Classical Physics

Fundamental Rebound Theories Justify Generalizing Newton's 340-Year-Old Third Law and Its Implications.

Authors: Ajay Sharma
Comments: 45 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

Consider compiling a set of one hundred observations of diverse rebounding bodies on a common surface. These bodies may have identical mass and composition but different shapes, such as spheres, cones, needles flat sheets, and irregular forms, and they rebound to different heights. These experiments are classified into realistic physical systems. In existing physics, motion of bodies is explained by the coefficient of restitution method (CORM), the equations are based Newton’s third law of motion (NTLM) and kinematical equations, which explains phenomena qualitatively. Hertz contact method also explains motion of bodies in very limited range. Under suitable conditions, a spherical ball may rebound nearly to its original height, retracing its path, and the rebound height may be treated as an indicator of reaction force. In contrast, a flat body rebounds to a minimal height whereas irregular bodies rebound along trajectories at varying angles. The typical motions of sphere, flat and irregular bodies may be explained with a single equation quantitatively. Even recoil velocity of gun based on the conservation of momentum, is not quantitatively confirmed at macroscopic level. Thus, NTLM may be used independently to explain the behavior of rebounding bodies, in realistic system NTLM is expressed as Reaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB). Accordingly for recoil of gun we get, vgun = - mbullet .vbullet /Zmgun. The proposed generalization may be examined through quantitative experiments involving diverse parameters, where �� and Z represent experimentally determined coefficients. This law is specifically tailored for rebounding bodies in real-world scenarios, providing a phenomenological framework to describe experimental observations. Distinct theoretical treatments may be required for rebounding bodies in idealized versus real-world systems. The results motivate consideration of an extended interaction framework that incorporates geometric and surface-dependent factors within a Newtonian context.
Category: Classical Physics

Deduction of the Electron Charge

Authors: Antonio Jose Mejias Marquina
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this work the charge of the electron will be deduced from Gauss’s flow law.
Category: Classical Physics

Pivot Vector Direction Cosine Matrix

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 5 Pages.

This work derives the Direction Cosine Matrix using the Pivot Vector attitude parameters. The resulting matrix elements are simpler than those of other attitude representations, since they involve only vector dot products.
Category: Classical Physics

Temperature Characteristics of Mems Pressure Sensor with High Proof Pressure for Adjustable Ranges up to 10u202660 Kpa

Authors: Mikhail Basov
Comments: 17 Pages.

Temperature characteristics are one of the key parameters determining the performance of MEMS pressure sensor under specific operating conditions. This research demonstrates a new microassembly design for differential pressure sensor with adjustable ranges of 10u202660 kPa. A distinguishing feature of this microassembly is its use of stops for pressure sensor chip with sensitivity of S = 0.61 ± 0.15 mV/V/kPa. Developed pressure sensor enables to withstand proof pressure of 1.5 MPa. The proposed base geometry of the microassembly significantly reduces the impact of residual mechanical stresses (RMS) by all mechanical connections of pressure sensor chip, which is subjected to thermocycling and barocycling. It has been proven that it is possible to achieve errors in the temperature hysteresis of the zero signal (THZ) of less than 0.25%/FS in a wide temperature range from -65u2070С to +85u2070С, despite the requirement of top mechanical stop (as an additional source of RMS), which is only necessary to increase the overload capacity of pressure sensor.
Category: Classical Physics

A New Method for Determining the Direction of Gyroscopic Torque as Part of Nonlinear Dynamics

Authors: Bojidar Djordjev
Comments: 20 Pages.

A new method for determining the direction of the gyroscopic torque is proposed based on the inertial potential of the changed direction of the orbital velocity in the plane of precession. It is shown that it is a theoretical prerequisite for the application of the Laws of Nonlinear Dynamics to the gyroscope. The Nonlinear Dynamics and the New Method for Calculating the Gyroscopic Torque are discussed. Theses and comments.
Category: Classical Physics

Directional Density of Gases Under FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction: Predictions for Optical Interferometry

Authors: Alvydas Jakeliunas
Comments: 5 Pages.

We show that the directional density of an ideal gas remains isotropic under FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction of its container, while that of a bound solid becomes anisotropic. Com-bined with the invariance of the optical phase delay per molecule, this yields parameter-free predictions for gas-lled interferometers under Lorentzian Relativity. For a single gas-lled arm measured against a direction-independent reference, the signal on rotation is∆N= k(L/λ)(n−1)(v/c)2, where k depends on the interferometric conguration. Thesignal arises from the orientation-dependent molecule count in the contracted gas path. Wepredict null results for solid-dielectric interferometers regardless of refractive index.
Category: Classical Physics

The Rope of Time (In Italian)

Authors: Marco De Lorenzo
Comments: 43 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required and please cite and list scientific references)

This work presents a geometric re-foundation of physics, starting from a single postulate: the representation space is Euclidean, rigid, with fixed points and invariant distances. Time is not a coordinate, but an external parameter.From this postulate and the coherence condition (constant vector velocity of the representation system), we deduce the existence of a complex velocity, where is a geometric constant and a real phase.
Category: Classical Physics

Deriving Rotational Quaternions Using Pivot Vectors

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 8 Pages.

Pivot Vectors are used to derive the orthonormal triad that forms the basis vectors of rotational quaternions. Pivot Vectors are also used to derive Hamilton’s rules for quaternion algebra, which forms the foundation of quaternion parameterization of attitude. The concepts of simultaneous rotations and sequential rotations are used with Hamilton’s rules to derive the quaternion composition rule for rotations. The quaternion derivation of the rotation composition rule is compared to the Pivot Vector derivation to clarify the respective attitude parameterizations.
Category: Classical Physics

The Röntgen Interaction and the ‘Resolution of the Abraham—Minkowski Dilemma’

Authors: Andrew T. Hamilton
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Röntgen interaction between a point electric dipole and the electromagnetic field does not carry over to a continuous medium that is polarized. Consequently, the kinetic momentum density of light in a medium is not, as Barnett contends in his ‘Resolution of the Abraham—Minkowski Dilemma’, the Abraham form (although the canonical momentum density is the Minkowski form). As a result, the resolution is flawed, albeit not fatally.
Category: Classical Physics

Orbital Motions

Authors: Stefano Giardinelli
Comments: 34 Pages. In Italian (Note by viXra Admin: Author name, an abstract and scientific references are required in the article - Please conform!)

How is the trajectory of a space probe designed? What are the invisible laws that govern the flight of satellites and their encounters with distant worlds? In this treatise, The author guides the reader through a logical and mathematical journey that reveals the secrets of space navigation. Starting from Newton's fundamental principles and Kepler's laws, the work explores with clarity and rigor the pillars of orbital dynamics: u2022 The basics of motion: From circular orbits to the energy analysis of bound systems. u2022 Flight technology: The operation of rocket engines, the Tsiolkovsky equation, and propellant management. u2022 Interplanetary maneuvers: The Hohmann transfer, the study of spheres of influence, and the complex geometry of Lagrange points. u2022 The Mars mission: A detailed, step-by-step analysis for planning a trip to the Red Planet. u2022 The slingshot effect: How to use the gravity of planets (Gravity Assist) to navigate the Solar System without consuming propellant. Richly illustrated and accompanied by a precise mathematical framework, Orbital Motions is an essential work for physics students, space enthusiasts, and anyone who wishes to understand orbital mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

Physical Phenomena Are Created and Controlled by Nature

Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 53 Pages. 22 figures 22, 49 references

Contemporary physics relies extensively on mathematical formalisms to describe natural phenomena, often achieving remarkable predictive success. However, the relationship between mathematical description and physical explanation remains a subject of ongoing debate. In many cases, mathematical models are treated not only as tools for representation but also as implicit substitutes for the underlying physical mechanisms, which can obscure questions of causality and physical origin.This article examines this methodological issue using two fundamental physical phenomena—gravity and the tunneling effect—as representative examples. Both phenomena are commonly described by highly successful mathematical frameworks, namely general relativity and quantum mechanics, yet their physical interpretations remain incomplete or debated. The work argues that predictive accuracy alone does not necessarily constitute a full physical explanation and that mathematical consistency should be complemented by physically grounded mechanisms based on observable properties of matter and interaction.Alternative descriptions of gravity and the tunneling effect are proposed, grounded in experimental observations and established physical properties of matter at macroscopic and microscopic scales. These descriptions aim to clarify the physical processes underlying the phenomena while remaining compatible with empirical data. The proposed framework does not reject existing theories but seeks to supplement them by addressing conceptual gaps related to causality, physical mechanism, and interpretation. Such an approach may contribute to a more physically transparent understanding of fundamental phenomena and provide new directions for theoretical and applied research.
Category: Classical Physics

A Mathematical Model for the Geometrization of Electric Charge in Five-Dimensional Spacetime

Authors: Fawang Su
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the physical idea that "mass is energy with added dimensions", this paper explores how spacetime curvature contributes to the effective mass of photons from the perspective of combining general relativity and quantum mechanics by constructing a photon motion model in curved spacetime. It is proven that when a photon is confined within a characteristic scale in a strongly curved spacetime, its energy can manifest as an equivalent mass, which is directly related to the spacetime curvature tensor and the constraint scale. This paper provides a new theoretical perspective for understanding the acquisition of effective mass by photons.
Category: Classical Physics

New Physical Theory of Gravity

Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 19 Pages. 10 figures and 30 refereces

This paper proposes a phenomenological, physically motivated interpretation of gravitation aimed at addressing conceptual gaps related to physical mechanism, causality, and microscopic origin of gravitational interaction. While contemporary theories of gravity, including general relativity, provide mathematically consistent and empirically successful descriptions, they do not explicitly specify the physical processes underlying gravitational interaction.The proposed framework is based on established electromagnetic and structural properties of matter on microscopic and macroscopic scales. Gravitational interaction is interpreted as a manifestation of collective electrodynamic processes occurring within matter, associated with time-dependent electric and magnetic field configurations generated by charged constituents. The approach is not intended to replace geometric descriptions of gravity, but to complement them by introducing an explicit physical interpretation consistent with known properties of matter and interactions.The work is conceptual in scope and focuses on physical interpretation rather than on the development of a new mathematical formalism. It aims to provide a physically transparent perspective on gravity that may serve as a foundation for further theoretical refinement and experimental investigation.
Category: Classical Physics

Collapsing Sticky Nearfields: a new Paradigm for Transient Electromagnetic Nearfields Produced by Incomplete Wave Cycles with Potential Nearfield Imaging Applications.

Authors: Mario Eduardo Jacome Vargas
Comments: 27 Pages. [License:] CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Transient near-field phenomena are traditionally studied as isolated effects, each addressed within its own theoretical or experimental framework. In many electromagnetic measurement systems—including near-field imaging, such transient responses are routinely averaged out, filtered, or actively minimized in favor of stable, quasi-stationary field configurations.This paradigm draws together a wide range of transient near-field phenomena, organizing them by their qualitative characteristics into a coherent framework ,introducing concepts such as "Nearfield Stickiness". The presented concepts are articulated to suggest novel ways in which near-field energy dynamics could be harnessed to infer local electromagnetic characteristics, and are subsequently sublimated into perspective through various hypothetical scenarios and an Original analogy: Formation of Electromagnetic Waves as soap-film Bubbles.Treating transient near-field phenomena as a qualitative coherent whole, rather than as a collection of isolated effects, opens the door to exciting alternative interpretations and exploratory imaging strategies, as it suggests that the induced collapse of fields generated by metamaterial antennas —— fed with incomplete longer wavelength excitations that the ones currently used for its respective applications—— may enable meaningful access to qualitative information rooted in local electromagnetic properties of areas interacting with the field at the moment of collapse;complementing existing systems in areas such as effective range and selective interacting beyond obstacles.
Category: Classical Physics

Does Gravity Care About Electric Charge? A Minimalist Model and Experimental Test

Authors: Renato Vieira Dos Santos
Comments: 6 Pages.

Does gravity care about electric charge? Precision tests of the weak equivalence principle achieve remarkable sensitivity but deliberately minimize electric charge on test masses, leaving this fundamental question experimentally open. We present a minimalist framework coupling electromagnetism to linearized gravity through conservation of a complex charge-mass current, predicting charge-dependent violations $Delta a/g = kappa(q/m)$. Remarkably, this prediction occupies unexplored experimental territory precisely because precision gravity tests avoid charge variation. We identify this as a significant gap and propose a modified torsion balance experiment where $q/m$ is treated as a controlled variable. Such an experiment could test whether gravitational acceleration depends on electric charge, probing physics in genuinely new parameter space. This work exemplifies how theoretical minimalism can reveal overlooked opportunities in fundamental physics.
Category: Classical Physics

A Derivation of Faraday's law from Coulomb's Law and Relativity 1.The Progressing Electric Field Model

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 21 Pages.

Faraday’s law is empirically derived and, as such, may be subject to limitations. Notably, it appears to violate the law of conservation of energy in certain contexts. To establish a more robust formulation, it is necessary to derive the law from first principles. In this article, we theoretically derive Faraday’s law using only Coulomb’s law and special relativity. We present the first stage of this derivation: the construction of the 'Progressing Electric Field Model.' This model determines the curl of the electric field produced by moving charges and calculates the electric potential induced in a wire loop within that field.
Category: Classical Physics

Hierarchy Cosmological Model Based On the Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 8 Pages.

This report is devoted to the main additions (i.e., modifications) to Einstein's general theory of relativity, which led to the creation of the "Hierarchical Cosmological Model" based on a fully geometrized vacuum physics from the standpoint of the Algebra of signature [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. This project is aimed at implementing the Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler program for the complete geometrization of physics.
Category: Classical Physics

Revisiting Newton’s 340-Year-Old Third Law: a Generalized Form Within Newtonian Mechanics

Authors: Ajay Sharma
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

Newton’s third law is examined within the Newtonian framework under realistic interaction conditions, extending its applicability to real-world systems relevant to contemporary theoretical and experimental investigations. The law asserts the equality and simultaneity of action—reaction force pairs. Newton primarily applied the law qualitatively in Principia, illustrating it through three examples involving macroscopic interactions. Simple rebound experiments show that spherical bodies can retrace their original line of fall and rebound to comparable heights under suitable conditions, whereas asymmetrical or flat bodies exhibit reduced rebound heights and oblique rebound trajectories. The original formulation neglects several interaction-dependent factors, including material properties of bodies, rotation, spin, orientation, contact geometry, and deformation during interaction. Consequently, the law is treated as independent of these factors and is therefore held universally. In horizontal motion the characteristics of the surface are also significant. Motivated by the above qualitative experimental trends and supported by historical and conceptual analysis, a generalized form of Newton’s third law is proposed in which the reaction force is modified or extended by dimensionless coefficients accounting for shape, composition, target surface, and other interaction parameters, and expressed asReaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB)The generalized form reduces to the original form under suitable conditions of parameters and provides an experimentally testable framework for quantitative confirmation at the macroscopic level. Over time, applications of Newton’s third law have been extended to diverse systems, including aerodynamics and aerospace propulsion, each of which requires separate quantitative analysis.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Ether Problem in Physics: A Heuristic Viewpoint

Authors: Guofeng Chang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Inspired by Mach’s philosophical standpoint, Einstein constructed the theory of special relativity, which has been shown to be reliable both theoretically and experimentally. However, the negative conclusion regarding the absolute equivalence of relatively moving inertial frames, as suggested by the twin paradox thought experiment, has not been explicitly reflectedat the level of physical theory. The present work attempts to address this issue and includes the following investigations:(1) a reconsideration of the ether problem; (2) derivations of the mass—energy relation and centrifugal acceleration based on an ether contraction framework; (3) a heuristic interpretation of the invariance of the speed oflight and inertial forces. It is hoped that this work may offer some conceptual insight to readers interested in this problem.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Experiments on Electron Scattering from Atomic Lattice

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 29 Pages. 14 Fig., in Russian

This study has considered certain aspects of the dynamics of material particles (electrons, neutrons) during their interaction with nuclei of target atoms, the target being an ordered atomic lattice. We took into account factors affecting the particle trajectory, namely, the inverse-square law (Coulomb’s law), physical collisions of both the elastic and inelastic character, and effect of velocity decrease accompanied by bremsstrahlung. Analysis of the obtained results of mathematical simulation of the material particle scattering from the atomic lattice allowed us to reasonably assert that the particles do not possess wave properties giving rise to interference or diffraction.  We have proposed a technique allowing practical demonstration of the absence of wave properties in electrons as well as in other material bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Analog of a Compact Calabi-yau Manifold Based on the Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 18 Pages.

A multidimensional Ricci-flat space is proposed, in which additional dimensions harmoniously compensate each other's manifestations in accordance with the internal topological structure of a given manifold, i.e., without additional conditions. At the same time, the geometric and topological parameters of such a space, developed within the framework of Algebra the Signature [1,2,3,4], turned out to be sufficient for the creation of metric-dynamic models of all elementary particles included in the Standard Model [5,6,7,8]. In particular, it is possible to geome-trize such concepts as charge, spin, inertial mass, colors and confinement of the quarks, and also propose ways of metric-dynamically substantiating the nature of gravity, dark matter and energy, etc. In connection with these possibilities of the multidimensional geometry based on the Algebra of signature, the multidimensional Ricci-flat space generated by it can be proposed as an alternative to the Calabi-Yau manifold used in superstring theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton’s Third Law in Rebounding Bodies: Historical Context, Classical Conceptualization, and Generalized Formulation

Authors: Ajay Sharma
Comments: 18 Pages.

