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| viXra.org > Classical Physics > 2006 |
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[15] viXra:2006.0279 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-30 10:53:39
Authors: Oleg Menaker
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper inform about the method of creating gravitational current and gravity waves.
Category: Classical Physics
[14] viXra:2006.0278 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-30 10:58:58
Authors: Bogdan Szenkaryk
Comments: 5 Pages.
Faraday's disk can be used to present the truth about the mechanism of electrical and magnetic phenomena. This article presents this truth. The article presents how similar are electromagnetic and aeromechanical phenomena.
Category: Classical Physics
[13] viXra:2006.0243 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-26 16:25:50
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 10 Pages.
Modern cosmonautics and Earthly aviation, based on liquid and turbo-air engines, have nearly exhausted the range of their technical capabilities. There is little significant present-day and future progress in monetary cost reduction of trips and flights into outer space. Passenger planes can hardly exceed the speed of sound, and the cost of launching into space is still more than 15-25 thousand US dollars per kilogram. Progress on pricing can only be based on fundamentally new technologies that can improve these indicators tenfold. For example, the inter-continental flight-time will be reduced to 30 – 40 minutes, and the cost of a flight to outer space will be reduced to the current cost of a long-distance airline ticket.
The author offers a fundamentally new electric air-jet engine that can operate at cosmic speeds up to Mach 25 and higher and be ten times more economical than liquid-jet engines.
Category: Classical Physics
[12] viXra:2006.0218 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-24 18:21:38
Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 14 Pages.
This article discusses the dynamics of an incompressible, isotropic elastic continuum.
Starting from the Lorentz-invariant motion of defects in elastic continua (Frank 1949), MacCullagh's aether theory (1839) of an incompressible elastic solid is reconsidered. Since MacCullagh's theory, based on linear elasticity, cannot describe charges, particular
attention is given to a topological defect that causes large deformations and therefore requires a nonlinear description. While such a twist disclination can take the role of a charge,the deformation field of a large number of these defects produces a microstructure of deformation
related to a Cosserat continuum (1909). On this microgeometric level, a complete set of quantities can be defined that satisfies equations equivalent to Maxwell's.
Category: Classical Physics
[11] viXra:2006.0215 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-16 00:25:36
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: Added figures and dialogue alterations. Total 16 pages long
In order to explain diffusion and drift across the depletion zone of a p-n junction, semiconductor theory relies on holes which act as a positive charge equivalent of electrons. As positive charge carriers, holes need to physically move and be involved in random collisions to produce the Brownian motion required to explain diffusion. Any lack of hole-movement, or even the required type of hole-movement, represents a major problem for semiconductor theory.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle indicates that, if an atomic orbital is occupied by an electron of one-half spin state, the orbital may only be shared by an electron of opposite spin (i.e. negative one-half spin). An atomic orbital is full when it is occupied by a pair of electrons of opposite spin, with no more electrons able to enter it until one of the pair vacates the orbital. This paper looks at the possibility and implications of extending the electron spin concept to ‘free’ electrons within semiconductors, with positive and negative charge carriers simply being electrons with opposite spin.
The existence of two physically different charge carriers in the form of opposite-spin electrons, which requires only minor terminology adjustments to semiconductor theory, provides a better explanation of the formation and nature of electric fields; capacitor charge/discharge; and micro/radio wave generation. Also, the concept of electric currents being the one-way movement of generic electron charge carriers, which totally ignores electron spin, is challenged.
Category: Classical Physics
[10] viXra:2006.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-19 13:43:18
Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski, Farin Zokaee
Comments: 3 Pages.
Kepler Laws exist really as exist Mount Everest. We humans do not create Mount Everest, and Kepler Laws also. They exist. But then who created Mount Everest, Kepler Laws, Schrodinger equation- not Schrodinger himself. In one very short moment of illumination he sees the equation. Why? Because the Schrodinger equation was need for evolution of humans picture of the Created Universe. Physicists understand .Poets know it.
Category: Classical Physics
[9] viXra:2006.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-18 14:52:08
Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 8 Pages.
