Relativity and Cosmology

1806 Submissions

[39] viXra:1806.0465 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-30 11:33:35

An 8th HCE8S Flow Diagram Improving the Z(4430) Tetraquark Connection

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.

Abstract: A forward-time, reverse-time energy cycle of the 8th cycle of an HCE8S universe for a full loop of the cycle is shown incorporating the Z(4430) tetraquark in an improved way
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[38] viXra:1806.0441 [pdf] replaced on 2020-01-29 15:24:46

Gravitational Waves in Newton’s Gravitation and Criticism of Gravitational Waves Resulting from the General Theory of Relativity (Ligo)

Authors: Roman Szostek, Paweł Góralski, Kamil Szostek
Comments: 20 Pages. From the General Theory of Relativity do not result any gravitational waves, but just ordinary modulation of the gravitational field intensities caused by rotating of bodies.

The most important conclusion from this article is that from the General Theory of Relativity do not result any gravitational waves, but just ordinary modulation of the gravitational field intensities caused by rotating of bodies. If the LIGO team has measured anything, it is only this modulation, rather than the gravitational wave understood as the carrier of gravity. This discussion shows that using too complicated mathematics in physics leads to erroneous interpretation of results (in this case, perhaps the tensor analysis is guilty). Formally, various things can be calculated, but without knowing what such analysis means, they can be attributed misinterpreted. Since the modulation of gravitational field intensities has been called a gravitational wave in contemporary physics, we have also done so, although it is misleading. In the article it was shown, that from the Newton’s law of gravitation resulted an existence of gravitational waves very similar to these, which result from the General Theory of Relativity (GTR). The article shows differences between the course of gravitational waves that result from Newton’s gravitation, and the course of gravitational waves that result from the General Theory of Relativity, which measurement was announced by the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). According to both theories, gravitational waves are cyclical changes of the gravitational field intensities. The article proposes a method of testing a laser interferometer for gravitational wave measurement used in the LIGO Observatory. Criticism of results published by the LIGO team was also presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[37] viXra:1806.0438 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-28 15:29:38

Black Holes in the Present Tense.

Authors: G.N.N.Martin
Comments: 7 Pages.

General relativity does not offer a meaning to ‘at the same time in a different place’. This paper examines what might be implied or inferred from the use of the present tense. I start by looking at Schwarzschild space to show that the oft made statement that “There is a singularity at the centre of a black hole” is misleading. I use this as a starting point for exploring the notion of a moment in time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[36] viXra:1806.0413 [pdf] replaced on 2019-10-28 14:13:16

N − Dimensional Ads Related Spacetime and Its Transformation

Authors: Thomas Günther
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently, anti-de Sitter spaces are used in promising theories of quantum gravity like the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence. The latter provides an approach to string theorie, which includes more than four dimensions. Unfortunately, the anti-de Sitter model contains no mass and is not able to describe our universe adequately. Nevertheless, the rising interest in higherdimensional theories motivates to take a deeper look at the n-dimensional AdS Spacetime. In this paper, a solution of Einstein's field equations is constructed from a modified anti-de Sitter metric in n dimensions. The idea is based on the connection between Schwarzschild- and McVittie metric: McVittie's model, which interpolates between a Schwarzschild Black Hole and an expanding global Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker spacetime, can be constructed by a simple coordinate replacement in Schwarzschild's isotropic intervall, where radial coordinate and it's differential is multiplied by a time dependent scale factor a(t). In a previous work I showed, that an exact solution of Einstein's equations can analogously be generated from a static transformation of de Sitter's metric. The present article is concerned with the application of this method on an AdS (Anti de Sitter) related spacetime in n dimensions. It is shown that the resulting isotropic intervall is a solution of the n-dimensional Einstein equations. Further, it is transformed into a spherical symmetric but anisotropic form, analogously to the transformtion found by Kaloper, Kleban and Martin for McVittie's metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[35] viXra:1806.0398 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-26 13:33:04

Dark Matter and the Energy-Momentum of the Gravitational Field

Authors: Gary Nash
Comments: 7 Pages.