Newton’s third law of motion has historically been formulated and applied primarily in a qualitative manner and is commonly assumed to hold universally for macroscopic interactions. Over time, the applications of Newton’s third law have been extended to a wide range of systems, including aerodynamics and aerospace propulsion. In this work, qualitative and preliminary quantitative observations are reported for freely falling and rebounding macroscopic bodies, highlighting systematic variations associated with geometric shape, material composition, and impact conditions. Simple rebound experiments show that spherical bodies can retrace their original line of fall and rebound to comparable heights under suitable conditions, whereas asymmetrical and flat bodies exhibit reduced rebound heights and oblique rebound trajectories. These observations indicate that interaction forces during impact are influenced by structural and material asymmetries at the macroscopic scale. Motivated by these experimental trends and supported by historical and conceptual analysis, a generalized form of Newton’s third law is proposed in which the reaction force is modified by dimensionless coefficients accounting for shape, composition, target surface, and other interaction parameters, expressed asReaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB)The generalized formulation reduces to the classical law in the symmetric ideal limit and provides an experimentally testable framework for investigating macroscopic deviations from ideal action—reaction symmetry.
Category: Classical Physics

Aether Model Explains Particles, Photons and Forces by Reinterpreting μ0 and ε0

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 19 Pages.

The Standard Model of Particle Physics is held up as one of the most successful theories in physics, but it is littered with dubious renormalised infinities, fundamental particles that have never been directly detected and even fails completely to explain the force of gravity. In this paper I use the idea of the aether which was proposed as the medium through which Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves travelled. By comparing the formula for the speed of light in free space to that of sound in any medium I have reinterpreted μ0 as the density of free space and ε0 as the compressibility of free space. I propose that the actual structure of free space is a tetrahedral lattice of nodes similar to many crystals found in nature and that these nodes are connected with identical connecting rods under compression. The length of these connecting rods is a new fundamental constant but with this very simple model I can easily explain the nature of Planck’s constant, h, the Gravitational Constant, G, the charge of the electron, e, the mass of the electron, me, the mass of the Proton, mp, the mass of the Neutron, mn, the Relative Magnetic Moments of the Proton μp, and of the Neutron μn In explaining the origins of these fundamental constants, I have also explained the nature of matter and light and the two forces, Electromagnetism and the Strong Nuclear Force. It adds to the flowing space theory of Gravity by explaining some of its problems. In the case of matter, it explains the nature of inertial and gravitational mass and in the case of light it explains why the photon has no gravitational mass. This model also explains many unexplained phenomena such as β- decay parity violation, single particle interference experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, Bell inequality experiments, Aharonov Bohm effect and the mass of many sub atomic particles. It also has a very simple explanation for Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter asymmetry.
Category: Classical Physics

Variants for Demonstrating Aristotle's Wheel Paradox

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article discusses two variants for demonstrating Aristotle's Wheel Paradox, based on differing approaches to defining the "connection of the wheels" and the conditions of their rolling. In the first variant, the classic paradox is reformulated by changing the point of support for a rigid body. The second variant clarifies the concept of slippage of the smaller disk using a discrete "forcing mechanism."
Category: Classical Physics

Thermal Noise Harnessing

Authors: Jan Sandtner
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Every resistor is a source of a thermal noise with frequencies reaching up to THz. The noise available power is given by bandwidth, but independent of the frequency in which the noise is generated. To harness the noise power, some nonlinearity in the system should be present. With modern semiconductors, such as Schottky diodes or CMOS rectifiers, contemporary employed in RFID devices, the GHz part of the noise frequency range may be used. By means of RLC resonant circuits or PCB resonators connected in a cascade, a sufficient noise voltage can be attained. After rectifying, the noise energy may be stored in a condenser as a charge. Noise energy in a resonant circuit can be considered as that of a one sole molecule in an ideal gas. Even if the noise available power in a resonant circuit is negligibly small, the energy can be greatly increased by letting the power integrate over a long-time interval. In the appendix, a numerical example is presented. Keywords: Thermal noise harnessing, RLC resonant circuits, small signal Schottky diode, RF-harvesting, CMOS multistage rectifiers, PCB resonators, RFID devices, Second law.
Category: Classical Physics

Interference Fringes Caused by Beams Narrower Than the Fringe Spacing

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 6 Pages.

The interference of light has not only contributed to our understanding of natural laws, but it has also been used as a crucial foundational technology supporting modern industry. Both fundamental and applied aspects are being actively researched on interference. We've made an optical element that consists of a half-mirror and a mirror with an adjustable relative angle, and we're studying the fundamental characteristics of interference fringes. The fringe spacing can be altered by adjusting their relative angle. When light is incident on this device, numerous bright and dark lines appear, similar to thin-film interference or interference fringes of equal thickness. This report describes how the interference pattern and light intensity change as the width of the incident light beam is narrowed below the fringe spacing.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Forces Acting Between Interacting Objects

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 6 Pages.

If there are two objects of unknown mass. To determine the ratio of their weights, in nature, all we need is a weightless rod and a fulcrum. If we place two objects on the rod and fulcrum at the balance point, then the balance point becomes the barycenter. Measuring the distance between them from the barycenter yields the relationship m_1 r_1= m_2 r_2. Now, differentiating each distance with respect to time yields p= m_1 v_1= m_2 v_2, which defines Newton's first law of motion, momentum. Therefore, interacting between two objects has two opposing momenta. Newton's second law is the law of acceleration. Differentiating one momentum of the two momenta with respect to time gives F=ma. Since interaction is mutually attractive forces between two objects, it is the sum of the two forces between two objects. In other words, 2F=2ma. Newton's third law, the law of action and reaction, is two forces with opposite directions repel each other, but the result is the same as interaction. In Newton's law of universal gravitation, gravity also applies equally to the interaction between two objects. The gravitational force is 2F=2G Mm/r^2 . In the former case, kinetic energy is E_k= mv^2, and gravitational energy is E_g= 2GMm/r. If the two energies are equal, the relation between the two becomes v^2= 2GM/r. This is the same equation given in the Einstein field equation. When an object moves at the speed of light, all of the object's mass convert to energy, which is Einstein's energy-mass equivalence principle, E=mc^2. Furthermore, if we extend the Newton's law of universal gravitation, the law of universal gravitation between three bodies becomes 2F= 2G((m_1 m_2)/〖r_12〗^2 + (m_1 m_3)/〖r_13〗^2 + (m_2 m_3)/〖r_23〗^2 ).
Category: Classical Physics

Violation of the Equilibrium of Working Bodies Causes Torsion of the Suspension Thread

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 7 Pages.

This study demonstrates experimentally that a suspension thread can undergo torsional motion when the mass or spatial configuration of the working bodies in a torsion system is altered. Two experimental setups are proposed to investigate thread twisting caused by disrupting the mechanical equilibrium through changes in the effective arm length of the working bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

New Data Leading to the Conclusion that Matter Does not Attract But Repel Antimatter

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 5 Pages.

Today, Physics accepts that matter and antimatter are attracted, with a force proportional to the electromagnetic force. The theory of the Big Bang [2], which is also the established theory for the creation of the Universe, is based on this assumption. According to the Big Bang theory, at the beginning of the creation, more matter than antimatter was created. So after the self-destruction between matter and antimatter, due to the strong attraction between them, a large amount of matter remained that created the Universe. In contrast to the Big Bang theory, the theory of the Chain Reaction [3], which is an alternative theory for the creation, accepts the opposite, namely that matter and antimatter repelled with a very weak force, opposite and proportional to the force of the attraction of two masses. So, according to the Chain Reaction theory, at the beginning of the creation, equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, which, due to their repulsion, separated and matter created the Universe and antimatter the Antiuniverse. Maybe it was created, and many other Universes and Anti-universes. To date, no theoretical or experimental proof has been given by the established science to the acceptance that matter attracts antimatter. On the contrary, the author of this paper, who is also the author of the Chain Reaction theory, gives a clear proof that leads us to the conclusion that matter repels antimatter; at the same time he also calculates the force of this repulsion, which is equal but opposite to the force of the attraction of two masses.
Category: Classical Physics

The Photon Revealed: A Three-Phase Resonant Model of Photonic Structure and Quantum Emergence

Authors: Faisal Saeed
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a novel classical model of the photon as a three-phase resonant electromagnetic system. By analyzing coupled LC oscillators arranged in a symmetric helical configuration, we show that the photon's key quantum properties—quantization, spin, and lossless propagation—emerge naturally from geometry and energy closure. Remarkably, the golden ratio φ emerges as the unique solution to the energy closure condition K² - K - 1 = 0, establishing a fundamental relation for the helical wavelength λ_h = φ × λ. The model provides explicit predictions for the photon’s geometric parameters, including a radius r ≈ 0.202 × λ and helical inclination θ ≈ 52°, and offers a mechanistic, classical explanation for phenomena traditionally considered purely quantum.
Category: Classical Physics

The Photon Revealed: A Three-Phase LC Resonant System

Authors: Faisal Saeed
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a novel, low-resource approach to the photon's dynamics using open-source computational tools. We model the photon as a three-phase resonant system, where energy circulates perpetually among orthogonal components. This explains quantization, spin, and lossless propagation with real-space mechanical principles. Computational verification confirms the predicted resonant geometry with radius r=0.202λ and inclination θ=52°, and Planck's constant emerges naturally from classical electromagnetic quantities. The derivation relies solely on real-valued quantities, challenging the notion that complex numbers are fundamental to physical reality.
Category: Classical Physics

A Theory of Gravito-Electromagnetism- Extending Newtonian Gravitation with a Maxwellian Framework

Authors: Josef Graf
Comments: 22 Pages. In German

The profound mathematical analogy between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of gravitation hints at a deeper theoretical correspondence. This article develops a system of equations for gravitation that mirrors the structure of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism. This Gravito-Electromagnetic (GEM) formalism introduces physical entities such as the gravitomagnetic field, offering a unified framework with the potential to explain diverse phenomena. As a key application, the model provides a compelling explanation for the stability and equatorial alignment of planetary rings, as observed around Saturn and Uranus.
Category: Classical Physics

A Geometric Framework of Complementary Projections in Physics

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The purpose of this study is to show that many fundamental equations of physics can be traced back to a common geometric principle rooted in the Pythagorean theorem and the Archimedean tradition. The φ-parameterization acts as a bridge between classical, relativistic, and quantum physics, while also extending naturally to cosmological applications. The proposed framework does not contradict established physics nor introduce new postulates; rather, it provides a visual, unifying, and numerically stable representation of physical laws. In addition to its geometric clarity, the φ-formalism possesses an important computational advantage — numerical stability.
Category: Classical Physics

What is G? a Predictive Toy Model of Newtonian Gravity in the Spirit of Principia Mathematica

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón, Josep M Francino
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on a toy model that postulates space as a dynamic 3-D grid of nodes and stems arranged as a repeating pattern of a unit cell of unknown geometry, an equivalence and interchangeability of space and mass is proposed, the latter being a collapsed state of the former. Masses would originate from the collapse of a certain amount of unit cells proportional to the mass. From the model and under spherical symmetry, Newtons’ Law is reproduced and the value of G is shown to be independently derivable from a Cavendish experiment. The locally collapsed grid would then generate a dynamical system of force lines, akin to Faraday’s lines in electromagnetism, which surface density decays as 1/r^2 and determines the force on the test mass. A correction is added to the classical formulation for the case of non-baryonic gravity and gravity of unknown origin that reduces to the standard when there is none. Finally, an argument is made about the range of the gravitational force, which in this model would be extremely large but finite.
Category: Classical Physics

An Omitted Term in the Lorentz Force Formula

Authors: Jan Sandtner
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

If the well-known Lorentz force formula is applied for nonstationary cases, then an additional term containing changing electric field must be adjoined. This term has dimension of force too. When in space, where the field is located, pure vacuum is present, then a rightful question arises, where does this force apply. Some considerations about electromagnetic momentum and compensating mechanical momentum are mentioned.
Category: Classical Physics

Local Control of Gravity Using a Parallel Plate Capacitor, Subjected to Extra Low Frequency Voltages

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

Here, we show an experiment in order to measure the gravity acceleration above of one side of the dielectric of a Parallel Plate Capacitor when the opposite side of the dielectric is facing to Earth surface, and the capacitor is subjected to a sinusoidal voltage with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). The results here obtained shows that, in these circumstances, the gravity acceleration above of the dielectric is strongly modified.
Category: Classical Physics

Debunking the Dot Product of a Magnetic Moment and a Magnetic Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 8 Pages.

We attempt to calculate the exercise where we show that a dot product of a magnetic moment and a pointwise value of a magnetic field with a minus sign describes an interaction energy. The attempt is not successful due to the divergence of the relevant integrals, and we conclude that the claimed exercise result is wrong. The belief that the dot product with a minus sign would describe an interaction energy most apparently is only a myth.
Category: Classical Physics

Non-Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light [?]

Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

Objective: To critique and reconstruct the theoretical foundation of "light as electromagnetic waves", proposing an alternative theoretical framework based on a real "ontology".

Method: Through logical analysis, it points out the conceptual confusion between "light has wave-like properties" and "light is an electromagnetic wave"; it reinterprets the LC oscillation circuit as a nuclear magnetic resonance process; it demonstrates that the wavelength measured by diffraction is the wavelength of the "momentum wave" rather than the wavelength of the electromagnetic transverse wave.

Conclusion: Light is a "light soliton" with rest mass [?] and its wavyness is intrinsic "momentum wave". Vacuum electromagnetic properties (εu2080, μu2080) are the ontological properties of the "Qi-state crystalline ether". The geometric view of gravity in general relativity is a mathematical fiction based on false presuppositions[?]. This work has provided a new ontological basis for unified understanding of the wave-particle duality.
Category: Classical Physics

The Gas Discharge Tube with Isolated Power Connection

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this work, a gas discharge tube with isolated power connection was studied. Since the power connection is isolated, there is no current through the tube thus there is no power consumption. The gas inside the tube emits light, which can be absorbed by solar cells and be converted to power output. This device can be used as power generator.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Derivation of Coulomb's Law Based on 5D Space. Screening and Renormalization of Coulomb Interaction at Small Distances Between Charges

Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 36 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work considers a new model of elementary particle interactions based on representing space as an elastic medium with variable density. It is assumed that each elementary particle is a region of local compression or rarefaction of this medium, characterized by a density function (ho(mathbf{r})). The interaction between such density clusters is described as a result of superposition of their individual metric deformations, leading to a change in the total space density and the emergence of interaction energy. Methodologically, the derivation is conducted through the convolution of the density functions of two compressed regions, expressed via Heaviside functions. As a result of analytical transformations, an expression for the total perturbation of space density is obtained, including three terms: two independent (self-consistent) and one cross-term responsible for the energetic interaction between clusters. It is shown that the cross-term, when expanded, gives four terms, one of which fully coincides in form with Coulomb's law if the concept of "charge" is introduced as (Q = ho_0 frac{4pi R^4}{3}). Thus, Coulomb's law in this model is not postulated but arises naturally as a result of the spatial interaction of two density deformations. The first three terms of the expression are interpreted as screening and field normalization effects, analogous to those accounted for in quantum electrodynamics (QED). The introduced parameters (R_1), (R_2), and (ho_0) preserve the correct dimensionality of expressions and reflect intrinsic properties of the space metric. The proposed approach opens the possibility of a unified description of electromagnetic, gravitational, and nuclear interactions as manifestations of different regimes of space density deformation, bringing this formalism closer to the construction of a unified geometric field theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 13: Connection With Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 34 Pages.

This article is the thirteenth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature " [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. This article is aimed at substantiating the assertion that there is no difference in the mathematical description of the behavior of objects in the macrocosm and the microcosm. The hierarchical cosmological model proposed in the previous articles of this project assumes that the metric-dynamic models of all "corpuscles", regardless of their size (for example, "elementary particles", naked "planets" and "stars", as well as naked "galaxies") are structured almost identically. The main differences between them are associated primarily with the distinguishability of small details. The larger the "corpuscle", the more subtly its infrastructure is manifested. However, the similarity of "corpuscles" of different sizes is not limited to the coincidence of their shape. Their random movements (i.e., chaotic deviations of the core of the "corpuscles" from their mean positions) also obey the same laws. The article presents the derivation of the stochastic Schrödinger equations and self-diffusion equation, suitable for describing the averaged (including quantized) states of stochastic systems of any scale. It is shown that, for example, the chaotically shifting core of a planet (or star) can have a quantum set of possible averaged states, similar to the excited states of an electron in an atom. It is suggested that when the core of a planet (or star) transitions from one quantum state to another, the interior of this celestial body can absorb or emit gravitational waves. This hypothesis may form the basis of stellar-planetary gravitational spectroscopy.
Category: Classical Physics

Ethyrohydrodynamic Model of Inertia

Authors: Buylin Igor Aleksandrovich
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian (Note by viXra Admin: All entries on the Submission Form should be in English)

Based on a simple vortex model of solids, as well as the well-known principles of hydrodynamics of an ideal incompressible fluid, namely d’Alembert’s paradox, the equilibrium condition of an incompressible fluid and the principle of added masses for potential flows, it was possible to find a simple explanation for the mysterious concepts of classical mechanics and theoretical physics - inertial and non-inertial reference frames, inertial forces, motion bodies by inertia. Based on the resulting model, it was possible to give a new interpretation of Newton's three laws.

На основе простой вихревой модели твердых тел, а также широко известных принципов гидродинамики идеальной несжимаемой жидкости, а именно — парадокса Даламбера, условия равновесия несжимаемой жидкости и принципа присоединенных масс для потенциальных потоков, удалось найти простое объяснение загадочным понятиям классической механики и теоретической физики —инерциальным и неинерциальным системам отсчета, силам инерции, движению тел по инерции. На основании полученной модели удалось дать новую интерпретацию трех законов Ньютона.
Category: Classical Physics

Is Common Sense in Physics Really Correct?

