of the Signature Conditions Expands General Relativity's Space

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Florentin Smarandache, Larissa Borissova
Comments: 7 pages

We apply the S-denying procedure to signature conditions in a four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian space - i. e. we change one (or even all) of the conditions to be partially true and partially false. We obtain five kinds of expanded space-time for General Relativity. Kind I permits the space-time to be in collapse. Kind II permits the space-time to change its own signature. Kind III has peculiarities, linked to the third signature condition. Kind IV permits regions where the metric fully degenerates: there may be non-quantum teleportation, and a home for virtual photons. Kind V is common for kinds I, II, III, and IV.

Positive, Neutral and Negative Mass-Charges in General Relativity

Authors: Larissa Borissova, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

As shown, any four-dimensional proper vector has two observable projections onto time line, attributed to our world and the mirror world (for a mass-bearing particle, the projections posses are attributed to positive and negative mass-charges). As predicted, there should be a class of neutrally mass-charged particles that inhabit neither our world nor the mirror world. Inside the space-time area (membrane) the space rotates at the light speed, and all particles move at as well the light speed. So, the predicted particles of the neutrally mass-charged class should seem as light-like vortices.

What Gravity Is. Some Recent Considerations

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

It is well-known, that when it comes to discussions among physicists concerning the meaning and nature of gravitation, the room temperature can be so hot. Therefore, for the sake of clarity, it seems worth that all choices were put on a table, and we consider each choice's features and problems. The present article describes a nonexhaustive list of such gravitation theories for the purpose of inviting further and more clear discussions.

A Few Remarks on "The Length of Day: a Cosmological Perspective"

Authors: V. Christianto, Matti Pitkänen, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

An interesting hypothesis concerning the varying length of day has been formulated in this edition, proposed by A.I. Arbab, based on a proposition of varying gravitational constant, G. The main ideas are pointed out, and alternative frameworks are also discussed in particular with respect to the present common beliefs in astrophysics. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Five Dimensional Geometries, and Does a re Appearance of Quinessence φ(t) Play a Role in an Increase in Cosmological Acceleration at Z ~. 423?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2010 Awards for Essays on Gravitation, Submitted March 4th, 2010

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. A calculated inflaton φ(t) may partly re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may contribute to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe at red shit value of Z ~ .423

Gauss Planetary Equations in a Non-Singular Gravitational Potential

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 6 pages, Submitted to the Journal of Gravitational Physics, p.6

We study the effects of a non-singular gravitational potential on satellite orbits by calculating the corresponding changes of its orbital elements, using Gauss' planetary equations. We derive two non-zero expressions for the changes of the argument of the perigee and the mean anomaly, and we compare them to those of the general relativity. Using the GRACE satellite system, we obtain numerical results from which we conclude that the effect of such a potential, on the perigee cannot be separated from that of general relativity. Furthermore, we conclude that the effect on the mean anomaly can probably be observed by today's technology.

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Five Dimensional Geometries, and to What Degree a Partial re Appearance of Quinessence φ(t) May Play a Role in an Increase in Cosmological Acceleration at Z ~ .423

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 pages, two figures. Source document for presentation to be made in Xian, PRC, March 23, at PIERS http://piers.mit.edu/piers2010xian/. Main contribution is reconciliation of re appearance of inllaton as generator of entropy with graviton count, a la. Y. Ng's 2008 result, with increase in q(z) increase in rate of acceleration of the universe one billion years ago.

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. One noticeable datum, that a calculated inflaton φ(t) may partly re-emerge after fading out in the aftermath of inflation. The inflaton may be a contributing factor to, with non zero graviton mass, in re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago. Many theorists assume that the inflaton is the source of entropy. The inflaton also may be the source of re acceleration of the universe, especially if the effects of a re emergent inflaton are in tandem with the appearance of macro effects of a small graviton mass, leading to a speed up of the rate of expansion of the universe one billion years ago, at red shift value of Z ~ .423

Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) in Four and Five Dimensional Geometries, and Implications of Graviton Mass in Mimicking DE in Both Geometries

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Eight pages, two figures. Template for submission to Beyond the Standard Model 2010 conference proceedings. May be cut to five papes, pending decision as to length of submission decision by Professor Hans Klaptor Kleingross, overall chair of Beyond the Standard Model, as given in http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/beyond2010/

The case for a four dimensional graviton mass (non zero) influencing reacceleration of the universe in both four and five dimensions is stated, with particular emphasis upon if four and five dimensional geometries as given below give us new physical insight as to cosmological evolution. The author finds that both cases give equivalent reacceleration one billion years ago which leads to an inquiry if other criteria as to cosmology can determine the benefits of adding additional dimensions to cosmology models

An Astoundingly Obvious Retro-Causal Hologram Universe Simultaneous Solution to the Cosmological Constant & Arrow of Time Enigmas

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 5 pages.

The bias against Wheeler-Feynman retro-causal advanced waves from a future absorber, a general lack of understanding when the asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon is in our subjective observable causal diamond piece of the multiverse, Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, and the lack of comprehension of the strange implications of the t'Hooft-Susskind hologram principle have not allowed us to see what is in front of our eyes since the discovery of dark energy energy accelerating the expansion rate of 3D space ten years or so ago. Bernard Carr has already published a brief account of my idea that retrocausality is the key to understanding the biggest problem in physics today - why the dark energy density is so small. My paper with Creon Levit (NASA AMES) based on my brief talk at DICE 2008 further developed that idea. This paper, is still a simpler explanation of why the virtual boson dark energy density is so small and how it is intimately connected to the Arrow of Time of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The basic idea is so simple that any bright curious schoolboy or girl can grasp it without too much difficulty. Our universe grows from one qubit at the moment of inflation to an asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon hologram screen ~ 10¹²³ qubits that is also the upper limit to the total thermodynamic entropy of our observable universe in the precise sense of Tamara Davis's 2004 Ph.D. dissertation at the University of New South Wales. The early universe is obviously not de Sitter, therefore, we have already there an obvious temporal asymmetry explaining the Arrow of Time. The dark energy density we see in our past light cone is proportional to the inverse area of our future de Sitter horizon at its intersection with our future light cone in accord with the Wheeler-Feynman principle. Our future de Sitter null horizon is the Wheeler-Feynman "total future absorber" of last resort giving us "retrocausality without retrocausality" similar to the "nonlocality without nonlocality" of the "no cloning a quantum" or "passion at a distance" of orthodox quantum theory's "signal locality." The link between our future and our past is a globally self-consistent time loop in the sense of Igor Novikov. Indeed, this is a bootstrap of selfcreation from future to past. The past dark energy density is indeed the Planck density at the moment of inflation, but Tamara Davis's Fig 5.1 shows that this density quickly drops to the small constant value that has been dominant in the past few billion years - bearing in mind that what matters, is not the spacelike intersection at a constant conformal time, but, rather, the intersection of the observer's future light cone with his future dark energy horizon. I prove that the dark energy seen in our past light cone is really advanced Hawking radiation from our future observer-dependent de Sitter cosmic horizon that is, in addition, likely to be a holographic (post) quantum computer not in sub-quantal equilibrium.

Why Does the Electron and the Positron Possesses the Same Rest Mass But Different Charges of Equal Modulus and Opposite Signs??.and Why Both Annihilates??

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 26 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2010 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

We demonstrate how Rest Masses and Electric Charges are generated by the 5D Extra Dimension of a Universe possessing a Higher Dimensional Nature using the Hamilton-Jacobi equation in agreement with the point of view of Ponce De Leon explaining in the generation process how and why antiparticles have the same rest mass m₀ but charges of equal modulus and opposite signs when compared to particles and we also explains why both annihilates.

Gravitational Field of a Condensed Matter Model of the Sun: the Space Breaking Meets the Asteroid Strip

Authors: Larissa Borissova
Comments: 37 pages, Published in "The Abraham Zelmanov Journal", vol.2, pp. 224-260 (2009).

This seminal study deals with the exact solution of Einstein's field equations for a sphere of incompressible liquid without the additional limitation initially introduced in 1916 by Karl Schwarzschild, according to which the space-time metric must have no singularities. The obtained exact solution is then applied to the Universe, the Sun, and the planets, by the assumption that these objects can be approximated as spheres of incompressible liquid. It is shown that gravitational collapse of such a sphere is permitted for an object whose characteristics (mass, density, and size) are close to the Universe. Meanwhile, there is a spatial break associated with any of the mentioned stellar objects: the break is determined as the approaching to infinity of one of the spatial components of the metric tensor. In particular, the break of the Sun's space meets the Asteroid strip, while Jupiter's space break meets the Asteroid strip from the outer side. Also, the space breaks of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are located inside the Asteroid strip (inside the Sun's space break).

On the Speed of Rotation of the Isotropic Space: Insight Into the Redshift Problem

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski
Comments: 16 pages, Published in "The Abraham Zelmanov Journal", vol.2, pp. 208-223 (2009).

This study applies the mathematical method of chronometric invariants, which are physically observable quantities in the four-dimensional space-time (Zelmanov A.L., Soviet Physics Doklady, 1956, vol.1, 227-230). The isotropic region of the space-time is considered (it is known as the isotropic space). This is the home of massless light-like particles (e.g. photons). It is shown that the isotropic space rotates with a linear velocity equal to the velocity of light. The rotation slows in the presence of gravitation. Even under the simplified conditions of Special Relativity, the isotropic space still rotates with the velocity of light. A manifestation of this effect is the observed Hubble redshift explained as energy loss of photons with distance, for work against the non-holonomity (rotation) field of the isotropic space wherein they travel (Rabounski D. The Abraham Zelmanov Journal, 2009, vol.2, 11-28). It is shown that the light-speed rotation of the isotropic space has a purely geometrical origin due to the space-time metric, where time is presented as the fourth coordinate, expressed through the velocity of light.

Hubble Redshift Due to the Global Non-Holonomity of Space

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski
Comments: 18 pages, Published in "The Abraham Zelmanov Journal", vol.2, pp. 11-28 (2009).

In General Relativity, the change in energy of a freely moving photon is given by the scalar equation of the isotropic geodesic equations, which manifests the work produced on a photon being moved along a path. I solved the equation in terms of physical observables (Zelmanov A. L., Soviet Physics Doklady, 1956, vol. 1, 227-230) and in the large scale approximation, i.e. with gravitation and deformation neglected, while supposing the isotropic space to be globally non-holonomic (the time lines are non-orthogonal to the spatial section, a condition manifested by the rotation of the space). The solution is E = E₀ exp(-Ωat/c), where Ω is the angular velocity of the space (it meets the Hubble constant H₀ = c/a = 2.3x10^-18 sec^-1), a is the radius of the Universe, t = r/c is the time of the photon's travel. Thus, a photon loses energy with distance due to the work against the field of the space non-holonomity. According to the solution, the redshift should be z = exp(H₀ r/c)-1 ≈ H₀ r/c. This solution explains both the redshift z = H₀ r/c observed at small distances and the non-linearity of the empirical Hubble law due to the exponent (at large r). The ultimate redshift in a non-expanding universe, according to the theory, should be z = exp(π)-1 = 22.14.

Concept and Method of Physimatics

Authors: Robert Gallinat
Comments: 5 pages, v1 is in German, v2 is in English

Conceptual approach and heuristic method for an investigation of the possible algebraic structure of the interdependence between mathematical and physical reality and about the connection between local, non-local and global properties in physics and mathematics, expressed by a general n-fold algebra

Absence of Significant Cross-Correlation Between WMAP and SDSS

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira, F. Sylos Labini, J. Betancort-Rijo
Comments: 5 pages, accepted to be published in A&A

Aims. Several authors have claimed to detect a significant cross-correlation between microwave WMAP anisotropies and the SDSS galaxy distribution. We repeat these analyses to determine the different cross-correlation uncertainties caused by re-sampling errors and field-to-field fluctuations. The first type of error concerns overlapping sky regions, while the second type concerns nonoverlapping sky regions. Methods. To measure the re-sampling errors, we use bootstrap and jack-knife techniques. For the field-to-field fluctuations, we use three methods: 1) evaluation of the dispersion in the cross-correlation when correlating separated regions of WMAP with the original region of SDSS; 2) use of mock Monte Carlo WMAP maps; 3) a new method (developed in this article), which measures the error as a function of the integral of the product of the self-correlations for each map. Results. The average cross-correlation for b > 30 deg. is significantly stronger than the re-sampling errors - both the jack-knife and bootstrap techniques provide similar results - but it is of the order of the field-to-field fluctuations. This is confirmed by the crosscorrelation between anisotropies and galaxies in more than the half of the sample being null within re-sampling errors. Conclusions. Re-sampling methods underestimate the errors. Field-to-field fluctuations dominate the detected signals. The ratio of signal to re-sampling errors is larger than unity in a way that strongly depends on the selected sky region. We therefore conclude that there is no evidence yet of a significant detection of the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. Hence, the value of Ω_Λ ≈ 0.8 obtained by the authors who assumed they were observing the ISWeffect would appear to have originated from noise analysis.

The Deflection of Light in the Dynamic Theory of Gravity

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 8 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 3-9, 2004 and SAO and NASA Astrophysics Data System

In a new theory gravity called the dynamic theory, which is derived from thermodymical principles in a five dimensional space, the deflection of a light signal is calculated and compared to that of general relativity. This is achieved by using the dynamic gravity line element which is the usual four dimesional space-time element of Newtonian gravity modified by a negative inverse radial exponetial term. The dynamic theory of gravity predicts this modification of the original Newtonian potential by this exponential term.

The Temperature of a Black Hole in a De-Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 5 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vo. 12 No. 2, 2002

A relation for the black-hole temperature in a De-Sitter type universe is determined in the first step of this paper. As a result of that, the upper and the lower temperature limits of the black hole are calculated, and then the limits of the radius of the universe containing the black hole. All these calculations are based upon the present values of the cosmological constant Λ. Further relations for the dependance of this temperature on Hubble's constant and the gravitationsal energy of the hardons was also derived.

Sakharov's Temperature Limit in a Schwarzchild Metric Modified by the Cosmological Constant λ

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 9 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 12 No. 1, 2002 and SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.

In this paper we are going to examine the effect, if any exists, that a modification of the Schwarzchild metric by a lamda term could have on the so called Sakharov's upper temperature limit. It's known that Zakharov's limit is the maximum possible black body temperature that can occur in our universe.

Two-World Background of Special Relativity. Part II

Authors: Akindele O. J. Adekugbe
Comments: 19 pages, 13 pages, published in Progress in Physics, 2010, vol.1, 49-61

The two-world background of the Special Theory of Relativity started in part one of this article is continued in this second part. Four-dimensional inversion is shown to be a special Lorentz transformation that transforms the positive spacetime coordinates of a frame of reference in the positive universe into the negative spacetime coordinates of the symmetry-partner frame of reference in the negative universe in the two-world picture, contrary to the conclusion that four-dimensional inversion is impossible as actual transformation of the coordinates of a frame of reference in the existing one-world picture. By starting with the negative spacetime dimensions in the negative universe derived in part one, the signs of mass and other physical parameters and physical constants in the negative universe are derived by application of the symmetry of laws between the positive and negative universes. The invariance of natural laws in the negative universe is demonstrated. The derived negative sign of mass in the negative universe is a conclusion of over a century-old effort towards the development of the concept of negative mass in physics.

Two-World Background of Special Relativity. Part I

Authors: Akindele O. J. Adekugbe
Comments: 19 pages, published in Progress in Physics, 2010, vol.1 30-48

A new sheet of spacetime is isolated and added to the existing sheet, thereby yielding a pair of co-existing sheets of spacetimes, which are four-dimensional inversions of each other. The separation of the spacetimes by the special-relativistic event horizon compels an interpretation of the existence of a pair of symmetrical worlds (or universes) in nature. Further more, a flat two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime that underlies the flat four-dimensional spacetime in each universe is introduced. The four-dimensional spacetime is outward manifestation of the two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime, just as the Special Theory of Relativity (SR) on four-dimensional spacetime is mere outward manifestation of the intrinsic Special Theory of Relativity (φSR) on two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime. A new set of diagrams in the two-world picture that involves relative rotation of the coordinates of the two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime is drawn and intrinsic Lorentz transformation derived from it. The Lorentz transformation in SR is then written directly from intrinsic Lorentz transformation in φSR without any need to draw diagrams involving relative rotation of the coordinates of four-dimensional spacetime, as usually done until now. Indeed every result of SR can be written directly from the corresponding result of φSR. The non-existence of the light cone concept in the two-world picture is shown and good prospect for making the Lorentz group SO(3,1) compact in the two-world picture is highlighted.

Einstein's Field Equations in Cosmology Using Harrison's Formula

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: Published, Galilean Electrodynamics, vol. 18, SPI/3,pp. 49-53, 2007

The most important tool for the study of the gravitational field in Einstein's theory of gravity is his field equations. In this short paper, we demonstrate the derivation of Einstein field equations for the Freedman cosmological model using the Robertson-Walker metric, and furthermore Harrison's formula for the Ricci tensor. The difference is that Harrison's formula is an actually shorter way of obtaining the field equations. The advantage is that the Cristoffel symbols do not have to be directly calculated one by one. This can actually be a very useful demonstration for somebody who would like to understand a slightly different but faster way of deriving the field equations, something that is actually rarely seen in many of undergraduate and even graduate textbooks.

"Let there be h" ! an Existence Argument for Planck's Constant

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages

Planck's constant h is considered to be a fundamental Universal constant of Physics. And although we can experimentally determine its value to great precision, the reason for its existence and what it really means is still a mystery. Quantum Mechanics has adapted it in its mathematical formalism, as it also has the Quantum Hypothesis. But QM does not explain its meaning or prove its existence. Why does the Universe need h and energy quanta? Why does the mathematical formalism of QM so accurately reflect physical phenomena and predict these with great precision? Ask any physicists and uniformly the answer is "that's how the Universe works". The units of h are in energy-time and the conventional interpretation of h is as a quantum of action. But in this brief note we take a different view. We interpret h as the minimal accumulation of energy that can be manifested in our measurements. Certainly the units of h agree with such interpretation. Based on this we provide a plausible explanation for the existence of Planck's constant, what it means and how it comes about. We show that the existence of Planck's constant is not so much dictated by the Universe but rather by Mathematics and the inner consistence and calibrations of Physics.

Radar Time Delays in the Dynamic Theory of Gravity

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 6 pages, Published: Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 168, 2004, 49-54.

There is a new theory gravity called the dynamic theory, which is derived from thermodynamic principles in a five dimensional space, radar signals travelling times and delays are calculated for the major planets in the solar system, and compared to those of general relativity. This is done by using the usual four dimensional spherically symmetric space-time element of classical general relativistic gravity which has now been slightly modified by a negative inverse radial exponential term due to the dynamic theory of gravity potential.

The Dark Energy Problem

Authors: Michael Harney, Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 3 pages, Published: Progress in Physics, vol. 4, pp. 16-18, 2008 .

The proposal for dark energy based on Type Ia Supernovae redshift is examined. It is found that the linear and non-Linear portions in the Hubble Redshift are easily explained by the use of the Hubble Sphere model, where two interacting Hubble spheres sharing a common mass-energy density result in a decrease in energy as a function of distance from the object being viewed. Interpreting the non-linear portion of the redshift curve as a decrease in interacting volume between neighboring Hubble Spheres removes the need for a dark energy.

Quantizing Torsion Effects in a DE Sitter Universe

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 8 pages, Romanian Astronomical Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, 2009 and and SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.

We derive quantization relations in the case when torsion effects are added in a De-Sitter spacetime metric with or without a black hole at the Planck mass and Planck length limit. To this end we use Zeldovich's definition of the cosmological constant.

Satellite Motion in a Non-Singular Potential

Authors: Ioannis Haranas, Spiros Pagiatakis
Comments: 7 pages, Published: Astrophys Space Sci., Jan 22, 2010, DOI 10.1007/s10509-010-0274-5.