The $\Lambda $ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model assumes general relativity is correct. However, the Einstein equation does not contain a symmetric tensor which describes the energy-momentum of the gravitational field itself. Recently, a modified equation of general relativity was developed which contains the missing tensor and completes the Einstein equation. An exact static solution was obtained from the modified Einstein equation in a spheroidal metric describing the gravitational field outside of its source, which does not contain dark matter. The flat rotation curves for a class of galaxies were calculated and the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation followed directly from the gravitational energy-momentum tensor. The Newtonian rotation curves for galaxies with no flat orbital curves, and those with rising rotation curves for large radii were described as examples of the flexibility of the orbital rotation curve equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[34] viXra:1806.0397 [pdf] replaced on 2019-02-02 02:03:44

Gravity Without Newton’s Gravitational Constant and no Knowledge of Mass Size

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we show that the Schwarzschild radius can be extracted easily from any gravitationally-linked phenomena without having knowledge of Newton's gravitational constant or the mass size of the gravitational object. Further, the Schwarzschild radius can be used to predict any gravity phenomena accurately, again without knowledge of Newton's gravitational constant and also without knowledge of the size of the mass, although this may seem surprising at first. Hidden within the Schwarzschild radius are the mass of the gravitational object, the Planck mass, and the Planck length, which we will assert contain the secret essence related to gravity, in addition to the speed of light, (the speed of gravity). This seems to indicate that gravity is quantized, even at the cosmological scale, and this quantization is directly linked to the Planck units. This also supports our view that Newton's gravitational constant is a universal composite constant of the form G=l_p^2c^3/hbar, rather than relying on the Planck units as a function of G. This does not mean that Newton's gravitational constant is not a universal constant, but rather that it is a composite universal constant, which depends on the Planck length, the speed of light, and the Planck constant. This is, to our knowledge, the first paper that shows how a long series of major gravity predictions and measurements can be completed without any knowledge of the mass size of the object, or Newton's gravitational constant. As a minimum, we think it provides an interesting new angle for evaluating existing theories of gravitation, and it may even provide a hint on how to combine quantum gravity with Newton and Einstein gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[33] viXra:1806.0377 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-26 04:23:07

Theory of Dark Matter and Dark Energy (Version 2)

Authors: Thierry Delort
Comments: 47 Pages.

In this article, we propose a new model of dark matter. According to this new model, dark matter is a substance, that is a new physical element not constituted of classical particles, called dark substance and filling the Universe. Assuming some very simple physical properties to this dark substance, we theoretically justify the flat rotation curve of galaxies and the baryonic Tully-Fisher’s law. We then study according to our new theory of dark matter the different possible distributions of dark matter in galaxies and in galaxy clusters, and the velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. Then using the new model of dark matter we are naturally led to propose a new geometrical model of Universe, finite, that is different from all geometrical models proposed by the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM). Despite that our Theory of dark matter is compatible with the SCM, we then expose a new Cosmological model based on this new geometrical form of the Universe and on the interpretation of the CMB Rest Frame (CRF), that has not physical interpretation on the SCM and that we will call local Cosmological frame. We then propose 2 possible mathematical models of expansion inside the new Cosmological model. The 1st mathematical model is based on General Relativity as the SCM and gives the same theoretical predictions of distances and of the Hubble’s constant as the SCM. The 2nd mathematical model of expansion of the Universe is mathematically much simpler than the mathematical model of expansion used in the SCM, but we will see that its theoretical predictions are in agreement with astronomical observations. Moreover, this 2nd mathematical model of expansion does not need to introduce the existence of a dark energy contrary to the mathematical model of expansion of the SCM. To end we study the evolution of the temperature of dark substance in the Universe and we make appear the existence of a dark energy, due to our model of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[32] viXra:1806.0324 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-22 15:01:00

An HCE8S Flow Diagram Including the Z(4430) Tetraquark

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 3 Pages.

Abstract: A forward-time, reverse-time energy cycle of the 8th cycle of an HCE8S universe for a full loop of the cycle is shown incorporating the Z(4430) tetraquark both as normal matter and DM
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[31] viXra:1806.0295 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-21 10:46:36

Temporal Elasticity and a Multiphase Transport Model

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 3 Pages.