Authors: Nobuyuki Tanamura
Comments: 40 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This paper posits that physical phenomena arise not from equations but from the 'mechanisms' created by matter. In other words, it seeks to examine whether the main physical phenomena can be explained through these mechanisms. Firstly, the cause of the Doppler effect in the electric field is considered. This occurs because 'something' that generates an electric field from a charge continues to move at the speed of light. Here, this 'something' is referred to as a 'spatial element.' Furthermore, the reason spatial elements do not instantly exhaust from a charge is because the electric field strength and spatial density are proportional. Additionally, the constancy of the speed of light arises because the amount of spatial elements passing through is proportional to the passage of time. Elementary particles are considered as the points from which spatial elements are ejected. Thus, time, space, and the electric field are three-dimensional entities with direction. Moreover, all physical phenomena arise from the overlap of spatial elements, including gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and electromagnetism. An attempt is made to explain these through the 'mechanisms' formed by spatial elements. There also exist mysterious phenomena that cannot be explained by physics. The mechanisms by which these phenomena occur are explored. In conclusion, physical phenomena are not defined by equations but result from the overlapping of electric fields, which creates a mechanism through which they arise.
Category: Classical Physics

Φ Geometry in Physics: a Unified Visual Language and Numerical Stability

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 21 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

We present "φ-geometry," a visual re-parameterization of familiar relations by a single angle on a unit (or scaled) circle: β = sinφ = v/c, γu207b¹ = cosφ, and γβ = tanφ. In this language, key results of special relativity—time dilation, length contraction, the energy—momentum invariant—and collinear velocity addition reduce to elementary trigonometric identities. We also give compact sin/cos forms for basic electromagnetic transformations and the de Broglie pair, introduce an atomic scale φ(Z,n) from v/c ≈ Zα/n, and read the string momentum—winding plane as (cosφ, sinφ). The aim is clarity and pedagogy: one diagram organizes diverse formulas and helps trace transitions across domains. A practical benefit is numerical robustness: switching to the complementary branch (sin ↔ cos) mitigates division-by-zero and precision loss near limiting angles. We do not propose new dynamics. Rather, we present a re-parameterization aimed at clarity and pedagogy. The physical content of SR/GR remains unchanged; what we provide is an alternative geometric language. The accuracy for specific processes and regimes requires further study, analysis, and refinement, which we leave to future work.
Category: Classical Physics

The Dimensionality of the Geometric Product Can be Explored with Benefit to High-School Science Students

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

Professor Philippe Eenens, who has taught GA-based courses to freshman engineering students, asserts that "For GA to become mainstream, we must convince high-school teachers of its advantages for the teaching of basic topics of mathematics and science." One of those basic topics, according to prize-winning educator Edward Redish, is the "dimensionality" of the variables in science equations. Unlike the variables in most equations that students have worked with in math classes, the variables in science equations represent measurements that have fundamental units like time, length, and mass. Acting upon the advice of professors Eenens and Redish, we show here how the dimensionality of GA’s geometric product might be explored at the high-school level in a way that would be of lasting benefit to students.
Category: Classical Physics

Automatic Differentiation in MATLAB

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 30 Pages.

This document contains implementation notes for the MATLAB class "mpoly" (Multivariate Polynomial), which represents a numeric array (of any nonempty size, any number of dimensions) as a polynomial function (any degree) of a set of independent parameters (any number), or as a truncated Taylor series approximation. The class supports most standard array operations (algebra, indexing, etc.), employing automatic differentiation to calculate series coefficients of function outputs.
Category: Classical Physics

Φ Geometry in Physics: a Single Angle for SR, Energy—momentum, and Numerical Stability

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name should be listed after the title; please cite and list sceintific references)

Φ geometry is a visual re-parameterization of standard relativistic relations via one angle φ on a unit (or c-scaled) circle. One diagram unifies β, γ, E, p and velocity addition. Complementarity (sin ↔ cos) removes "bad denominators" and makes edge cases numerically stable.
Category: Classical Physics

Solutions to Exercises in Hestenes’s Geometric Algebra Treatment of Constant-Acceleration (Parabolic) Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 13 Pages.

As an aid to teachers and students who are learning to apply Geometric Algebra (GA) to high-school-level physics, this fi nal installment in our guide to David Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion provides detailed solutions to the associated exercises in Hestenes’s book New Foundations for Classical Mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

[ Exploration on The] Misconception of Work and Energy Conservation

Authors: Amrinder Singh Sohi
Comments: 22 Pages.

As we know, the work done formula that the world uses nowadays is the Force dot product of displacement (i.e. W = F.d). But there aresome contradictions which are found. The work done formula which we use nowadays is not universally applicable. There are only some special cases where this formula is applicable . In this research paper we will find wherethis formula has failed. So the actually universally applicable formula is Force multiplied by time (i.e. W = Ft).
Category: Classical Physics

The Zitter Electron Model and the Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Authors: Oliver Consa
Comments: 18 Pages.

The Zitter Model of the Electron interprets Zitterbewegung as a real internal motion of the electron at the speed of light, giving rise to its spin and magnetic moment. Based on this model and relying solely on four basic assumptions, we have derived numerous properties of the electron directly from its internal structure, including the de Broglie frequency, magnetic and angular momentum, Compton wavelength, the quantum magnetic flux, the quantum Hall resistance, the Lorentz factor, and the Schwinger critical field limits. By introducing a fifth assumption (a secondary helical motion), we derived the amplitude of this motion and predicted an anomalous magnetic moment with a g-factor of 1.0011607, obtained purely from geometric considerations, without any numerical fitting or free parameters.
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis on Aerodynamic Characteristics of WIG : Proposal of New Green’s Function Considering Water Wave Generation Caused by Aerial Vortices

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 30 Pages. 11 Figures, 108 Equations, 10 References.

In this paper, a Green’s function considering water wave generation caused by aerial vortices is proposed. The new function is derived in the form that the influence of pressure fluctuations on the water surface is reflected by using the Fourier transform method.

By performing an asymptotic analysis for the Green’s function, it is shown that the high-speed flow field due to an aerial vortex can be represented by placing a slightly weaker vortex at the mirror image position under the water surface. As a result, asymptotic wave profiles at the high speed swells up in the neighborhood of WIG.

Furthermore, the lift force and wave-making resistance acting on the WIG are analyzed based on the momentum theorem, and thereby smart calculation formulae are presented for the two forces. Based on the developed theory, specific numerical calculations of aerodynamic forces and water wave profiles are performed for NACA airfoils as an example of thick wings. Thereby a certain amount of knowledge was obtained about the water surface effects of WIG.
Category: Classical Physics

Motion of a Particle on a Catenary Curve: A Lagrangian Mechanics Approach with Elliptic Integral Solutions

Authors: Luv Gupta
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper aims to find the motion of a particle that is restricted to move along a catenary curve. The method used to find the dynamics of the particle , we use Lagrangian mechanics along with elliptical integrals to find solve the obtained equation of motion for time. We transform the kinetic and potential energies one generalized coordinate, which results in a short Lagrangian formulation.After applying the Euler—Lagrange equation and using lagrange multiplier which shortens it down and helps us to find the constraint force needed helps us to reach to a differential equation i.e., the equation of motion is derived, analyzing the interaction between inertial and gravitational forces. A similar process is carried upon for the particle going on a catenary under influence of gravity and gravity too. The Euler Lagrange Equation is modified for non conservative forces and a equation of motion is derived. Using Lagrangian Mechanics yield a simple and elegant method
Category: Classical Physics

Three Physics Identities; Navigating the Decimal Universe Using the NIST Codata

Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Three possible identities are presented. The identities use physics values from the NIST 2022 CODATA. The Newton constant G is realigned withinCodata against values having more precision, accuracy and lower uncertainties. That the identities match to 7-8 significant figures are a curiosity and is either a coincidence or remains to be explained. It is also made interesting in that two relations incorporate similar physics values.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravity Emerges from the Continuous Absorption of Virtual Energy Particles, Which Are Required to Maintain the Electron’s Fixed State Within an Atom

Authors: Sanjay Shah, Yashvi Shah
Comments: 12 Pages.

Gravity has traditionally been described by two prevailing paradigms: (1) Newton's law of universal gravitation as an attractive force (Newton, 1687), and (2) Einstein's general theory of relativity, which interprets gravity as the curvature of spacetime (Einstein, 1915). Although these frameworks adeptly account for numerous macroscopic observations, they fall short in explaining gravitational phenomena at quantum scales. To date, no empirical evidence for quantum gravity has been observed, and the postulated graviton—integral to extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics—remains undetected (Weinberg, 1967). This discrepancy positions gravity as one of the most profound enigmas in contemporary physics.This study introduces a novel model wherein gravity arises from the perpetual absorption of Virtual Energy Particles (VEPs) by atoms, essential for sustaining the stable orbital configuration of electrons. The incessant uptake of these particles induces a directional flux toward the atomic nucleus, manifesting as a gravitational field. Within this paradigm, gravity transcends mere attraction or geometric distortion, emerging instead as a fundamental mechanism for energy redistribution that underpins atomic integrity and cosmic equilibrium.The concept of virtual particles is substantiated by quantum vacuum fluctuations (Heisenberg, 1927), Feynman diagrams in quantum electrodynamics (Feynman, 1949), and empirical phenomena such as the Casimir effect (Casimir, 1948). Diverging from classical mechanics and general relativity, this model conceptualizes gravity as a flux of virtual particles, reconciling quantum microscopic dynamics with macroscopic cosmic behavior. Accordingly, this theory posits that VEPs serve as the primary mediators of gravitational fields and atomic stability, providing a prospective avenue for unifying gravity across disparate scales.
Category: Classical Physics

Let There Be Light in Quantum Theory: A φ-Geometric Model of Relativistic and Cosmological Limits

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper introduces a new geometric model of spacetime, constructed from a right triangle inscribed in a circle. In this construction, the hypotenuse coincides with the diameter of the circle. From this configuration, a universal parameter naturally emerges — the angle φ, which links gravitational effects, relativistic transformations, and quantum transitions. This geometry provides a new way to interpret physical phenomena, ranging from classical cosmology to quantum mechanics. It avoids deep singularities and transforms them into "light" singularities. These milder forms open the way for further physical analysis.
Category: Classical Physics

The Non-Relativistic Bi-Level Electron Model

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages.

This work presents the bi-level electron model, a quantitative model of a point-like spinning electron, which was inspired by similar classical models of spinning electrons that interpret the Zitterbewegung of Dirac electrons as a spin motion of point-like electrons. The new model is consistent with de Broglie's internal clock hypothesis and other features of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons, as well as with Larmor precession of the electron spin in a uniform magnetic field. The equations of motion are discussed in non-relativistic approximation, while the relativistic case is left for future work.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part 12: Naked "Galaxies" - "Particles" of Dark Matter?

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 43 Pages.

This article is the twelfth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature " [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In this article, metric-dynamic models of naked "galaxies" of various classes are proposed based on the hierarchical cosmological model, the fundamentals of which are outlined in the previous articles of this project. Naked "galaxies" are considered as various sets of galactic Gk-"quarks" and Gk-"antiquarks", and represent giant resting (or rotating and moving) gravitational funnels, in which there are no small-scale "corpuscles" (i.e. any "stars", "planets", "molecules", "atoms" and "elementary particles"). Within the framework of this theory, when all types of small "corpuscles" enter the outer shells of naked "galaxies" (i.e., into gravitational funnels of various types), models of galaxies with the observed properties are formed. It is proposed to consider naked "galaxies" as giant "particles" of dark matter, and we also propose to supplement the Standard Model of elementary "particles" consisting of Ek-"quarks" and Ek-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in [6]), with planetary Pk-"quarks" and Pk-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in [6]), as well as galactic Gk-"quarks" and Gk-"antiquarks" (see Table 1 in this article).
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Principles of Non-Shared Coordinate System

Authors: Jian-Xun Zhang
Comments: 45 Pages. The paper has been published in a physics specialty journal. The peer reviewing experts consider that the authors' work is original, stimulating, and ambitious, makes an excellent and exciting contribution to physics.https://doi.org/10.33140/ATCP.08.03.12

When you were brimming with confidence after studying classical physics and ready to achieve great things, only to be told that they are just approximate theories under a low-speed macroscopic weak gravitational field would you feel? This article will calm down your false alarm, make you believe that classical physics remains precisely applicable under high-speed strong gravitational fields (the microscopic situation will be discussed separately) , itself is sufficient to precisely solve issues such as the gravitational bending of light, the perihelion precession of planets due to spacetime curvature, radar echo delay, quasars, dark energy, and dark matter. The evolution of physics to the stage of quantitative analysis was made possible by the introduction of a coordinate system. By Einstein's era, observational coordinate systems and background coordinate systems can no longer share the same coordinate system, abbreviated as NSCS (The Newtonian era corresponding to the shared coordinate system, abbreviated as SCS. The same below). At this point, the primary issue in the NSCS stage becomes which coordinate system the observer should use to measure and read the spacetime data of the observed object. Cling to traditional concepts, choosing the observer's coordinate system as the reading coordinate system, naturally leads to the conclusion that classical physics is an approximate theory. This article chooses to follow the natural law of that only the background coordinate system can serve as the reading data coordinate system, resulted in a theoretical framework based on that 'Two Rules of the data measurement and the reference frame duality, four-sames of the laws of spacetime evolution, and one-strategy of using linear solve nonlinear'. Within this framework, classical physics remains accurate, user friendly, and sufficient. A series of examples listed in this article can serve as proofs.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory, Diy and Proof: Newton's Seemingly Reactionless Drives

Authors: Miroslaw Wilczak, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since Newton it is known that reactionless drives are impossible. Nevertheless, it appears as if satellites and the ISS can rotate without reaction. We apply the underlying principle to a linear drive that can be built for a few dollars.
Category: Classical Physics

The Problem with the Equivalence Principle

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

The "Equivalence Principle" first noted by Albert Einstein has an obvious defect in it that forces a re-evaluation of deductions made from it. This is not a minor defect but rather a critical error that, when properly evaluated, leads to the cause of the stability of electrons in atomic orbitals and the underlying cause of electromagnetic radiation from accelerated charged particles. This should have been noted by physicists in the late 19th century but was missed.
Category: Classical Physics

Part 3 of Guide to Hestenes’s Geometric Algebra Treatment of Constant-Acceleration (Parabolic) Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 10 Pages.

As an aid to teachers and students who are learning to apply Geometric Algebra (GA) to high-school-level physics, we provide this third installment in our guide guide to Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion. A key element of this installment is our detailed discussion of how Hestenes uses "extended hodographs" as sources of geometric insights that can be expressed and transformed via GA to deduce relationships among factors that affect constant-acceleration motion.rs that affect constant-acceleration motion.
Category: Classical Physics

Vector Kinematic Analysis of Keplerian Velocity from Hamilton’s Hodograph

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 3 Pages.

Many authors in the literature focused on Hamilton's hodograph of the Keplerian motion but none of them developed a vector kinematic analysis of the peculiar velocity shown by the hodograph, so we perform it here. As expected, the analysis predicts Kepler's laws, the mathematical structure of Newton's acceleration, and it also leads to new expressions for the classical mechanical energy and the eccentricity. We then discuss the relationship between the geometric acceleration given by the kinematics and the physical one stated by Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

Quantitative Analysis of the "Mpemba Effect"

Authors: Fawang Su
Comments: 10 Pages.

A quantitative analysis is conducted on the "Mpemba effect" where hot water freezes faster than cold water. Specific calculation formulas and discriminant conditions are provided, and the causes of the "Mpemba effect" are revealed.
Category: Classical Physics

The Interaction Mechanism of Forces is Discussed for the Second Time

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

I clearly pointed out in the article "a Preliminary Study of the Interaction Mechanism of Forces" (https://www.toutiao.com/article/7526518366140678697/) that the Coulomb force only exists between charged particles should be transferred by two Coulombs with completely different properties. In this paper, the idea is further discussed, and some known physical phenomena and experimental results related to Coulomb force and mass/universal gravitation are discussed qualitatively. Hope to get the attention and advice of interested experts, scholars and physics enthusiasts.
Category: Classical Physics

The Analysis of Matter Accretion

Authors: Micah L. Holt
Comments: 22 Pages.