We study the effects of a non-singular gravitational potential on satellite orbits by deriving the corresponding time rates of change of its orbital elements. This is achieved by expanding the non-singular potential into power series up to second order. This series contains three terms, the first been the Newtonian potential and the other two, here R1 (first order term) and R2 (second order term), express deviations of the singular potential from the Newtonian. These deviations from the Newtonian potential are taken as disturbing potential terms in the Lagrange planetary equations that provide the time rates of change of the orbital elements of a satellite in a non-singular gravitational field. We split these effects into secular, low and high frequency components and we evaluate them numerically using the low Earth orbiting mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We show that the secular effect of the second-order disturbing term R2 on the perigee and the mean anomaly are 4".307*10^-9/a, and -2".533*10^-15/a, respectively. These effects are far too small and most likely cannot easily be observed with today's technology. Numerical evaluation of the low and high frequency effects of the disturbing term R2 on low Earth orbiters like GRACE are very small and undetectable by current observational means.

On the Estimated Precession of Mercury's Orbit

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 7 pages, Submitted to PMC Physics A

The Sun's orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadratic component to the gravitational energy of Mercury. The effect of this component has previously gone unnoticed, but it generates a significant part of the observed precession of Mercury's orbit. Consequently, the residual precession currently attributed to general relativity theory by default (43 arcsec/cy) is too large by 6.6 arcsec/cy.

Detection of the Relativistic Corrections to the Gravitational Potential Using a Sagnac Interferometer

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 6 pages, Published: Progress in Physics, vol. 3, pp. 3-8 , 2008.

General Relativity predicts the existence of relativistic corrections to the static Newtonian potential which can be calculated and verified experimentally. The idea leading to quantum corrections at large distances is that of the interactions of massless particles which only involve their coupling energies at low energies. In this short paper we attempt to propose the Sagnac intrerferometric technique as a way of detecting the relativistic correction suggested for the Newtonian potential, and thus obtaining an estimate for phase difference using a satellite orbiting at an altitude of 250 km above the surface of the Earth.

Geodetic Precession of the Spin in a Non-Singular Gravitational Potential

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 6 pages, Published, Progress in Physics, vol. pp. 1-5, 2008

Using a non-singular gravitational potential which appears in the literature we analytically derived and investigated the equations describing the precession of a body's spin orbiting around a main spherical body of mass M. The calculation has been performed using a non-exact Schwarzschild solution, and further assuming that the gravitational field of the Earth is more than that of a rotating mass. General theory of relativity predicts that the direction of the gyroscope will change at a rate of 6.6 arcsec/year for a gyroscope in a 650 km high polar orbit. In our case a precession rate of the spin of a very similar magnitude to that predicted by general relativity was calculated resulting to a ΔS_geo/S_geo =-5.570*10^-2

Particles Here and Beyond the Mirror

Authors: Borissova L., Rabounski D.
Comments: 118 pages, 2nd edition, published by Svenska fysikarkivet, 2008

This is a research on all kinds of particles, which could be conceivable in the space-time of General Relativity. In addition to mass-bearing particles and light-like particles, zero-particles are predicted: such particles can exist in a fully degenerate space-time region (zero-space). Zero-particles seems as standing light waves, which travel in instant (non-quantum teleportation of photons); they might be observed in a further development of the "stopped light experiment" which was first conducted in 2001, at Harvard, USA. The theoretical existence of two separate regions in the space-time is also shown, where the observable time flows into the future and into the past (our world and the mirror world). These regions are separated by a space-time membrane wherein the observable time stops. A few other certain problems are considered. It is shown, through Killing's equations, that geodesic motion of particles is a result of stationary geodesic rotation of the space which hosts them. Concerning the theory of gravitational wave detectors, it is shown that both free-mass detector and solid-body detector may register a gravitational wave only if such a detector bears an oscillation of the butt-ends.

Fields, Vacuum, and the Mirror Universe

Authors: Borissova L., Rabounski D.
Comments: 260 pages, 2nd edition, published by Svenska fysikarkivet, 2009

In this book, we build the theory of non-geodesic motion of particles in the space-time of General Relativity. Motion of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field is constructed in curved space-time (in contrast to the regular considerations held in Minkowski's space of Special Relativity). Spin particles are explained in the framework of the variational principle: this approach distinctly shows that elementary particles should have masses governed by a special quantum relation. Physical vacuum and forces of non-Newtonian gravitation acting in it are determined through the lambda-term in Einstein's equations. A cosmological concept of the inversion explosion of the Universe from a compact object with the radius of an electron is suggested. Physical conditions inside a membrane that separates space-time regions where the observable time flows into the future and into the past (our world and the mirror world) are examined.

Angular Size Test on the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 44 pages, accepted to be published in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D

Assuming the standard cosmological model as correct, the average linear size of galaxies with the same luminosity is six times smaller at z = 3.2 than at z = 0, and their average angular size for a given luminosity is approximately proportional to z^-1. Neither the hypothesis that galaxies which formed earlier have much higher densities nor their luminosity evolution, mergers ratio, or massive outflows due to a quasar feedback mechanism are enough to justify such a strong size evolution. Also, at high redshift, the intrinsic ultraviolet surface brightness would be prohibitively high with this evolution, and the velocity dispersion much higher than observed. We explore here another possibility to overcome this problem by considering different cosmological scenarios that might make the observed angular sizes compatible with a weaker evolution. One of the models explored, a very simple phenomenological extrapolation of the linear Hubble law in a Euclidean static universe, fits the angular size vs. redshift dependence quite well, which is also approximately proportional to z^-1 with this cosmological model. There are no free parameters derived ad hoc, although the error bars allow a slight size/luminosity evolution. The type Ia supernovae Hubble diagram can also be explained in terms of this model with no ad hoc fitted parameter. WARNING: I do not argue here that the true Universe is static. My intention is just to discuss which theoretical models provide a better fit to the data of observational cosmology.

La Teoría Conectada Soluciona el Problema DE la Materia Oscura DE la Relatividad General DE Einstein. (Dark Matter)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 38 pages, Spanish language

The connected theory solves the problem to the dark substance of the theory of general relativity of Einstein. What is the substance? Do we see the world and create theories, or we create theories and observe the world? The real solution to the crisis of contemporary physics will be a physico-philosophical question or...

Views on Universe Unification Theory Considering Atomic Nucleus Contraction

Authors: Shinsuke Yamamoto
Comments: 9 pages

Gravity is equivalent to energy and invariably produces energy with time. As a result, mass, which is equivalent to energy, also increases. To understand the increase in mass, we must ensure that space transforms into mass through gravity. It should also be noted that mass inversely changes into space through nuclear fusion. Solar wind and comet orbits are the evidence for this. That is, gravity creates atoms from space. A tentative theory is proposed on a mechanism of how gravity produces atoms from space. Through this mechanism, mass is accompanied by a gravity wave that elongates gravity and space. Furthermore, it becomes clear that atomic oscillation is a time wave, which is the sole energy of space. This means that both gravity and time waves are space waves. It should be noted that the difference in space densities produces relative time fluctuation, as evidenced by the speed reduction of artificial astronomical objects escaping the solar system and the reduction of the rotating speed of fixed stars at the inner periphery of the Galaxy. Therefore, we can view the universe in an integral way only through a theory which suggests that space changes into mass through gravity. Time, space, mass, and energy are all equivalent and increasing, and our universe is always developing. It can be argued that this can bring the unification of cosmological theories.

Is Possible an Alternative to Special and General Relativities?

Authors: Andreï V. Serghienko
Comments: 11 pages.

In the work we ask ourselves: are really so good the theories of relativity? And we discuss the possibility of an alternative to them.

Verification of the Equivalence Principle in a Strong Gravitational Field

Authors: Andreï V. Serghienko
Comments: 5 pages.

The equivalence principle (EP) is formulated usually like that: in the same gravitational field each body acquires the same acceleration, i.e. an acceleration of a body in a gravitational field doesn't depend on its mass and composition. At present the EP in weak gravitational fields (the field of the Earth, the fields within the Solar System) is verified with a high accuracy. There are carried out numerous experiments in ground laboratories ([1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]). In these experiments one measured accelerations of free falling bodies depending on their composition. In the near future one plans also to perform a number of cosmical experiments ([1], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]). In the work we propose the method of verification of the EP in the conditions of a strong gravitational field. Double pulsars play the role of a laboratory. At present we have three double pulsars ([22], [23], [24], [25], [26]) with measured values of orbital parameters.

Communicating Information Instantaneously Across the Solar System

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 10 pages, 5 Figures, 3 Tables

Comprehension of the structure of the universe requires a theory of quantum gravity. Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach. Many researchers, including the author, believes that the solution lies not just in physics, but involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. As dowsing involves all the latter factors it has proved to be a powerful and relevant research tool. This paper combines these latter factors in a non-orthodox approach linked by geometry. This is the culmination of a 5 part complementary series of papers examining several local and non-local factors which affect dowsing measurements, and hence giving an insight into perception and consciousness. Previous papers in this series identified that geometric alignments of three bodies, be they 3 pebbles, 3 circles drawn on paper, or 3 astronomical bodies produce a subtle energy beam that can be detected by the mind and measured. Intriguingly, this beam has a divergence angle involving the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant (137), which suggests that this "consciousness beam" is linked to the structure of the universe. As this beam has been shown to extend into the solar system, this avenue of research is now further developed, by quantifying the speed of communicating conscious information across the solar system. Via the use of a standard yardstick, significant resonance peaks have been detected before the published times in astronomical charts of new and full moons, as well as at the conjunction of planets, with the moon and earth. With remarkable accuracy, these time differences equal the time light from the sun or planet takes to reach the earth. Results lead to the following exciting postulations. (a) Information can be communicated faster than the speed of light. (b) The subtle energy beam produced by 3 aligned cosmic bodies may be the mechanism for astrology. (c) The structure of the universe, from the Planck level to galaxies, enables 2 or more geometrical bodies to be "aware" of each others existence and precise location. (d) Similarly, the structure of the universe enables 3 geometrical bodies to "know" instantly when they are in perfect alignment. (e) The same results are obtained for 3 large interacting cosmic bodies as for 3 micro objects. The findings support Global Scaling Theory. (f) The same properties demonstrated in these experiments for macro objects could equally apply to explain quantum entanglement. This article is a summary of the concepts which are augmented on the author's website http://www.jeffreykeen.co.uk/

Relativistic GPS Evidence and Quantum Gravity Architecture of the Discrete Field Model

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 12 Pages.

Adjustment of GPS satellite clocks for relativistic effects is often cited as important evidence for Relativity. In 1952 Einstein said it is "logically unavoidable" that space is made up of; "an infinite number of spaces in motion relatively to each other." The Discrete Field Model (DFM) is derived from this, and testing it in the same way should show if this applies simply to 'systems of co-ordinates' or to real physical phenomena as the model predicts. Previous papers http://vixra.org/abs/0909.0047 and http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0041 describe a model complying with SR postulates. They uncover consistent evidence suggesting a change in just one assumption pursuant to SR may resolve anomalies and paradoxes. This is reviewed conceptually and QG implications are considered. The GPS evidence, identified in the 2nd paper as potential falsification of the DFM, is considered and logically analysed with other data. Evidence is found that the co-ordinate system also has a real physical basis, able to be described by quantum field phenomena. The root cause and implications are discussed.

Space-Time Geometry Translated Into the Hegelian and Intuitionist Systems

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 21 Pages.

Kant noted the importance of spatial and temporal intuitions (synthetics) in geometric reasoning, but intuitions lend themselves to different interpretations and a more solid grounding may be sought in formality. In mathematics David Hilbert defended formality, while L. E. J. Brouwer cited intuitions that remain unencompassed by formality. In this paper, the conflict between formality and intuition is again investigated, and it is found to impact on our interpretations of space-time as translated into the language of geometry. It is argued that that language as a formal system works because of an auxiliary innateness that carries sentience, or feeling. Therefore, the formality is necessarily incomplete as sentience is beyond its reach. Specifically, it is argued that sentience is covertly connected to space-time geometry when axioms of congruency are stipulated, essentially hiding in the formality what is sense-certain. Accordingly, geometry is constructed from primitive intuitions represented by one-pointedness and route-invariance. Geometry is recognized as a two-sided language that permitted a Hegelian passage from Euclidean geometry to Riemannian geometry. The concepts of general relativity, quantum mechanics and entropy-irreversibility are found to be the consequences of linguistic type reasoning, and perceived conflicts (e.g., the puzzle of quantum gravity) are conflicts only within formal linguistic systems. Therefore, the conflicts do not survive beyond the synthetics because what is felt relates to inexplicable feeling, and because the question of synthesis returns only to Hegel's absolute Notion.

Making an Analogy Between a Multi-Chain Interaction in Charge Density Wave Transport and the Use of Wave Functionals to Form Soliton-Anti Soliton Pairs

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 21 pages

First reading of article approved by IJMPB, which had half of my PhD dissertation results. For the record. Basis of quantum interpretation of Density wave dynamics included.

Determination of Space's Shape Inside Space-Time Using an Euclidean Model of Relativity.

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 29 pages.

The aim of this article is to address an issue yields by general relativity. This issue may be explained : << global space's shape determination >>. This absolute space-time is the general relativity space-time, and this space deformation in space-time must be in conformity with Newton's law at least for long distances. The adopted point of view is an Euclidean relativity. One thus places oneself in a purely Euclidean mathematical context, with 4 dimensions (three of space, x, y, z, and one of time : ct). This for restricted relativity. For general relativity of course we use the same and we extend it overall with a tensor. Except that here locally it is an Euclidean metric used to represent space-time.

Hypotheses of the Motion in Microcosm

Authors: Zou Ha
Comments: 6 Pages.

One question is that we always get the integrated photographs in good order when taking photograph though the phenomenon of particle-wave duality exist in the microcosm. Feynman path is probability and we should not get the good order photos. There is unknown mechanism in the microcosm. Another question is quantum gravitation how to connect the line and the dot. If I am the particle how I move. I think of doing some sewing and the unknown space was introduced. The two questions will be thought together and I give an able mechanism.

Tidal Charges From Braneworld Black Holes as an Experimental Proof of the Higher Dimensional Nature of the Universe.

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 86 Pages.

If the Universe have more than 4 Dimensions then its Extra Dimensional Nature generates in our 4D Spacetime a projection of a 5D Bulk Weyl Tensor. We demonstrate that this happens not only in the Randall-Sundrum BraneWorld Model where this idea appeared first (developed by Shiromizu, Maeda and Sasaki)but also occurs in the Kaluza-Klein 5D Induced Matter Formalism.As a matter of fact this 5D Bulk Weyl Tensor appears in every Extra Dimensional Formalism (eg Basini-Capozziello-Wesson-Overduin Dimensional Reduction From 5D to 4D) because this Bulk Weyl tensor is being generated by the Extra Dimensional Nature of the Universe regardless and independently of the Mathematical Formalism used and the Dimensional Reduction From 5D to 4D of the Einstein and Ricci Tensors in both Kaluza-Klein and Randall-Sundrum Formalisms are similar.Also as in the Randall-Sundrum Model this 5D Bulk Weyl Tensor generates in the Kaluza-Klein formalism a Tidal "Electric" Charge "seen" in 4D as an Extra Term in the Schwarzschild Metric resembling the Reissner-Nordstrom Metric. We analyze the Gravitational Bending Of Light in this BraneWorld Black Hole Metric(known as the Dadhich,Maartens,Papadopolous and Rezania) affected by an Extra Term due to the presence of the Tidal Charge compared to the Bending Of Light in the Reissner-Nordstrom Metric with the Electric Charge also being generated by the Extra Dimension in agreement with the point of view of Ponce De Leon (explaining in the generation process how and why antiparticles have the same rest mass m₀ but charges of equal modulus and opposite signs when compared to particles)and unlike the Reissner-Nordstrom Metric the terms G/(c⁴) do not appear in the Tidal Charge Extra Term.Thereby we conclude that the Extra Term produced by the Tidal Charge in the Bending Of Light due to the presence of the Extra Dimensions is more suitable to be detected than its Reissner-Nordstrom counterpart and this line of reason is one of the best approaches to test the Higher Dimensional Nature of the Universe and we describe a possible experiment using Artificial Satellites and the rotating BraneWorld Black Hole Metric to do so

Drawing and Prediction to the Improved Fizeau's Experiment to Test Special Relativity in Media

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 8 pages.

We proposed an improved Fizeau's experiment to test covariant rules of electromagnetic and optic phenomena in media[1]. This paper is to provide convenience to whom are interested to carry out the experiment. The drag coefficient is [see PDF for equation] when the light path is in rest liquid whose refractive index is n' in the tank. If the tank is empty, n'=1 and the formula will be reduced to the known [see PDF for equation] of the conventional Fizeau's experiment. Especially, the coefficient is [see PDF for equation] provided . The cost is very low and we hope it will be performed as soon as possible.

El Simple Fenómeno Del Redshift Gravitatorio Demuestra la Necesidad DE la Nueva Ecuación Fundamental DE la Teoría Conectada

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 9 pages, Spanish language

Demonstration that the 2 fundamental equations of Einstein's general relativity, geodesics and gravitational equations of Einstein's gravitational field, are incompatible with the phenomenon of gravitational redshift, according to which the time stationary, measured by a clock lighting, takes more slowly the greater the gravitational potential. Consequently, it is postulated the fundamental equation of the theory connected. This intertwined with subparagraphs that solve the problem of event horizons and Schwarzschild black holes.

Apparent Time-Dependence of the Hubble Constant Deduced From the Observed Hubble Velocity-Distance Equation

Authors: Feng Xu
Comments: 7 pages, first published in 2004 in Hadronic Journal, volume 27, pages 741-748

An apparent time dependence of the Hubble constant was deduced from the linear correlation between the recession velocity of galaxies and the traveled distance of their photons under the assumption of the space expansion being homologous. The time dependence of the space expansion velocity at early era implied that the currently used relativistic Doppler equation, invalid for accelerating/deaccelerating reference frames, would lead to inaccurate measurement of the cosmological recession velocity for highly redshifted galaxies/quasars.

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space-Time Physics for the 5th Acgrg5 Meeting

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 33 pages, 2 figures, companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0012

This 33 page PPT changed to PDF is the 20 minute talk A.Beckwith gives in the ChristChurch, New Zealand Meeting, December 16th, 2009, i.e. the ACGRG 5th conference in GR

Possible Experimental Evidence to the Converse Unruh Effect in Superconductors

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 3 pages.

Although there has not any direct evidence to the Unruh effect and Hawking radiation until now, the converse effect was maybe detected in superconductors. In a noteless experiment performed by scientists of USSR in 1984, a heat flow across the Josephson junction induced the a.c.component[1] and was interpreted to be a thermoelectric effect. Actually, the thermoelectric effect means a temperature gradient will generate an extra current. It occurs in a normal material but does not exist in superconductors. Here is a whole new effect that an extra phase difference rather than current is induced. We regard it as the converse Unruh effect where the temperature is corresponding to an acceleration. Then the temperature gradient will lead to an energy difference and consequential phase change just like the a.c.Josephson effect. Based on the postulate, the frequency formula dependent to the temperature difference T T dl is given which is in the region of ω = 4πkΔ/(ℏ² V_F) ∫(T₁ - T₂)dl radiowaves and consistent with the mentioned experiment. We hope further experiments will be carried out soon to make clear the phenomenon.

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 23 pages, Source document for the ACGRG5 20 minute talk by the author in Christ Church, New Zealand, in December 16th, 2009. Five figures, no tables.