­-relative to Bell’s theorem ­-and more
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[30] viXra:1806.0288 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-21 01:19:56

Temporal Curvature, Gravitation’s Mediator

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 3 Pages.

the theoretical development of temporal curvature, the theory required for the notion of temporal elasticity in gravitation, physics
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[29] viXra:1806.0281 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-20 15:30:42

The Schwartzschild Solution and the Embedding of Special Coordinates in 4D Space

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present some formulas and calculations worked out while studying the Schwartzschild Solution. Nothing new!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[28] viXra:1806.0268 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-15 14:28:37

Czarnodziurowy Wszechświat a Grawitacyjne Prawo Gaussa ### Black Hole Universe and Gauss’ Law for Gravity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 2 Pages. In Polish.

Radialna składowa przyspieszenia grawitacyjnego w Czarnodziurowym Wszechświecie dla małych odległości od centrum w stosunku do promienia Wszechświata pokrywa się z radialną składową przyspieszenia wynikającą z grawitacyjnego prawa Gaussa. ### The radial component of gravitational acceleration in the Black Hole Universe for small distances from the center in relation to the radius of the Universe coincides with the radial component of the acceleration resulting from the Gauss’ Law for Gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[27] viXra:1806.0267 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-15 14:31:48

Black Hole Universe and Gauss’ Law for Gravity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 2 Pages.

The radial component of gravitational acceleration in the Black Hole Universe for small distances from the center in relation to the radius of the Universe coincides with the radial component of the acceleration resulting from the Gauss’ Law for Gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[26] viXra:1806.0257 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-16 11:22:35

The Holy Grail of Physics

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 4 Pages.

a brief review of unification inspired by relativity and some relevant personal thoughts
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[25] viXra:1806.0252 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-16 17:29:10

Cosmic Vacuum Cleaners: Primordial Antimatter Black Holes

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

a brief letter to Dr. Hawking asking for help
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[24] viXra:1806.0244 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-17 10:50:13

Stephen Hawking, Salvatore Micheal, and Black Holes

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

a sweet dedication to Stephen Hawking, one of my spirtual mentors / inspirators
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[23] viXra:1806.0242 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-17 13:28:07

Stephen+

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

primordial antimatter black holes: their unique characteristics define the early cosmos and evolution of it
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[22] viXra:1806.0237 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-18 00:41:02

Explanation of the "Null" Result of the Michelson-Morley Experiment - Apparent Source Theory

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

A new explanation of the Michelson-Morley experiment is presented in this paper. This paper reveals the subtle nature of light that has eluded physicists for centuries. It is revealed that the puzzle of the speed of light is solved only by a new theory that is a fusion of the classical theories: ether theory and emission theory of light, the two theories that have been wrongly seen as rivals for centuries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[21] viXra:1806.0236 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-18 04:05:22

The Devil is in the Details

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 3 Pages.

an explanation of baryon asymmetry, accelerating expansion rate, and dark energy via PABHs, primordial antimatter black holes – and – their interactions
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[20] viXra:1806.0210 [pdf] replaced on 2018-07-16 12:05:31

Universe Without Dark Energy

Authors: Karan R.Takkhi
Comments: 18 pages, 16 tables, 5 graphs, 2 figures

The value of the cosmological constant obtained according to the quantum field theory is 10^120 times greater than the observed small value of the cosmological constant. Such huge discrepancy with the cosmological constant would cause a vacuum catastrophe. Since the discrepancy involved with the cosmological constant is unimaginably very large, therefore, molecular diffusion model has been introduced in this paper as an alternative to dark energy in order to explain the accelerated expansion of the Universe. The molecular diffusion model considers the distribution of large-scale structures as molecules inside a vacuum chamber. Since large-scale structures are ensemble of atoms, therefore, they can be treated as molecules possessing finite amount of energy. Instead of considering that space is expanding, the paper emphasizes upon the actual recession of large-scale structures. Since the discrepancy involved with the cosmological constant is very large, therefore, instead of considering that empty space possesses energy, it would be much more prudent to consider that large-scale structures possess energy by the virtue of which they recede, quite similar to a molecule that recedes by the virtue of energy that it possesses, after all, “the diffusion or free expansion of gas molecules inside a vacuum chamber by the virtue of vacuum energy or dark energy” has never been heard of; such claim, if true, would only suggest that gas molecules do not possess any energy. The study conducted in this paper finds the recessional behaviour of large-scale structures to be consistent with the recessional behaviour of molecules, thereby proving the molecular diffusion model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[19] viXra:1806.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-20 03:23:59