The concept of matter accretion is meant to theoretically explore the nature of a massive body growing from an initial state to a larger entity through accumulating material. This follows the assumption that the body growing from the accreted material is spherical. To examine this body, derivations using classical physics are made to describe its potential behavior. This led to a differential equation that shows the proportionality relationship between mass and potential energy. To specify this equation, it shows the 2nd order time derivative of mass equaling to the negative Laplacian of the potential energy; this equation can be interpreted as a non-linear temporal growth of matter being equivalent to the opposite 2nd order spatial derivative of its potential energy for somatic construction. Basically, the accretion of matter is affected by the loss of potential energy in space. In addition, following the derivation of the gravitational binding energy and incorporating it with a substitution into this equation, it led to a 2nd order time dependent differential equation for the gravitational construction of matter. Having the derivation of this equation that describes accretion caused by gravity, it has a coefficient that matches with the Laplacian of the gravitational potential but by a factor of six. Following a hypothesis that this is a geometric factor instead of mere coincidence, this led to the derivation of a mathematic theorem to support its geometric property. Lastly, a query comes to mind if this concept of matter accretion could apply to quantum physics.
Category: Classical Physics

The Law of Gravitation That Takes Into Account the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The law of gravity FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ is investigated, which is considered as a relativistic version of the law of universal gravitation. The new law of gravitation takes into account the accelerated expansion of the Universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It shows the total force of universal gravitation taking into account the gravitational interaction of all N bodies in the Universe. This law of gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N =2 and for N → ∞. The total force of universal gravitation consists of two components: the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies FH-K = mR^3/(T^2)r^2 and an additional cosmological force FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. A feature of this law of universal gravitation is that it does not include the gravitational constant G and mass M. It includes parameters available from observations. These are the parameters of the planets' orbits (R and T) and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The new law of gravitation shows that in addition to the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies, the bodies are acted upon by the cosmological force FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ of the universe. The presence of the speed of light in the law of gravitation together with the cosmological constant Ʌ represents a relativistic version of the law of universal gravitation obtained within the framework of classical gravity. The additional cosmological force causes acceleration A0 = (c^2)√Ʌ=10.4922 x 10u207b¹u2070 m/s² close to the acceleration value (au2080 = 1.2 x 10u207b¹u2070 m/s²) predicted by MOND. The new law of gravitation explains the shift of the planets' perihelion, points to the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly, and provides an explanation for the rotation curve of galaxies without invoking the concept of dark matter.
Category: Classical Physics

On Fields, Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 3 Pages. In Spanish

In classical mechanics, this paper presents a new scalar field that explains the relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass. According to this paper, inertial mass is determined by gravitational mass. In classical dynamics, gravitational mass (inertial mass) is more relevant than the other charges (electric charge, etc.) because it is always positive (this property is very important in the new scalar field) Later, in the appendix, the new scalar field is implemented in the theory of relativity.
Category: Classical Physics

The Energy-Restitution Connection: A First-Principles Derivation for Rigid Body Collisions

Authors: Joshua Dizon
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The coefficient of restitution is a dimensionless parameter commonly used to classify the elasticity of collisions. In this paper, we derive a direct relationship between the restitution coefficient and the change in kinetic energy of a two-body system during a one-dimensional collision. This formulation enhances the interpretability of energy loss in terms of velocity and mass, providing an analytic tool for physical and computational modeling.
Category: Classical Physics

Unifying Physics Via Space-Time Constituent Constant

Authors: Adrian Guerrero
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel unification framework, positing space-time as a superfluid-like medium governed by a universal Space-Time Constitutive Constant (( C_y )), which integrates quantum, nuclear, and cosmological phenomena. Protons at radii ( r > 0.84 , text{fm} ) induce a density field, driving emergent particle interactions through a quantized space-time structure. The model unifies fundamental forces via a single energy-displacement relation, reproducing key experimental results: neutron decay energy (~0.782 MeV), deuterium binding (~2.22 MeV), electron charge (( 1.602 times 10^{-19} , text{C} )), and quantum effects like double-slit interference and the Casimir effect (~10u207b²u2070 J). It addresses Standard Model anomalies, including LHCb’s ( R_K ) (3.1σ), ATLAS’s top quark entanglement (6.7σ), and Fermi-LAT’s electron excess (3.7σ), with a 95—97% likelihood of explanatory success. The framework incorporates relativistic effects, predicting time dilation impacts on particle lifetimes and gravitational analogs in cosmological settings. By modeling space-time as a dynamic, superfluid-like medium, it bridges quantum chromodynamics (QCD) with general relativity, capturing quark-gluon dynamics and gravitational wave signatures. Experimental tests are proposed to validate the model: X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments to detect orbital energy shifts (0.01—0.1 eV), National Ignition Facility (NIF) measurements of magnetic susceptibility variations (5—10%), Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) probes of strong force shifts (0.1—1 MeV), and Gamma-ray Spectrometer at LIGO (GSL) for weak force decay rate deviations. Space missions are suggested to test flyby anomaly velocity shifts, potentially confirming space-time density fluctuations. Cosmological implications include explanations for cosmic expansion and dark energy via constitutive interactions. The model’s predictive power extends to Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of M87* and Sgr A*, anticipating shadow asymmetries and photon ring distortions. A unified Lagrangian integrates scalar fields and stochastic fluctuations, offering a holographic perspective on particle and gravitational interactions. With falsifiable predictions, the framework invites rigorous testing at facilities like CERN, NIST, and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), potentially revolutionizing our understanding of the universe by linking atomic-scale phenomena to cosmological structures through a single constitutive constant.
Category: Classical Physics

Remarks on Rivas's Equations of Motion of Spinning Electrons

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Rivas's model of spinning particles describes an electron as a point-like center of charge spinning around a point-like center of mass with both points satisfying specific equations of motion. The present remarks comment on various aspects of these equations, including notation, parameters of the spin motion, methods for numerical integration, and a modification of the equations of motion to model the Larmor precession of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Solargons, Solar Stratovases, Solarhedrons, and Other Light Concentrators

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

We invent the "solarhedron," "solargon," and "solar stratovase" solar concentrator designs which will uniformly illuminate a flat solar cell with F(k)², F(k), and k suns worth of radiation respectively, for any desired integer k≥1, where F(k)≥1 is a certain roughly-linearly-increasing function apparently obeying 2k-2.6≤F(k)≤2k-1. We prove the solargon and stratovase both enjoy optimal efficiency for any fixed mirror-reflectivity value in (0, 1].
Category: Classical Physics

Correcting Misconceptions Regarding Foucault Pendulum Precession

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 3 Pages.

This work serves to correct three errors that appear in explanations of the precession of the Foucault Pendulum. The first erroneous claim is that the plane of oscillation of the pendulum remains fixed with respect to inertial space. The second claim is that the plane of oscillation rotates in the clockwise direction. The third claim is that the precession of the pendulum is caused by the Coriolis Force. A previous paper showed that the plane of the pendulum’s oscillation rotates in the counterclockwise direction, thereby disproving the first two claims. If the pendulum is perfectly decoupled from its mounting fixture in the axial or vertical direction and has zero spin rate about the vertical axis, it will still appear to precess even with zero oscillation amplitude. Without pendulum oscillation, there is zero Coriolis Force, which proves that the Coriolis force is not required for the precession phenomenon. Since an Earth fixed observer spins about the vertical axis due to the angular rate of the Earth, the pendulum’s vertical axis appears the rotate or precess in the clockwise direction.
Category: Classical Physics

Vibrational Dynamics of Motion and Rest: Toward a Unified Framework in Physics

Authors: Pervez Danish
Comments: 32 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces the Perceptual Vibrational Framework (PVF), which redefines motion, rest, and dimensionality as emergent outcomes of vibrational frequency alignment between the observer and the observed system. Challenging conventional physics, PVF interprets "rest" as frequency synchrony, and "motion" as a perceptual illusion arising from vibrational mismatch. A novel insight reveals that 14 distinct visible colours—seven from frequencies above and seven from below the observer's intrinsic frequency—are misinterpreted due to sensory overlap, offering a new understanding of light and spatial perception.PVF unifies the four fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak nuclear forces—through vibrational asymmetry, coherence locking, and frequency-phase dynamics, eliminating the need for boson-mediated fields or higher-dimensional models. Photon behaviour, electric charge, and spin naturally emerge from closed-loop vibrational envelopes.A temperature-sensitive model grounded in the Coagulation Rigidity Index (CRI) connects vibrational coherence with macroscopic properties like viscosity and density. Experimental validations are proposed via vibrational spectroscopy, coherence mapping, and CRI behaviour at thermal extremes. This framework offers resolutions to quantum paradoxes, reinterprets dark matter phenomena, and supports a unified physical theory—bridging relativity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology—with promising applications in material science and perceptual cognition.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Kinetic Energy E_k=mv^2

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.

The kinetic energy derived from Newton's equation of motion is obtained by integrating force over the distance traveled. Objects cannot move on their own. The motion of an object is the result of action-reaction. This can be said to be the same as interaction. Force is the source of interaction, and the result of interaction. So far, kinetic energy has been defined as E_k=1/2 mv^2, but it is the amount of energy corresponding to the area of a triangle, which is half of the total energy. This corresponds to the area on the x-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system. There is also an identical area on the y-axis. When these two are combined, it becomes the sum of the energy of forces in both directions, not the energy applied to a one-way force, which forces in both directions become E_k= mv^2.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that Angle is not Dimensionless Quantity

Authors: Seungtae Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

In the current International System of Units (SI), it is conventionally assumed that rad=1, thereby treating angle as a dimensionless quantity. However, this convention presents a conceptual problem because of the relation sr=rad², so that the fundamental physical distinction between solid angles and plane angles is blurred. In this paper, I revisited the nature of physical equations based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and, by examining the mathematical properties of the dimensional analysis function, demonstrated that angle is a physical quantity possessing its own fundamental dimension and must be treated as one of the base quantities. Furthermore, I showed that, from the perspective of dimensional analysis, the domain of trigonometric functions and the codomain of inverse trigonometric functions—being inherently numerical-value equations—must consist solely of θ=θ/rad which is the numerical values of angles expressed in radians. Finally, some well-known equations are reconsidered comprehensively for dimensional homogeneity.
Category: Classical Physics

A New Perspective on Kirchhoff’s Law in Linear Sinusoidal AC Circuits

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 1847, Kirchhoff proposed his current law and voltage law through the study of complex linear DC circuits. Building on the analysis of transient currents in linear sinusoidal AC circuits, this paper demonstrates that Kirchhoff’s current law can serve as an approximate formula for transient analysis in low- and medium-frequency AC circuits. However, it becomes invalid for transient analysis at high frequencies. Considering that real-world linear sinusoidal AC circuits inherently possess distributed radiation capacitance and inductance, the paper further reveals that, under low- and medium-frequency sinusoidal AC signals, these distributed effects are minimal. Therefore, Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law can be reliably used as approximate formulas for both transient and steady-state analysis in such frequency ranges. Under high-frequency sinusoidal AC signals, the circuit’s distributed radiation capacitance and inductance become significant and cannot be neglected. As a result, Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law are no longer valid for transient and steady-state circuit analysis.
Category: Classical Physics

Waves, Velocity Addition and Doppler Effect in Light of EPR's Completeness Condition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi, Tiyasa Kar
Comments: 18 Pages. Int J Theor Phys 64, 269 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-025-06131-1

It is a standard practice to derive velocity addition rules for point particles from Galilean and Lorentz transformations in point (classical) mechanics, and to apply such rules to wave velocities for explaining Doppler effect. However, in such standard practice, it is never shown whether the equation for wave propagation actually transforms in a way such that the velocity addition rules get manifested through the equation itself. We address this gap in the literature as follows. We claim that the {it velocity addition for waves}, being the one and only mean to explain the empirically verified Doppler effect, should be considered as an element of physical reality in accord with EPR's completeness condition of a physical theory. Therefore, the `equation for wave propagation' should manifest such velocity addition so as to be considered as a part of the respective physical theory of waves. We show that such manifestation is possible if and only if wave propagation is modeled with {it first order partial differential equations}. From a historical point of view, this work settles the Doppler-Petzval debate which originated from Petzval's demand for an explanation of Doppler effect in terms of differential equations. From the foundational perspective, this work sets the stage for a renewed focus on the mathematical modeling of wave phenomena, especially in the context of various Doppler effects.
Category: Classical Physics

The Big Bang Theory and the Creation of Matter

Authors: David Johnson
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required in the article; please cite and list scientific references)

The prevailing explanation for the creation and development of the Universe is the Big Bang Theory, a violent expansion of extremely dense compressed matter or energy that occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The prevalent conventional Science view is quark and electron creation took place in the first millionth of a second post-bang, although no feasible mechanisms are suggested for their almost instantaneous creation. This paper reviews the claimed timings, suggests a modified post-bang timeline, and explores some processes by which quarks, nucleons and electrons may have come into being and built into atomic nuclei and matter. it also identifies the possible source and nature of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Black Holes.
Category: Classical Physics

Does the Microworld Need Quantum Mechanics?

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 13 Pages. 3 figures

In a series of articles, the author explained some phenomena and calculated a number of parameters related to the microworld using the non-quantum methods of the geometrodynamics (introduced by J. A. Wheeler). The sum of the results gives reason to believe that, at least for some microphenomena, a physical theory based on images and analogies from the physical reality surrounding us is possible and should be developed. Thus, the nature of the electric charge has been revealed, its value and the proton/electron mass ratio have been calculated, the light quarks mass have been determined, etc. This publication gives a short survey of the obtained results.
Category: Classical Physics

New Research on High-Frequency Circuits and Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author's name is required on the article; please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper, capacitance is divided into radiation capacitance and energy storage capacitance, and inductance is divided into radiation inductance and energy storage inductance. The distributed capacitance and distributed inductance existing in high-frequency circuits are mainly distributed radiation capacitance and distributed radiation inductance. Further, this paper reveals that the capacitance and inductance in LC resonance must be energy storage capacitance and energy storage inductance; Kirchhoff's Law is no longer valid in high frequency circuits. Based on these new findings it is pointed out that the transmission line equation is not valid and a new transmission line equation is proposed. This paper provides a new theoretical basis for electromagnetic field radiation, electromagnetic compatibility and antenna design.
Category: Classical Physics

Improved Perturbation Theory for Solving the Equation of Anharmonic Oscillations.

Authors: U. O. Muhammedov, X. N. Ismatullayev
Comments: 3 Pages. In Uzbek

The equations of natural processes are nonlinear and in many cases do not have an exact analytical solution. The non-linearity of perturbation theory is useful for solving small equations. The appearance of resonance terms leads to an increase in error at large times. These resonance terms can be eliminated using improved perturbation theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Sound Transmission Via Gas-Filled Insulating Glass Units

Authors: Roman Vinokur
Comments: 18 Pages.

Windows are points of the lowest resistance in the total sound and heat insulation of buildings. To enhance both thermal and acoustical qualities of windows with insulating glass units (IGU), the gaps between the panes can be filled with a heavier-than-air gas alone (for example, argon, krypton, xenon, and sulfur hexafluoride) or mixed with air. Here, the sound transmission loss (STL) may be increased in the low-frequency range dominated by acoustic resonances where the panes and gaps play the role of masses and springs. This frequency region (typically 100-500 Hz) is important for reducing traffic noise by windows. However, the expected acoustical improvement is often not measured using the standard two-reverberation room techniques. In this paper, such a discrepancy is theoretically and experimentally studied for physical interpretation and design optimization. Clear closed-form expressions have been derived and verified for the direct (via the panes and gaps) and flanking (via the panes and perimeter structural links) sound transmission through single-space and double-space insulating glass units, and improvement proposals have been developed. The results can be interesting for the scientists and engineers engaged in acoustics and construction.
Category: Classical Physics

Part 2 of Guide to Hestenes’s Geometric Algebra Treatment of Constant-Acceleration (Parabolic) Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 17 Pages.

As an aid to teachers and students who are learning to apply Geometric Algebra to high-school-level physics, we provide this second installment in our guide guide to Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion. Specifically, we present a more-detailed version of Hestenes’s solution to the problem of finding the time and distance at which a projectile will reach a specific point along a given line of sight. We begin by reviewing the GA ideas that we will use, and finish by verifying the solution via a GeoGebra worksheet.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Essence of Light and the Speed of Light and the Main Cause of Determining the Speed of Light

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 11 Pages. In English and Chinese

Through decades of efforts, I have written more than 200 articles on physics, more than half of which discuss issues related to light. The last few articles have clarified the nature of light, and at the same time, the nature of the speed of light. The essence of light is the result of the vector superposition of the Coulomb force generated by the matter composed of atoms as the basic unit that is emitting light (to be exact, vibrating at the frequency of visible light). When the change frequency of its intensity is in the range of visible light and reaches the level that can be recognized by the human eye, it will be seen by the human eye that it is emitting light. The essence of the speed of light is the transmission speed of the vibration state of the matter composed of atoms as the basic unit of light. This article carries on the summary elaboration regarding this.
Category: Classical Physics

The Origin of Inertia and the Equivalence Principle

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we propose a possible reason why, in Newtonian gravity, gravitational and inertial mass have the same numerical value, as stated by the Equivalence principle. Our reasoning is based on two assumptions, the second of which is an ad hoc and non falsifiable assumption. According to Popper, we are therefore doing pseudo-science. However, we believe that the result is interesting and it deserves attention.
Category: Classical Physics

Virgin and Under-Investigated Areas of Research in Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 19 Pages.