This thought experiment supposition will be raised, as a way to start investigations as to being able to choose either LQG, or string theory, as an initial space time template for emergent gravity . The author intends to explore the applications of deformed Euclidian space to questions as of the role of either string theory and/or LQG as to what degree the fundamental constants of nature are preserved between different cosmological cycles, and also the degree that gravity is an emergent field which is either partly/largely classical, with extreme non linearity, or a far more quantum phenomenon.

Stretched Neutrinos, and the Supposed Linkage to Gravitons/ HFGW Data Sets

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 pages, uploaded to GW1 workshop of 12 Marcel Grossman meeting, Paris, 2009, 1 figure

Following the discussion of George Fuller and Chad Kishimoto, in PRL, 2009, the issue of if or not a correlation exist between neutrino physics, and HFGW data sets / gravitons will be raised anew, with a particular emphasis upon what happens if the following scenario outlined by Fuller and Kishimoto arises. What if as the "universe expanded, the most massive of these states slowed down in the relic neutrinos, stretching them across the universe". If an initial close correlation between Gravition data sets/ HFGW and relic neutrinos exists in the beginning, do we have in any case a situation where there is a corresponding 'stretch out' of gravitons? If so, what would this say about the relevant requirements for graviton/ HFGW detectors?

Cosmic Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) Dependence Upon Gravitons? Implications for DM Models, De, and the Search for Gravitons as Measured Via E and M Interactions in Detectors

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages.

In this paper the author asks if DM and gravitons could also impact the cosmic acceleration of the universe, leading to an increase of acceleration one billion years ago, in a manner usually attributed to DE. Following Alves, et al. (2009) the author will high light what KK style gravitons, with a slightly different mass profile could mean in terms of DM The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then up to a point, ρ_{Warm-Dark-Matter} would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, Further efforts in obtaining data for such suppositions would lie in electro magnetic-graviton interactions contributing toward h₀² Ω_gw (f) being appropriately measured.

Gravitomagnetics, the Basics of a Simpler Approach

Authors: H. Ron Harrison
Comments: 4 pages.

Galileo studied bodies falling under gravity and Tycho Brahe made extensive astronomical observations which led Kepler to formulate his three famous laws of planetary motion. All these observations were of relative motion. This led Newton to propose his theory of gravity which could just as well have been expressed in a form that does not involve the concept of force. The approach in this paper extends the Newtonian theory and the Special Theory of Relativity by including relative velocity. This enables the non-Newtonian effects of gravity to be calculated in a simpler manner than by use of the General Theory of Relativity (GR). Application to the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the gravitational deflection of light gives results which agree with observations and are identical to those of GR. This approach could be used to determine non-Newtonian variations in the trajectories of satellites.

Limited Space Domain (L.S.D.) Theory

Authors: Steven Sesselmann
Comments: 12 pages.

A relativistic theory of cosmology proposing that the size of an observers Universe depends on it's own rest mass, and that the observers total potential energy domain is 2mc² , spanning the range from -mc² to +mc² . The space dimension of the observers Universe is shown to be limited by the Schwarzschild Radius near the observers center of gravity and by the observers Mass Horizon Radius (MHR) which is the maximum distance from the origin, that an observer of mass m is able to interact. By a leap of faith, this theory draws the conclusion that the size of the Universe is a mass dependent variable. Calculations show that the current astronomical measurements of the Universe, agrees closely with the MHR for a human weighing around 80 kg. More importantly, the MHR gives us a mass to space ratio, which allows us to accurately calculate the mass-energy of empty space.

Section II: Introduction to Gravitation

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity plays two primary conservation roles in nature: 1) energy conservation (at all gravitational field strengths) via the creation of bound energy's (matter's) time or historical dimension and temporal entropy drive; 2) symmetry conservation (at higher gravitational field strengths) via the conversion of bound to free energy (mass to light) in stars and related astrophysical processes, and ultimately, via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. The relationship of gravity to the other forces is through "Noether's Theorem" of symmetry conservation: all charges and forces originate as symmetry debs of light. The gravitational "location" charge of mass (Gm), whose active principle is time, represents the symmetry debt arising from the (lost) "non-local" distributional symmetry of free energy (which creates every form of bound energy: hv = mcc). Gravity pays the entropy-interest on the symmetry debt of matter by creating a time dimension for bound energy in which charge conservation can have an historical expression and causal significance; gravity pays the energy-principle on the symmetry debt of matter by converting mass to light (in stars and related astrophysical processes). The first reaction causes a deceleration of the expansion of the Cosmos, while the second causes an acceleration (as recently observed).

A New Cosmological Model for Matter, Energy, Sound, the Origin of the Universe and Gravity

Authors: Madonna-Megara Holloway
Comments: 15 pages, This paper is being published by the American Institue of Physics in the conference proceedings for Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, February 23-26, 2010, at John Hopkins University.

This paper is an abstract of a greater volume of work more than 30 years in formation. It is a thought experiment. In order to present certain concepts, statements are made without supporting scientific observations which would require a substantial manuscript to present. This paper defines a new fabric for space and hypothesizes that matter is formed from this fabric through the agency of Black Holes. Dark sound is theorized. As a consequence of this hypothesis a new model for the origin of the universe is given including new definitions for Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy. Neutral electricity, cosmic planes and sub planes are defined. New processes for the coalescing of atoms, the rotation of planets and the observed phenomena of Cosmic Fire are given. Gravity is defined as the result of magnetism and chemical bonds between structures.

The Higgs Boson vs the Spacetime Metric

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Currently, there seems to be (at least) two interpretations of the activity of the Higgs boson: 1) the older, original interpretation of the Higgs as the scalar or gauge boson which determines the rest masses of the IVBs and elementary particles (which I can understand and endorse); 2) a newer (additional? alternative?) interpretation consisting of a "Higgs ether" which acts as the source of particle mass in the sense of inertial resistance to acceleration. In this latter interpretation, all massive particles interact with a universal Higgs field in proportion to their bound energy content, and it is this interaction or "Higgs ether drag" which causes the inertial resistance to acceleration we characterize as mass. It is this latter interpretation which I cannot understand or endorse, as it seems to force a distinction between rest mass and inertial mass, and has no power at all to explain Einstein's relativistic mass. However, replacing the "Higgs ether drag" hypothesis (but retaining the Higgs scalar hypothesis) with a "gravitational field drag" hypothesis does allow us to understand the mechanism of relativistic variability in the metric and energetic parameters of mass, and crucially preserves the necessary equivalence between inertial and rest mass.

Is the Doubly Special Relativity Theory Necessary?

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 3 pages, submitted to Progress in Physics

Giovanni Amelino-Camelia (2002) has proposed a theory whose hope (should it be confirmed by experiments) is to supersede Einstein's 1905 Special Theory of Relativity (STR). This theory is known as the Doubly Special Relativity (DSR) and it proposes a new observer-independent scale-length. At this scale, it is agreed that a particle that has reached this scale-length, has entered the Quantum Gravity regime. According to the STR, observers will - in principle; not agree on whether or not a particle has reached this length hence they will not agree as to when does a particle enter the Quantum Gravity regime. This presents the STR with a "paradox". Amongst others, the DSR is fashioned to solve this "puzzle/paradox". We argue/show here, that the STR already implies such a scale-length - it is the complete embodiment of the STR, thus we are left to mull and ponder; "Is the Doubly Special Relativity theory necessary?".

From 'now' to Dark Matter a Concise View

Authors: Noel Eberz
Comments: 6 pages

Justifying Time as only Now and a 'dependant' variable of the Space fabric and its contained Substance can yield a concise view of how the immediate universe works. This includes defining all Mass as the confinement of energy and Energy, a ubiquitous particle, always in motion with self-induced refractive optics behavior.

Distance, Rotational Velocities, Red Shift, Mass, Length and Angular Momentum of 111 Spiral Galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 12 pages

To date, methods of direct measurement of the distance to galaxies have been limited in their range[1]. This paper makes direct measurements of distant galaxies by comparing spiral arm structures to the expected locus of gravitational influence along the geodesic in a centripetally accelerating reference frame. Such measurements provide a method of independent validation of the extragalactic distance ladder without presupposition of the uniformly expanding universe theory. The methodology of this paper avoids the use of Hubble's constant in the measurement of the distance to galaxies beyond the range of contemporary direct measurement methods. The measurements are validated by meaningful trends between distance and other variables such as mass, rotational velocity, size and angular momentum to validate the measurements made. A Hubble diagram calculated using this method is presented from data obtained from 111 spiral galaxies in the southern hemisphere to about 200 MPc distance. The galactic red shift from these galaxies appears independent to distance. Galactic structure, size, masses and angular momentum are seen to have a distinct relationship to the spin velocity, or tangential velocity, associated with each galaxy.

The "Spacetime Map" as a Model of Juan Maldacena's 5-Dimensional Holographic Universe

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

In 1997 the Argentinean physicist Juan Maldacena produced a mathematically rigorous model of a hypothetical 5-dimensional Universe which conforms to certain principles of the holographic metaphor. In Maldacena's model a 4-D Universe (3 space, 1 time) is the boundary membrane of the 5-D "bulk" Universe (4 space, 1 time). The physics in the two Universes are virtually indistinguishable, except that the 4-D Universe lacks gravity while the 5-D Universe is gravitational. Maldacena's model seems to fit my own "Spacetime Map of the Universe", which I have consequently come to interpret as a map of a 5-dimensional Cosmos, incorporating 4 large spatial dimensions and 1 time dimension.

Traveling Twin Paradox: Covariance of Space and Time

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Clocks measure spacetime, not just "pure" time. Insofar as the intrinsic motion of light and the intrinsic motion of time are the entropy drives of free and bound energy, clocks also measure the march of temporal entropy. A moving clock incorporates space into its time measurements, thus "spacing out" its ticks or temporal intervals in relativistic proportion to its velocity, hence "running slow" (and hence measuring spacetime, not just time). The stationary clock of course does not incorporate any space into its temporal measurement, and so records "pure" time. This was Einstein's great discovery regarding the relative or local nature of time.

Currents of Entropy and Symmetry

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

As magnetism is the invisible, projective, electrically active ("electro-motive") force of the loadstone, so gravity is the invisible, projective, dimensionally active ("inertiomotive") force of the ordinary rock. In the case of magnetism, we trace the force back to the moving (and aligned) electrical charges of electrons in the loadstone; in the case of gravity, we trace the force back to the moving (and one-way) temporal charges of matter in the rock. A moving electric charge creates a magnetic field; a moving temporal charge creates a gravitational field. In both cases the field is produced at right angles to the current. Both relations are reciprocal: moving magnetic and spatial (gravitational) fields create electric and temporal currents. Magnetism and time are both "local gauge symmetry currents", the variable magnetic current protecting the invariance of electric charge, the variable temporal current protecting the invariance of causality and energy conservation. Finally, time and gravity induce each other endlessly, as do the components of an electromagnetic field. This is the (inexact) analogy between electromagnetism and gravitation which so intrigued Einstein. (See: "The Conversion of Space to Time".)

The Time Train

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Whereas massless forms of energy (such as light) have intrinsic motion within their entropic conservation domain (space), massive forms of energy (such as ourselves) have no intrinsic motion within our entropic conservation domain (history). Rather, we experience an eternal "now", which is only tangentially connected to history. In our case, it is the time dimension itself which moves, carrying us with it, like passengers on a train. This arrangement allows the "passengers" to achieve an intrinsic motion in history which is the metric equivalent of light's intrinsic motion in space, a velocity which would otherwise be impossible for them (excepting only in the black hole, where a moving spatial dimension also carries massive objects at "velocity c").

Introduction to Entropy: "Intrinsic Dimensional Motion"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Entropy is a corollary of energy conservation. Entropy exists to ensure energy conservation and prevent the abuse and misuse of energy. Because of entropy, we are allowed to use and transform energy. Without entropy, transformation of energy would not be allowed by energy conservation. The function of entropy is so fundamental to energy conservation that it is built into the basic structure of energy itself. In free energy, the entropy drive is expressed as the intrinsic motion of light: creating, expanding, and cooling space, the conservation domain of light. In bound energy or matter, the entropy drive is the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension - causing the expansion and aging of history, the conservation domain of bound energy's causal information "matrix". Time is the product of the gravitational field of mass/bound energy/matter, which annihilates space, revealing an explicit temporal residue, which formerly had served as the implicit drive of light's intrinsic motion. (See: " The Conversion of Space to Time".) Gravity is the conservation force which converts the spatial entropy drive of free energy (light's intrinsic motion), to the historical entropy drive of bound energy (time's intrinsic motion), and vice versa. (See: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation".)

A Comparisson of Distance Measurements to NGC 4258

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 4 pages

The accurate measurement of extragalactic distances is a central challenge of modern astronomy, being required for any realistic description of the age, geometry and fate of the Universe. The measurement of relative extragalactic distances has become fairly routine, but estimates of absolute distances are rare.[1] In the vicinity of the Sun, direct geometric techniques for obtaining absolute distances, such as orbital parallax, are feasible, but heretofore such techniques have been diffcult to apply to other galaxies. As a result, uncertainties in the expansion rate and age of the Universe are dominated by uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the extragalactic distance ladder[2]. Here we compare previous distance measurements to the galaxy NGC 4258 from both an estimate of Hubble's constant and a direct measurement of orbital motions in a disk of gas surrounding the nucleus of this galaxy to a direct measurement using a model of constant rotational velocity and galactic spiral morphology. The results of the comparisson help validate methods of direct measurement of spiral galaxies to much greater distances.

A Spacetime Map of the Universe: Implications for Cosmology

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 18 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

I present a 4-dimensional spacetime map of the cosmos showing our position in it and how we view the universe. We exist on the spacetime edge of the cosmos looking backward in time toward its beginning and "center" as we look outward in space. As we look deeper into spacetime we look into successively smaller universes all of which nevertheless surround us completely. Implications for cosmology (including the theory of "inflation") resulting from this (generally unappreciated) perspective are discussed. Introduction

The Conversion of Space to Time

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity has two principle (and linked) conservation roles in Nature: 1) the conversion of space to time (the role we see on Earth); 2) the conversion of bound to free energy (in stars and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes). The first role conserves the entropy drive (intrinsic motion) of light (free electromagnetic energy), and the second role conserves light's distributional and metric symmetry (obeying Noether's Theorem).

What Will be Brought up in November, 2008 as a Guest of the Chongquing Physics Department

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 11 pages. Expected delivery time 2 hours , 30 minutes for the five referenced topics.

We present a lay out of five different, inter related themes encapsulated in five articles which will be presented at Chongquing University, PRC, by Dr. Andrew Beckwith as a guest of Prof Fangyu Li, of the Chongquing University Gravitational physics group

"Dark Energy": Does Light Produce a Gravitational Field?

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Light traveling freely in space does not produce a gravitational field - contrary to most "establishment" thinking. Because the "Interval" of light = zero, light has no specific location in spacetime, and hence cannot provide a definite center for such a field. Since an uncentered gravitational field violates energy (and symmetry) conservation (including the "Equivalence Principle"), light moving freely in vacuum cannot and does not produce a gravitational field. This result is important for theories attempting to unify gravity with the other forces.

About Gravity

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity plays a double conservation role in nature, conserving both: 1) the intrinsic motion of light (by converting it to the intrinsic motion of time - via the annihilation of space and the extraction of a metrically equivalent temporal residue (entropy conservation role); and 2) the non-local distributional symmetry of light's energy (by converting bound to free energy in stars, and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (symmetry conservation role). These two conservation roles derive from the double gauge role of "velocity c", which regulates both light's intrinsic motion c (the entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy), and light's nonlocal distributional symmetry (vanishing time and distance in the direction of propagation). When gravity conserves light's non-local, distributional symmetry (in obedience to "Noether's Theorem"), via gravity's "location" charge, gravity also conserves light's entropy drive by default, since time itself is the active principle of the "location" charge. In

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum Foundations (Is Gravity a Classical or Quantum Phenomenon at Its Genesis 13.7 Billion Years Ago?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 33 pages. Re do of article , 33 pages. Forwarded as a new article for two reasons. First was over six hours of clean up of grammar errors, spacing and the like by the spelling tool function of word. Secondly, this will be referred to in Chongquing, PRC, in mid November 2009, and has been submitted already, in grammar revised form for peer reviewed journal vetting

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 9th, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classically. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping profiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states. If squeezing of the initial vacuum states is essential in the relic conditions, then quantization is unavoidable. If squeezing is not essential, then coherent initial vacuum states may contribute in semi classical ways to GW production. The end result of this stated inquiry may be answering if or not gravity in the onset of inflation is a quantized field. Or if a highly non linear set of complex initial conditions for gravity can be stated using purely classical models, as T'Hooft, Corda, and others believe.

Magnetism and Gravitation as a Result of Geometric Changes in the Electric Field Caused by the Translation of the Charges

Authors: H.-J. Hochecker
Comments: 12 pages, More details and the version in German language can be found on the authors web site (named inside the pdf)

It is clear that an electric field of moving charges is geometrically changed by this motion. A new representation way of this change will be shown here. With the help of this representation the magnetic effect can than be calculated directly from the geometric change in the electric field. The analysis of different reference systems/frames (as in the special theory of relativity) is not necessary for doing this. (The geometric changes, of course, still do arise from the special theory of relativity, however.) Finally, through these observations, it may be noted that gravitation is also an effect of the translation of charges, which can be represented mathematically here. So: under consideration of the special theory of relativity, geometrical changes in the electric field caused by translation produce magnetism and gravitation.

Entropy Growth in the Universe, Dark Matter Models, with a Nod to the Lithium Problem

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 pages. no figures. Beginning of evolution and work on submission for the 12 Marcel Grossman conference by A. Beckwith for a written summary of the contribution A. Beckwith gave in the July 17th meeting of the Paris Obervatory of the Dark Matter parallel session run by Dr. Chardin, of France, in 2009

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 17, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classically. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping profiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states.

Dynamics of Neutrino Oscillations and the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 pages, Published in "Hadron Models and Related New Energy Issues" InfoLearnQuest USA (2007), ISBN 978-1-59973-042-4

The cosmological constant problem continues to represent a major challenge for the theoretical physics and cosmology. The main difficulty arises from the large numerical discrepancy between observational limits of the cosmological constant and quantum predictions based on gravitational effects of the vacuum energy. In this work we argue that the experimental value of this constant may be recovered from the dynamics of neutrino oscillations.

The Karlsson Peaks in the Quasar's Redshift Distribution as an Indication for Circling Light in a Non-Expanding Universe.

Authors: T. De Mees
Comments: 5 pages

The quasar's redshift distribution is found to have a periodicities, according to K. G. Karlsson and others. Here, we analyse if these peaks could be an indication of circling light about the centre of the universe. We find that the Zwicky-Ashmore redshift theory provides an excellent evidence for circling light. We can confirm the age of the universe and define its radius and its mass with a good approximation.

La Relatividad General de Einstein es a lo Sumo Una Teoría Sobre la Gravitación (Errónea)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 6 pages, Spanish language

In this article is presented the formulas of the acceleration and speed orbital according to three different theories: the gravitation of Newton, general relativity of Einstein and, finally, the connected theory.

A Description of Gravitation

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 15 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity's conservation role in nature is (at least) twofold: 1) Entropy conservation role: creating matter's time dimension via the annihilation of space, extracting a metrically equivalent temporal residue. The intrinsic motion of time is the entropy drive of bound energy. The intrinsic motion of time creates history, the conservation domain of matter's causal information field, web, or "matrix" (historic spacetime). The gravitational conversion of space to time: a) conserves/converts the spatial entropy drive of free energy (the intrinsic motion of light), to the metrically equivalent historical entropy drive of bound energy (the intrinsic motion of time); b) creates the temporal, causal linkages of matter; c) creates, through time's intrinsic motion, historic spacetime, the joint dimensional conservation domain of free and bound electromagnetic energy - the historic conservation domain of information (matter's "causal matrix"). d) converts the expansion of space to the expansion of history. 2) Symmetry conservation role: conserving the "non-local" metric and distributional symmetry of free energy (light) via the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy in stars, quasars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes - in effect, reversing the role and reaction in 1). Both roles hinge upon the gravitational conservation of light's "non-local" distributional symmetry, but work in essentially opposite directions. The non-local energy state of light is a consequence of light's intrinsic motion, "velocity c", which gauges both the symmetric energy state and the spatial entropy drive of free energy. In these conservation roles gravity, like inertia and charge, enforces the conservation of free energy's symmetry, as required by "Noether's Theorem". (See: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation".)