The Eötvös Experiment, GTR, and Differing Gravitational and Inertial Masses: Proposition for a Crucial Test of Metric Theories

Authors: T. Yarman, A.L. Kholmetskii, C. Marchal, O. Yarman, M. Arik
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Eötvös experiment has been taken as basis for metric theories of gravity and particularly for the general theory of relativity (GTR), which assumes that gravitational and inertial masses are identical. We highlight the fact that, unlike the long lasting and reigning belief, the setup by Eötvös experiments and its follow-ups serve to demonstrate no more than a mere linear proportionality between said masses, and not ineludibly their exclusive equality. So much so that, as one distinct framework, Yarman–Arik–Kholmetskii (YARK) gravitation theory, where a purely metric approach is not aimed, makes the identity between inertial and gravitational masses no longer imperative while still remaining in full conformance with the result of the Eötvös experiment, as well as that of free fall experiments. It is further shown that Eötvös experiment deprives us of any knowledge concerning the determination of the proportionality coefficient coming into play. Henceforward, the Eötvös experiment and its follow-ups cannot be taken as a rigorous foundation for GTR. In this respect, we suggest a crucial test of the equality of gravitational and inertial masses via the comparison of the oscillation periods of two pendulums with different arm lengths, where the deviation of the predictions by GTR and by YARK theory represents a measurable value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[18] viXra:1806.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2019-05-04 17:55:55

Вывод общего вида кинематики с универсальной системой отсчета (In Russian)

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 21 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Russian).

В статье выведен целый класс преобразований времени и положения. Эти преобразования выведены на основе анализа эксперимента Майкельсона-Морли и его усовершенствованной версии – эксперимента Кеннеди-Торндайка. На основе каждого из этих преобразований можно вывести другую кинематику тел. Таким способом мы продемонстрировали, что Специальная теория относительности (СТО) не является единственной теорией, объясняющей результаты экспериментов со светом. Существует целый континуум теорий кинематики тел, которые правильно объясняют эксперимент Майкельсона-Морли, а также другие эксперименты, в которых измеряют скорость света. На основе выведенных преобразований получаем общий вид выражения для скорости света в вакууме, измеренной в произвольной инерциальной системе отсчета (ИСО). Мы объясняем, почему эксперименты Майкельсона-Морли и Кеннеди-Торндайка не смогли выявить наличие эфира. Представляем и обсуждаем три примера конкретных преобразований. В заключение объясняем явление анизотропии реликтового излучения (РИ) с использованием представленной теории. Представленную в данной работе теорию мы назвали Специальной теорией эфира (СТЭ) – с произвольным поперечным сокращением. Статья содержит лишь оригинальные исследования, поведенные ее авторами.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[17] viXra:1806.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-13 09:41:10

Introduction of Emergent and Fission Classifications to Paired-Object Systems for Morphological Taxonomy

Authors: Tarzan Graystone
Comments: 25 Pages.

The scope of this exercise is not to propose any initiation mechanism1 for proband systems but rather to follow the latter components of an emergent system event and extrapolate a timeline, to connect the dots, in a lineage of multi-object systems from , primordial emergent anlage to a fission system. These taxonomic classifications will resolve multi-object morphological dilemmas. The next publication will include discussions of larger family groups.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[16] viXra:1806.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-11 09:17:00

Antimatter and Time

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 1 Page.

the explanation for baryon asymmetry
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[15] viXra:1806.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-11 10:39:19

Again About the "Twin Paradox" (English Version)

Authors: V.A. Kasimov
Comments: 12 Pages. English

As often in discussions of the theory of relativity denied the existence of the twin paradox, there is a need to dwell on this again. It is shown that the formal means of SRT and GRT a paradox twins are not resolved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[14] viXra:1806.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-11 21:15:18

The Theory of Electrodynamic Space-Time Relativity(Revision 4 / Chinese)