This paper is mainly about the areas of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics which are not investigated or not appropriately and sufficiently investigated. In fact, this should also include emerging areas of research in the field of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics due to new scientific and technological developments and advancements. The purpose of the paper is to highlight and draw the attention to these areas so that researchers (especially the young researchers and new-comers to research such as PhD students) invest their resources and efforts in these areas instead of investing in other areas which are previously investigated and hence they are of less priority from this aspect. Apart from the obvious benefit of "leveling up" in research, the attention to these rather neglected and non-explored areas of research can be beneficial at the scientific and individual levels since it can lead to breakthroughs and new discoveries in these areas of research by inspecting and assessing their potentials and impacts at the theoretical and practical levels and probing their beneficial applications. We will also provide a brief discussion about the possibility of introducing novel tools and methods in these areas of research (and in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics research in general) as well as highlighting some of the existing limitations of the past and current research in the field of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics (noting that this discussion should help in achieving the ultimate objective of this investigation).
Category: Classical Physics

Falling Apples, Quarks, and Expanding Galaxies

Authors: Oliver R. Jovanovic
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper derives a gravity equation from photon dynamics, offering a unified model that explains terrestrial gravity, cosmic expansion, and quark-scale interactions.
Category: Classical Physics

A New Functional Relationship Applicable to High-Speed Moving Objects

Authors: Guanghui Xie
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, through theoretical derivation, a functional relationship is revealed, demonstrating that the variation in time between objects in relative motion depends on both their relative velocity and the finite propagation speed of light. By applying the relationship of time change to the theory of classical mechanics, it can be concluded that the interaction force between objects are also related to the relative motion velocity. Due to the introduction of the speed of light in the formula of classical mechanical theory, the applicable scope of classical mechanics theory is effectively expanded, so that it is not only applicable to the calculation of low speed moving objects, but also to the calculation of high speed moving objects. Subsequently, through careful derivation within this new framework, several fundamental laws of classical electromagnetism were derived, the results of which strongly support the validity of the new functional relationship.
Category: Classical Physics

SpaceArc: India’s Reusable Rockets Revolution for a Relativistic Future

Authors: Tanmay Mishra
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

SpaceArc is a visionary leap in aerospace engineering, merging India’s legacy of frugal innovation with cutting-edge advancements in rocket propulsion, relativistic physics, and artificial intelligence. At its core is Phoenix, a fully reusable methane-LOX launch system delivering 18,000 kg to low Earth orbit (LEO) at $1,111/kg—over 50% cheaper than SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and 95% below NASA’s SLS. Engineered with graphene composites, AI-guided navigation rooted in Einstein’s field equations, and rigorous CFD/FEA validation, Phoenix exemplifies a new era of low-cost, high-performance rocketry. This 10,000-word paper synthesizes classical rocketry, black hole orbital mechanics, and advanced economic modeling to propose a realistic roadmap for India’s space leadership by 2040, including lunar bases, Mars sample returns, and a 6G satellite constellation. Designed and authored by a 12th-grade Indian student, this work challenges the status quo of billion-dollar launches, proving that with bold ideas, rigorous science, and national vision, space is no longer the privilege of superpowers—it’s the future of all humanity.
Category: Classical Physics

What Does it Mean that the Reflection Point of Point Light Source on the Mirror Can be Seen in All Directions Under the Condition of Near Total Reflection?

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 12 Pages.

I did two optical experiments a week ago and wrote two articles: A simple experimental device to verify the nature of light and the analysis of experimental results, and the imaging experiment of point light source under the condition of total reflection and the analysis of its results. The experimental results all prove that the human eye sees a substance (luminous body) composed of atoms that is emitting light (vibrating at the frequency of visible light), rather than the so-called light itself. This experiment further verified this conclusion. I hope that qualified teachers and friends can further verify the nature of light and find out what the human eye sees on this basis.
Category: Classical Physics

The Relationship Between Pivot Vectors and Rotational Quaternions

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 19 Pages.

The connection between the Pivot Vector and quaternion parameterizations of vehicle attitude transformation was investigated to enhance the understanding of each parameter set. Attitude transformations using quaternions involve special product rules for axial rotations in hypercomplex 4-dimensional space. Pivot Vectors involve slewing motion resulting in angular displacements in the 2-dimensional rotation plane. In spite of these differences, Pivot Vectors and quaternions share the same rule for combining rotational transformations and the signature half angle rotation parameter. The Pivot Vector Method defines an attitude transformation by the slewing motion of an axis extending from the center of a unit sphere to its surface. Two Pivot Vectors that also reside in the equatorial plane drive the axis along a portion of a great circle arc in the equatorial plane. A 180 degree rotation about the first Pivot Vector followed by a 180 degree rotation about the second Pivot Vector slews the axis by twice the angular separation between the Pivot Vectors. This explains why the angle between Pivot Vectors is one half the desired rotation angle. The slewing motion of the axis in the equatorial plane produces a rotation about the sphere’s polar axis that applies to all points on the spherical surface, thereby, changing the longitude of each point on the surface while leaving the associated latitude value unchanged. This feature clearly shows that rotations are 2-dimensional. Two sequential transformations are combined by aligning the second Pivot Vector of the first transformation with the first Pivot Vector of the second transformation, even if the Pivot Vector pairs lie in different rotation planes. The linking of the Pivot Vector pairs is achieved because the two 180 degree rotations at the junction cancel, leaving the remaining Pivot Vectors to define the combined transformation. The linking of two Pivot Vector pairs into a single Pivot Vector pair clarifies the geometry of combining rotational transformations and leads to the composition rule for both Pivot Vectors and quaternions. The associated rotational quaternion can be easily derived, since its vector component is the cross product of the Pivot Vectors and its scalar component is the dot product of the Pivot Vectors. A Pivot Vector pair can be obtained from the associated quaternion once its clocking location in the equatorial plane is defined. The quaternion equation to rotate a vector is given a geometric interpretation using the associated Pivot Vectors.
Category: Classical Physics

Imaging Experiment of Point Light Source Under Total Reflection and Its Result Analysis

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 10 Pages.

Yesterday, I did an experiment of three-color plastic film under three-color light source and wrote an article named "a simple experimental device to verify the nature of light and analysis of experimental results". Today, I will do another simple optical experiment, using the imaging of red point light source under the total reflection of the reflector. The nature of light and what the human eye sees are discussed in more depth. It is hoped that teachers and friends with better experimental conditions will join in and further expand the breadth and depth of this experiment. Work together to recognize the nature of light as soon as possible.
Category: Classical Physics

Electromagnetic Theory and Transformations Between Reference Frames: a Rebuttal

Authors: Claudio Piantanida
Comments: 5 Pages.

In a previous article published on viXra (http://viXra.org/abs/1505.0140), I proposed a modified version of Hertz-Phipps electromagnetism, an alternative theory to Maxwell's electromagnetism invariant under Galilean transformations. The aim was to stimulate interest and further analysis by the physics community.Upon careful reconsideration, the proposed theory has proven inadequate as a physically realistic description.
Category: Classical Physics

Galilean Transformations and Extended Reflectors: A Theoretical Analysis of Feist's Acoustic Michelson-Morley Experiment

Authors: Claudio Piantanida
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of Norbert Feist's acoustic Michelson-Morley experiment. We demonstrate that, by employing Galilean transformations and standard assumptions about sound propagation, we can fully account for the experimental results. This analysis highlights the importance of considering the geometry of the reflector when interpreting the results of Michelson-Morley type experiments and invites a re-examination of the traditional interpretation of the original electromagnetic experiment.
Category: Classical Physics

Near Lightspeed Interstellar Travel

Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the concepts of general relativity relativistic interstellar travel to the stars approaching the speed of light can be computed for the general case of accelerated motion for half the journey and decelerated motion for the remaining half of the journey. According to general relativity a rocket and its passengers feel the effects of gravity when accelerating in flat spacetime where motion is described relative to a proper reference frame. Because of time dilation an astronaut can travel stellar distances, that is many light years within his/her own lifetime while many thousands of years will have elapsed on the planet of departure. This analysis determines the proper time dilation or elapsed time on a spaceship whose speed approaches the light speed and the instantaneous velocity or 4-velocity of a spaceship relative to the speed of light at some constant acceleration. As explained in general relativity the 4-velocity is the rate of change of the 4-vector with respect to the moving frames’ proper time. The results presented here are independent of the propulsion systems used. These results are equally valid for a spaceship powered by an advanced antimatter propelled photon rocket, or a spaceship powered by a VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) plasma rocket motor.
Category: Classical Physics

Motion Out of Time: Single Speed Hypothesis

Authors: Temesgen Degu
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a hypothesis that reinterprets the relationship between motion and time. We propose that all objects possess an intrinsic capacity for instantaneous motion between two points, occurring "out of time," and that observed travel time results from discrete "stops" induced by external forces or intrinsic properties such as mass. Using thought experiments involving a photon and a marble, we illustrate this concept and explore its potential implications for classical mechanics, special relativity, and quantum phenomena. This perspective suggests motion is inherently timeless, with time arising as a consequence of interruptions, offering a new lens on the fundamental dynamics spanning classical laws to quantum effects. While lacking a fully developed mathematical foundation, this framework offers a novel perspective on velocity, proper time, and quantum superposition, suggesting avenues for future theoretical and experimental investigation. We emphasize its conceptual nature and the need for rigorous development to elevate it from hypothesis to theory, inviting researchers to explore its intriguing possibilities.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 11: Gravity and Levitation

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 41 Pages.

This article is the tenth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics based on the Algebra of Signature " (GVPh&AS) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In this article, the phenomenon of planetary gravity is considered as a result of a spatial-phase shift between two counter intra-vacuum flows, flowing from top-down and bottom-up. These powerful intra-vacuum flows flow along counter spirals wound on all radial directions departing from the core of stable spherical vacuum formations (in particular, "planets" and "stars"). In this case, the vacuum currents flowing upward along the spiral always slightly lag in magnitude behind the vacuum currents flowing downward along the counter spirals. Therefore, a relatively weak residual accelerating drain carries along all bodies in the direction of the core of the spherical vacuum formation, and is the cause of gravitation. The model representation of gravity as a result of the difference of counter powerful intra-vacuum currents can serve as a theoretical justification for the possibility of using these flows for alternative methods of movement in space. In conclusion, the article considers possible methods of controlling the topology of space and intra-vacuum currents with the aim of using them as a driving force in the levitation mode.
Category: Classical Physics

The Fine-Structure Constant in Unknown Relations

Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 5 Pages.

Formulas for the fine structure constant are presented: speculative, well-known and ten original ones, four of which are related to quarks.
Category: Classical Physics

Inverse N-body Problem - the Key to Solving Gravity Problems

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 7 Pages.

Despite the fact that the law of gravitation was discovered more than 300 years ago, gravity remains the most mysterious physical phenomenon in physics and cosmology. For a long time, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. Newton's law of gravitation is not enough to fully describe gravity. Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula of Newton's law describes gravity only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies in the Universe. In gravity, at least three more laws of gravity have not been discovered. The secrets of gravity are revealed by the inverse N-body problem. We show that the laws of gravity are a solution to the inverse N-body problem. The solution of the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 yields two laws of gravity: Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and a new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2. We also show that the solution of the inverse N-body problem for N → ∞ yields the third and fourth laws of gravity: F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2. In gravity, at least three laws of gravity remained undiscovered.
Category: Classical Physics

Electron Deflection

Authors: Vladimir Dabić
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This article explores the motion of an electron through a finite region of homogeneous magnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Calculating π Using the Speed of Light and the Compton Wavelength of the Proton

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article only in pdf)

This paper uses a small calculation example to demonstrate how deeply π permeates our world. The formula can be easily derived from projection theory (Ref. 1) and is intended to pique the curiosity of those who are not yet familiar with this theory, as such a calculation seems almost impossible according to conventional physical models.
Category: Classical Physics

Cosmic Expansion from Rotating Spacetime: A Geometric Alternative to Dark Energy

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We revisit the hypothesis that the observed acceleration of the universe may result from the centrifugal effects of a rotating spacetime fabric. This idea, first proposed by the author in 2016, is examined here in the context of general relativity with rotation. We derive a modified Friedmann equation incorporating vorticity and show how rotation naturally leads to expansion without invoking exotic dark energy. Furthermore, recent observations — such as anomalies in the cosmic microwave background and largescale structure alignments — offer potential empirical support for this interpretation. This work provides a geometric foundation for cosmic acceleration rooted in the rotational dynamics of spacetime.
Category: Classical Physics

A Universal Upper Bound for the Backward Diffusion of Pollution And/or for the re-Suspension of Pollution.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The present article study the case of an object exposed to pollution by diffusion mechanisms during a unitary time. After a certain resting period without any pollution exposures, we derive a universal upper-bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution within that object. There are only 6 parameters involved: the saturated concentration levels of pollution within the considered object immediately after being exposed to pollution during an arbitrary long time, the diffusion coefficients of that pollution, the spatial dimensions of the considered object, the pollution exposure time, the resting time and the concentration levels of pollution within the considered object. A universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution after backward diffusion can be found and can hold for any diffusion coefficients. This universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution is particularly useful in the case of disinfection procedures with disinfecting toxic volatile fluids having unknown diffusion coefficients. Indeed, a too short duration of the disinfection procedures would not decontaminate well enough the considered object while a too long duration of the disinfection procedures would contaminate the considered object too much for a too long time. In addition, the toxicity of disinfecting volatile fluids is often not well known precisely and may vary under various circumstances. Therefore, this universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution can be used to figure out the optimal duration for the disinfection procedures and the optimal resting time immediately after these disinfection procedures without needing to know the diffusion coefficients of the involved toxic disinfecting volatile fluids. For the convenience of calculations, we consider a unitary time for the pollution exposure time, we consider unitary dimensions for the considered object and we consider unitary saturated concentration levels of pollution. In the present article, the universal upper bound for the remaining pollution after backward diffusion and/or for the remaining pollution after re-suspension, are derived in the 1D case and in the 3D spherical case.
Category: Classical Physics

Reformulations in Classical Electromagnetic Theory and a Proposal for the "Luminiferous Ether"

Authors: Paulo Guedes Logrado
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present in this article fundamental elements that can guide us in the process of developing a possible classical electromagnetic theory. Maxwell's equations, which involve line integrals of the electric and magnetic fields, are reformulated into expressions that are almost completely symmetrical. We show that the continuity equation for current naturally arises from the reformulated Maxwell-Ampère law. Ampère's law is generalized and applied to calculate the magnetic field due to some common current distributions found in the literature, including a moving charged particle and a finite current segment. The expression for magnetic force is modified, and the cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field is obtained in accordance with classical mechanics. The magnetic field in the spin-orbit interaction within an atom is determined from the reference frame at rest with the nucleus, which cannot be achieved with electromagnetic theory in its usual form. The force between two long current-carrying wires and a brief discussion on the interaction between two arbitrary current circuits are addressed using the reformulated laws. Next, we present a special non-material medium to correspond to the luminiferous ether, that is, a medium through which the electromagnetic wave propagates. Then, the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particles is examined. Thus, in this work, we propose basic elements to complete the classical electromagnetic theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Two Methods of Calculating Gravitational Force Which Lead to a New Law of Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 4 Pages.

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravity F = GMm/r^2. Here we show that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitational interaction. There is one more undiscovered law of two-body gravity in physics. The new law of gravity is: F = mR^3/T^2r^2. This is the second law of gravity. It does not exist in Newtonian dynamics. This law of gravity does not include the gravitational constant G. It does not include the central mass M. The new law of gravity includes the characteristics of the elliptical orbit in the form of the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 as parameters. Here we reveal a method for obtaining a new law of gravity. The same method allows one to obtain a new law of gravity for N bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

The Information-Geometric Theory of Dimensional Flow: Explaining Quantum Phenomena, Mass, Dark Energy and Gravity Without Spacetime

Authors: Mikhail Liashkov
Comments: 83 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a novel theoretical framework based on information geometry and scale-dependent dimensionality that offers unified explanations for phenomena across all physical scales. The proposed dimensional flow theory demonstrates how effective dimensionality varies with scale, creating a natural hierarchy that explains quantum behaviors as projections from lower-dimensional spaces to higher-dimensional observation space. This approach resolves quantum paradoxes while preserving determinism and locality at the fundamental level. The framework successfully derives the mass spectrum of elementary particles and coupling constants from dimensional parameters, establishing a geometric foundation for the Standard Model without fine-tuning. At galactic scales, the theory provides excellent agreement with SPARC database observations of rotation curves without invoking dark matter. Cosmologically, it reinterprets redshift observations as manifestations of a static universe with a dimensional gradient, rather than an expanding universe. This eliminates the need for inflation, dark energy, and a beginning of time, while maintaining consistency with observational constraints. Gravitational phenomena emerge from dimensional gradients rather than spacetime curvature, and cosmic microwave background features appear as dimensional tomography rather than echoes of a primordial state. The framework's remarkable predictive power across diverse phenomena, coupled with its significant reduction in free parameters compared to current models, suggests that physical reality may be fundamentally based on information-geometric principles and scale-dependent dimensionality rather than an evolving spacetime.
Category: Classical Physics

From Notre-Dame to Norton Dome: Collapse and Reconstruction of a Cathedral of Determinism

Authors: K. Ben Letaïef
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Norton Dome is a beautiful problem in theoretical physics that is supposed to challenge the principles of causality, inertia and determinism in Newtonian mechanics. A static undeformable ball at the top of a dome of a given shape seems to move spontaneously at a certain moment, without the help of any external net force. We try to show here that the perfect rotational symmetry of the problem has not been taken into account as it should be in its solving. In this approach, we distinguish between trajectory study plan and real trajectory plan: the section of the dome in which the object will evolve or not isn't the result of a free choice or a probability but the pure consequence of physics. The differential equations of motion integrated over the entire dome precisely tell us that, if it moves, the ball should take all directions, which brings us back to a basic logical contradiction not with determinism or completeness of Newtonian theory, but between the solutions themselves: under penalty of ubiquity of the ball, its stable rest at the top remains the only known true solution to the Norton problem.
Category: Classical Physics

Global Existence and Smoothness of Solutions to the Navier Stokes Equations: An Energy Pertubation Approach

Authors: Felipe G. G. de Carvalho
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this article, we investigate the existence and smoothness of solutions to the incom-pressible Navier-Stokes equations using the energy perturbation method. By assuming thatexternal forces are either null or sufficiently small and that the initial conditions are smo-othly compact, we demonstrate, through an energy inequality, that the energy associatedwith perturbations decays exponentially over time. This energy dissipation implies thatsmall perturbations vanish, ensuring the global stability and regularity of solutions. Additi-onally, we numerically validate our results using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs),showing that the numerical solution converges to the analytical one. These findings pro-vide strong evidence toward a potential proof of the global existence and smoothness ofNavier-Stokes solutions, contributing to the discussion of millennium prize problems.
Category: Classical Physics

Acceleration-Acceleration, Acceleration-Velocity, and Four More Modes of Application of Newton's Third Law [:] Reactionless Motion

Authors: Bojidar Djordjev
Comments: 16 Pages.