The New Lorentz's Transformations (Iii)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 7 pages, Spanish language

Einstein pone el conocido ejemplo de un observador A que, estando en reposo junto a la vía del tren, observa dos rayos que caen en sendos extremos de la vía C y D.

The New Lorentz's Transformations (Ii)

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 3 pages, Spanish language

La teoría de la relatividad de Albert Einstein se sustenta en las transformaciones de Lorentz.

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem: Why Are there Stars with Essentially no Lithium Due to Serious Lithium de Ciency in Certain Spatial Regions in the Early Universe?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 pages, actual submission to Progress in nuclear and particle physics for the 2009 Erice Nuclear physics conference, September 16th to September 24, 2009

The consequences of abnormally low lithium abundance in a nearby population II star (which is almost as old as the supposed population III stars) as represented by HE0107-5240 are that standard BBN theory is out of sync with observations. Analysis of the big bang nucleosynthesis may help explain the anomalously low value of lithium abundance in the star HE0107-5240, which by orthodox BBN, should not exist, as explained by Shigeyama et al.

Finding Minimum Spatial Uncertainty Requirements for Space Time Which Can Distinguish Between LQG, and Brane World Scenarios. Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 pages, Rejected by ArXIV as unsuitable for their general physics arXIV section. Supposition accepted as talk for ACGRG5, in Christchurch, New Zealand,December 2009, and a small part of the talk Beckwith will give in Beyond the Standard Model, 2010 conference, South Africa

This thought experiment supposition will be raised in the ACGRG5, in Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2009, as a way to start investigations as to being able to choose either LQG, or string theory, as an initial space time template for emergent gravity . The author was exposed to Batisti's talk as of the 12 Marcel Grossman conference, and intends to explore the applications of deformed Euclidian space to questions as of the role of either string theory and/or LQG as to what degree the fundamental constants of nature are preserved between different cosmological cycles, and also the degree that gravity is an emergent field which is either partly/ largely classical, with extreme non linearity, or a far more quantum phenomenon.

Discrete Energy Bands in FLRW Cosmology

Authors: Mohd Abubakr
Comments: 16 Pages, Written in Hindi Language

Composition and nature of dark energy and dark matter remains one of the critical open problems in modern cosmology. Several modified models within the framework of FLRW cosmology have been proposed to explain dark energy and dark matter, however there has been little progress. In this paper, we present a hypothesis on existence of discrete energy bands accounting ordinary matter, dark matter and dark energy. Categorization of forces into global and local forces, leads to classification of one energy bands. We also explore the observational evidence to establish the existence of energy bands.

Extending Einstein's Equivalence Principle: Symmetry Conservation

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages, This article has also been published as a Google "KNOL"

Einstein's "Equivalence Principle" asserts that a gravitational field cannot be distinguished from a suitably chosen accelerated reference frame - essentially because we cannot distinguish between the reciprocal cases of spacetime accelerating through us (gravity), or our own acceleration through spacetime (as in a rocket ship). Hence the equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass - classically recognized by Newton as the equivalence between inertial resistance and gravitational "weight", but not understood. Co-movers with a gravitational field (in free fall or orbit) experience no "weight" - the field apparently vanishes. This seminal observation allowed Einstein to equate gravitational and inertial fields in his General Theory of Relativity. Because there is another way to "vanish" a gravitational field, the possibility of extending Einstein's "Equivalence Principle" beyond inertial force is raised. The conversion of bound to free energy (mass to light) in many spontaneous astrophysical processes, such as stars (partially) and black holes (completely), "vanishes" the gravitational field that had been associated with the converted mass. This suggests a heuristic conceptual pathway for the unification of forces through Noether's symmetry conservation theorem via the equivalence of all charges and forces (including gravity) as symmetry debts of light: the charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. In this view gravity is seen as arising from a "location" charge which records the symmetry debt carried by any immobile massive particle, the debt arising from the loss of the non-local distributional symmetry of the light which created the particle or otherwise contributed to its mass. The active principle of this "location" charge is time, whose intrinsic motion also produces the historical entropy drive of matter. (See: "Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory: Part I"; "Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory: Part II".) (See also: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation: Entropy vs Symmetry".)

The Double Conservation Role of Gravity: Entropy vs Symmetry

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 pages, This article has also been published as a Google "KNOL"

Gravity has two conservation roles in nature: 1) Conserving light's spatial entropy drive (light's intrinsic motion), which is accomplished by the gravitational conversion of space to time (see: "The Conversion of Space to Time"). 2) Conserving the non-local distributional symmetry of light's energy, which is accomplished by the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy in stars (partially), and completely in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (see: "Extending Einstein's "Equivalence Principle"). This double role is consequent upon Noether's Theorem and the double gauge role of "velocity c", which simultaneously regulates the entropy drive of free energy (the intrinsic spatial motion of light), and the nonlocal distributional symmetry of light's energy (vanishing time and the x spatial dimension). The entropy conservation role operates at all gravitational energy levels, while the symmetry conservation role requires an energetic threshold before nuclear fusion can begin. Noether's Theorem requires the conservation of light's various symmetries: the charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. Charge conservation = symmetry conservation. All massive, immobile particles (bound electromagnetic energy) bear a gravitational "location" charge which records the non-local distributional, metric, and entropic symmetry debt of the freely moving light (free electromagnetic energy) which created them. (See: "The Connection Between Gravitation, Time, Entropy, and Symmetry".) At all energies, gravity pays the entropy-interest on the symmetry debt of matter by converting space to time, thus providing an alternative entropic domain in which charge conservation can have historical meaning. At high energy levels (as in stars), gravity also begins to pay the "principle" on matter's symmetry debt, converting bound to free energy. The universal spatial expansion is reduced by the initial entropic conversion, as space is converted to time; the original expansion is restored, however, when mass is converted to light, reducing the total gravitational field energy and producing the impression of an "accelerating" universe. "Dark energy" is therefore the reduction of the cosmic gravitational field by the conversion of bound to free energy in stars or by any symmetry conservation/restoration process (which may also be operating in "dark matter").

Neutrino Physics, Dark Matter & Relic Gravitational Waves

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 36 pages, 8 figures, one table.

The talk presents a first order approximation for a non SUSY presentation of not only neutrino physics, but also DM, as a candidate having 400 or so MeV in value. Based in part on a Lagrangian presented to the author by K.A. Meissner, and H. Nicolai, "Neutrinos, Axions, and Conformal Symmetry", arXIV 0803.281 version 2, April 2nd 2008 (Presented at IDM 2008 in Parallel session, at the Alpha Nova center, Strockholm, Sweden)

Cosmic Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) Dependence Upon Gravitons? Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 14 pages Actual submission for the SPESIF 2010 conference, minus home address and phone number. Adheres to the SPESIF conference formatting guide lines. Has three figures in it.

In this paper Beckwith asks if DM and gravitons could also impact the cosmic acceleration of the universe, leading to an increase of acceleration one billion years ago, in a manner usually attributed to DE. Following Marcio E. S. Alves, Oswaldo D. Miranda, Jose C. N. de Araujo, 2009 Beckwith will high light what KK style gravitons, with a slightly different mass profile could mean in terms of his DM rocket proposal brought up in both Christ Church, Dark 2009, and in SPESIF, 2009. I.e. value of up to 5 TeV, as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a dark matter ram jet. The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then up to a point, the density of warm dark matter candidates would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation , but would also influence the viability of the DM ram jet applications for interstellar travel

Detection of Gravitational Waves with Semi Classical Features and Cosmological Implications (Of Such Semi Classical Features)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 11 pages. Actual submission for the SPESIF 2010 conference, minus home address and phone number. Adheres to SPESIF 2010 conference formatting guidelines. No figures

We argue in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed , possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang.. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter-energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Giovannini, et.al. in 1995.

Extra Dimensions? Are They Necessary?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 38 pages, TNS ( triple nine society ) presentation as an invited speaker, in Denver, Colorado, 2009. Has very advanced material with respect to non Gaussian contributions to cosmological evolution put in, in last 27 slides.

In the first 11 pages, we present the simplest argument possible as to what is known and not known as to higher dimensions, and how they fit in cosmology. The remaining 27 slides are back up, to illustrate additional points which may come up in discussions.

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem: Why Are there Stars with Essentially no Lithium Due to Serious Lithium Deficiency in Certain Spatial Regions in the Early Universe?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 pages, prototype of information to be transferred to Erice School of Nucear physics, in latex form before November 20, 2009 for Erice Nuclear physics 2009 conference, in "Progress in Particle and Nuclear physics", special edition.

The consequences of abnormally low lithium abundance in a nearby population II star (which is almost as old as the supposed population III stars) as represented by HE0107-5240 are that standard BBN theory is out of sync with observations. Why such a low value for lithium problem in any stars as due to stellar formation and gravitational perturbation on DM will be discussed. Neutrino-gravitational wave interaction leads to a damping factor in intensity of relic GW of {1-5*(neutrino density/total density) +.. }, as shown in CMBR data sets may be a solution.. Analysis the big bang nucleosynthesis may help explain the anomalously low value of lithium abundance in the star HE0107-5240 which by orthodox BBN should not exist, as explained by Shigeyama et al. 2003

How a Randall-Sundrum Brane-World Effective Potential Influences Inflation Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages, 2007 submission to STAIF conference, prior to author's interest in entropy/graviton production. mix as reflected in adaptation of Y. J. Ng's quantum infinite statistics as done by Beckwith, in 2009

In string theory, even when there are ten to the thousand power vacuum states, does inflation produce overwhelmingly one preferred type of vacuum state? We respond affirmatively to questions whether existence of graviton production is confirmable using present detector methodology. We use an explicit Randall-Sundrum brane-world effective potential as congruent with an inflationary quadratic potential start. This occurs after Bogomolnyi inequality eliminates need for ad hoc assumption of axion wall mass high temperature related disappearing. Graviton production has explicit links with a five-dimensional brane-world negative cosmological constant and a four-dimensional positive valued cosmological constant, whose temperature dependence permits an early universe graviton production activity burst. We show how di quarks, wave functions, and various forms tie into the Wheeler-De Witt equation. This permits investigating a discretized quantum bounce and a possible link to the initial phases of present universe's evolution with a prior universe's collapse to the bounce point - the initial starting point to inflationary expansion. This opens a possibility of realistically investigating gravitons as part of a space propulsion system and dealing with problems from a beam of gravity waves, which would create a g-force because the geodestic structure is near field. It can be applied to existing and to new space propulsion concepts.

How Can Brane World Physics Influence the Existence of a Relic Graviton Burst in the Onset of Inflation?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 25 pages, concept paper used as foundation of initial work given to STAIF 2007 and 2008, before the author was aware of the issue of confluence of classical and quantum predictions of relic particle prediction. Has a very different flavor of interpretation as far as how to understand the importance of relic graviton production.

We use an explicit Randall-Sundrum brane world effective potential as congruent with conditions needed to form a minimum entropy starting point for an early universe vacuum state. We justify this by pointing to the Ashtekar, Pawlowski, and Singh (2006) article about a prior universe being modeled via their quantum bounce hypothesis which states that this prior universe geometrically can be modeled via a discretized Wheeler - De Witt equation, with it being the collapsing into a quantum bounce point singularity converse of the present day universe expanding from the quantum bounce point so delineated in their calculations. In doing so, we use thermal/ gravitational inputs into our present universe, using a simplified model of graviton production similar to what was done by Wheeler in the 1970s for spin two gravitons . Doing so permits modeling of experimental conditions needed for directional graviton production which conceivably could be used for space craft in the foreseeable future once an experimental verification of early universe conditions for graviton production and power radiation are finalized. This leads to intense power production using a model for power production reported by Dr. Fontana in 2005 in the new frontiers section of STAIF. We report upon what we think is a range of intense graviton production parameters in the onset of cosmological inflation. This builds upon an idea of a semi resonant cavity effect for spin two gravitons, with the walls dissolving after ten to the minus 43 seconds, with a build up of temperature, and a steady energy insertion leading to , after axion wall collapse due to rising temperatures, a massive release of relic gravitons at the same time the initiation of inflation takes place. This answers the apparent incongruency of low entropy, low temperatures postulated by S. Carroll, and J. Chen, with a naturally occurring 'laboratory' as to necessary and sufficient conditions needed to model graviton production on a large scale.

Incompatibility of the Relic Dark Energy Hypothesis with Physically Admissible Solutions to the Cosmic Ray Problem of Special Relativity

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 23 pages, 3 figures. Work done with Joe Lykken, FNAL, which was to show that Magueijo's propused revisions of Special relativity, the so called double special relativity hypothesis, was inconsistent with respect to cosmology. Accepted by FNAL theory division, rejected by a reviewer in GRG journal due to the fact that the derived scalar potential did not satisfy slow roll hypothesis of inflation. Non withstanding that the non compliance of the scalar potential with slow roll was cited to one of the primary faults of Magueijo's double special relativity

We offer evidence that the Trans Plankian hypothesis about Dark energy is incompatible with necessary and sufficient conditions for solving the cosmic ray problem along the lines presented by Magueijo et al. We can obtain conditions for a dispersion relationship congruent with the Trans Planckian hypothesis only if we cease trying to match cosmic ray data which is important in investigating special relativity. This leads us to conclude that the Trans Planckian hypothesis is inconsistent with respect to current astrophysical data and needs to be seriously revised .

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe , DM Models , with a Nod to the Lithium Problem

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 page slide show, given in the AP1 dark matter section hosted by Dr. Chardin, at the Paris observatory, in July 17th 2009 as a talk in the 12 Marcel Grossman meeting.

We outline how DM density profiles may be perturbed by entropy generation, and that in part due to relic graviton production. The interaction of gravitons as an entropy generator may influence relic neutrino and neutralino production, which would affect not only DM behavior, but in certain situations the relic abundance of Lithium in the early universe.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and Confirmation of Initial Big Bang Conditions

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 102 pages ( 5 pages removed ) of a presentation made by Dr. Beckwith at the Chongquing University department of physics, Chonguing University, PRC, as a guest of Dr. Fangyu Li, PRC, and his gravitational physics group. Done as a collaboration between Dr. Li's GW research group and US reseachers, as listed by Gravwave.com

Survey of topics. beginning with break down of the quark-gluon plasma as a way to analyze early universe conditions, and presentation of opportunities as far as GW astronomy which may be presented if the li baker detector is put into operational usage.

Hypothetical Dark Matter/axion Rockets: Dark Matter in Terms of Space Physics Propulsion

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages . Version of document sent ( as latex ) to Hans Klaptor, as a contribution to the Dark 2009 conference, January, Christ Church, New Zealand 2009 as an invited talk by the conference chair, Dr. Klaptor

Current Proposed photon Rocket designs include the Nuclear Photonic Rocket design and the anti matter photonic rocket design (as proposed Eugene Sanger , 1950s, as reported in reference 1) This paper examines the feasibility of improving the thrust of a photon rocket via either use of WIMPS, or similar DM candidate. Would a WIMP, if converted to power and thrust enable / improve the chances of interstellar travel ?

Gravitational Redshift and Age of the Stars

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 6 Pages.

The gravitational redshift, in conjunction with the age of the stars, might explain any case of light redshift.

Entropy, GW, and the Question of the Degree of Classical Physics Contribution to Early GW Waves

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: A companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0909.0042 of the Numerical analysis and applied mathematics special symposium organized by Christian Corda, in Rethymno, Crete, 18-22 September 2009

A first order presentation of the questions the author believes must be addressed for fufilling the promise of GW astronomy in terms of understanding the origins of our universe. Organized in five questions , and themes which end with asking if quantum foundations / structures to our cosmological space time are mandantory, or if T'Hoofts vision of quantum physics being a sub set to a larger 'deterministic quantum theory; as t;Hooft phrases the successor to quantum probability, as envisions it .

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem Why Stars with no Lithium in Early Universe Exist

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 32 pages, and pre cursor of 3 page academic text requested by Dr Faessler for a special edition of the journal "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics" (Editor: Amand Faessler) which has been made of the author in lieu of a successful presentation in the "International School of Nuclear Physics, 31st Course : Neutrinos in Cosmology, in Astro-, Particle- and Nuclear Physics, Erice-Sicily September 16-24, 2009"

We present a first principle argument for modeling changes in BBN which may affect the probability that super massive stars forming before galactic structures formed may have been sans Lithium 7. The author believes that relic neutrinos plus gravitons may play a role in damping and modifying the density fluctuations of early space time, which have chances to affect nucleosynthesis.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe and Confirmation of Initial Big Bang Conditions

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 8 pages, AIP conference proceedings entry 1168, "Numerical analysis and applied mathematics, 2009, Reythmono, Crete" , Greece; a peer reviewed submission to 'Symposium: The big challenge of Gravitational waves, a New Window into the future', as organized by Dr. Christian Corda of the Associazione Scientifica Gallieo Galilei: pp 1077-1083 of AIP conference proceedings 1168

This paper shows how increased entropy values from an initially low big bang level can be measured experimentally by counting relic gravitons. Furthermore the physical mechanism of this entropy increase is explained via analogies with early-universe phase transitions. The role of Jack Ng's (2007, 2008a, 2008b) revised infinite quantum statistics in the physics of gravitational wave detection is acknowledged. Ng's infinite quantum statistics can be used to show that ΔS ≈ ΔN_gravitonsis a starting point to the increasing net universe cosmological entropy. Finally, in a nod to similarities with ZPE analysis, it is important to note that the resulting ΔS ≈ ΔN_gravitons ≠ 10⁸⁸, that in fact it is much lower, allowing for evaluating initial graviton production as an emergent field phenomena, which may be similar to how ZPE states can be used to extract energy from a vacuum if entropy is not maximized. The rapid increase in entropy so alluded to without near sudden increases to 10⁸⁸ may be enough to allow successful modeling of relic graviton production for entropy in a manner similar to ZPE energy extraction from a vacuum state.

Hydrogen Cloud Separation as Direct Evidence of the Dynamics of the Universe.

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper was presented at the CCC2 conference at port Angeles Washington State and is to be published along with the procedings of this conference by ASP.

Despite the idea of an expanding universe having been around for nearly one hundred years there is still no conclusive, direct evidence for expansion. This paper examines the Lyman Alpha forest in order to determine the average temperature and the average separation of Hydrogen clouds over the aging of the universe. A review of the literature shows that the clouds did once become further and further apart (showing expansion?) but are now evenly spaced (an indication of a static universe?). Doppler parameters give an indication of the temperature and/or the degree of disturbance of the clouds and the evidence is that the temperature or degree of disturbance is increasing rather than decreasing as required by an expanding universe. Whilst these results do not support any cosmology individually, they do support one where the universe expanded in the past but that expansion has now been arrested and the universe is now static. A separate mechanism for redshift would be required to explain why, in this scenario, the Hydrogen Clouds are evenly spaced in the local universe - but have differing redshifts. High z hydrogen cloud separation can be used to give an independent estimate on the lower limit of the age of the universe in an expanding model and it is found that the age must be far greater than the presently accepted value of 13.8 billion years - if the H1 clouds are to achieve their present separations without some mechanism other than inflation being involved.