Authors: Yingtao Yang
Comments: 17 Pages. Chinese Version

Abstract: The theory of electrodynamic space-time relativity (TESTR) is the study of the transformation of time and space between two electrodynamic inertial frames of reference, which have both inertial velocity difference and electric potential difference. It is a fundamental space-time theory of theoretical physics based on the Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR), the electric potential limit postulate and the high-precision experimental facts of the inversion proportional square law of Coulomb’s force. It also proposed new basic physical concepts, such as electric potential limit, quaternion velocity, quaternion electric potential, etc. The two basic physical quantities, electric potential, and velocity are unified through the form of quaternions. It revealed the inherent relationships between the quaternion velocity or the quaternion electric potential and space-time. In mathematical form, it starts with the special theory of relativity in the real form and develop into the complex form and then further into the quaternion form. In the physical sense, it expands the special relativity from having an only inertial frame of reference to having both the inertial frame of reference and electric equipotential frame of reference. This paper discusses in detail the process of establishing the theory of complex electrodynamic space-time relativity and theory of quaternion electrodynamic space-time relativity as well as their various conversions and transformations. With the use of the new concept of system time, it leads to the expression of the fundamental equations of TESTR to be as concise as the form of Galilean transformation. Also, its content is also more symmetrical and universal. It can correctly derive a set of more complex equations of the special three-dimensional theory of relativity. At the same time, proved that the special theory of relativity is a special case of TESTR, and found another important new special case: the theory of electric potential relativity (TEPR). The basic effects of TESTR were also discussed. It predicts some important new space-time change effects, for example, the electric potential time expansion effect. Such proposed effects would provide some theoretical basis for the experimental validation of TESTR. The appendix of the paper proves mathematically that the basic equations of the theory are consistent with the hypothesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[13] viXra:1806.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-11 21:36:15

The Theory of Electrodynamic Space-Time Relativity (Revision 4 )

Authors: Yingtao Yang
Comments: 18 Pages. English Version

Abstract: The theory of electrodynamic space-time relativity (TESTR) is the study of the transformation of time and space between two electrodynamic inertial frames of reference, which have both inertial velocity difference and electric potential difference. It is a fundamental space-time theory of theoretical physics based on the Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR), the electric potential limit postulate and the high-precision experimental facts of the inversion proportional square law of Coulomb’s force. It also proposed new basic physical concepts, such as electric potential limit, quaternion velocity, quaternion electric potential and etc. The two basic physical quantities, electric potential and velocity, are unified through the form of quaternions. It revealed the inherent relationships between the quaternion velocity or the quaternion electric potential and space-time. In mathematical form, it starts with the special theory of relativity in the real form and develop into the complex form and then further into the quaternion form. In the physical sense, it expands the special relativity from having an only inertial frame of reference to having both the inertial frame of reference and electric equipotential frame of reference. This paper discusses in detail the process of establishing the theory of complex electrodynamic space-time relativity and theory of quaternion electrodynamic space-time relativity as well as their various conversions and transformations. With the use of the new concept of system time, it leads to the expression of the fundamental equations of TESTR to be as concise as the form of Galilean transformation. In addition, its content is also more symmetrical and universal. It can correctly derive a set of more complex equations of the special three-dimensional theory of relativity. At the same time, proved that the special theory of relativity is a special case of TESTR, and found another important new special case: the theory of electric potential relativity (TEPR). The basic effects of TESTR were also discussed. It predicts some important new space-time change effects, for example, the electric potential time expansion effect. Such proposed effects would provide some theoretical basis for the experimental validation of TESTR. The appendix of the paper proves mathematically that the basic equations of the theory are consistent with the hypothesis. Keyword: special theory of relativity, postulates of electric potential limit, the theory of electric potential relativity,theory of complex electrodynamic space-time relativity, the theory of quaternion electrodynamic space-time relativity,
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[12] viXra:1806.0136 [pdf] replaced on 2018-12-23 14:57:33

Principle of Constancy and Finiteness of the Speed of Gravitational Interaction and Dark Matter.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 7 Pages.