The article analyzes alternative resources in Classical Mechanics for creating disproportion in the inertial effects of equal and opposite forces and torques. Alternative applications of forces are discussed. Symmetric asymmetries in the distribution of the quantities of motion and energies between interacting bodies are analyzed in the Acceleration-Acceleration and Acceleration-Velocity modes of application of Newton's Third Law. Competencies of the alternatives. The use of a mass resisting velocity and the related problems are justified. A realistic form of Reactionless Motion. The dark side of story.
Category: Classical Physics

Inverse N-body Problem

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The solution of the two-body gravitational problem led to the discovery of Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. The solution of the inverse two-body problem (Bertrand problem) also leads to Newton's law of gravitation. However, the solution of the direct and inverse two-body problems does not provide a complete description of gravity. The law of gravitation for N bodies is missing. The fundamental law of gravitation for N bodies has not been discovered. The obstacle was the unsolved gravitational problem of N bodies. The inverse problem of N-bodies has not been studied in physics. Here we present a new method for finding the law of gravitational force for N bodies. The method is based on reducing the gravitational problem of N bodies to the two-body problem, where the central body is a system of N bodies. The problem of an N-body system is the inverse problem of the N-body problem. This is the problem of finding the law of gravitational force from the known integral characteristics of the N-body system. The solution of the inverse problem of N bodies gives a new law of gravitation F = (mc^2)√Ʌ. Instead of the gravitational constant G, the new law of gravity includes the cosmological constant Ʌ. The new law of gravity F = (mc^2)√Ʌ allows us to overcome the limitations inherent in Newton's law of gravity F = GMm/r^2 and leads to a new law of universal gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

Church's Thesis Meets the N-body Problem

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 23 Pages. Sep 1993 paper by me later published in Applied Mathematics & Computation 178,1 (July 2006) 154-183; now uploaded to vixra for archival purposes.

"Church’s thesis" is at the foundation of computer science. We point out that with any particular set of physical laws, Church’s thesis need not merely be postulated, in fact it may be decidable. Trying to do so is valuable. In Newton’s laws of physics with point masses, we outline a proof that Church’s thesis is false; phsyics is unsimulable. But with certain more realistic laws of motion, incorporating some relativistic effects, the Extended Church’s thesis is true. Along the way we prove a useful theorem: a wide class of ordinary differential equations may be integrated with "polynomial slowdown." Warning: we cannot give careful definitions and caveats in this abstract — you must read the full text — and interpreting our results is not trivial.
Category: Classical Physics

Resolution of the Abraham—Minkowski Controversy

Authors: Andrew T. Hamilton
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Abraham—Minkowski controversy has arisen because the Minkowski stress-energy tensor for the electromagnetic field in polarized and magnetized matter is not symmetric. This note proposes an alternative that is both symmetric and traceless.
Category: Classical Physics

Verification Experiment of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction Based on a RF Alternating Magnetic Field

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 6 Pages.

As one of the three fundamental universal laws of electromagnetism, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction reveals that the induced voltage generated in a metal coil is proportional to the number of turns of the coil and the rate of change of the magnetic flux passing through a single turn of the coil. New research indicates that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is only an engineering approximation formula, and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem is the microscopic physical essence of the electromagnetic induction. This verification experiment utilizes two induction coils CA and CB with identical structure and dimensions. CA is wound uniformly with 15 turns in a single layer, and CB is wound densely with 30 turns in a single layer. The ratio of the number of turns between CB and CA is 2. The two coils CA and CB are sequentially placed in sinusoidal alternating magnetic fields with frequencies of 200Hz, 50MHz and 100MHz, respectively. The experiment demonstrates that at a low frequency of 200Hz, the ratio of the induced voltages of CB and CA is approximately 2, which is proportional to the number of turns of two coils. Under low-frequency conditions, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and the experimental results are well approximated and consistent. At a radio frequency of 50MHz, the ratio of the induced voltages of coil CB and coil CA is 1.52, which significantly deviates from the ratio of the number of turns of coil CB and coil CA, which is 2. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and the experimental results are clearly inconsistent. At a radio frequency of 100MHz, the ratio of the induced voltages of coil CB and coil CA is 0.83, with the induced voltage of the 30-turn induction coil CB being smaller than that of the 15-turn coil CA. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and the experimental results are completely opposite. The reason is that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction does not take into account the electromagnetic radiation of the induction coil, and assumes that the propagation speed of the electromagnetic field is infinite. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is one of the two necessary conditions of the "electromagnetic wave" theory. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction does not hold true in the RF "electromagnetic wave", which further proves that the "electromagnetic wave" theory is incorrect. There is no an "electromagnetic wave" in the objective physical world, and it is an independent electric field wave that realizes wireless communication.
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to Hestenes’ Use of Geometric Algebra in Treating Constant-Acceleration Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.

As an aid to teachers and students who wish to apply Geometric Algebra to high-school-level physics, we provide the first installment in a guide to Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion. Specifically, we present a more-detailed version of Hestenes’ solution to the problem of finding the time and distance at which a projectile will cross a given line of sight. We begin by reviewing the GA ideas that we will use, and finish by verifying the solution via a GeoGebra worksheet.
Category: Classical Physics

From the Mysticism of Quantum Mechanics to Classical Physics

Authors: Vladislav Mirkin
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author's name and an abstract are required on the article!)

In the ether of particles that have the same sign of electric charge in the volume of the entire Universe (unipolar ether), the results of the Aharonov-Bohm experiments and experiments with quantum entanglement receive an obvious classical interpretation. In addition, the mechanism of gravity is interpreted within the framework of Bernoulli’s law for flowing liquids and gases, and Einshein’s curvature of space acquires a clear physical meaning: the crystal lattice of the arrangement of particles of the unipolar ether is bent.

В эфире частиц, имеющих одинаковый знак электрического заряда в объеме всей Вселенной (униполярный эфир), результаты опытов Ааронова-Бома и опытов с квантовой запутанностью получают очевидную классическую трактовку. Кроме того, механизм гравитации интерпретируется в рамках действия закона Бернулли для текущих жидкостей и газов, а Эйншейновское искривление пространства приобретает ясный физический смысл: искривляется кристаллическая решетка расположения частиц униполярного эфира.
Category: Classical Physics

Determination of the Speed of Light in a Medium Using the Sagnac Effect

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a method for the determination of the speed of light in a medium using the Sagnac effect has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Sagnac Effect Revisited

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper an explanation of the Sagnac effect has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 10: Naked "Planets" And "Stars"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 28 Pages.

This article is the tenth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature" [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In this article, based on exact solutions of the extended Einstein vacuum equation, metric-dynamic models of stable spherical vacuum formations of planetary scale with a core radius of the order of r ~ = 100 — 1000 km are proposed. These electrically neutral vacuum for-mations are called naked "planets" and "stars". The concept of a naked "planet" implies that this article does not take into account the presence and influence of small vacuum formations (micro-, nano- and picoscopic "particles"), only curvatures of the vacuum of stellar-planetary scale are considered. In particular, metric-dynamic models of a naked "star" and naked "planets" of the Solar System are proposed. The analogy between the naked "Solar System" and a biological cell is shown. Like the entire project, this article is aimed at implementing the program of complete geometrization physics of Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler.
Category: Classical Physics

Light As You Have Never Seen It Before

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 52 Pages.

There many uncertainties regarding the nature of EMR, and light in particular. Conventional Science generally acknowledges that EMR energy is delivered in photon packages, but is decidedly vague as to the physical form of photons in terms of the number of wavelengths involved, and whether they have a particle or a wave-like form. There is general acknowledgement that light has wave—particle duality, but the cross-over point between the two forms is ill-defined. As the term ‘electromagnetic radiation’ (i.e. EMR) suggests, Conventional Science considers that EMR consists of electromagnetic waves consisting of wave-like pressure-pulses of electromagnetic energy and momentum moving at the speed of light. However, such electromagnetic pressure-pulses need some type of substrate, commonly referred to as aether, to sustain them across the vast distances of virtually empty Space. However, all of the many well-publicised science-based attempts to prove the existence of aether have failed dismally, and so the mystery continues as to how electromagnetic waves can sustain themselves through Space.This paper throws new light on the nature, form and generation of all forms of EMR, but for light in particular. Firstly, it distinguishes between photonic and mon-photonic EMR, and puts forward a physical structure for photonic EMR (that includes visible light) that means that observed particle-wave duality characteristics of light would be expected rather than considered to be enigmatic. As well as addressing a wide range of light-related topics such as the refraction of light passing through different transparent media; plane, circular and elliptically polarised light; the chromatic dispersion of light; and exotic forms of light such as optical vortex light, the model put forward does not require aether for EMR to travel through Space. It is truly be a case of ‘light as you have never seen it before’ because it presents clear feasible explanations of light-related phenomena that have previously been unaddressed, or only partly and poorly addressed. Let there be light.
Category: Classical Physics

On Time & Dynamics [:] a Space-Time 4D Topology in 3D Space

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 14 Pages. Preparation for journal peer review submission

A conceptual 4-dimensional vector space-time consisting of an orthogonal vector-time coordinate in a 3-dimensional space is developed to support system dynamics.This 4D space-time concept deviates fundamentally from the observer oriented theory of special and general relativity, is based upon true time simultaneity of events and separates true, objective reality oriented simultaneous events from observed simultaneous events (in A.Einstein’s relativity).The proposed geometric model is conventional Cartesian in 3D space and introduces virtual time-surfaces of true time simultaneity as a fourth dimension for validity in vector- and tensor- spaces, leading to a compliant 4-dimensional orthogonal vector coordinate system in space-time; the model is thereby implicitly introducing a different space-time topology.The evolvement of events in this space-time then are traced in a coordinate system of 4 truly independent vector-coordinates i.e. with an independent scalar magnitude of the time-vector.The treatment modifies space-time into 4D curved virtual time-surfaces inside the empty and un-curved 3D space, i.e. confining 3D space in a virtual reality of projected, dynamic evolving ‘present’ surfaces, spherically closed as the space-time ‘edge’ of time.This system model facilitates descriptions both of events in true (proper) time as well describes space-time in a local time defined orthogonal vector coordinate system i.e. referenced, backwards compatible with space-time dependency parameter models as used regularly in scientific descriptions of local events/experiments in space. The mathematical treatment in virtual surfaces of a-symmetrical time, as well as the (observed) flow of clock-time by the growing radius of curved surfaces, matches human notion of time intuitively; it introduces a time-vector coordinate orthogonal to space coordinates and in a triad/trihedral vector system supports evolving events in time embedded virtual surfaces. This local system description may inherit true time length marks, and events starting on a timesurface can evolve in any spatial direction and be described in properties by the triad e.g. momentum, radiation, in general energy, with it’s own virtual surfaces and direction of energy, while maintaining the mandatory orthogonality of the 4D coordinate system.This mathematical treatment of vector time as a virtual fourth dimension, has profound consequences for the mainstream concept of time in vector/tensor spaces in physics - it models and restricts time to the very task of identifying sequences in evolvements of events: time then in principle cannot be affected anymore by parameters/variables in other coordinates i.e. with the consequence that e.g. even by gravity, time cannot be moulded to affect space.
Category: Classical Physics

Jones Experiment Revisited

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper an alternative explanation of the result of the Jones experiment with a rotating glass disk has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Unified Force Equation

Authors: I.Prūsis, P.Prūsis
Comments: 3 Pages.

In modern physics, each force has its own equation that shows the dependence of the force on the distance between the sources of force: Coulomb's law, Newton's law of gravity, Gilbert's law. The study shows that they can all be expressed with a single formula that includes the number of spatial dimensions. The new formula is valid for any space.
Category: Classical Physics

Oscillation of Rocking Solid Semi Cylinder

Authors: Elton Song-Zhe Mah, Zi-Jing Chiah
Comments: 11 Pages.

This study investigates the oscillatory motion of a rocking solid semi-cylinder to determine whether it exhibits simple harmonic motion (SHM) and to characterize its damping behavior. Using a theoretical framework derived from classical mechanics, the experiment aims to verify the independence of the oscillation period from amplitude, compare experimental and theoretical natural frequencies, analyze the sinusoidal nature of angular displacement over time, and quantify the system’s damping coefficient. The experimental setup involved tracking the motion of a semi-cylinder displaced by small angles using video analysis and computational tools. The results confirm that the oscillation closely follows SHM principles, with a nearly constant period and frequency. The damping coefficient, relaxation time, and quality factor (Q-value) were also determined, indicating that the system exhibits underdamped oscillatory motion. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of rocking semi-cylinders and their practical applications in mechanical and engineering systems.
Category: Classical Physics

Application of the Lorentz Force in Directing Atmospheric Events

Authors: Arvin Sharma
Comments: 2 Pages.

We derive the electric dipole model of cloud condensate in order to demonstrate the Lorentz force exerted on cloud condensate in the presence of the applied electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolute Energy

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 34 Pages.

This paper presents a novel concept entitled as Absolute Energy, which defines energy as a quantified value of a system independent from the observer. Absolute Energy is defined as the total kinetic energy of all bodies within a system which would be required to bring the system to rest at a specific reference point and time, without transformation of kinetic energy into other forms or other forms into kinetic energy. This work extends the concepts of centrial motion and angular motion to present a unified understanding and quantification of energy in systems. This approach intends to resolve the concepts in classical and contemporary mechanics, addressing their shortcomings and limitations. Classical and contemporary physics often define energy relative to an observer's frame of reference when analyzing isolated or multi-body systems, resulting in inconsistencies and ambiguities in establishing energy quantification. Absolute Energy is linked to the relative motions and momentums of the system’s components. In this paper, analysis of various scenarios, including two-body and multi-body systems using this new framework yields derivations for total energy quantifications. This, then, illustrates the credibility and robustness of the concept by detailing the interplay of linear and angular motions.These findings demonstrate that Absolute Energy solves for derivations that are not often provided for in traditional classical definitions. Such findings can be seen to have new application to astrophysics, thermodynamics and classical mechanics, and are therefore challenging the foundations of classical and contemporary mechanics. As a result, this work is a beginning toward further research into energy properties of isolates systems and the universe as a whole.
Category: Classical Physics

Speed of Light in a Transversely Moving Body

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper a theory of speed of light in a transversely moving body has been presented.
Category: Classical Physics

Towards a New Law of Gravitation: From Newton's Verbal Formula to a New Formula for the Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

The evolution of the law of universal gravitation is shown from the verbal formula proposed by Newton in 1687 to the present day. The law discovered by Newton FN ∝ mM/r^2 was not the exact law of gravitation. Newton only indicated the proportional dependence of force on masses and did not attribute any numerical value to the gravitational force. In an unfinished form, Newton's law FN ∝ mM/r^2 existed for almost 200 years (!) until the constant G appeared in it. But even in its modern formulation, Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 gives only a part of the force of universal gravitation. Newton's law does not work at large distances. Newton's law is not applicable on the scale of the Universe. The formula for Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of only two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula for the law describes gravitation only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies. For more than 300 years, it has not been possible to derive a formula for the law of gravitation that would describe the gravitation to all bodies in the Universe. An obstacle on this path is the unsolved gravitational problem of N bodies. Here we provide a solution to this problem. To obtain a complete law of universal gravitation, a reduction of the differential problem of N bodies to an integral problem of a system of N bodies is used. An approach is used in which, instead of individual N bodies, the system of N bodies is studied as a whole object. The solution of the integral problem for the system of N bodies leads to a new law of gravitational force: FCos=(mc^2)√Ʌ. This is the part of the gravitational force that Newton's law "does not see". This is the part of the gravitational force with which bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies. This is the part of the gravitational force that gives a new formula for the law of universal gravitation. Based on the additivity of gravitational forces, a new formula for the law of universal gravitation was obtained in the form Fu = GMm/r^2 + (mc^2)√Ʌ. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Classical Physics

Simplified Closed-Form Solution of Kepler's Equation with MacLaurin Expansion

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages.