(Anti) de Sitter Relativity, Modified Newtonian Dynamics, Noncommutative Phase Spaces and the Pioneer Anomaly

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 24 Pages. This article appeared in Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., Vol. 2, no. 7 (2008) 309 - 332

It is shown how the de-Sitter Relativistic behaviour of the hyperbolic trajectory of Pioneer, due to the expansion of the Universe (non-vanishing cosmological constant), is the underlying physical reason for the observed anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft of the order of c²/R_H ~ 8.74 x 10^-10 m/s², where c is the speed of light and R_H is the present Hubble scale. We display the explicit isomorphism among Yang's Noncommutative space-time algebra, the 4D Conformal algebra SO(4,2) and the area-bi-vector-coordinates algebra in Clifford spaces. The former Yang's algebra involves noncommuting coordinates and momenta with a minimum Planck scale λ (ultraviolet cutoff) and a minimum momentum p = h/R (maximal length R, infrared cutoff ). It is shown how Modified Newtonian dynamics is also a consequence of Yang's algebra resulting from the modified Poisson brackets. To finalize we study the deformed Kepler and free motion resulting from the modified Newtonian dynamics due to the Leznov-Khruschev noncommutative phase space algebra and which stems also from the Conformal algebra SO(4,2) in four dimensions. Numerical examples are found which yield results close to the experimental observations, but only in very extreme special cases and which seem to be consistent with a Machian view of the Universe.

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem; Why Stars with no Lithium in Early Universe Exist?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: Nine pages, part of source background for PPT which will be presented September 17th, 2009 in the Erice Nuclear physics school. Will be considerably refined for conference submission, in early November , 2009 for Nuclear physics journal which has proceedings of the 2009 nuclear physics school , Erice, Italy.

We review how graviton initial energy values are linkable to possible order of the Lorentz gravitational violation. Counter intuitively, the greatest Lorentz gravitational violation would be at lower to moderate initial velocity value conditions due to pre inflationary conditions. .We assume with rapid build up of graviton energies , convergence to flat space, Lorentz invariance as gravitons , due to a high level of initially extreme inflationary conditions speed up with introduction of massively boosted energies at the onset of the big bang. The coupling of neutrinos to gravitions would be enhanced as their wave lengths would initially be quite similar, i.e. very short. Consequences for the Lithium problem in stars, due to stellar formation, and gravitational perturbation on DM and will be discussed toward the end of this document. The neutrino / gravitational wave interaction leads to a damping factor in the intensity of GW of [1-5⋅(ρ_neutrino/ρ) + ϑ([ρ_neutrino/ρ]² )] as far as relic GW as could be shown up in the CMBR data sets. This would have no bearing upon the peak of the frequency range, which is another matter entirely. The contention advanced, though is that proper analysis of the big bang, including initial treatment of nucleosynthesis may show a way forward to explain the recent discovery of early old stars with no lithium. Thereby closing one of the huge holes in the big bang, and lithium abundance.

Proposal for Using Mix of Analytical Work with Data Analysis of Early CMB Data Obtained From the Jdem Nasa Doe Investigation

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 13 pages, taken from http://home.fnal.gov/~rocky/DETF/Beckwith.pdf as Dr. Beckwith's 2005 successful white paper submission to the DETF for its preliminary study as to how to prepare data analysis from the CMB for the forecoming JDEM investigation.

This is a record of a successful White paper submission to the JDEM mission by Dr. Andrew Beckwith. University of Houston physics department / TcSAM. June 13 th. , 2005. Sent to : Rocky Kolb, Chair of the JDEM Dark matter search panel. Was part of back ground study for improving JDEM instrumentation performance in upcoming mission for Dark Energy investigations.

Value of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Wave (HFRGW) Detection to Astrophysics and Fabrication and Utilization of the li-Baker HFRGW Detector

Authors: Andrew Beckwith, Robert M L Baker Jr.
Comments: 13 pages, possible submission to SPESIF, 2010 as a paper, and talk, and also a source for open discussion of hard ware requirements for a HFGW detector, with applications to detection of astrophysical GW. Inputs to this document await commentary and feed back from the Gravwave team. (I.e. this document may undergo many revisions)

A number of applications of High-Frequency Relic Gravitational Wave (HFRGW) detection to astrophysics are identified and a means for detecting them is presented that is sensitive enough to provide useful data. Observation of relic gravitational waves will provide vital information about the birth of the Universe and its early dynamical evolution as well as enable significant direct inferences to be drawn about the value of the Hubble parameter of the early universe and the cosmological scale factor. Other astrophysical applications involve the entropy growth of the early Universe, an ability to rule out alternatives to inflation, to pinpoint the energy scale at which inflation took place and to provide clues about the symmetries underlying new physics at the highest energies. Several alternative HFRGW detectors are described and the proposed Li-Baker HFRGW detector, which is theoretically sensitive to GW amplitudes, A, as small as 10^-32, is discussed in detail. It is recommended that plans and specifications for the Li-Baker HFRGW detector be prepared in order to expedite its fabrication.

How Can Gw/graviton Generation Has Semi Classical Features, and What the Implications Are for Cosmological re Acceleration of the Universe, and Initial Relic Entropy Generation in Term of the Importance of Dimensions.

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 17 pages. For possible inclusion as entry into the ICAAM AIP conference proceedings, as a study/presentation for Dr. Christian Corda's GW work shop.

We argue in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary un squeezed, possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states. Secondly, if gravitational waves have semi classical features in their genesis, then the problem of how q(Z) under goes through an inflection point and how the rate of acceleration increases a billion years ago needs to be re examined. Additional dimensions are not the problem. Determining if GW/Gravitions are semi classical in their initial formulation at the source of the big bang, is. Also, semi classical and quantum entropy generating processes are compared, with the role of looking for over lap between them.

Advances in Black Body Radiation (a Source of the Cosmological Constant)

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 14 pages

Abstract: The past century has seen many dividends from Planck's theory for black body radiation. Today we advance that theory to provide an explanation for the acceleration of the Universe and other cosmological observations. We do this by arguing:

• - Thermal diffusion of an individual massive particle will build up excess energy until it releases that energy in the form of black body radiation.
• - Virtual particle pairs also suffer from such a mechanism and if an atom is nearby to capture the radiation before the pair annihilates, a net negative energy is pulled from the vacuum.
• - During the Dark Ages of the Universe when hydrogen atoms were prevalent, these virtual particles were coupled to and in thermal equilibrium with the background radiation field (today known as the Cosmic Microwave Background, CMB).
• - As the Universe re-ionized at z ≈ 10, the virtual particles decoupled from the CMB, leaving the temperature of the virtual particles and the associated energy density to stay constant as the Universe continued to expand.
• - When the magnitude of this constant density is inserted into the Friedmann equation, it is interpreted as the Cosmological Constant predicting, as observed, an accelerating Universe.
• - Using the 68% confidence ranges as measured from the 5 year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, the magnitude of the Cosmological Constant as calculated from the theory described herein overlaps the value from the well accepted Lambda Cold Dark Matter model.

Cosmic de Celebration Parameter Q(Z) Dependence Upon Gravitons? Implications for the DM Rocket/ram Jet Model

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 15 pages. Source of information for presentations on DM , and idea of DM rocket / ram jet as will in part be presented in both SPESIF, February 2010, and AIBEP, November 2009. Discussion of material of this document not involved with DM rocket are part of general back ground material for presentation by the author in ICAAM Crete, September 2009 at gravitational physics sub session run by Dr. Corda..AIBEP talk will have DM rocket/ ram jet, but also include laser physics

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 9th, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Another issue to consider, is if or not gravitons with mass affect DM profiles, but could also impact the cosmic acceleration of the universe, leading to an increase of acceleration one billion years ago, in a manner usually attributed to DE. Following Marcio E. S. Alves, Oswaldo D. Miranda, Jose C. N. de Araujo, 2009 in an article brought to the attention to the author by Christian Corda, the author, using his modification of Friedman equations, incorporating some brane models to allow for additional dimensions found that there is, for low graviton mass of the order of m_graviton ~ 10^-65 grams similar behavior as noted by Alves, et al. 2009. If of m_graviton ~ 10^-65 also is reconcilable as to KK dark matter models, which is under investigation, the new modeling super structure could have significant impact upon the DM rocket / ram jet proposal the author, Beckwith, brought up in the AIBEP meeting in Scottsville, Arizona. The author will high light what KK style gravitons, with a slightly different mass profile could mean in terms of his DM rocket proposal brought up in both Christ Church, Dark 2009, and in different form in SPESIF, 2009. I.e. value of up to 5 TeV , as opposed to 400 GeV for DM, which may mean more convertible power for a suitably designed platform.

The New Lorentz's Transformations

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 1 page

The new "Lorentz's Transformations" are the new relational transformations

How Can One Look at if GW Generation Has Semi Classical Features, and What This Implies About Compression of Vacuum Wave States, and Coherence/de Coherence? Also, What About High Versus Low Frequencies as to Relic GW?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 12 pages. 3 pages of references put in as bibliography as to important GW papers.

We argue in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary un squeezed , possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states. The coherent states would be amendable to nucleation by classical/ highly non linear processes which would be almost immediately eliminated by compression and squeezing. Even though that the general background of incoherency for relic GW is a given. Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low relic GW from the big bang.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum , Part II (Do Physical Laws/ Physics Parameter Constants Remain Invariant From a Prior Universe, to the Present Universe?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 18 pages, with the key to the validity of the paper in a way to confirm the plausibility of the equation, given at the bottom of the first page.

The invariance of physical law between a prior to a present universe is brought up, as a continuation of analyzing entropy in today's universe, and the relationship of entropy to information content in a prior universe. If or not there is enough information to preserve the amount of physical law also may play a role as to if or not additional dimensions for cosmological dynamics is necessary.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum, Part I (Confirmation of Initial Big Bang Conditions?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 23 pages.

We begin our inquiry by asking two questions. First, is there an approximate match up between the total entropy of the universe, and the sum total of entropy between super massive black holes at the center of spiral galaxies? Note that Sean Carroll in 2005 presented a black hole entropy value which could have a super massive black hole in the center of a galaxy having more than 10⁸⁹ non dimensionalized units of entropy in value. This value would be greater than what H. J. de Vega calculated as the entropy value of the entire universe. And there are conceivably up to a million spiral galaxies. Secondly, we accept what De Vega presented about entropy, i.e. its approximate present day value was nearly reached during the end of the re heating of the universe, right after the big bang. If so, the second question is what initiated entropy growth in the beginning ? This paper shows how increased entropy values from an initially low big bang level can be measured experimentally by counting relic gravitons. Furthermore the physical mechanism of this entropy increase is explained via analogies with early-universe phase transitions. The role of Jack Ng's revised infinite quantum statistics in the physics of gravitational wave detection is acknowledged. Ng's infinite quantum statistics can be used to show that gravitons ΔS ≈ ΔN is a starting point to the increasing net universe cosmological entropy. Finally, in a nod to similarities with ZPE analysis, it is important to note that the resulting/\] ΔS ≈ ΔN_gravitons ≠ 10⁸⁹, that in fact it is much lower, allowing for evaluating initial graviton production as an emergent field phenomena, which may be similar to how ZPE states can be used to extract energy from a vacuum if entropy is not maximized.. Finally, the implications of if or not gravitons have mass will be reviewed as far as how graviton mass issues, and the nature of gravitational waves, may affect experimental measurements of relic big bang conditions. The relationship of some models of KK gravitons as having similar evolution equations to GW in GR models will be commented upon, with suggestions as to how that ties in DM values.

Equivalence Between the Empty Microspace and the Cosmological Space

Authors: R.A. Isasi
Comments: 23 pages

In this article, we discuss the origin and nature of the total photon number N_γ of the CMB radiation in relation with the critical baryons number N_b and the energy of the empty space. The CMB radiation, is considered as an huge ampliation of the phenomena at atomic scale originated in the past, as the background microwawes are also the support of all the prints originated by posteriors perturbations. This allows us to establish a connection between the microsphysics and macrophysics by means of their reduction to a problem of scale and dimensional analysis. Taking into account the mean wavelenght of the CMB radiation, we can parametrize the total number of photons as an invariant number through the succesive evolutive phases. The equivalence between the electrical potential and the gravitational potential, is established by the relativistic implications which is found in Millikan's experiment. This generalization makes it possible extend the formula of Saha used specifically in the inverse thermal ionization, and extend it to the gravitational collapse when the Universe had de size of 1.032 Mps. Furthermore, this scale units, marks as much as the initial conditions, as the present one for the Hubble Law.

Conformal Kepler Solar System, Pioneer and 55 Cancri

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 30 pages

Irving Ezra Segal's Gravity based on the Conformal Group Spin(2,4) = SU(2,2) not only allows calculation of the present value of the ratio Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter = 0.75 : 0.21 : 0.04 ( see vixra 0907.0007 and 0907.0006 ) but also explains the Pioneer Anomaly and is consistent with an extension of Kepler's Polyhedral Model of Planetary Orbit Radii to include Uranus and Neptune by using the Cuboctahedron and the Rhombic Dodecahedron for the outer region where the Conformal Pioneer Gravitational Acceleration becomes effective. The Conformally Extended Kepler Polyhedral Model not only describes Our Solar System of the Sun and its Planets, but, as Poveda and Lara have shown, it also describes the only other presently known Star and Planets system with at least 5 planets, the system of 55 Cancri. Since both of the only two presently known Star-Planet systems with at least 5 planets obey the Conformally Extended Kepler Polyhedral Model, it seems likely that the model is not a mere numerological coincidence, but is in fact based on realistic physics related to Segal's Conformal Gravity.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum , Part III (Is Gravity a Classical or Quantum Phenomenon at Its Genesis 13.7 Billion Years Ago?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: part III of a series of inter related articles in the process of finalization which discuss entropy in terms of the search for if or not gravity is a classical or quantum emergent "field" in relic conditions. 32 pages

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 9th, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classscially. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping prifiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states. If squeezing of the initial vacuum states is essential in the relic conditions, then quantization is unavoidable. If squeezing is not essential, then coherent initial vacuum states may contribute in semi classical ways to GW production . The end result of this stated inquiry may be answering if or not gravity in the onset of inflation is a quantized field. Or if a highly non linear set of complex initial conditions for gravity can be stated using purely classical models, as 't Hooft, Corda, and others believe. Note, also that Bojowald as of 2008 has left the degree of squeezing of initial vacuum states in the region of space as an open problem. In Bojowald's model of a cosmological bounce, the degree of squeezing is a measure of what strength the "bounce" from an initial configuration of the universe takes, and how strongly quantum effects contribute to the evolution of the LQG cosmos, after inflation commences. Similar questions are being raised as to the necessity of squeezing of initial vacuum states and if or not coherency of initial states is initially largely achievable, before the rapid expansion of the universe commences. Finally, and not least is a series of questions as to what conditions which would either require high or low frequencies as to relic signals from the big bang. As it is, large spatial dimensions which could induce far lower initial frequencies for relic signals are popular in many string theory models. The author views this assumption as of debatable validity, as well as the assumption made by Arkani Hamid that largely does away with coherency of initial vacuum states and specifies highly quantum , low frequency generation of relic GW.

Discovery of a New Dimming Effect Specific to Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts

Authors: Thomas B. Andrews
Comments: 42 pages

Because type Ia supernovae (SNs) are anomalously dimmed with respect to the at (q_o = 0.5) Friedman Expanding Universe model, I was surprised to find that the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) are not anomalously dimmed. Based on the absence of anomalous dimming in BCGs, the following conclusions were reached:

• ⋅ Since the light from the SNs and BCGs traverses the same space, the current hypothesis of an accelerated expansion of the universe to explain the anomalous dimming of SNs is disproved.
• ⋅ The cause of the anomalous dimming must be specific to the SNs.

The Spiral Structure of NGC 3198.

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 10 pages

Observations of NGC 3198 show a discrepancy between the rotational velocity and its apparent geometry which defies the predicted behaviour of Keplerian Dynamics. This paper reconciles this anomaly by considering the relativistic effect of gravity on galactic spiral arms over great distances in a rotating reference frame. Keplerian dynamics hold true in this analysis by considering the rotational behaviour of a cloud of stars as more accurate than that of a central mass with satellites at discrete orbits. A re-examination from first principles describes the spiral arms of NGC 3198 as a linear star cloud of near-uniform density which appears, from our local reference frame, as a non-uniform disc due to its rotation. The apparent non-uniform radial distribution of stars is described by delayed gravitational interactions over great distances in an accelerating reference frame whereby a uniform distribution of stars appears to occupy an increasing circumference. The theory is substantiated by deriving the shape of a linear star cloud of the dimensions and rotational velocity of NGC 3198 as it would appear from Earth, using Einstein's equations and Keplerian dynamics. Since the derived shape is congruent with the observed shape of NGC 3198, the exact shape and size of the resulting spiral can be used to determine its distance from Earth with great accuracy using simple trigonometry.

A Short Article on a Newly Proposed Model of Cosmology

Authors: Dan Visser, Chris Forbes, Keith Lees
Comments: 2 pages

In this paper a new model of cosmology is proposed in an informal manner, with most results merely stated and not derived, in anticipation of a fuller, more mathematical paper to be published at a later date. A historical overview of its development is given and its main propositions and results are explained and evaluated.

On Time Dependent Black Holes and Cosmological Models From a Kaluza-Klein Mechanism

Authors: Carlos Castro, J. A. Nieto, L. Ruiz, J. Silvas
Comments: 34 pages, This article appeared in the International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, no. 7 (2009) 1383 - 1415.

Novel static, time-dependent and spatial-temporal solutions of Einstein field equations, displaying singularities, with and without horizons, and in several dimensions are found based on a dimensional reduction procedure widely used in Kaluza-Klein type theories. The Kerr-Newman black-hole entropy as well as the Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr and Schwarzschild black-hole entropy are derived from the corresponding Euclideanized actions. A very special cosmological model based on the dynamical interior geometry of a Black Hole is found that has no singularities at t = 0 due to the smoothing of the mass distribution. We conclude with another cosmological model equipped also with a dynamical horizon and which is related to Vaidya's metric (associated with the Hawking-radiation of black holes) by interchanging t ↔ r which might render our universe as a dynamical black hole.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe and Confirmation of Initial Big Bang Conditions ( Wheeler De Witt Eqn. Results Vs. String Theory ?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 pages, submission to the Blois 2009 conference proceedings

Initial relic entropy growth is presented as a natural outgrowth of relic graviton production, as a generalization of Dr. J.Y Ng's infinite quantum statistics. The adaptation and modification of Ng's (2008) argument, is an outgrowth of string theory cosmology arguments, and is essentially a counting algorithm for relic graviton production. This article is a very abbreviated version of a presentation given in Chongquing, PRC, in April, 2009, at the Chongquing University Physic's department as a guest of Dr. Fangyu Li, and his gravitational research group.

On Timelike Naked Singularities Associated with Noncompact Matter Sources

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 pages, This article appeared in Physics Letters B 665, no. 5 (2008) 384-387.

We show the existence of timelike naked singularities which are not hidden by a horizon and which are associated to spherically symmetric (noncompact) matter sources extending from r = 0 to r = ∞. Our asymptotically flat solutions do represent observable timelike naked singularities where the scalar curvature R and volume mass density ρ(r) are both singular at r = 0. To finalize we explain the Finsler geometric origins behind the matter field configuration obeying the weak energy conditions and that leads to a timelike naked singularity.

The Euclidean Gravitational Action as Black Hole Entropy, Singularities and Spacetime Voids

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 41 pages, This article appeared in the Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol 49 (2008) 042501.