Demand for High NA objective lenses with diffraction limited image quality is growing. This demand translates in design more complex optical system with many optical components. In order to optimize an optical system lens components structure new design methodology based on functional separation lens group in high numerical aperture ( NA) objective was developed. For this purpose all lens component were divided on the three lens group: front group, middle group and output lens group. The front lens group includes front lens (thick meniscus for dry type of objective or thick Plano-convex lens for immersion objective) and several aplanatic shape meniscus lenses. The middle lens group included several cemented lens components (doublets or triplets) and output lens group includes “Double Gauss” lens system or combination of cemented doublet with one or two singlet lenses. The total number of lenses in such types of optical system can reach 15-16 or even more. Design an optimal composition (optical components arrangement) for high numerical aperture objective lens will be discussed. Quantitative related parameter for optimal objective lens components structure will be proposed.
Category: Classical Physics
[8] viXra:2006.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-18 18:19:16
Authors: Raymond John Sonoff
Comments: 537 Pages.
Analyses of extensive sets of quenched-in resistance data obtained over wide ranges in elevated temperature, quench rate, and isothermal annealing time for multiple specimens have led to establishment of the following determinations:
1. Confirmation of the reliability of a graphical back extrapolation technique(B.E.T.) for ascertaining no-loss equilibrium vacancy concentrations over the temperature range from 400oC through 925oC.
2. In general, for straight downquench treatments involving quench temperatures ranging from 750oC to 925oC and/or moderate to large sink density specimens, diffusion-limited models appear to be required to describe the annealing kinetics, whereas chemical rate equation models appear to be required when low sink density specimens and/or quench temperatures ranging from 400oC to 700oCare involved wherein losses are found to be proportional to an effective time-of-quench parameter.
3. Estimates for the vacancy formation energy and vacancy formation entropy over the temperature range from 400oC to 925oC.
4. An estimate for the heat of solution of helium in pure gold ascertained over the temperature range from 400oC to 550oC.
5. Graphically-represented insights that reveal the nature of isothermal annealing kinetics for many of the elevated temperature Q&A series treatments to be essentially diffusion-limited, exhibiting losses that generally reflect tA2/3 or tA1/2 dependencies during the decay period down to at least 1/e of the fraction remaining of Normalized Quenched-In Resistance.
6. Evidence that metastable residual resistance (MRR) levels result when elevated temperature Q&A series treatments involving TQ ≥ 700oC, TA ≤ 500oC, and isothermal annealing times beyond one hour are performed.
7. Determinations of parameters, such as vacancy defect chemical potential, effective vacancy migration energies, mean relaxation times, instantaneous vacancy activation energies, and absolute macroscopic sink efficiency.
8. Graphically-represented insights regarding the influence of vacancy defect chemical potential upon a) absolute macroscopic sink efficiency, and b) values for instantaneous vacancy activation energies, especially as annealing temperatures approached the associated quench temperature.
9. Insight as to the nature, density, and associated vacancy concentration of secondary defects considered responsible for metastable residual resistance levels was accomplished via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations of two gold ribbon foils previously subjected to Q&A's involving TQ at 800oC and 900oC, respectively, followed by contiguous, prolonged anneals for one hour at 385oC and 340oC, respectively, and subsequent preparation for TEM methods.
10. An estimate for sink structure recovery activation energy at 950oC was obtained from analyses of monitored straight downquench ΔRQN(also referred to NQIR) magnitudes associated with quenches from 800oC performed on specimens that had been initially subjected to direct deformation followed by a series of several extended HTA treatments at 950oC each lasting for a number of hours and followed by an 800oC straight downquench to assess what changes occurred in NQIR values.
Extensive sets of data involving five-mil diameter pure 99.9999 weight percent(6N) pure gold wires maintained in situ during subjection to thermal treatments and subsequent lattice defect electrical resistance determinations at liquid helium temperatures have been analyzed. As a consequence of these studies, quantitative estimates for numerous lattice defect parameters were made possible, and insights into the interrelationships among many of these parameters were revealed.