Kepler's equation, a cornerstone of celestial mechanics, relates the mean anomaly (mean angular position) of a celestial body in an elliptical orbit to its eccentric anomaly. While elegant in its formulation (x = y - e sin y), it lacks a general closed-form solution in terms of elementary functions. This article explores the significance of Kepler's equation, briefly traces its historical context, and presents a simplified approach to obtaining a closed-form solution using Mathematica. By expressing the sine function within Kepler's equation as a MacLaurin series, we derive an iterative algorithm that converges rapidly to the eccentric anomaly, providing a practical and computationally efficient method for solving this fundamental equation in celestial mechanics. (submitted to a journal for review.)
Category: Classical Physics

Directional Density of Gases Under FitzGerald-Lorentz Contraction: Predictions for Optical Interferometry

Authors: Alvydas Jakeliunas
Comments: 6 Pages. Updated with the help of authors mentioned in the reference

We show that the directional density of an ideal gas remains isotropic under FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction of its container, while that of a bound solid becomes anisotropic. Combined with the invariance of the optical phase delay per molecule, this yields parameter-free predictions for gas-filled interferometers under Lorentzian Relativity. For a gas cell of physical length L measured against a direction-independent reference, the peak-to-peak fringe shift on a full rotation is ΔN = k(L/2λ)(n−1)(v/c)², where k is the number of passes through the gas (k = 1 for a single pass, k = 2 for a round trip). The signal arises from the orientation-dependent molecule count in the contracted gas path. We predict null results for solid-dielectric interferometers regardless of refractive index.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Experiments on Electron Scattering from an Atomic Lattice

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 26 Pages. 14 Figures

This paper considers some aspects of the dynamics of material particles (electrons, neutrons) in their interaction with atomic nuclei of the target which is an ordered atomic lattice. In this study, we took into account a number of key factors affecting the particle trajectory, namely the inverse square law (Coulomb’s law), physical collisions of both elastic and inelastic character, and also the effect of a velocity decrease accompanied by bremsstrahlung. Analysis of the obtained results of mathematical modeling of material particles scattering from atomic lattices allowed us to reasonably assert that the particles do not possess wave properties giving rise to interference or diffraction. Here we propose a technique allowing practical demonstration of the absence of wave properties in electrons, as well as in other material bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Experiments on Electron Scattering from an Atomic Lattice

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 28 Pages. 14 Figures, in Russian

This paper considers some aspects of the dynamics of material particles (electrons, neutrons) in their interaction with atomic nuclei of the target which is an ordered atomic lattice. In this study, we took into account a number of key factors affecting the particle trajectory, namely the inverse square law (Coulomb’s law), physical collisions of both elastic and inelastic character, and also the effect of a velocity decrease accompanied by bremsstrahlung. Analysis of the obtained results of mathematical modeling of material particles scattering from atomic lattices allowed us to reasonably assert that the particles do not possess wave properties giving rise to interference or diffraction. Here we propose a technique allowing practical demonstration of the absence of wave properties in electrons, as well as in other material bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

What is G? a Predictive Toy Model of Newtonian Gravity in the Spirit of Principia Mathematica

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón, Josep M. Francino
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on a toy model that postulates space as a dynamic 3-D grid of nodes and stems arranged as a repeating pattern of a unit cell of unknown geometry, an equivalence and interchangeability of space and mass is proposed, the latter being a collapsed state of the former. Masses would originate from the collapse of a certain amount of unit cells proportional to the mass. From the model and under spherical symmetry, Newtons’ Law is reproduced and the value of G is shown to be independently derivable from a Cavendish experiment. The locally collapsed grid would then generate a dynamical system of force lines, akin to Faraday’s lines in electromagnetism, which surface density decays as 1/r² and determines the force on the test mass. A correction is added to the classical formulation for the case of non-baryonic gravity and gravity of unknown origin that reduces to the standard when there is none. Finally, an argument is made about the range of the gravitational force, which in this model would be extremely large but finite.
Category: Classical Physics

Local Control of Gravity Using a Parallel Plate Capacitor, Subjected to Extra Low Frequency Voltages

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.

Here, we show an experiment in order to measure the gravity acceleration above of one side of the dielectric of a Parallel Plate Capacitor when the opposite side of the dielectric is facing to Earth surface, and the capacitor is subjected to a sinusoidal voltage with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). The results here obtained shows that, in these circumstances, the gravity acceleration above of the dielectric is strongly modified.
Category: Classical Physics

Local Control of Gravity Using a Parallel Plate Capacitor, Subjected to Extra Low Frequency Voltages

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.

Here, we show an experiment in order to measure the gravity acceleration above of one side of the dielectric of a Parallel Plate Capacitor when the opposite side of the dielectric is facing to Earth surface, and the capacitor is subjected to a sinusoidal voltage with Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). The results here obtained shows that, in these circumstances, the gravity acceleration above of the dielectric is strongly modified.
Category: Classical Physics

Electrical and Magnetic Interactions as Manifestations of 5-Dimensional Space Geometry and Vacuum Energy Density Dynamics

Authors: Vadim Khoruzhenko
Comments: 55 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This article proposes a radical simplification of physics foundations through the introduction of the concept of protomatter - the imaginary density of space, representing an additional non-geometric dimension. It is shown that this concept allows for a unified description of phenomena that previously required separate entities: charges become density clusters, the electric field becomes its gradient, the magnetic field becomes the gradient of flow, and quantum states become its resonant modes. Within the formalism, Coulomb's law and the Biot-Savart law are derived from first principles, Bohr's postulate is justified, and the finiteness of the self-energy of a charge is demonstrated. The model does not contradict experimental data but reinterprets them, indicating the derivative nature of the magnetic field and the existence of absolute (gravitationally-bound) reference frames. Dark matter and dark energy are identified with the very fabric of protomatter, eliminating the need for hypothetical particles.
Category: Classical Physics

The Dimensionality of the Geometric Product Can be Explored with Benefit to High-School Science Students

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 5 Pages.

Professor Philippe Eenens, who has taught GA-based courses to freshman engineering students, asserts that "For GA to become mainstream, we must convince high-school teachers of its advantages for the teaching of basic topics of mathematics and science." One of those basic topics, according to prize-winning educator Edward Redish, is the "dimensionality" of the variables in science equations. Unlike the variables in most equations that students have worked with in math classes, the variables in science equations represent measurements that have fundamental units like time, length, and mass. Acting upon the advice of professors Eenens and Redish, we show here how the dimensionality of GA’s geometric product might be explored at the high-school level in a way that would be of lasting benefit to students.
Category: Classical Physics

Lorentz-Covariant Hamiltonian Mechanics and its Quantization

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: Pages.

The Lorentz-covariant upgrade of Newton's Second Law sets a particle's mass times the second derivative with respect to its Lorentz-invariant proper time of its observed space-time location equal to the four-force applied to it. Hamiltonian mechanics yields the Lorentz-covariant upgrade of Newton's Second Law when the Hamiltonian is a Lorentz-invariant function of the particle's observed space-time location and conjugate four-momentum, and the time derivatives of these two Lorentz-covariant four-vectors are taken with respect to the particle's Lorentz-invariant proper time. Very simple Lorentz-invariant Hamiltonians that yield the electromagnetic Lorentz Force Law and the gravitational geodesic equation are pointed out, as is the straightforward quantization of Lorentz-covariant Hamiltonian mechanics. The zero-mass limit of the relativistic free-particle Schrödinger equation has the simple second-order wave-equation form which is characteristic of source-free electromagnetism. The relativistic correction to the hydrogen atom without spin is a very weak, short-range complement to the Coulomb potential.
Category: Classical Physics

The Zitter Electron Model and the Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Authors: Oliver Consa
Comments: 18 Pages.

We introduce a classical geometric model of the electron in which a primary circular Zitterbewegung motion with radius equal to the Compton radius is combined with a secondary helical component to generate a toroidal—solenoidal structure for the internal charge and current distributions. Within this geometry, weconstruct electromagnetic fields consistent with the local helical kinematics and evaluate the associated energy density, momentum flow, and current density over the toroidal volume. These quantities uniquely determine the minor radius r = R√(2α/π). The resulting magnetic moment reproduces μB and yields a correction factorg =√(1 + α/π). The analysis suggests that several intrinsic properties of the electron may admit a coherent interpretation in terms of an underlying toroidal electromagnetic geometry.
Category: Classical Physics

The Non-Relativistic Bi-Level Electron Model

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 7 Pages. This revision adds clarifying footnotes about the mass distributions represented by the model and the constraint on the speed of the center of charge.

This work presents the bi-level electron model, a quantitative model of a point-like spinning electron, which was inspired by similar classical models of spinning electrons that interpret the Zitterbewegung of Dirac electrons as a spin motion of point-like electrons. The new model is consistent with de Broglie's internal clock hypothesis and other features of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons, as well as with Larmor precession of the electron spin in a uniform magnetic field. The equations of motion are discussed in non-relativistic approximation, while the relativistic case is left for future work.
Category: Classical Physics

Vector Kinematic Analysis of Keplerian Velocity from Hamilton’s Hodograph

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 3 Pages.

Many authors in the literature focused on Hamilton's hodograph of the Keplerian motion but none of them developed a vector kinematic analysis of the peculiar velocity shown by the hodograph, so we perform it here. As expected, the analysis predicts Kepler's laws and the mathematical structure of Newton's acceleration. It also leads to new expressions for the eccentricity and the classical mechanical energy. We then discuss the relationship between the geometric acceleration given by Hamilton's kinematics and the physical one stated by Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

Vector Kinematic Analysis of Keplerian Velocity from Hamilton’s Hodograph

Authors: Herve Le Cornec
Comments: 3 Pages.

Many authors in the literature focused on Hamilton's hodograph of the Keplerian motion but none of them developed a vector kinematic analysis of the peculiar velocity shown by the hodograph, so we perform it here. As expected, the analysis predicts Kepler's laws, the mathematical structure of Newton's acceleration, and it also leads to new expressions for the classical mechanical energy and the eccentricity. We then discuss the relationship between the geometric acceleration given by the kinematics and the physical one stated by Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

Magnetic Orbitals - The First Visual Revelation of Quantum Geometries in the Macroscopic World

Authors: Marsio Salcuni
Comments: 215 Pages.

First publication: 15 July 2025This research introduces an experimental methodology capable of revealing geometrical structures corresponding to spherical harmonics within macroscopic magnetic fields, making visible field configurations never previously observed experimentally in the real world.Atomic orbitals are well known geometrical structures emerging from quantum mechanics. They arise as solutions of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom and are mathematically described by spherical harmonics. In modern physics these forms are typically interpreted as probability distributions associated with the electron’s quantum state rather than as spatial geometries observable at the macroscopic scale.This work presents, for the first time, a three-dimensional experimental visualization of structures isomorphic to atomic orbitals, obtained by detecting and spatially mapping magnetic field configurations using Hall-effect sensors.The method employs a bipolar Hall sensor operating in dynamic scanning mode while maintaining a constant angular orientation relative to the magnetic source. This configuration differs from conventional magnetic field visualizations derived directly from Maxwell’s equations.When the field is explored considering dipole-dipole interactions and maintaining a fixed sensor orientation during spatial scanning, the measurements correspond to local projections of the magnetic field along a constant angular direction. Reconstructing these projections reveals three-dimensional structures that closely correspond to the spherical harmonic geometries associated with hydrogen atomic orbitals.Such configurations do not normally appear in standard magnetic field representations because their emergence depends on a measurement geometry that highlights the angular components of dipolar interactions. From this observation derives the title of the research.The observed structures coincide with forms historically associated with the quantum solutions of the Schrödinger equation for hydrogen, yet here they appear as measurable geometrical configurations of a macroscopic magnetic field, suggesting a structural relationship between these two descriptions.The research also provides interpretations consistent with both classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, offering complementary perspectives. Using the classical geometry of magnetic fields as a framework, several quantum concepts acquire an intuitive geometric interpretation.The work also includes a replicable experimental method for generating and visualizing these structures by scanning one or more permanent magnets with Hall sensors, effectively providing a form of three-dimensional magnetic tomography ("Magnetic CT Scan").
Category: Classical Physics

Law of Universal Gravitation Without Gravitational Constant G

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by a single physical law — Newton's law F = GMm/r^2. The possibility of the existence of a law of gravity other than Newton's law F = GMm/r2 was not even considered. Excessive idealization of Newton's law F = GMm/r² and overestimation of its uniqueness became a brake on the development of the theory of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation does not provide a complete and accurate value for the gravitational force. It describes the local gravity of two bodies and "does not see" the additional gravitational force that actually exists as a result of the gravitational action of all bodies in the universe. Here we show that in addition to Newton's law F = GMm/r^2, there is a second law of gravitation F = mR^3/(T^2)r^2, which remained undiscovered. This law of gravity does not require the gravitational constant G. The existence of this law was first pointed out by Robert Hooke in 1679. Furthermore, we show that the additional gravitational force of the gravitational action of all bodies in the Universe is described by the third law of gravitation F = (mc²)√Ʌ, which also remained undiscovered. This law of gravity also does not require a gravitational constant G. Combining the two new laws of gravitation into a single equation yields the law of universal gravitation FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. This is a complete and more accurate law of gravity than Newton's law. It replaces Newton's law of gravity. The new law of universal gravitation takes into account the accelerated expansion of the universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It expresses the total force of universal gravitation, which is represented by both the local gravitational force of two bodies and the gravitational force of all N bodies in the universe. The new law of universal gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 and for N → ∞. The new law of universal gravitation does not include the gravitational constant G. The measured value of R³/T² based on observations of the orbits of the planets of the Solar System is: R³/T² = 132 712 440 018 (8) km³ su207b². From the cosmological equations, the calculated value of the cosmological constant Ʌ = 1.36226697... u202210-52 m-2 was obtained. This is much more accurate than the constant G. The low accuracy of the gravitational constant G ceases to be a limiting factor in gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

Law of Universal Gravitation Without Gravitational Constant G

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 17 Pages.

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by a single physical law — Newton's law F = GMm/r^2. The possibility of the existence of a law of gravity other than Newton's law F = GMm/r2 was not even considered. Excessive idealization of Newton's law F = GMm/r² and overestimation of its uniqueness became a brake on the development of the theory of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation does not provide a complete and accurate value for the gravitational force. It describes the local gravity of two bodies and "does not see" the additional gravitational force that actually exists as a result of the gravitational action of all bodies in the universe. Here we show that in addition to Newton's law F = GMm/r^2, there is a second law of gravitation F = mR^3/(T^2)r^2, which remained undiscovered. This law of gravity does not require the gravitational constant G. The existence of this law was first pointed out by Robert Hooke in 1679. Furthermore, we show that the additional gravitational force of the gravitational action of all bodies in the Universe is described by the third law of gravitation F = (mc²)√Ʌ, which also remained undiscovered. This law of gravity also does not require a gravitational constant G. Combining the two new laws of gravitation into a single equation yields the law of universal gravitation FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. This is a complete and more accurate law of gravity than Newton's law. It replaces Newton's law of gravity. The new law of universal gravitation takes into account the accelerated expansion of the universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It expresses the total force of universal gravitation, which is represented by both the local gravitational force of two bodies and the gravitational force of all N bodies in the universe. The new law of universal gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 and for N → ∞. A distinctive feature of the new law of universal gravitation is that it does not include the gravitational constant G. The low accuracy of the gravitational constant G ceases to be a limiting factor in gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

The Law of Universal Gravitation Without the Constant G, Taking Into Account the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 12 Pages.

The force of universal gravitation is represented by a single physical law—Newton's law of universal gravitation, F = GMm/r². This law of gravitation includes the constant G, which is considered a fundamental constant. Newton's law of universal gravitation does not provide a complete and precise definition of the force of universal gravitation. It "sees" only the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies and does not take into account the gravitational attraction of other bodies in the universe. Many theorists believe that creating a consistent theory of gravity will require rethinking the very nature of gravity and, possibly, the status of G as a fundamental constant. The fundamental status of G has been questioned by many scientists. Is it possible to describe gravity without the constant G? Here we show that Newton's law, F = GMm/r², is not the only law of universal gravitation. Rejecting the concept of G leads to a new law of universal gravitation, more accurate than Newton's law. The new law of universal gravitation is expressed by the formula: FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. The new law of gravitation without the constant G takes into account the accelerated expansion of the Universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It shows the total force of universal gravitation, taking into account the gravitational interaction of all N bodies in the Universe. This law of gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 and for N → ∞. It includes parameters available from observations. These are the parameters of planetary orbits (R and T) and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The new law of gravitation explains the shift in the perihelion of the planets, points to the gravitational nature of the Pioneer anomaly, and provides an explanation for the rotation curve of galaxies without resorting to the concept of dark matter
Category: Classical Physics

On Fields, Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 3 Pages.

In classical mechanics, this paper presents a new scalar field that explains the relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass. According to this paper, inertial mass is determined by gravitational mass. In classical dynamics, gravitational mass (inertial mass) is more relevant than the other charges (electric charge, etc.) because it is always positive (this property is very important in the new scalar field) Later, in the appendix, the new scalar field is implemented in the theory of relativity.
Category: Classical Physics

Deriving the Restitution Coefficient from Energy and Momentum Conservation

Authors: Joshua Dizon
Comments: 7 Pages.

The restitution coefficient $varepsilon$ is commonly introduced as a ratio of relative velocities before and after collision. While effective descriptively, this definition often obscures its underlying connection to energy conservation. In this paper, we re-express $varepsilon$ in terms of the kinetic energy loss $T$ of a two-body system, offering a physically intuitive formulation that aligns with theoretical and computational modeling needs.
Category: Classical Physics

Remarks on Rivas's Equations of Motion of Spinning Electrons

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: This revision adds a footnote on page 3.

Rivas's model of spinning particles describes an electron as a point-like center of charge spinning around a point-like center of mass with both points satisfying specific equations of motion. The present remarks comment on various aspects of these equations, including notation, parameters of the spin motion, methods for numerical integration, and a modification of the equations of motion to model the Larmor precession of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Erratum to Exercise A4.2 in "An Introduction to the Theory of the Riemann Zeta Function" (1988) by S. J. Patterson

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 10 Pages. Version 2 extends results to Barnes' G-function.

The evaluation of coefficients of the Laurent series of Gamma(x) on page 135 of Patterson's book"An introduction to the theory of the Riemann zeta function" has sign and other errors which are corrected here. A C program is listed whichdemonstrates the application of Taylor seriesto compute the Gamma and Barnes G-function.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that Angle is not Dimensionless Quantity

Authors: Seungtae Kim
Comments: 17 Pages. Typos and wrong formula were corrected. Keywords were added.