We argue why the static spherically symmetric (SSS) vacuum solutions of Einstein's equations described by the textbook Hilbert metric g_μν(r) is not diffeomorphic to the metric g_μν(|r|) corresponding to the gravitational field of a point mass delta function source at r = 0. By choosing a judicious radial function R(r) = r + 2G|M|Θ(r) involving the Heaviside step function, one has the correct boundary condition R(r = 0) = 0 , while displacing the horizon from r = 2G|M| to a location arbitrarily close to r = 0 as one desires, r_h → 0, where stringy geometry and quantum gravitational effects begin to take place. We solve the field equations due to a delta function point mass source at r = 0, and show that the Euclidean gravitational action (in ℏ units) is precisely equal to the black hole entropy (in Planck area units). This result holds in any dimensions D ≥ 3 . In the Reissner-Nordsrom (massive-charged) and Kerr-Newman black hole case (massive-rotating-charged) we show that the Euclidean action in a bulk domain bounded by the inner and outer horizons is the same as the black hole entropy. When one smears out the point-mass and point-charge delta function distributions by a Gaussian distribution, the areaentropy relation is modified. We postulate why these modifications should furnish the logarithmic corrections (and higher inverse powers of the area) to the entropy of these smeared Black Holes. To finalize, we analyse the Bars-Witten stringy black hole in 1 + 1 dim and its relation to the maximal acceleration principle in phase spaces and Finsler geometries.

The Cosmological Constant and Pioneer Anomaly From Weyl Spacetimes and Mach's Principle

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 pages, This article appeared in Phys Letts B 675, (2009) 226-230

It is shown how Weyl's geometry and Mach's Holographic principle furnishes both the magnitude and sign (towards the sun) of the Pioneer anomalous acceleration a_P ~ -c²/R_Hubble firstly observed by Anderson et al. Weyl's Geometry can account for both the origins and the value of the observed vacuum energy density (dark energy). The source of dark energy is just the dilaton-like Jordan-Brans-Dicke scalar field that is required to implement Weyl invariance of the most simple of all possible actions. A nonvanishing value of the vacuum energy density of the order of 10^-123M⁴_Planck is found consistent with observations. Weyl's geometry accounts also for the phantom scalar field in modern Cosmology in a very natural fashion.

Universe as Whole

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 5 pages

The different versions of the Universe structure are reviewed and it mean density is calculated.

The Clifford Space Geometry Behind the Pioneer and Flyby Anomalies

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 23 pages, This article will appear in the IJMPA (2009).

It is rigorously shown how the Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford spaces (C-spaces) can explain the variable radial dependence a_p(r) of the Pioneer anomaly; its sign (pointing towards the sun); why planets don't experience the anomalous acceleration and why the present day value of the Hubble scale R_H appears. It is the curvature-spin coupling of the planetary motions that hold the key. The difference in the rate at which clocks tick in C-space translates into the C-space analog of Doppler shifts which may explain the anomalous redshifts in Cosmology, where objects which are not that far apart from each other exhibit very different redshifts. We conclude by showing how the empirical formula for the Flybys anomalies obtained by Anderson et al. can be derived within the framework of Clifford geometry.

Will Solar Oscillations Spoil the Lisa Experiment?

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 2 pages

A conjecture is discussed whereby the gravitational mass of an object depends on its mass/radius ratio. If the conjecture is true then solar oscillations of the sun would cause large signals for LISA. These signals would be greater than those produced by gravitational waves from distant sources, and potentially spoil the experiment.

Unified Theory's Non-Expanding Universe Replaces Big Bang & Steady State Theories of Expanding Universe

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 11 pages

In a universe expanding as per the Big Bang or Steady State theory the cosmic redshifts should increase exponentially with time, which is not actually observed. So the universe is NOT expanding. In Unified Theory's non-expanding universe the total energy-mass content is eternally conserved with NO 'initial creation of matter from nothing' in a single big explosive event of the Big Bang theory or continuously as in the Steady State theory. The cosmic redshift is caused not by Doppler effects of receding velocities of stellar light sources but by depletion of photon energy during long passage through the sharmon medium due to non-Doppler effects of gravitational, electromagnetic & viscous losses. Cosmic microwave background follows naturally and plausible explanation given to the observation on Ia type supernovae, which has amazed & horrified the astronomers. Halton Arp's observation of high-redshift quasars in the vicinity of low-redshift parent star systems is also explained. There is no antigravity force permeating space and no likelihood for the universe to become empty ever in future. Age of the non-expanding universe is about 45 billion years. Dark energy and dark matter are related to the Sharmon medium. Realistic theory of Nonexpanding universe replaces Big Bang & Steady State theories of expanding universe.

Mechanism of Formation of Universe and Galaxies

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 10 pages

As the galaxies are formed and the Universe as a whole is reviewed in this article.

The Law of the Habble Cosmogonic Error

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 8 pages

In the article the problems, bound with the law Habble are reviewed

A Hypothesis on the Nature of Light.

Authors: Jim Arnold
Comments: 14 pages

It is proposed that light is at absolute rest, its apparent motion being the reflection of the motion of mass in time. The hypothesis resolves the paradox of the apparent wave/particle duality of light, accounts for its speed being invariant and a limit, explains other peculiarities of its behavior, and identifies the source of gravitational energy.

Unified Theory Replaces Relativity.

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 14 pages

A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for light wave and to introduce the non-existent 4-D spacetime continuum instead. It denied him the chance to address the intrinsic wave-quantum Unity of light and predict the new entity of 'basic substance' to compose all forms of E & m so compellingly demanded for the inter-conversions of E & m by the eqn. E=mc², which is now re-derived. Unified Theory gives cogent arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space, the all-composing & allpervading 'sharmon medium' as Basic Substance. It propagates light as a wave-quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space & time evolve from our perceptions of successive motions & changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. If existent it would retard motion of heavenly bodies, which is not actually observed. The non-composite static spacetime cannot undulate to transmit light. Various multidimensional spacetime continua are mere mathematical constructs bereft of physical existence and theories based on them unrealistic. Unified Theory explains from sharmon medium the constancy & invariance to source-observer motion, the two pillar postulates of Special Relativity without validating SR. It explains the Michelson-Morley and Sagnac experiments as also the observed variability of light velocity and superluminality, which invalidate Relativity Theories. Lorentz transformations do not describe any natural motion since no velocity can vary (like v) with, and be invariant (like c) to, a source-observer motion at the same time. The actual length of an object, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective contractions at the same time, making 'contraction of length' an unrealistic concept. So is 'dilatation of time'. Unified Theory derives from sharmon medium the Maxwell equations and the time containing and time free equations for the propagation of wavequantum unity in gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. The Schrodinger wave equation is also derived. It explains the photoelectric effect. Explanation of the bending of light in a gravitational field shows that photon has mass and gravitation is not a curvature in 4-D spacetime. All particles and energy-quanta have definite mass & size. Thus Unified Theory replaces Special & General Relativity.

The Rescaling Symmetry Principle.

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 9 pages

A symmetry principle is discussed whereby the whole universe can change scale. It is shown that a reinterpretation of 'expansion' of the universe, (due to changing scale factor), as a 'rescaling', can lead to a redshift of light, due to a changing of Plancks constant with time. Predictions for the magnitudes of supernovae against redshift are made and found to be in good agreement with supernovae data, without recourse to dark energy. Matter density, of one quarter critical density, occurs naturally from Einsteins equations, with an equation of state parameter of -1 (in accordance with values inferred from WMAP data). It is concluded that the reinterpretation of a solution of the equations of General Relativity, for the universe, may be necessary. The question of inertia is considered, and the new interpretation of General Relativity is found to support modern views on its cause.

On Gravity and the Motion of Dark Matter.

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 4 pages

It has proved problematic, within General Relativity, to form a general definition of mass. The results of singularity theorems also seem to indicate an incompleteness of General Relativity. A simple model of the effect of the gravitational self binding energy of masses, on both gravitational and inertial mass, is considered. The result is a reduction in gravitational mass for compact objects, consequently it is proposed that General Relativity, or its successor, will ultimately show that singularities cannot form. As another consequence it is found that dark matter can best account for the flat shape of galactic rotation curves, if it is moving continuously towards the galactic centre. It is proposed that dark matter is ejected periodically from galactic centres. These proposals may best be tested by computer simulation, and if found to give a realistic match to observations, they may act as a guide to those attempting a fully formulated theory.

Demonstration

Authors: António Saraiva
Comments: 2 pages

Einstein's spacetime doesn't exist because the Lorentz's invariance equation is equal to a constant.

On Theory of Relativity

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 33 pages.

In the article is given of a critic of a special and general relativity theory

Signal Photon Flux and Background Noise in a Coupling Electromagnetic Detecting System for High Frequency Gravitational Waves

Authors: Fangyu Li, Nan Yang, Zhenyun Fang, Robert M L Baker Jr., Gary V. Stephenson, Hao Wen
Comments: 33 pages.

Coupling system between Gaussian type-microwave photon flux, static magnetic field and fractal membranes (or other equivalent microwave lenses) can be used to detect high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) in the microwave band. We study the signal photon flux, background photon flux and the requisite minimal accumulation time of the signal in the coupling system. Unlike pure inverse Gertsenshtein effect (G-effect) caused by the HFGWs in the GHz band, the the electromagnetic (EM) detecting scheme (EDS) proposed by China and the US HFGW groups is based on the composite effect of the synchro-resonance effect and the inverse G-effect. Key parameters in the scheme is the first-order perturbative photon flux (PPF) and not the second-order PPF; the distinguishable signal is the transverse first-order PPF and not the longitudinal PPF; the photon flux focused by the fractal membranes or other equivalent microwave lenses is not only the transverse first-order PPF but the total transverse photon flux, and these photon fluxes have different signal-to-noise ratios at the different receiving surfaces. Theoretical analysis and numerical estimation show that the requisite minimal accumulation time of the signal at the special receiving surfaces and in the background noise fluctuation would be ~ 10³ -10⁵ seconds for the typical laboratory condition and parameters of h_r.m.s. ~ 10^-26 - 10^-30/√Hz at 5GHz with bandwidth ~1Hz. In addition, we review the inverse G-effect in the EM detection of the HFGWs, and it is shown that the EM detecting scheme based only on the pure inverse G-effect in the laboratory condition would not be useful to detect HFGWs in the microwave band.

Speed of Gravitation

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages.

Under the data of possible daily variations of gravity acceleration, speed of gravitation not less than in 106 times is exceeded speed of light.

The End of Broken Spacetime

Authors: Xavier Terri Castañé
Comments: 33 pages, English and Spanish versions included.

Any tetradimensional theory of gravity that was a consistent generalization of special relativity and no tolerating outstanding observers will get superior speeds to the local light speed in void. In this article the theory of general relativity from Einstein is refused because it is unable of carry out this requirement, therefore a new alternative generalization is propose, the connected theory that eliminates the black holes. A different light raises where the absolutely darnkness was before.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Minus Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 16 pages

Assuming that minus mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between minus and plus masses and also between minus and minus masses. Also, explanation on how minus masses will be distributed in the current state of space with Newton' Law of motion. As for dark matters and dark energy, minus mass can produce an additional centripetal force in the galaxy or galaxy cluster, which supports the dark matter, while the plus mass can emerge repulsive effects that accelerate the in ation direction and a qualitative interpretation could be possibly made on dark energy from minus mass. In 1998 year, observation by The High-z Supernova Search team, if the cosmological constant is 0, Ω_M = -0:38(±0:22). The quantity of the matter couldn't be negative value, so as far as I know, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. As a method for proving the existence of minus mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through minus mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through minus mass is proportional to distance r. Assuming that minus mass exists, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for in ation, dark energy that has plus values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter and deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe and formation of void and possibility to explain mechanism of in ation and difficulty in observation. As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of minus mass is stated.

On Four Independent Phenomena Sharing a Common Cause

Authors: Roger Ellman
Comments: 15 pages

Four independent unrelated phenomena, none of which has an established explanation, have now been extensively observed and a large amount of data substantiating the phenomena have been developed. The phenomena are as follows. - In 1933 F. Zwicky reported that the rotational balance of gravitational central attraction and rotational centripetal force in galaxies appeared to be out of balance, that a small additional centrally directed acceleration of unknown source appeared to be needed and to be acting. Numerous galactic rotation curves confirm that there is such an anomalous acceleration present and necessary in all rotating galaxies. - In 1998 the Pioneer Anomaly was first reported. The anomaly is a small acceleration, centrally directed [toward the Sun], constant, distance independent, and of unknown cause, observed in the tracking of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft from launch until their near departure from the Solar System. - In 2008 the Flybys Anomaly was first reported. The anomaly is unaccounted for changes in spacecraft speed, both increases and decreases, for six different spacecraft involved in Earth flybys from December 8, 1990 to August 2, 2005. - Also in 2008 a previously unknown large scale flow of galaxy clusters all in the same direction toward "the edge" of the observable universe was reported. Analysis discloses that the first three have in common the same locally centrally directed, small acceleration, one that is non-gravitational, distance independent, apparently constant, and unaccounted for. A cause and explanation of that common acceleration is presented. It is shown that the fourth phenomenon is fully consistent with that same cause and explanation.

A Review of Anomalous Redshift Data

Authors: Hilton Ratcliffe
Comments: A shortened version of this paper has been accepted for publication in the proceedings of the 2nd Crisis in Cosmology Conference, Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference proceedings, 2009.

One of the greatest challenges facing astrophysics is derivation of remoteness in cosmological objects. At large scales, it is almost entirely dependent upon the well-established Hubble relationship in spectral redshift. The comparison of galactic redshifts with distances arrived at by other means has yielded a useable curve to an acceptable confidence level, and the assumption of scale invariance allows the adoption of redshift as a standard calibration of cosmological distance. However, there have been several fields of study in observational astronomy that consistently give apparently anomalous results from ever-larger statistical samples, and would thus seem to require further careful investigation. This paper presents a review summary of recent independent work, primarily (for galaxies and proto-galaxies) by teams led by, respectively, D. G. Russell, M. Lopez-Corredoira, and H. C. Arp, and for galaxy clusters and large-scale structures, those of N. A. Bahcall, J.C. Jackson, and N. Kaiser. Included also are several other important contributions that will be fully cited in the text. The observational evidence is presented here per se without attempting theoretical conclusions or extrapolating the data to cosmology.

Simple Considerations About the Cosmological Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Generally, the cosmological redshift is considered as an indication of the expansion of the universe. However, we are going to consider, using very elemental arguments, that this physical phenomenon could be due to the gravitational field, and that the universe could be static and flat.

A Reinterpretation of the Law of Hubble

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The law of Hubble is considered as the law of the expansion of the space. However, in this short and very simple paper, we show, using very elemental arguments, that this experimental law can have its origin in the vectorial nature of the escape velocity.

Gravitational Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In this paper we obtain in an elemental way the basic equations that explain the observed redshift of the light emitted by the stars.

Doppler Shift and Aberration for Spherical Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Spherical wave vs. plane wave approximation to the nature of the electromagnetic waves in regard to the Doppler shift and aberration is considered. The first approach is free from the blue shift - red shift transition paradox innate for the second one. For spherical electromagnetic waves, in contrast with the plane ones, we have to assume that not only the magnitude, but also the direction of the light velocity (c) is the same in any inertial frame, which leads to the accepted expression for time dilation. The rest frame of the source of electromagnetic waves is unique among all inertial frames (in it the angles of emission and reception are the same, and there is no shift in wavelength in all directions). The spherical approximation to electromagnetic waves preserves this uniqueness without violating the principle of relativity of the uniform motion, while the planar approximation ignores of the source completely. Both approaches give the same Doppler shift in the directions of the relative motion of the frames, but the differences at the angles close to the normal to those directions may be dramatic, which makes the validity of the Lorentz transformation questionable.

Positive, Negative and Neutral Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Fu Yuhua, Fu Anjie, Zhao Ge
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

According to the viewpoints of "one divides into two", "one divides into three" (e.g. Neutrosophy) and "one divides into many", at present there exist six kinds of matter in the universe altogether (one divides into six). If there exists the ordinary matter (called matter for short), there must exist its opposite. However there may exist more than one kind of its opposite, today the known opposites of matter may be the antimatter and dark matter; Other three kinds of matter are the neutral ones: the first neutral matter between matter and antimatter (Prof. Smarandache named it unmatter), the second neutral matter between matter and dark matter, and the third neutral matter between antimatter and dark matter. Similarly, if there exists the original "law of universal gravitation" (positive law of universal gravitation), there must exist its opposites (negative laws of universal gravitation), and the neutral ones (neutral laws of universal gravitation). According to this analysis, it is impossible to find the unified and ultimate gravitational theory.

A Simple Note on the Light Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The gravitational redshift might explain any case of light redshift.

On Dark Energy, Weyl Geometry and Brans-Dicke-Jordan Scalar Field

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

We review firstly why Weyl's Geometry, within the context of Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmological models, can account for both the origins and the value of the observed vacuum energy density (dark energy). The source of dark energy is just the dilaton-like Jordan-Brans-Dicke scalar field that is required to implement Weyl invariance of the most simple of all possible actions. A nonvanishing value of the vacuum energy density of the order of 10^-123M⁴_Planck is derived in agreement with the experimental observations. Next, a Jordan-Brans-Dicke gravity model within the context of ordinary Riemannian geometry, yields also the observed vacuum energy density (cosmological constant) to very high precision. One finds that the temporal flow of the scalar field φ(t) in ordinary Riemannian geometry, from t = 0 to t = to, has the same numerical effects (as far as the vacuum energy density is concerned) as if there were Weyl scalings from the field configuration φ(t), to the constant field configuration φ_o, in Weyl geometry. Hence, Weyl scalings in Weyl geometry can recapture the flow of time which is consistent with Segal's Conformal Cosmology, in such a fashion that an expanding universe may be visualized as Weyl scalings of a static universe. The main novel result of this work is that one is able to reproduce the observed vacuum energy density to such a degree of precision 10^-123M⁴_Planck, while still having a Big-Bang singularity at t = 0 when the vacuum energy density blows up. This temporal flow of the vacuum energy density, from very high values in the past, to very small values today, is not a numerical coincidence but is the signal of an underlying Weyl geometry (conformal invariance) operating in cosmology, combined with the dynamics of a Brans-Dicke-Jordan scalar field.

An Astounding Not-so-Simple Retro-Causal Hologram Universe Simultaneous Solution to the Cosmological Constant & Arrow of Time Enigmas?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 7 pages.

The bias against Wheeler-Feynman retro-causal advanced waves from a future absorber, a general lack of understanding of when the asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon is in our subjective observable causal diamond piece of the multiverse, Hawkings chronology protection conjecture, and the lack of comprehension of the strange implications of the tHooft-Susskind hologram principle [i] have not allowed us to see what is in front of our eyes since the discovery of dark energy energy accelerating the expansion rate of 3D space ten years or so ago. Bernard Carr [ii] has already published a brief account of my idea that retrocausality is the key to understanding the biggest problem in physics today why the dark energy density is so small. My paper with Creon Levit (NASA AMES) [iii] based on my brief talk at DICE 2008 further developed that idea. This paper, is still a simpler explanation of why the virtual boson dark energy density is so small and how it is intimately connected to the Arrow of Time of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. [iv] The basic idea is so simple that any bright curious schoolboy or girl can grasp it without too much difficulty. Our universe grows from one qubit at the moment of inflation to an asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon hologram screen ~ 10¹²³ qubits that is also the upper limit to the total thermodynamic entropy of our observable universe in the precise sense of Tamara Daviss 2004 Ph.D. dissertation at the University of New South Wales. The early universe is obviously not de Sitter, therefore, we have already there an obvious temporal asymmetry explaining the Arrow of Time. The dark energy density we see in our past light cone is proportional to the inverse area of our future de Sitter horizon at its intersection with our future light cone in accord with the Wheeler-Feynman retrocausal absorber principle. [v] Our future de Sitter null horizon is the Wheeler-Feynman total future absorber of last resort giving us retrocausality without retrocausality similar to the nonlocality without nonlocality of the no cloning a quantum or passion at a distance of orthodox quantum theorys signal locality. The link between our future and our past is a globally self-consistent time loop in the sense of Igor Novikov. Indeed, this is a bootstrap of self-creation from future to past. The past dark energy density is indeed the Planck density at the moment of inflation, but Tamara Daviss Fig 5.1 shows that this density quickly drops to the small constant value that has been dominant in the past few billion years bearing in mind that what matters, is not the spacelike intersection at a constant conformal time, but, rather, the intersection of the observers future light cone with his future dark energy horizon. However, although I have not yet proved that the dark energy seen in our past light cone is really advanced Hawking radiation from our future observer-dependent de Sitter cosmic horizon that is, in addition, likely to be a holographic (post) quantum computer not in sub-quantal equilibrium. I have given a plausible argument that this may turn out to be true.