It can be shown that the anomalously high rates of rotation of the outer regions of galaxies follow from the constancy and finiteness of the rate of gravitational interaction, which is equal to the speed of light in accordance with general relativity of A. Einstein. Since the speed of propagation of the gravitational interaction is constant and equal to the speed of light, then for compensation of lag of the gravitational field, an increase in the mass velocity will always be used, since the metric tensor according to general relativity of A. Einstein is depends on to both geometry and kinematics of masses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[11] viXra:1806.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-10 16:52:51

The Connection Between HCE8S Theory and the Z(4430) Tetraquark

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. Excuse confusion between X and Z tetraquarks

Abstract: The development of HCE8S theory has advanced to a point that a connection can be discerned between the prolific tetraquark Z(4430) and HCE8S theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[10] viXra:1806.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-10 04:02:18

Einstein’s Dream

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

a brief informal discussion of gravistrong, gravitation + strong-force, unification
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[9] viXra:1806.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-07 09:44:26

Inertial Frames of Reference

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

In an inertial frame of reference, a body with zero net force acting on it does not accelerate. [28] A team led by researchers María José Caturla and Carlos Untiedt, from the University of Alicante Department of Applied Physics, have studied the importance of relativistic effects on long-range interactions between objects. [27] The theory of the Breit-Wheeler process says it should be possible to turn light into matter by smashing two particles of light (photons) together to create an electron and a positron. However, past attempts to do this have required the addition of other high-energy particles. [26] Dr. Pascal Del'Haye and his team at NPL have created an optical version of a diode that transmits light in one direction only, and can be integrated in microphotonic circuits. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20] A team of researchers from the U.S. and Italy has built a quantum memory device that is approximately 1000 times smaller than similar devices— small enough to install on a chip. [19] The cutting edge of data storage research is working at the level of individual atoms and molecules, representing the ultimate limit of technological miniaturisation. [18]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[8] viXra:1806.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-07 10:15:31

Czarnodziurowy Wszechświat a Ziemska Grawitacja ### Black Hole Universe and the Earth’s Gravity Field

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 5 Pages. In Polish.

Przedstawiono istotne różnice dotyczące właściwości pola grawitacyjnego Ziemi i pola grawitacyjnego Czarnodziurowego Wszechświata. ### Significant differences regarding the properties of the Earth's gravitational field and the gravitational field of the Black Hole Universe are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[7] viXra:1806.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-07 10:19:45

Black Hole Universe and the Earth’s Gravity Field

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 5 Pages.

Significant differences regarding the properties of the Earth's gravitational field and the gravitational field of the Black Hole Universe are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[6] viXra:1806.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-07 14:28:07

The Theory of Everything

Authors: Bill Tantalos
Comments: 7 Pages.

The writer finds solutions, with simple mathematics, of the famous mass-energy equation of Einstein. By generalizing this equation, so that it also includes the physics of the microcosm, quantum mechanics, it discovers a new equation which unifies the General Relativity Theory with quantum mechanics. A fundamental equation, in a simple form, which explains the Big Bang, the beginning of the universe creation and describes the physics of both the macrocosm and the microcosm. It is the Theory of Everything or otherwise Quantum Gravity. The behavior of an exotic particle, the tachyon, is mentioned, and its relation with the Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[5] viXra:1806.0076 [pdf] replaced on 2018-06-27 23:22:33

Grounding the Kaluza-Klein Fifth Dimension in Observed Physical Reality, Using Dirac’s Quantum Theory of the Electron to Ensure Five-Dimensional General Covariance

Authors: Jay R. Yablon
Comments: 48 Pages.

We require all components of the Kaluza-Klein metric tensor to be generally-covariant across all five dimensions by deconstructing the metric tensor into Dirac-type square root operators. This decouples the fifth dimension from the Kaluza-Klein scalar, makes this dimension timelike not spacelike, makes the metric tensor inverse non-singular, covariantly reveals the quantum fields of the photon, makes Kaluza-Klein fully compatible with Dirac theory, and roots this fifth dimension in the physical reality of the chiral, pseudo-scalar and pseudo-vector particles abundantly observed in particle physics based on Dirac’s gamma-5 operator, thereby “fixing” all of the most perplexing problem in Kaluza-Klein theory. Albeit with additional new dynamics expected, all the benefits of Kaluza-Klein theory are retained, insofar as providing a geometrodynamic foundation for Maxwell’s equations, the Lorentz Force motion and the Maxwell-Stress energy tensor, and insofar as supporting the viewpoint that the fifth dimension is, at bottom, the matter dimension. We find that the Kaluza-Klein scalar must be a massless, luminous field quantum to solve long-standing problems arising from a non-zero scalar field gradient, and we suggest multiple pathways for continued development.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[4] viXra:1806.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-05 12:35:05

An HCE8S Flow Diagram Incorporating the Latest Ideas

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.