From analyses of data associated with various sets of elevated temperature treatments that were performed, quantitative determinations for each of the following parameters were achieved:
1. Melting Point Resistance Ratio for Gold
2. Establishment of a temperature-time profile defined as a Long-Term Anneal(LTA) treatment to asymptotically approach "vacancy-free" residual resistance levels for potentiometric resistance measurements conducted at 4.2oK.
3. "No Loss" Normalized Quenched-In Resistance NQIR(T) Ξ QIR(T)/R(40oC)
4. "No Loss" Vacancy resistivity∆ρV(T)
5. "No Loss" equilibrium vacancy concentration CV(T)
6. Vacancy formation energy (EFV)
7. Vacancy formation entropy (SFV)
8. Heat of solution of helium in pure gold
9. Effective vacancy migration energy EMV(eff)
10. Remaining Vacancy Supersaturation Ratios VSR(TQ, TA, tA) defined as ≡ [Cv(TQ,TA, tA) - Cv(TA, tA)]/Cv(TA, tA → ∞)
11. Vacancy defect chemical potential μv(TQ, TA, tA)
12. Absolute macroscopic sink efficiency €
13. Variations in time exponent (m) during NQIR(TQ, TA, tA) Q&A series treatments
14. Metastable Residual Resistance (MRR) Levels for Q&A series treatments
15. Initial annealing rates (IARs) defined as{[NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) - NQIR(TQ, TA, ΔtA(initial))] / (ΔtA(initial)) }, wherein ΔtA(initial)is the duration time of the shortest isothermal anneal (hence the added descriptor initial)for the overall NQIR(TQ, TA, ΔtA) series treatment.
16. Mean relaxation times tme and defined as NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) / {[NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) - NQIR(TQ, TA, (ΔtA(initial))] / (ΔtA(initial))}
17. Instantaneous Vacancy Activation energy EMV(act)
18. Post-direct deformation sink structure recovery activation energy
Category: Classical Physics
[7] viXra:2006.0096 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-24 12:14:08
Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 10 Pages. A new outlook on the system nonlinearity is presented.
We consider the concept of structural nonlinearity, that is, the nonlinearity expressed as an influence of the processes in the system on its structure. As the given examples show, this concept is very useful.
Category: Classical Physics
[6] viXra:2006.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-09 23:11:34
Authors: Kevin R. River
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper will present three interferometer designs that use transparent diffraction gratings to create light paths that cause coherent light to produce interference patterns.
Category: Classical Physics
[5] viXra:2006.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-09 15:46:13
Authors: Bharath Raj G. N.
Comments: 20 Pages.
Starting from Kepler's laws we can not only derive Newton's Force(F) balance equation but also the Energy(E) conservation equation. We can derive that, E=K+P, where K=Kinetic Energy and P=Potential Energy=-GMm/|r| and E=Constant. Note that, F=m(d^2r/dt^2)=mass*acceleration and F_g=-(GMm/|r|^3)r=Newton's Law of Gravity. Also we get dP/dt=-F_g.(dr/dt), a vector dot product. Here r is the position vector and |r| indicates its magnitude. Thus, we get dE/dt=[F-F_g].(dr/dt), dot product. This is true even when E is not Constant. If E=Constant then, dE/dt=[F-F_g].(dr/dt)=0. This in general means, F-F_g is perpendicular to dr/dt. Not always m(d^2r/dt^2)-F_g=0 as Newton's Universal law of Gravity is stated. Hence Newton's equation encompass only a small subset of all the phenomena covered by the equation dE/dt=0. The equation F=F_g or m(d^2r/dt^2)=-(GMm/|r|^3)r in that form is not even applicable for all 2-body problems in 2D. In general, F=Some component of F_g. Since F_g=-grad(P) we also get that, in general, F=m(d^2r/dt^2)=Some component of -gradient(P). Thus assuming F=-gradient(P) is not valid. Determining which component of F_g is causing the body to accelerate is non-trivial. The free-body diagrams are of limited use and the principle of least action(Lagrangian calculations) employ energy terms but in a much more complicated manner. We can achieve better results directly using the Energy conservation equation.