Toward a Retro-Causal Hologram Universe Simultaneous Solution to the Cosmological Constant & Arrow of Time Enigmas

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 5 pages.

The bias against Wheeler-Feynman retro-causal advanced waves from a future absorber, a general lack of understanding when the asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon is in our subjective observable causal diamond piece of the multiverse, Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, and the lack of comprehension of the strange implications of the t'Hooft-Susskind hologram principle have not allowed us to see what is in front of our eyes since the discovery of dark energy energy accelerating the expansion rate of 3D space ten years or so ago. Bernard Carr has already published a brief account of my idea that retrocausality is the key to understanding the biggest problem in physics today - why the dark energy density is so small. My paper with Creon Levit (NASA AMES) based on my brief talk at DICE 2008 further developed that idea. This paper, is still a simpler explanation of why the virtual boson dark energy density is so small and how it is intimately connected to the Arrow of Time of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The basic idea is so simple that any bright curious schoolboy or girl can grasp it without too much difficulty. Our universe grows from one qubit at the moment of inflation to an asymptotically constant de Sitter horizon hologram screen ~ 10¹²³ qubits that is also the upper limit to the total thermodynamic entropy of our observable universe in the precise sense of Tamara Davis's 2004 Ph.D. dissertation at the University of New South Wales. The early universe is obviously not de Sitter, therefore, we have already there an obvious temporal asymmetry explaining the Arrow of Time. The dark energy density we see in our past light cone is proportional to the inverse area of our future de Sitter horizon at its intersection with our future light cone in accord with the Wheeler-Feynman principle. Our future de Sitter null horizon is the Wheeler-Feynman "total future absorber" of last resort giving us "retrocausality without retrocausality" similar to the "nonlocality without nonlocality" of the "no cloning a quantum" or "passion at a distance" of orthodox quantum theory's "signal locality." The link between our future and our past is a globally self-consistent time loop in the sense of Igor Novikov. Indeed, this is a bootstrap of selfcreation from future to past. The past dark energy density is indeed the Planck density at the moment of inflation, but Tamara Davis's Fig 5.1 shows that this density quickly drops to the small constant value that has been dominant in the past few billion years - bearing in mind that what matters, is not the spacelike intersection at a constant conformal time, but, rather, the intersection of the observer's future light cone with his future dark energy horizon. However, I have not yet proved that the dark energy seen in our past light cone is really advanced Hawking radiation from our future observer-dependent de Sitter cosmic horizon that is, in addition, likely to be a holographic (post) quantum computer not in sub-quantal equilibrium.

Concept and Method of Physimatics

Authors: Robert Gallinat
Comments: 5 pages, v1 is in German, v2 is in English

Conceptual approach and heuristic method for an investigation of the possible algebraic structure of the interdependence between mathematical and physical reality and about the connection between local, non-local and global properties in physics and mathematics, expressed by a general n-fold algebra

Relativistic GPS Evidence and Quantum Gravity Architecture of the Discrete Field Model

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 12 Pages.

Adjustment of GPS satellite clocks for relativistic effects is often cited as important evidence for Relativity. In 1952 Einstein said it is "logically unavoidable" that space is made up of; "an infinite number of spaces in motion relatively to each other." The Discrete Field Model (DFM) is derived from this, and testing it in the same way should show if this applies simply to 'systems of co-ordinates' or to real physical phenomena as the model predicts. Previous papers http://vixra.org/abs/0909.0047 and http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0041 describe a model complying with SR postulates. They uncover consistent evidence suggesting a change in just one assumption pursuant to SR may resolve anomalies and paradoxes. This is reviewed conceptually and QG implications are considered. The GPS evidence, identified in the 2nd paper as potential falsification of the DFM, is considered and logically analysed with other data. Evidence is found that the co-ordinate system also has a real physical basis, able to be described by quantum field phenomena. The root cause and implications are discussed.

A Solution for "Dark Matter" Mystery, Based on Euclidean Relativity.

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 33 pages.

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "dark matter mystery". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. Concerning the mystery of the velocity of the stars inside a galaxy, the study calculates a theoretical curve which is different from the one coming from Newton's law. This theoretical curve is very close, qualitatively speaking, to the measured one. Concerning the mystery of the velocity of a galaxy inside its group, the explanation is more direct. For this mystery, the study calculates a greater value for G, the gravitational constant.

A Solution for "Dark Matter" Mystery, Based on Euclidean Relativity.

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 31 pages.

The study of this article suggests an explanation for the "dark matter mystery". This explanation is based on a modification of Newton's law. This modification is conducted from an Euclidean vision of relativity. Concerning the mystery of the velocity of the stars inside a galaxy, the study calculates a theoretical curve which is different from the one coming from Newton's law. This theoretical curve is very close, qualitatively speaking, to the measured one. Concerning the mystery of the velocity of a galaxy inside its group, the explanation is more direct. For this mystery, the study calculates a greater value for G, the gravitational constant.

A Solution for "Dark Matter" Mystery, Based on Euclidean Relativity.

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 29 pages.

The aim of this article is to address an issue yields by general relativity. This issue may be explained : << global space's shape determination >>. This absolute space-time is the general relativity space-time, and this space deformation in space-time must be in conformity with Newton's law at least for long distances. The adopted point of view is an Euclidean relativity. One thus places oneself in a purely Euclidean mathematical context, with 4 dimensions (three of space, x, y, z, and one of time : ct). This for restricted relativity. For general relativity of course we use the same and we extend it overall with a tensor. Except that here locally it is an Euclidean metric used to represent space-time.

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DE Replacement?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 41 pages, 2 figures, companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0012

This 41 page PPT changed to PDF is material in common A.Beckwith gave in the ChristChurch, New Zealand Meeting, December 16th, 2009, i.e. the ACGRG 5th conference in GR , and also to be presented in the Beyond the Standard Model, 2010 meeting, in South Africa

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to Space Time Physics & Deceleration Parameter ( DE Replacement?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 39 pages, 2 figures, companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0012

This 39 page PPT changed to PDF is material in common A.Beckwith gave in the ChristChurch, New Zealand Meeting, December 16th, 2009, i.e. the ACGRG 5th conference in GR , and also to be presented in the Beyond the Standard Model, 2010 meeting, in South Africa

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space-Time Physics for the 5th Acgrg5 Meeting

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 34 pages, 2 figures, companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0912.0012

This 34 page PPT changed to PDF is the 20 minute talk A.Beckwith gives in the ChristChurch, New Zealand Meeting, December 16th, 2009, i.e. the ACGRG 5th conference in GR

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 20 pages. Significant re dos of material on deceleration parameter q(z) on pages 3, 4, and also Appendix A ( just added ). Figure 1 re sized and re parameterized. Additional work done on rest of document to answer questions raised by participants in Beyond the Standard Model, 2010, and also major re dos of what is now Appendix D. Emphasis as as source document of information for some of the presentations for several conference presentations, including Beyond the Standard Model 2010, and SPESIF 2010, and Piers XIAN, 2010, as well as possibly either IDM 2010 in July, or DICE 2010 in September 2010.

The following document is to answer if higher dimensions add value to answering fundamental cosmology questions. The results are mixed, 1st with higher dimensions apparently helping in reconstructing and preserving the value of Planck's constant, and the fine structure constant from a prior to a present universe, while 2nd failing to add anything different from four dimensional cosmological models to the question of what would cause an increase in the expansion rate of the universe, as of a billion years ago. Finally 3rd, higher dimensions may allow creation of a joint DM and DE model. A choice between LQG and brane world geometry is introduced by Snyder geometry, where Snyder geometry's minimum uncertainty length calculations δx may help determine to what extent gravity is an emergent field that is classical. Independent of the choice of LQG and branes (four dimensions versus higher dimensional cosmology models) is the following question: If gravity is largely classical, how much nonlinearity is involved? Gravitons and their structure as information carriers may help answer these questions. The main point of this document: DM and DE may be unified in terms of cosmological dynamics if the higher dimensional models of DM, as seen by KK towers of gravitons are seen to be pertinent to increasing acceleration of the universe a billion years ago via a 4th dimensional small graviton mass term added to the KK tower DM representation of gravitons (a model of DM).

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 25 pages, Source document for the ACGRG5 20 minute talk by the author in Christ Church, New Zealand, in December 16th, 2009 five figures, no tables. Section on GW detection, re included, and the end note style, plus other revisions put in to make the article adhere to typical science paper criteria submitted to a journal

The following document is to answer if higher dimensions add value to answering fundamental cosmology questions. The results are mixed, 1st with higher dimensions apparently helping in reconstructing and preserving the value of Plancks constant, and the fine structure constant from a prior to a present universe, while 2nd failing to add anything different from four dimensional cosmological models to the question of what would cause an increase in the expansion rate of the universe, as of a billion years ago. Finally 3rd,, higher dimensions may enable creation of a joint DM and DE model. A choice between LQG and brane world geometry is introduced by Snyder geometry, where Snyder geometry's minimum uncertainty length calculations Δx may help determine to what extent gravity is an emergent field that is partly or largely classical. Independent of the choice of LQG and branes (four dimensions versus higher dimensional cosmology models) is the following question: If gravity is largely classical, how much nonlinearity is involved? Gravitons and their structure as information carriers may help answer these questions. The main point of this document: DM and DE may be seen to be unified in terms of cosmological dynamics if the higher dimensional models of DM, as seen by KK towers of Gravitons are seen to be pertinent to increasing acceleration of the universe a billion years ago via a 4th dimensional small graviton mass term.added to the KK tower DM representation of Gravitons (a model of DM) In 4 dimensions, 11 dimensional DM structure 'imitates' DE in four dimensions.

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 25 pages, Source document for the ACGRG5 20 minute talk by the author in Christ Church, New Zealand, in December 16th, 2009 five figures, no tables. Section on GW detection, re included, and the end note style, plus other revisions put in to make the article adhere to typical science paper criteria submitted to a journal

This thought experiment supposition will be raised, as a way to start investigations as to being able to choose either LQG, or string theory, as an initial space time template for emergent gravity . The author intends to explore the applications of deformed Euclidian space to questions as of the role of either string theory and/or LQG as to what degree the fundamental constants of nature are preserved between different cosmological cycles, and also the degree that gravity is an emergent field which is either partly/largely classical, with extreme non linearity, or a far more quantum phenomenon.

Applications of Euclidian Snyder Geometry to the Foundations of Space Time Physics

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 19 pages, Source document for the ACGRG5 20 minute talk by the author in Christ Church, New Zealand, in December 16th, 2009. Four figures, no tables. Section on GW detection, four pages, removed as to be presented in a separate article.

This thought experiment supposition will be raised, as a way to start investigations as to being able to choose either LQG, or string theory, as an initial space time template for emergent gravity . The author intends to explore the applications of deformed Euclidian space to questions as of the role of either string theory and/or LQG as to what degree the fundamental constants of nature are preserved between different cosmological cycles, and also the degree that gravity is an emergent field which is either partly/largely classical, with extreme non linearity, or a far more quantum phenomenon.

Stretched Neutrinos, and the Supposed Linkage to Gravitons/ HFGW Data Sets

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: pages, 1 figure. Replaced due to marked re dos of contents of document to adhere to minimum formatting protocol, and information contents expected of a 12 marcel Grossman conference entry. In particular, the conclusion has been almost totally re done.

The issue of whether or not a correlation exists between neutrino physics and gravitational wave data sets/gravitons is raised anew. Particular emphasis is placed on analysis of the Fuller and Kishimoto scenario, suggesting that the wave function of a relic neutrino may span up to billions of light years across galaxies because of its low energy and particles traveling at different speeds. There is an initial close relationship between gravitational waves/gravitons and relic neutrinos in early-universe nucleation, so is there is a corresponding "stretch-out" of gravitons? If so, what would this imply for improved graviton/gravity wave detectors?

Cosmic Deceleration Parameter Q(Z) Dependence Upon Gravitons? Implications for DM Models, De, and the Search for Gravitons as Measured Via E and M Interactions in Detectors

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 5 pages.

In this paper the author asks if DM and gravitons could also impact the cosmic acceleration of the universe, leading to an increase of acceleration one billion years ago, in a manner usually attributed to DE. Following Alves, et al. (2009) the author will high light what KK style gravitons, with a slightly different mass profile could mean in terms of DM The consequences are from assuming that axions are CDM, and KK gravitons are for WDM, then up to a point, ρ_{Warm-Dark-Matter} would dominate not only structure formation in early universe formation, Further efforts in obtaining data for such suppositions would lie in electro magnetic-graviton interactions contributing toward h₀² Ω_gw (f) being appropriately measured.

Limited Space Domain (L.S.D.) Theory

Authors: Steven Sesselmann
Comments: 12 pages.

A relativistic theory of cosmology proposing that the size of an observers Universe depends on it's own rest mass, and that the observers total potential energy domain is 2mc² , spanning the range from -mc² to +mc² . The space dimension of the observers Universe is shown to be limited by the Schwarzschild Radius near the observers center of gravity and by the observers Mass Horizon Radius (MHR) which is the maximum distance from the origin, that an observer of mass m is able to interact. By a leap of faith, this theory draws the conclusion that the size of the Universe is a mass dependent variable. Calculations show that the current astronomical measurements of the Universe, agrees closely with the MHR for a human weighing around 80 kg. More importantly, the MHR gives us a mass to space ratio, which allows us to accurately calculate the mass-energy of empty space.

Distance, Rotational Velocities, Red Shift, Mass, Length and Angular Momentum of 111 Spiral Galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 11 pages

To date, methods of direct measurement of the distance to galaxies have been limited in their range[1]. This paper makes direct measurements of distant galaxies by comparing spiral arm structures to the expected locus of gravitational influence along the geodesic in a centripetally accelerating reference frame. Such measurements provide a method of independent validation of the extragalactic distance ladder without presupposition of the uniformly expanding universe theory. The methodology of this paper avoids the use of Hubble's constant in the measurement of the distance to galaxies beyond the range of contemporary direct measurement methods. The measurements are validated by meaningful trends between distance and other variables such as mass, rotational velocity, size and angular momentum to validate the measurements made. A Hubble diagram calculated using this method is presented from data obtained from 111 spiral galaxies in the southern hemisphere to about 200 MPc distance. The galactic red shift from these galaxies appears independent to distance. Galactic structure, size, masses and angular momentum are seen to have a distinct relationship to the spin velocity, or tangential velocity, associated with each galaxy.

A Comparisson of Distance Measurements to NGC 4258

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 4 pages

The accurate measurement of extragalactic distances is a central challenge of modern astronomy, being required for any realistic description of the age, geometry and fate of the Universe. The measurement of relative extragalactic distances has become fairly routine, but estimates of absolute distances are rare.[1] In the vicinity of the Sun, direct geometric techniques for obtaining absolute distances, such as orbital parallax, are feasible, but heretofore such techniques have been difficult to apply to other galaxies. As a result, uncertainties in the expansion rate and age of the Universe are dominated by uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the extragalactic distance ladder[2]. Here we compare previous distance measurements to the galaxy NGC 4258 from both an estimate of Hubble's constant and a direct measurement of orbital motions in a disk of gas surrounding the nucleus of this galaxy to a direct measurement using a model of constant rotational velocity and galactic spiral morphology. The results of the comparison help validate methods of direct measurement of spiral galaxies to much greater distances.

A Comparisson of Distance Measurements to NGC 4258

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 4 pages

The accurate measurement of extragalactic distances is a central challenge of modern astronomy, being required for any realistic description of the age, geometry and fate of the Universe. The measurement of relative extragalactic distances has become fairly routine, but estimates of absolute distances are rare.[1] In the vicinity of the Sun, direct geometric techniques for obtaining absolute distances, such as orbital parallax, are feasible, but heretofore such techniques have been difficult to apply to other galaxies. As a result, uncertainties in the expansion rate and age of the Universe are dominated by uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the extragalactic distance ladder[2]. Here we compare previous distance measurements to the galaxy NGC 4258 from both an estimate of Hubble's constant and a direct measurement of orbital motions in a disk of gas surrounding the nucleus of this galaxy to a direct measurement using a model of constant rotational velocity and galactic spiral morphology. The results of the comparison help validate methods of direct measurement of spiral galaxies to much greater distances.

A Comparisson of Distance Measurements to NGC 4258

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 4 pages

The accurate measurement of extragalactic distances is a central challenge of modern astronomy, being required for any realistic description of the age, geometry and fate of the Universe. The measurement of relative extragalactic distances has become fairly routine, but estimates of absolute distances are rare.[1] In the vicinity of the Sun, direct geometric techniques for obtaining absolute distances, such as orbital parallax, are feasible, but heretofore such techniques have been diffcult to apply to other galaxies. As a result, uncertainties in the expansion rate and age of the Universe are dominated by uncertainties in the absolute calibration of the extragalactic distance ladder[2]. Here we compare previous distance measurements to the galaxy NGC 4258 from both an estimate of Hubble's constant and a direct measurement of orbital motions in a disk of gas surrounding the nucleus of this galaxy to a direct measurement using a model of constant rotational velocity and galactic spiral morphology. The results of the comparisson help validate methods of direct measurement of spiral galaxies to much greater distances.

About Gravity

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity plays a double conservation role in nature, conserving both: 1) the intrinsic motion of light (by converting it to the intrinsic motion of time - via the annihilation of space and the extraction of a metrically equivalent temporal residue (entropy conservation role); and 2) the non-local distributional symmetry of light's energy (by converting bound to free energy in stars, and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (symmetry conservation role). These two conservation roles derive from the double gauge role of "velocity c", which regulates both light's intrinsic motion c (the entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy), and light's nonlocal distributional symmetry (vanishing time and distance in the direction of propagation). When gravity conserves light's non-local, distributional symmetry (in obedience to "Noether's Theorem"), via gravity's "location" charge, gravity also conserves light's entropy drive by default, since time itself is the active principle of the "location" charge. In

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum Foundations (Is Gravity a Classical or Quantum Phenomenon at Its Genesis 13.7 Billion Years Ago?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 32 pages, 3 figures [ part a and b of figure 3, which are of the same process ] (instead of four ). Re do of conclusion, plus some other changes after first version of this article rejected by American physics journal. Now sent to European physics journal. Emphasis put upon , in conclusion an open inquiry as to how to use concept of entropy as a way to add more structure to obtaining from a GW detector the normalized GW 'energy density' "function" which may have coupling of gravitons with E and M & other stuff. Open question as to if Instanton-anti instanton representation of graviton as a way to explain 10^ - 65 gram supposed deviation of graviton from usual zero rest mass in zeroth order KK tower representation of KK gravitons introduced, as possible deviation from correspondence principle. Possible role for t'Hoofts treatment of QM in his 2006 article about deterministic QM, as embedding background for QM.

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 9th, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classically. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping profiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states. If squeezing of the initial vacuum states is essential in the relic conditions, then quantization is unavoidable. If squeezing is not essential, then coherent initial vacuum states may contribute in semi classical ways to GW production. The end result of this stated inquiry may be answering if or not gravity in the onset of inflation is a quantized field. Or if a highly non linear set of complex initial conditions for gravity can be stated using purely classical models, as T'Hooft, Corda, and others believe.