In the current International System of Units (SI), it is conventionally assumed that rad=1, thereby treating angle as a dimensionless quantity. However, this convention presents a conceptual problem because of the relation sr=rad², so that the fundamental physical distinction between solid angles and plane angles is blurred. In this paper, I revisited the nature of physical equations based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and the mathematical properties of the dimensional analysis function, demonstrated that angle is a physical quantity possessing its own fundamental dimension which means angle must be treated as one of the base quantities. Furthermore, I showed that, from the perspective of dimensional analysis, the domain of trigonometric functions and the codomain of inverse trigonometric functions—being inherently numerical-value equations—must consist of θ=θ/rad when θ means angle. Finally, some well-known equations are reconsidered comprehensively for dimensional homogeneity.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that Angle is not Dimensionless Quantity

Authors: Seungtae Kim
Comments: 17 Pages. Some sentences were rewritten for better comprehension. Typos and wrong formula were corrected.

In the current International System of Units (SI), it is conventionally assumed that rad=1, thereby treating angle as a dimensionless quantity. However, this convention presents a conceptual problem because of the relation sr=rad², so that the fundamental physical distinction between solid angles and plane angles is blurred. In this paper, I revisited the nature of physical equations based on the principle of dimensional homogeneity and the mathematical properties of the dimensional analysis function, demonstrated that angle is a physical quantity possessing its own fundamental dimension which means angle must be treated as one of the base quantities. Furthermore, I showed that, from the perspective of dimensional analysis, the domain of trigonometric functions and the codomain of inverse trigonometric functions—being inherently numerical-value equations—must consist of θ=θ/rad when θ means angle. Finally, some well-known equations are reconsidered comprehensively for dimensional homogeneity.
Category: Classical Physics

Two-Person Additively-Separable Sum Games

Authors: Somdeb Lahiri
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a sub-class of bi-matrix games which we refer to as two-person (hereafter referred to as two-player) additively-separable sum (TPASS) games, where the sum of the pay-offs of the two players is additively separable. The row player’s pay-off at each pair of pure strategies, is the sum of two numbers, the first of which may be dependent on the pure strategy chosen by the column player and the second being independent of the pure strategy chosen by the column player. The column player’s pay-off at each pair of pure strategies, is also the sum of two numbers, the first of which may be dependent on the pure strategy chosen by the row player and the second being independent of the pure strategy chosen by the row player. The sum of the inter-dependent components of the pay-offs of the two players is assumed to be zero. We show that a (randomized or mixed) strategy pair is an equilibrium of the game if and only if there exist two other real numbers such that the three together solve a certain linear programming problem.
Category: Classical Physics

The Big Bang Theory and the Creation of Matter

Authors: David Johnson
Comments: 14 Pages. Some minor changes plus Reference details (Note by viXra Admin: the citation of references should be AIP or APA style with reference list at the end of the article)

The prevailing explanation for the creation and development of the Universe is the Big Bang Theory, a violent expansion of extremely dense compressed matter or energy that occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The conventional Science view is quark and electron creation took place in the first millionth of a second post-bang, although no feasible mechanisms are suggested for their almost instantaneous creation. This paper reviews the claimed timings, suggests a modified post-bang timeline, and explores some processes by which quarks, nucleons and electrons may have come into being and built into atomic nuclei and matter. It also identifies the possible source and nature of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Black Holes.14
Category: Classical Physics

New Research on High-Frequency Circuits and Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this paper, capacitors are divided into radiant capacitors and energy storage capacitors, and inductors are divided into radiation inductors and energy storage inductors. The distributed capacitance and distributed inductance that exist in high-frequency circuits are mainly distributed radiant capacitance and distributed radiated inductance. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the capacitors and inductors in LC resonance must be energy storage capacitors and energy storage inductors. Based on these new concepts, it is revealed that the existing Transmission line equations are not valid, and the new Transmission line equations are proposed. This paper provides a new theoretical basis for electromagnetic compatibility, transmission line theory and antenna design.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravitation in the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU): Weak-Field Relativistic Effects from Spatial Curvature Alone

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 51 Pages.

This work presents a reinterpretation of gravity within the Theory of the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU), where the universe is modeled as a four-dimensional hypersphere expanding at a constant rate equal to c along a real fourth spatial dimension, perceived as the flow of time. In this framework, the fundamental entities are Temporal Waves (TWs): standing electromagnetic waves oscillating exclusively along the temporal dimension. According to the Restricted Holographic Principle of the 4DEU theory, physical phenomena occurring along the temporal dimension manifest within the three-dimensional spatial hypersurface (our observable universe, where we exist) in a qualitatively transformed but quantitatively proportional manner. A central consequence is that TW energy manifests as mass quanta in 3D space. Moreover, the net radiation pressure from TWs, perpendicular to the 3D hypersurface, drives the expansion of the entire 4D universe.Gravity is proposed to result from local variations in TW density within the 4D universe. Higher TW density corresponds to greater mass in 3D, implying stronger localized TW radiation pressure that induces increased spatial curvature.Although conceptually distinct from General Relativity (GR), the weak-field predictions of the 4DEU framework are in exact agreement with it. This equivalence rigorously accounts for all experimentally verified gravitational phenomena—including gravitational redshift, light deflection, Shapiro time delay, and perihelion precession—arising independently of the GR formalism, but from a real 4D universe curved only in its spatial (3D) portion. The 4DEU theory is thus fully consistent with current gravitational observations in all domains where GR has been tested.
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Psychology

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 165 Pages.

We develop a canonical quantum mechanical theory of the psyche bottoms up encompassing traditional views on materialism and spirituality. Results regarding nature, including developmental psychology as well as biology are discussed. Furthermore, the natural laws behind sociology and justice are discussed in detail.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 11: Gravity And Levitation

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 42 Pages.

This article is the eleventh part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics based on the Algebra of Signatures" (GVPh&AS) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In this article the phenomenon of planetary gravity is considered as a result of a spatial-phase shift between two counter intravacuum flows, flowing top-down and bot-tom-up. These powerful intravacuum flows flow along counter spirals wound on all radial directions departing from the core of stable spherical vacuum formations (in particular, "planets" and "stars"). In this case, the vacuum currents flowing upward along the spiral always slightly lag in magnitude behind the vacuum currents flowing down-ward along the counter spirals. Therefore, a relatively weak residual accelerating drain carries along all bodies in the direction of the core of the spherical vacuum formation, and is the cause of gravitation. The model representation of gravity as a result of the difference of counter powerful intravacuum currents can serve as a theoretical justification for the possibility of using these flows for alternative methods of movement in space. In conclusion, the article considers possible methods of controlling the topology of space and intravacuum currents with the aim of using them as a driving force in the levitation mode.
Category: Classical Physics

Inverse N-body Problem - the Key to Solving Gravity Problems

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 11 Pages.

Despite the fact that the law of gravitation was discovered more than 300 years ago, gravity remains the most mysterious physical phenomenon in physics and cosmology. For a long time, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. Newton's law of gravitation is not enough to fully describe gravity. Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula of Newton's law describes gravity only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies in the Universe. In gravity, at least three more laws of gravity have not been discovered. The secrets of gravity are revealed by the inverse N-body problem. The solutions to the inverse N-body problem are at least 4 laws of gravity. The solution of the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 yields two laws of gravity: Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and a new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2. We also show that the solution of the inverse N-body problem for N → ∞ yields the third and fourth laws of gravity: F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2. Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and the new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2 give the gravitational force of two bodies. The third and fourth laws of gravity F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2 give an additional gravitational force of N bodies in the Universe. Three new physical laws appeared in gravity in addition to Newton's law. They were missing in Newtonian dynamics. The new laws of gravity complement Newtonian dynamics and give a complete and consistent description of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

From Notre-Dame to Norton Dome : Destruction and Reconstruction of a Cathedral of Newtonianism

Authors: K. Ben Letaïef
Comments: Pages.

From Notre-Dame to Norton Dome : Destruction and Reconstruction of a Cathedral of Newtonianism

Authors: K. Ben Letaïef
Comments: 39 Pages.

The Norton Dome is a beautiful problem in theoretical physics that is supposed to challenge at the same time the principles of causality, inertia and determinism in Newtonian mechanics. A static undeformable ball at the top of a dome of a given shape seems to move spontaneously at a random moment, without the help of any external net force. We try to show here that the perfect rotational symmetry of the problem has not been taken into account as it should be in its solving. In this approach, we distinguish between trajectory study plan and real trajectory plan: the section of the dome in which the object will evolve or not isn't the result of a free choice or a probability but the pure consequence of physics. The differential equations of motion integrated over the entire dome precisely tell us that, if it moves, the ball should take all directions, which brings us back to a basic contradiction, not with determinism or completeness of Newtonian theory, but between the indeterministic solutions themselves: then, under penalty of ubiquity of the ball, its permanent immobility at the dome’s summit remains, in accordance with the principle of inertia, the unique physical solution to the Norton’s paradox. That will be confirmed by the analysis of six historical cases, followed by a version of Cauchy-Lipschitz's uniqueness theorem for non-Lipschizian systems. Finally, the inertia principle of Newtonian physics will become a mathematical theorem.
Category: Classical Physics

From Notre-Dame to Norton Dome : Destruction and Reconstruction of a Cathedral of Newtonianism

Authors: K. Ben Letaïef
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Norton Dome is a beautiful problem in theoretical physics that is supposed to challenge at the same time the principles of causality, inertia and determinism in Newtonian mechanics. A static undeformable ball at the top of a dome of a given shape seems to move spontaneously at a randommoment, without the help of any external net force. We try to show here that the perfect rotational symmetry of the problem has not been taken into account as it should be in its solving. In this approach, we distinguish between trajectory study plan and real trajectory plan: the section of the dome in which the object will evolve or not isn't the result of a free choice or a probability but the pure consequence of physics. The differential equations of motion integrated over the entire dome precisely tell us that, if it moves, the ball should take all directions, which brings us back to a basic contradiction not with determinism or completeness of Newtonian theory, but between the indeterministic solutions themselves: under penalty of ubiquity of the ball, its permanent immobility at the dome’s summit remains, in accordance with the principle of inertia, the unique physical solution to the Norton’s paradox.
Category: Classical Physics

Inverse N-body Problem

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

Newton's law of gravity F = GMm/r^2 shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies. The solution of the inverse problem of two bodies (Bertrand problem) also leads to Newton's law of gravity. However, the solution of the direct and inverse problems of two bodies does not lead to a physical law that is capable of giving the full force of gravitational interaction of N-bodies. Newton's law of gravity does not take into account that all bodies of the Universe participate in gravitational interaction simultaneously. The fundamental law of gravity for N bodies has not been discovered. The obstacle was the unsolved gravitational problem of N bodies. The inverse problem of N-bodies, as a problem of obtaining a formula for the gravitational force, has not been studied in physics. Here we present a new method for finding the law of gravitational force for N bodies. The method is based on reducing the gravitational problem of N bodies to the two-body problem, where the central body is a system of N bodies. The problem of an N-body system is the inverse problem of the N-body problem. This is the problem of finding the law of gravitational force from the known integral characteristics of the N-body system. The solution of the inverse problem of N bodies gives a new law of gravitation F = (mc^2)√Ʌ. Instead of the gravitational constant G, the new law of gravity includes the cosmological constant Ʌ. The new law of gravity F = (mc^2)√Ʌ allows us to overcome the limitations inherent in Newton's law of gravity F = GMm/r^2 and leads to a new law of universal gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

Resolution of the Abraham—Minkowski Controversy

Authors: Andrew T. Hamilton
Comments: 3 Pages. Minor edits for clarity and flow

The Abraham—Minkowski controversy has arisen because the Minkowski stress-energy tensor for the electromagnetic field in polarized and magnetized matter is not symmetric. This note proposes an alternative that is both symmetric and traceless.
Category: Classical Physics

Verification Experiment of Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction Based on Radio Frequency Signals

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 5 Pages.

As a theoretically complete fundamental principle of electromagnetism for nearly two centuries, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that the induction voltage in a metal coil is proportional to the number of turns in the coil and the rate of change of magnetic flux through a single turn. Recent research points out that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is only an engineering approximation formula，and that Lorentz's magnetic force theorem is the microphysical mechanism of electromagnetic induction. This verification experiment uses two induction coils, CA and CB, of the same structure and size. Coil CA has a single-layer dense winding of 30 turns, and coil CB has a single-layer evenly spaced winding of 15 turns. The induction voltages of coils CA and CB are detected under low and high frequency signals, respectively. The experiment proves that: under low-frequency signals, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula. However, under high-frequency (RF) signals, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is completely incorrect. Under RF signals, the coil induction voltage depends mainly on the relationship between the wire length and the RF wavelength, as well as the strength of the electromagnetic field radiation attenuation. The coil induction voltage has no direct relationship with the number of turns of the coil.
Category: Classical Physics

Introduction to Hestenes’ Use of Geometric Algebra in Treating Constant-Acceleration Motion

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article)

As an aid to teachers and students who wish to apply Geometric Algebra to high-school-level physics, we provide the first installment in a guide to Hestenes’s treatment of constant-acceleration motion. Specifically, we present a more-detailed version of Hestenes’ solution to the problem of finding the time and distance at which a projectile will cross a given line of sight. We begin by reviewing the GA ideas that we will use, and finish by verifying the solution via a GeoGebra worksheet.
Category: Classical Physics

Lorentz Effects on Observed Distance and Lookback as a Function of Cosmic Redshift

Authors: Martin Johnson
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Maximal replacement version reached)

The Universe is generally considered to be about 14 billion years old. There was an ‘inflationary period’, in which it underwent instant expansion, then abruptly slowed down to a more gentle rate which persists to the present day. This motion picture of the observable Universe derives from a ‘Hubble parameter’ H: A star’s radial recession rate v, divided by its ‘proper distance’ d; H = v/d . Both observed v and observed dobs from starlight are supposed to increase with cosmic redshift z, and v does, but for z > 1, dobs drops off. The current correction for this is to take the expansion of space over time into account, via integration. Integration is also used to calculate ‘lookback’ (t0 - t). Herein, the author shows that both d and (t0 - t) are calculable without integration, via the Lorentz factor γ: d = dobsγ and (t0 - t) = dobsγ2/c. This method is proper: Time does not elapse at the speed of light c, so space doesn’t expand for light. The Universe’s (t0 - t) is found this way as at least 170 billion years old. We also examine the slowdown of time in an increasingly dense Universe. Time came to a halt at a certain density.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics: Part 10: Naked "Planets" and "Stars"

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 29 Pages.

This article is the tenth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature" [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In this article, based on exact solutions of the extended Einstein vacuum equation, metric-dynamic models of stable spherical vacuum formations of planetary scale with a core radius of the order ofr4 ~ 107-— 108 cm = 100 — 1000 km are proposed. These electrically neutral vacuum for-mations are called naked "planets" and "stars". The concept of a naked "planet" implies that this article does not take into account the presence and influence of small vacuum formations (micro-, nano- and picoscopic "particles"), only curvatures of the vacuum of stellar-planetary scale are considered. In particular, metric-dynamic models of a naked "star" and naked "planets" of the Solar System are proposed. The analogy between the naked "Solar System" and a biological cell is shown. Like the entire project, this article is aimed at implementing the program of complete geometrization physics of Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolutivity in Time and Dynamics: a Space-Time 4D Topology Within 3D Space: 'the Virtual Edge of Vector Time'

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 14 Pages. Hyperscience International Journal: https://doi.org/10.55672/hij2025pp11-18

A conceptual 4-dimensional vector space-time in a framework of an orthogonal vector-time coordinate within a 3-dimensional space is introduced for true space time system dynamics.Based upon true time simultaneity of events i.e. absolutivity, this 4D space-time concept departs fundamentally from the observer oriented theory of special and general relativity in separating true, objective reality oriented simultaneous events from observed events and by providing rigorous independency of the four space-time coordinates.The geometric model is conventional Cartesian in 3D space and introduces virtual time-surfaces of true time simultaneity as a fourth dimension for validity in vector- and tensor- spaces, leading to a compliant 4-dimensional orthogonal vector coordinate system of space-time, thereby implicitly introducing a novel space-time topology with independent dimensions.The evolvement of events in this space-time then are traced in a coordinate system of 4 truly independent vector-coordinates in a 4D Hilbert (complex) vector space i.e. with an independent scalar magnitude of the time-vector.The treatment modifies space-time into 4D with curved virtual time-surfaces inside the empty, un-curved 3D continuum, i.e. confining 3D space in a virtual reality of projected, dynamic evolving ‘present’ surfaces, spherically closed as the space-time ‘edge’ of time, receding continually into the ‘past’, thereby building a (dynamic) history of true time information of events across the universe in data-shells.
Category: Classical Physics

What's Wrong with the Law of Universalwhat's Wrong with the Law of Universal Gravitation? What Should This Law Actually Look Like? Gravitation? What Should This Law Actually Look Like?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

The evolution of the law of universal gravitation is shown from the verbal formula proposed by Newton in 1687 to the present day. The law FN ∝ mM/r^2 discovered by Newton was not an exact law of gravitation. Newton only indicated the proportional dependence of force on masses and did not attribute any numerical value to the gravitational force. In an unfinished form, Newton's law FN ∝ mM/r^2 existed for almost 200 years (!), until the constant G appeared in it. But even in its modern formulation, Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 gives only a part of the force of universal gravitation. Newton's law does not work at large distances. Newton's law is not applicable on the scale of the Universe. The formula for Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of only two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula for the law describes gravitation only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies. Here it is shown that in addition to Newton's law there are two more laws of gravitation that remained undiscovered for over 300 years. A new law of gravitation is presented that describes the attraction of all bodies in the Universe. The obstacle to the discovery of this law of gravitation was the unsolved N-body problem. Here we present a solution to this problem.
Category: Classical Physics