Further we extend the analysis to include Lagrange type 3-body periodic orbit solutions with equilateral configuration and show that Lagrangian/Newtonian method gives some sporadic, apparently unstable solutions, where as the Energy method provides the entire set of stable elliptical orbit solutions including non-equilateral configurations. With Energy method we can also derive a condition which determines whether the 3-bodies end up in an orbit with 1 center of revolution(like in Lagrange type periodic orbits) or end up with 2 centers of revolution(like in the Sun-Earth-Moon system).
We also note that the term Inertia coined by Galileo to explain the height conserving property of balls rolling down inclined planes has to be properly interpreted as energy. That is, Inertia = Energy. And we point at the need to replace Newton's Laws of Motion(and Gravity) by the Energy conservation principle. And principle of angular momentum conservation or angular velocity conservation and such.
Category: Classical Physics
[4] viXra:2006.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-08 15:12:43
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 7 Pages.
A fundamentally new wind-induced electric generator without a rotor and a magnetic dynamo. The ion generator suggested is significantly cheaper, has high efficiency (67%) and can cover large areas, i.e., have a greater overall power production effect. It is based on the fact that the ions injected into the atmosphere are carried away by the ambient wind and create a potential difference of electric voltage, which produces an useable electric current.
Category: Classical Physics
[3] viXra:2006.0060 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-24 01:32:06
Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze, S. Chachua
Comments: 11 Pages.
Using the diagram of space-time, which represents intersections of the spheres depicting the front of an electromagnetic wave in the resting and moving frames with a plane going through the centres of the spheres, and the assumption that a quantum (photon) of spherical electromagnetic wave maintains its entity during the propagation of the wave, it is derived a quantum equation of the Doppler effect: sqrt(1-beta^2) tau^2 - 2 cos(gamma) tau(0) tau + sqrt(1-beta^2) tau(0)^2 = 0, where "tau(0)" and "tau" are the periods of an electromagnetic wave in the frames of the source and the receiver, "beta" is the relative speed of the frames divided by the speed of light in free space, and "gamma" is the angle of aberration (the difference of the angles of slope of a ray in the frames of the source and the receiver). It is maintained that despite the differences between the obtained equation and Einstein’s expression for the Doppler shift, the equation of time dilation doesn’t need any alteration. Inapplicability of some fundamental principles of the special relativity to finite distances as well as inherent uncertainties in the measurements of space and time intervals is discussed.
Category: Classical Physics
[2] viXra:2006.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-03 17:32:18
Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 8 Pages.
“Point-diffraction” ptychographic methods use small-area illumination of relatively simple diffracting objects, e.g. in the context of point-diffraction interferometry or spot-scanning microscopy. The resulting interferograms can be adequately sampled with relatively few detector pixels, and the reduced data volume enables the use of faster or more accurate reconstruction algorithms that might not be usable in conventional wide-field ptychography. In one algorithmic approach, “first-principles ptychography”, the diffraction object’s optical transfer function and the illumination field are simultaneously reconstructed without relying on any assumptions about the internal structure or diffraction mechanisms within the object or illumination optics. This capability would be useful for applications such as interferometric testing of optics for EUV lithography and inspection/metrology.
Category: Classical Physics
[1] viXra:2006.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-01 23:34:43
Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 6 Pages.
Einstein’s 1905 paper described at the outset a puzzling failure of Faraday’s law of induction, one of the four Maxwellian EM equations. The application of Faraday’s law of dynamics to relative motion of a magnet and metal conductor in the laboratory setting did NOT produce the same induced effect.
Two modern references, Andre Assis and Wikipedia, attempt to resolve this issue, but end up confusing the issue even more by citing the wrong experimental result for the moving magnet!
One wonders , then, what other mainstream beliefs are based on test data misrepresentation. Is it as many as their errors of mis-interpretation of test results?
The required epistemology here is the scientific method and philo-realism.
Category: Classical Physics
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