Abstract: A forward-time, reverse-time energy cycle of the 8th cycle of an HCE8S universe for a full loop of the energy cycle is shown incorporating my latest ideas.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[3] viXra:1806.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-06 03:29:53

On the Postulate of the Constancy of the Speed of Light in the STR (English Version)

Authors: V.A. Kasimov
Comments: 7 Pages. English

The question of whether the necessary postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for the construction of the Special Theory of Relativity was raised and discussed, at least two independent authors [1, 2]. The answer to this question is methodologically very important in recognition of the fact that the foundations of the output of the Galilean transformations and Lorentz are the same basic properties of substantial space and time of Newton. It turned out that in the classical physics "hiding" a contradiction in the substantial properties of space and time. What is the essence of this contradiction? The article attempts to answer this question. Note that the authors of the mentioned works have received their findings generally avoiding mention of the words "light" and "the speed of its spread".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[2] viXra:1806.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-04 05:09:51

The Time Scale of Gravitational Collapse

Authors: Trevor W. Marshall
Comments: 9 Pages.

In a previous article it was shown that the end state for the dust metric of Oppenheimer and Snyder has most of its mass concentrated just inside the gravitational radius; it is proposed that the resulting object be considered as an idealized \emph{shell collapsar}. Here the treatment is extended to include the family of interior metrics described by Weinberg, and involving the curvature parameter of a Friedmann metric. The end state is again a shell collapsar, with a shell which becomes more concentrated as the curvature parameter increases, which shows that the details of the shell structure are dependent on the initial density profile at the beginning of the collapse. What is lacking in most previous commentaries on the Oppenheimer-Snyder article is the recognition that their matching of the time coordinate at the surface implies a finite upper limit for the comoving time coordinate. A collapse process having all the matter going inside the gravitational radius would require comoving times which go outside that limit.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[1] viXra:1806.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2018-06-02 22:06:08

Moon and Earth Gravitational Interaction Explained with Gravitons

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 165 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

Moon and Earth gravitational interaction explained with Gravitons “I explained the Gravitational force between Earth and Moon, mediated by Gravitons” Adrian Ferent Distance from the center of the earth to the center of the moon is 384,400,000 m Gravitational force between Moon and Earth: 1.9 × 10^20 N The gravitational potential energy between Moon and Earth: 7.6 × 10^28 J What is the energy of the Gravitons emitted by the Moon? I calculated before that the frequency of the Gravitons emitted by Earth must be smaller than: ν < 4.176×10^56 Hz I consider the Moon made of electrons. The Moon is made of 8 × 10^52 electrons Each electron emits a Graviton. The energy of each Graviton: 9.5 × 10^(-25) J Graviton energy: a×f This means the frequency of the Gravitons emitted by the Moon: 5.9 × 10^51 Hz I calculated before that the frequency of the Gravitons emitted by Earth, Moon must be smaller than: ν < 4.176×10^51 Hz This is another proof that Ferent Gravitation theory is right! One argument against my Gravitation theory was that the Gravitons are too small to mediate the gravitational force between planets. “I explained the Gravitational force between Earth and Moon, mediated by Gravitons” Adrian Ferent You learned from Einstein gravitation theory, from your professors that Gravitation is caused by the spacetime curvature. There are also waves of the spacetime curvature, the gravitational waves. This is another proof that Ferent gravitation theory is right and Einstein gravitation theory, String theory, LQG… are wrong theories. The massless Gravitons have infinite range: “Gravitons mediate the Gravitational force between planets, between stars, between galaxies…” Adrian Ferent “Because the graviton flux emitted by the Earth is bigger than the graviton flux emitted by the Moon, the Earth attracts with greater force the Moon, than the Moon attracts the Earth” Adrian Ferent “Because the Earth attracts with greater force the Moon, than the Moon attracts the Earth, Newton’s third law is wrong” Adrian Ferent 80. I am the first who explained Moon and Earth gravitational interaction with Gravitons 81. I am the first who explained because the graviton flux emitted by the Earth is bigger than the graviton flux emitted by the Moon, the Earth attracts with greater force the Moon, than the Moon attracts the Earth 82. I am the first who explained because the Earth attracts with greater force the Moon, than the Moon attracts the Earth, Newton’s third law is wrong
Category: Relativity and Cosmology