Entropy Growth in the Universe, Dark Matter Models, with a Nod to the Lithium Problem

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 pages. no figures. Beginning of evolution and work on submission for the 12 Marcel Grossman conference by A. Beckwith for a written summary of the contribution A. Beckwith gave in the July 17th meeting of the Paris Obervatory of the Dark Matter parallel session run by Dr. Chardin, of France, in 2009

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 17, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classically. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping profiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states.

Why Are there Stars with Essentially no Lithium Due to Serious Lithium Deficiency in Certain Spatial Regions in the Early Universe?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 4 pages, no figures

The consequence of abnormally low lithium abundance in a nearby population II star (which is almost as old as the supposed population III stars) as represented by HE0107-5240 is that the standard BBN theory is out of sync with observations. The analysis of the big bang nucleosynthesis may help explain the anomalously low value of lithium abundance in the star HE0107-5240, which by orthodox BBN, should not exist, as explained by Shigeyama et al. (2003) [1]

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem: Why Are there Stars with Essentially no Lithium Due to Serious Lithium de Ciency in Certain Spatial Regions in the Early Universe?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 3 page article, no figures. Correction of spelling in typed out title. Also, the version, PDF, corresponds to a submission already made to Amand Fassler, editor of Progress in nuclear and particle physics journal, for a special Erice 31st Nuclear Physics 2009 school edition.

The consequences of abnormally low lithium abundance in a nearby population II star (which is almost as old as the supposed population III stars) as represented by HE0107-5240 are that standard BBN theory is out of sync with observations. Analysis of the big bang nucleosynthesis may help explain the anomalously low value of lithium abundance in the star HE0107-5240, which by orthodox BBN, should not exist, as explained by Shigeyama et al.

Entropy, GW, and the Question of the Degree of Classical Physics Contribution to Early GW Waves

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: A companion piece to http://vixra.org/abs/0909.0042 of the Numerical analysis and applied mathematics special symposium organized by Christian Corda, in Rethymno, Crete, 18-22 September 2009

A first order presentation of the questions the author believes must be addressed for fufilling the promise of GW astronomy in terms of understanding the origins of our universe. Organized in five questions , and themes which end with asking if quantum foundations / structures to our cosmological space time are mandantory, or if T'Hoofts vision of quantum physics being a sub set to a larger 'deterministic quantum theory; as t;Hooft phrases the successor to quantum probability, as envisions it .

Entropy, Neutrino Physics, and the Lithium Problem Why Stars with no Lithium in Early Universe Exist

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 32 pages, and pre cursor of 3 page academic text requested by Dr Faessler for a special edition of the journal "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics" (Editor: Amand Faessler) which has been made of the author in lieu of a successful presentation in the "International School of Nuclear Physics, 31st Course : Neutrinos in Cosmology, in Astro-, Particle- and Nuclear Physics, Erice-Sicily September 16-24, 2009"

We present a first principle argument for modeling changes in BBN which may affect the probability that super massive stars forming before galactic structures formed may have been sans Lithium 7. The author believes that relic neutrinos plus gravitons may play a role in damping and modifying the density fluctuations of early space time, which have chances to affect nucleosynthesis.

Equivalence Between the Empty Microspace and the Cosmological Space

Authors: R.A. Isasi
Comments: 23 pages

In this article, we discuss the origin and nature of the total photon number N of the CMB radiation in relation with the critical baryons number Nb and the energy of the empty space. The CMB radiation, is considered as an huge ampliation of the phenomena at atomic scale originated in the past, as the background microwawes are also the support of all the prints originated by posteriors perturbations. This allows us to establish a connection between the microsphysics and macrophysics by means of their reduction to a problem of scale and dimensional analysis. Taking into account the mean wavelenght of the CMB radiation, we can parametrize the total number of photons as an invariant number through the succesive evolutive phases. The equivalence between the electrical potential and the gravitational potential, is established by the relativistic implications which is found in Millikan's experiment. This generalization makes it possible extend the formula of Saha used specifically in the inverse thermal ionization, and extend it to the gravitational collapse when the Universe had de size of 1.032 Mps. Furthermore, this scale units, marks as much as the initial conditions, as the present one for the Hubble Law.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe, and the Search for Determining if Gravity is Classical or Quantum , Part III (Is Gravity a Classical or Quantum Phenomenon at Its Genesis 13.7 Billion Years Ago?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: part III of a series of inter related articles in the process of finalization which discuss entropy in terms of the search for if or not gravity is a classical or quantum emergent "field" in relic conditions. 33 pages

In the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting, July 9th, 2009, the author raised the issue of whether early graviton production could affect non-Gaussian contributions to DM density profiles. Non gaussianity of evolving cosmological states is akin to asking if there is a way to get quantum contributions due to squeezed initial vacuum states which act highly non classscially. If particle counting algorithms in graviton production is important as for entropy, and if entropy perturbations affects the density profile of dark matter clumping prifiles, then there is room to ask to what degree initial perturbations affecting structure formation are due to classical/ non linear processes, or more quantum theoretic states. If squeezing of the initial vacuum states is essential in the relic conditions, then quantization is unavoidable. If squeezing is not essential, then coherent initial vacuum states may contribute in semi classical ways to GW production . The end result of this stated inquiry may be answering if or not gravity in the onset of inflation is a quantized field. Or if a highly non linear set of complex initial conditions for gravity can be stated using purely classical models, as T'Hooft, Corda, and others believe. Note, also that Bojowald as of 2008 has left the degree of squeezing of initial vacuum states in the region of space as an open problem. In Bojowald's model of a cosmological bounce, the degree of squeezing is a measure of what strength the "bounce" from an initial configuration of the universe takes, and how strongly quantum effects contribute to the evolution of the LQG cosmos, after inflation commences. Similar questions are being raised as to the necessity of squeezing of initial vacuum states and if or not coherency of initial states is initially largely achievable, before the rapid expansion of the universe commences. Finally, and not least is a series of questions as to what conditions which would either require high or low frequencies as to relic signals from the big bang. As it is, large spatial dimensions which could induce far lower initial frequencies for relic signals are popular in many string theory models. The author views this assumption as of debatable validity, as well as the assumption made by Arkani Hamid that largely does away with coherency of initial vacuum states and specifies highly quantum , low frequency generation of relic GW.

The Spiral Structure of NGC 3198.

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 10 pages

Observations of NGC 3198 show a discrepancy between the rotational velocity and its apparent geometry which defies the predicted behaviour of Keplerian Dynamics. This paper reconciles this anomaly by considering the relativistic effect of gravity on galactic spiral arms over great distances in a rotating reference frame. Keplerian dynamics hold true in this analysis by considering the rotational behaviour of a cloud of stars as more accurate than that of a central mass with satellites at discrete orbits. A re-examination from first principles describes the spiral arms of NGC 3198 as a linear star cloud of near-uniform density which appears, from our local reference frame, as a non-uniform disc due to its rotation. The apparent non-uniform radial distribution of stars is described by delayed gravitational interactions over great distances in an accelerating reference frame whereby a uniform distribution of stars appears to occupy an increasing circumference. The theory is substantiated by deriving the shape of a linear star cloud of the dimensions and rotational velocity of NGC 3198 as it would appear from Earth, using Einstein's equations and Keplerian dynamics. Since the derived shape is congruent with the observed shape of NGC 3198, the exact shape and size of the resulting spiral can be used to determine its distance from Earth with great accuracy using simple trigonometry.

Entropy Growth in the Early Universe and Confirmation of Initial Big Bang Conditions ( Wheeler De Witt Eqn. Results Vs. String Theory ?)

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 2 pages, submission to the Blois 2009 conference proceedings

Initial relic entropy growth is presented as a natural outgrowth of relic graviton production, as a generalization of Dr. J.Y Ng's infinite quantum statistics. The adaptation and modification of Ng's (2008) argument, is an outgrowth of string theory cosmology arguments, and is essentially a counting algorithm for relic graviton production. This article is a very abbreviated version of a presentation given in Chongquing, PRC, in April, 2009, at the Chongquing University Physic's department as a guest of Dr. Fangyu Li, and his gravitational research group.

Unified Theory Replaces Relativity.

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 14 pages

F A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the physical medium for light wave and to introduce the non-existent 4-D spacetime continuum instead. It denied him the chance to address the intrinsic wave-quantum Unity of light and predict the new entity of 'basic substance' to compose all forms of E & m so compellingly demanded for the inter-conversions of E & m by the eqn. E=mc², which is now re-derived. Unified Theory gives cogent arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space, the all-composing & allpervading 'sharmon medium' as Basic Substance. It propagates light as a wave-quantum UNITY, the particle aspect showing up at short wavelength e.g. from ~ 7000 A° downward in photochemical effects and below ~ 3000 A° in photoelectric effects. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space & time evolve from our perceptions of successive motions & changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. If existent it would retard motion of heavenly bodies, which is not actually observed. Any non-composite static spacetime cannot undulate to transmit light. Various multidimensional spacetime continua are mere mathematical constructs bereft of physical existence and theories based on them unrealistic. Unified Theory explains from sharmon medium the constancy & invariance to source-observer motion, the two pillar postulates of Special Relativity without validating SR. It explains the Michelson-Morley and Sagnac experiments as also the observed variability of light velocity and superluminality, which invalidate Relativity Theories. Lorentz transformations do not describe any natural motion since no velocity can vary (like v) with, and be invariant (like c) to, a source-observer motion at the same time. The actual length of an object, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective contractions at the same time, making 'contraction of length' an unrealistic concept. So is 'dilatation of time'. Unified Theory derives from sharmon medium the Maxwell equations and the time containing and time free equations for the propagation of wave-quantum unity in gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. The Schrodinger wave equation is also derived. It explains the photoelectric effect. Explanation of the bending of light in a gravitational field shows that photon has mass and gravitation is not a curvature in 4-D spacetime. All particles and energy-quanta have definite mass & size.

Unified Theory Replaces Relativity.

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 14 pages

A wave exists only in its propagating medium but Einstein erred to discard the medium for light wave and to introduce the non-existent 4-D spacetime continuum instead. It denied him the chance to address the intrinsic wave-quantum Unity of light and predict the new entity of 'basic substance' to compose all forms of E & m so compellingly demanded for the inter-conversions of E & m by the eqn. E=mc², which is now re-derived. Unified Theory gives cogent arguments and experimental support for the existence of a real physical medium in space, the all-composing & allpervading 'sharmon medium' as Basic Substance. It propagates light as a wave-quantum UNITY. The non-substantive abstract concepts of space & time evolve from our perceptions of successive motions & changes in the surrounding objects and cannot fuse into any concrete spacetime continuum. If existent it would retard motion of heavenly bodies, which is not actually observed. The non-composite static spacetime cannot undulate to transmit light. Various multidimensional spacetime continua are mere mathematical constructs bereft of physical existence and theories based on them unrealistic. Unified Theory explains from sharmon medium the constancy & invariance to source-observer motion, the two pillar postulates of Special Relativity without validating SR. It explains the Michelson-Morley and Sagnac experiments as also the observed variability of light velocity and superluminality, which invalidate Relativity Theories. Lorentz transformations do not describe any natural motion since no velocity can vary (like v) with, and be invariant (like c) to, a source-observer motion at the same time. The actual length of an object, viewed by say, 100 differently moving observers cannot undergo 100 different objective contractions at the same time, making 'contraction of length' an unrealistic concept. So is 'dilatation of time'. Unified Theory derives from sharmon medium the Maxwell equations and the time containing and time free equations for the propagation of wavequantum unity in gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. The Schrodinger wave equation is also derived. It explains the photoelectric effect. Explanation of the bending of light in a gravitational field shows that photon has mass and gravitation is not a curvature in 4-D spacetime. All particles and energy-quanta have definite mass & size. Thus Unified Theory replaces Special & General Relativity.

Is the Sun's Warmth Gravitationally Attractive?

Authors: Peter Fred
Comments: 16 pages

Experiments show that the gravitational mass of a test mass will increase when heat conducts upwards through it. A ~489 gm copper hemisphere was placed above a 1000 W heat element and below and two ice-filled copper containers. After 400 seconds of heating, the gravitational mass of the hemisphere had increased by 9.6 % or 47gm. If the sun's warmth decreases earth's dayside surface gravity by as little as 0.08 %, the produced pressure imbalance at its center will be enough to account for its centripetal acceleration towards the sun. This calculation suggests that bound systems such as stars, planets, galaxies and clusters have residing in them powerful "threedimensional lever" that can be activated by the slight warmth of a outside source of heat. Since with all these objects heat conducts from their centers outwards, an experimentally backed means becomes available to explain why they are bound that does not depend on the putative dark matter or the mysterious attractive power of mass. Observations indicate that the cosmic star formation rate declines at z ≈ 1 . They also indicate that at z_t=0.61_-0.21^+3.68(1σ) that cosmic acceleration commences. If the former causes the latter, an experimentally backed way becomes available to account for cosmic acceleration that does not involve vast amounts of energy coming out of the vacuum.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 pages

From the observance of the HSS team in 1998, they gained the mass density of the negative(&Omega_M = -0.38(±0.22)), using field equations which do not have the cosmological constant. The quantity of the mass couldn't be negative value in they thought, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of positive mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens even if negative mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that negative mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between negative and positive masses and also between negative and negative masses. As a method for proving the existence of negative mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through negative mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through negative mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Universe's radius R is 96:76[_-11:44^+12:13 ]Gly = (85.32 ~ 108.89)Gly. Assuming that negative mass and positive mass were born together at the beginning of universe, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and dark energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expansion, dark energy that has positive values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe, formation of void, in ation mechanism, fine tuning problem of mass density, collision of Bullet cluster, universe's age, universe's size, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and non-zero value. Also, we prove to the dark energy observation value(10^-47GeV⁴). As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of negative mass is stated.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 pages

From the observance of the HSS team in 1998, they gained the mass density of the negative(&Omega_M = -0.38(±0.22)), using field equations which do not have the cosmological constant. The quantity of the mass couldn't be negative value in they thought, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of positive mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens even if negative mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that negative mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between negative and positive masses and also between negative and negative masses. As a method for proving the existence of negative mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through negative mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through negative mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that negative mass and positive mass were born together at the beginning of universe, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and dark energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expansion, dark energy that has positive values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe, formation of void, in ation mechanism, fine tuning problem of mass density, collision of Bullet cluster, difficulty in observation, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and non-zero value. Also, we prove to the dark energy observation value(10^-47GeV⁴). As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of negative mass is stated.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 19 pages

From the observance of the HSS team in 1998, they gained the mass density of the negative(&Omega_M = -0.38(±0.22)), using field equations which do not have the cosmological constant. The quantity of the mass couldn't be negative value in they thought, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of positive mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens even if negative mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that negative mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between negative and positive masses and also between negative and negative masses. As a method for proving the existence of negative mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through negative mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through negative mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that negative mass and positive mass were born together at the beginning of universe, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and dark energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expansion, dark energy that has positive values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe, formation of void, in ation mechanism, fine tuning problem of mass density, collision of Bullet cluster, difficulty in observation, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and non-zero value. Also, we prove to the dark energy observation value(10^-47GeV⁴). As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of negative mass is stated.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Minus Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 pages

In 1998 year, observation by The High-z Supernova Search team, if the cosmological constant is 0, Ω_M = -0.38(±0.22). The quantity of the matter couldn't be negative value, so as far as we know, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of plus mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of minus mass(negative mass), ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of minus mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of -1 never happens even if minus mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that minus mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between minus and plus masses and also between minus and minus masses. Also, explanation on how minus masses will be distributed in the current state of space with Newton' Law of motion. As for dark matters and dark energy, minus mass can produce an additional centripetal force in the galaxy or galaxy cluster, which supports the dark matter, while the plus mass can emerge repulsive effects that accelerate the in ation direction and a qualitative interpretation could be possibly made on dark energy from minus mass. As a method for proving the existence of minus mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through minus mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through minus mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that minus mass and plus mass were born together at the beginning of universe, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and dark energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expansion, dark energy that has plus values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe, formation of void, in ation mechanism, fine tuning problem of mass density, collision of Bullet cluster, difficulty in observation, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and constant value. Also, we prove to the dark energy observation value(10^-47GeV^{4). As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of minus mass is stated.}

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Minus Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 20 pages

In 1998 year, observation by The High-z Supernova Search team, if the cosmological constant is 0, Ω_M = -0.38(±0.22). The quantity of the matter couldn't be negative value, so as far as we know, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of plus mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of minus mass(negative mass), ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of minus mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of -1 never happens even if minus mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that minus mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between minus and plus masses and also between minus and minus masses. Also, explanation on how minus masses will be distributed in the current state of space with Newton' Law of motion. As for dark matters and dark energy, minus mass can produce an additional centripetal force in the galaxy or galaxy cluster, which supports the dark matter, while the plus mass can emerge repulsive effects that accelerate the in ation direction and a qualitative interpretation could be possibly made on dark energy from minus mass. As a method for proving the existence of minus mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through minus mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through minus mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that minus mass and plus mass were born together at the beginning of universe, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and dark energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expansion, dark energy that has plus values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe, formation of void, in ation mechanism, fine tuning problem of mass density, collision of Bullet cluster, difficulty in observation, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and constant value. As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of minus mass is stated.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Minus Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 18 pages

In 1998 year, observation by The High-z Supernova Search team, if the cosmological constant is 0, Ω_M = -0.38(±0.22). The quantity of the matter couldn't be negative value, so as far as we know, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of plus mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of minus mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of minus mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of -∞ never happens even if minus mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that minus mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between minus and plus masses and also between minus and minus masses. Also, explanation on how minus masses will be distributed in the current state of space with Newton' Law of motion. As for dark matters and dark energy, minus mass can produce an additional centripetal force in the galaxy or galaxy cluster, which supports the dark matter, while the plus mass can emerge repulsive effects that accelerate the in ation direction and a qualitative interpretation could be possibly made on dark energy from minus mass. As a method for proving the existence of minus mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through minus mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through minus mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that minus mass exists, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expantion, dark energy that has plus values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter and deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe and formation of void and possibility to explain mechanism of in ation and difficulty in observation. As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of minus mass is stated.

Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Minus Mass

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 18 pages

In 1998 year, observation by The High-z Supernova Search team, if the cosmological constant is 0, Ω_M = -0:38(±0:22). The quantity of the matter couldn't be negative value, so as far as we know, the value is trashed away. We have to know that not the field equation has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value. In the world of plus mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of minus mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of minus mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of -∞ never happens even if minus mass spontaneously emits energy. Assuming that minus mass exists, Newton's Law of motion was derived in between minus and plus masses and also between minus and minus masses. Also, explanation on how minus masses will be distributed in the current state of space with Newton' Law of motion. As for dark matters and dark energy, minus mass can produce an additional centripetal force in the galaxy or galaxy cluster, which supports the dark matter, while the plus mass can emerge repulsive effects that accelerate the in ation direction and a qualitative interpretation could be possibly made on dark energy from minus mass. As a method for proving the existence of minus mass, an explanation on the revolution velocity of the galaxy through minus mass has been presented. In this process, the existence of spherical mass distribution was given; furthermore, explanation was done using this, to show observation results where dark matter effect through minus mass is proportional to distance r. If Ω_M is -0.38, universe's age is 14.225 Gyr. It is in the range estimated by other observations. Assuming that minus mass exists, it satisfies the various problems that previous dark matter and energy possess, such as, centripetal force effects of galaxy and galaxy clusters from previous dark matters, mass effects that is proportional to the distance r, repulsive force needed for expantion, dark energy that has plus values, low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter and deceleration expansion and acceleration expansion of universe and formation of void and possibility to explain mechanism of in ation and difficulty in observation. As a result, the necessity of observation focusing on exact computation and detection of minus mass is stated.