Thermodynamics and Energy

2111 Submissions

[2] viXra:2111.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2021-11-26 21:21:26

Modified Equations for Pressure and Temperature of Ideal Gas

Authors: X. D. Dongfang
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universal unitary principle of logic test is used to test the mathematical reasoning of pressure equation of ideal gas, and a negative conclusion is given. The study found that, the classical molecular kinetic theory establishes a physical model of the uniform motion of a molecule under the action of an equivalent constant force, which violates the principle of mechanics, and the classical equations for the pressure and temperature of ideal gas derived from such a model are all incorrect. Here we set up a variety of physical models of molecular interaction in accordance with the principle of mechanics, and consistently derive the modified equation of ideal gas pressure. It is proved that the pressure of ideal gas is equal to the molecular energy in unit volume, and the thermodynamic temperature of ideal gas is equal to the quotient of molecular average kinetic energy and Boltzmann constant. Reasoning accords with the unitary principle. The inferences of these different models accords with the unitary principle. Furthermore, the problem of the definite solution of the gas molecular velocity distribution function satisfying the limit condition of light speed is proposed. Finally, the experimental suggestion to verify the theoretical gas temperature correction equation is given.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

[1] viXra:2111.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2021-11-12 01:30:26

Exploration of Technology for Extracting Vacuum Energy Which Conform with Noether's Theorem

Authors: Sangouard Patrick
Comments: 53 Pages. [Correction to title made by viXra Admin]

This theoretical and preliminary work corresponds to the hope of extracting, without contradicting EMMY NOETHER's invariance theorem, an energy that is omnipresent, isotropic, uniform and present in the entire universe: that of the vacuum! This theoretical work shows that it should be possible to maintain over time a periodic vibration of a piezoelectric structure which generates current peaks during a fraction of the period of vibration. This is achieved by controlling automatically and at the opportune moments the perpetual and omnipresent action of Casimir attractive force between two electrodes, by an opposite and greater Coulomb force of at least a factor of two. The proportionality factor, Coulomb / Casimir Forces> = 2, is determined by the threshold voltage of enriched or depleted MOS transistors and defined during the manufacture of the device. The attractive Casimir force appearing between the two electrodes of a reflector deforms a piezoelectric bridge, which automatically induces the electric charges used by a Coulomb force on the return electrode. As long as the electric voltage, generated by the electric charges on one side of the piezoelectric bridge and connected to the gate of an enriched MOS transistor (MOSE) is below its threshold voltage, this transistor remains blocked. The electrical charges on the other side of the bridge are on the source of this transistor and remain confined to the moving electrode of the Casimir reflector. During this phase, the Coulomb return electrode is then grounded by closing the circuit consisting of series depleted MOS (MOSD). Likewise, the fixed electrode of the Casimir reflector is continuously grounded. The Coulomb force between the two electrodes of the Casimir reflector and between the piezoelectric bridge and the Coulomb return electrode is then zero. Depending on the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge, the electric charges present on the two electrodes of the piezoelectric bridge increase. They therefore increase on the gates of the enriched or depleted MOS and generate an electrical voltage greater than the threshold voltages of the MOSE and MOSD transistors. Thus, the circuit formed by MOSE in parallel closes and that formed by MOSD in series opens, then isolating the fixed return electrode from ground, which allows the charges present on the source to be distributed uniformly over this recall electrode and to be trapped there. Electric charges of opposite sign are then distributed over the two electrodes, one on one side of the piezoelectric bridge, the other on the return electrode! So, an attractive Coulomb force who can be greater than and in the opposite direction to that of Casimir then develops between these return electrodes. This attractive Coulomb force moves the two electrodes away of the Casimir reflector, reducing then canceling the deformation of the bridge. It automatically disappears when the deformation of the piezoelectric bridge is canceled out, letting the Casimir force again dominate and deform this bridge again for a new cycle! The device is found in the initial conditions which causes the structure to vibrate. When homogenizing the electrical charges on both sides of the return electrode, periodic current peaks appear for a fraction of the device's vibration time. These peaks of currents passing through an inductor spontaneously induce peaks of alternating voltages at the terminals of this device. Electronic without any power supply then transforms these weak alternating signals into a direct voltage of several volts. To manufacture these different structures, we are proposing an original technology making it possible to produce these electronics without power supply, as well as that of the control of the very weak interfaces between the electrodes of the Casimir reflector and that of the return electrodes of the vibrating structure! The Casimir and Coulomb forces, the current or voltage peaks appear spontaneously and without input of any external energy, likewise the transformation electronics have no power supply. The structure automatically enters in vibrations , thus inducing current and voltage peaks converted into a usable direct voltage. Everything is only a consequence of the existence of the isotropic, homogeneous, and omnipresent Casimir force due to the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum. This set does not seem to contradict Emily Noether's theorem! "In the universe, everything is energy, everything is vibration, from the infinitely small to the infinitely large" Albert Einstein. "A person who has never made mistakes has never tried to innovate." Albert Einstein
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy