Classical Physics

Addition of Velocities: An Adjusted Equation

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the ideas of the constancy of speed of light and time dilation, a revised equation of addition of velocities is obtained, which coincides with Einstein’s similar equation only in one-dimensional cases. The necessity of abandoning the idea of a ruler as a tool for instant measuring of distances, which is tantamount to instant transfer of information, is discussed. In the absence of a ruler, electromagnetic waves remain the only tools for measuring distances, and a quantum, the smallest portion of an electromagnetic emission, becomes the smallest portion (i.e. the smallest unit of measurement and the size of uncertainty) of space-time as well.
Category: Classical Physics

磁场应该用能量流重新来定义而不是矢量势的旋度
The Magnetic Field Should be Redefined in Terms of Energy Flow Rather Than the Curl of Vector Potential

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 77 Pages. In Chinese

本文从两个载流线圈之间的能量的纽曼公式推导了准静态电磁场方程，然后讨论了3种方法从准静态方程过度到辐射电磁场方程。1）Maxwell提出的位移电流方法，2）洛伦兹的滞后势方法，3）作者提出的基于能量守恒的包含超前波的方法。作者分析了磁场的不同定义，按照安培力，洛伦兹力，矢量势的旋度，滞后矢量势的旋度，法拉第电磁感应，坡印廷矢量，互能流定义的磁场。磁场定义还分在环路上和在直线上求平均值两种不同类型定义方法。在这些不同方法中，作者认为用互能流定义的磁场是正确的。按照这个磁场定义电磁波的磁场和电场保持90度相位差。不是像麦克斯韦电磁理论那样磁场和电场保持同相位。这样电磁波的确是无功功率的波。这种波的能量是不会溢出宇宙的。单独靠电磁波并不能传递能量。传递能量得靠互能流。互能流由同步的滞后波和超前波构成。互能流具有光子的性质，作者认为互能流就是光子。本文的重点是由互能流定义了磁场。由于互能流不管是在准静态条件下，按照麦克斯韦电磁理论，还是按照作者的电磁理论都成立。因此这样定义的磁场是合理的。这个定义和麦克斯韦按照磁矢量势定义磁场是不相同的。

This article derives the quasi-static electromagnetic field equation from the Newman formula of the energy between two current-carrying coils, and then discusses three methods to transition from the quasi-static equation to the radiation electromagnetic field equation. 1) The displacement current method proposed by Maxwell, 2) Lorentz's hysteresis potential method, 3) The method based on energy conservation and including advanced waves proposed by the author. The author analyzes different definitions of magnetic fields, including magnetic fields defined in terms of Ampere force, Lorentz force, curl of vector potential, curl of hysteresis vector potential, Faraday electromagnetic induction, Poynting vector, and mutual energy flow. The definition of magnetic field is also divided into two different types of definition methods: averaging on a loop and averaging on a straight line. Of these different approaches, the authors consider the magnetic field defined in terms of mutual energy flow to be correct. According to this magnetic field definition, the magnetic field and electric field of electromagnetic waves maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. It is not like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that the magnetic field and the electric field remain in the same phase. In this way, electromagnetic waves are indeed waves of reactive power. The energy of this wave will not overflow into the universe. Electromagnetic waves alone cannot transmit energy. The transfer of energy depends on mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow consists of synchronized delayed waves and advanced waves. Mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, and the author believes that mutual energy flow is photon. The focus of this article is on the magnetic field defined by mutual energy flow. Since the mutual energy flow is established no matter under quasi-static conditions, according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or according to the author's electromagnetic theory. Therefore the magnetic field defined in this way is reasonable. This definition is different from Maxwell's definition of magnetic field in terms of magnetic vector potential.
Category: Classical Physics

Visual Representation of Differential Forms and Pseudo-Forms

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

It is widely believed that the example of electrodynamics shows how physical laws are naturally expressed in terms of external differential forms and integrals of them. However, in practice, the authors of popular textbooks avoid using the mathematical apparatus of differential forms [1—4]. Differential forms are not mentioned in the popular Handbook of Mathematics [5]. Physicists ignore the remarkable works of Schouten, carried out in the first half of the last century [6, 7], in which visual images of differential forms are given. Only occasionally do publications appear on this topic [8]. However, even in the book [6] only one page is devoted to the equations of electrodynamics.On the other hand, the strict formalism of differential forms, expounded in detail and repeatedly by mathematicians [9, 10], is not suitable for the formulation and explanation of physical laws. It loses when compared with the traditional style of presentation, and the notation of mathematicians fatally prevents the use of the theory of differential forms in physics. True, a remarkable and almost successful attempt to bring mathematics and physics closer was made by Schutz [11]. However, in our opinion, the notation used in the book [11] is not yet fully adapted for successful use by physicists. This also applies to the section of the book devoted to electrodynamics.We hope to introduce external differential forms into ordinary electrodynamics primarily by changing the notation. We also use conjugation [12] instead of the traditional Hodge operation [13]. This makes it possible to connect various fields of electrodynamics into single chains. Moreover, the depiction of differential forms makes this connection very clear. In particular, the representations of fields related by Maxwell's equations made these equations self-evident. A particularly long chain of fields is shown in Fig. 9.Field chains contain both known exotic fields [14] and many hypothetical fields. The use of field chains allowed us to take a new look at the action of the Laplace operator, the action of the "second-order generation operator" inverse to the Laplace operator, and the Helmholtz expansion procedure. In particular, the Helmholtz expansion of the singular delta function turned out to be related to the expansion of magnetic induction into the magnetization vector and magnetic field strength [15]. We hope to show the simplicity and naturalness of the proposed approach.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Mass

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 7 Pages. 7 pp., English, Brest, Belarus

Using the mass model, the article examines the thesis about the fundamental nature of the eld form of matter in physics. A eld model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of massive bodies is revealed. The mass model is compared with the Dirac equation.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Basic Interactions That Occur as the Early Universe Evolved

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 11 Pages.

The basic forces that govern the universe are repulsive force, gravity, quark interaction, and electromagnetic force. All forces except repulsive force are attractive forces.Among these forces, repulsive force or expansive force is a force that acts between pure energies, which is the force that dominates the universe. As the universe expands, the temperature decreases and changes into dark energy and dark matter when it reaches 〖10〗^13 K.Dark matter is an invisible material called imp (invisible material particle) and consists of imps and quarks. Imp liberates gravity and creates a gravitational field. As the universe continues to expand and the temperature decreases, at 〖10〗^10 K, an imp interacts with quarks to create neutron, and the force acting at this time is quark interaction. Quark interaction is involved in creating all particles such as neutrons and protons, and is also involved in creating and closing electromagnetic force fields.Electromagnetic force is a force made by creating an electromagnetic force field inside the proton and emitting electrons during the process of converting neutron into proton. It is also involved in closing the electromagnetic force field during the process of converting proton into neutron.
Category: Classical Physics

Keplerbahnen (On Kepler Orbits)

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther
Comments: 11 Pages. In German (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Die Bahnen von Planeten um die Sonne sind Ellipsen. Die Sonne liegt dabei in einem Brennpunkt der Ellipse. Dies gilt ganz allgemein für die Bewegung eines Objekts im Gravitationsfeld einer zentralen Masse. Dieses Skript enthält eine mathematische Herleitung der Bahnkurven eines Massepunktes im sphärisch symmetrischen Gravitationsfeld auf Basis des Lagrange-Formalismus. Als Grundlage wird zunächst die Ellipsengleichung behandelt. Weitere Grundlagen werden in Kurzform im Anhang aufgeführt. Aus der Theorie ergeben sich schließlich die drei Keplerschen Gesetze.

The orbits of planets around the sun are ellipses. The sun lies at a focal point of the ellipse. This applies generally to the movement of an object in the gravitational field of a central mass. This script contains a mathematical derivation of the trajectories of a mass point in a spherically symmetrical gravitational field based on the Lagrange formalism. The ellipse equation is first treated as a basis. Further basics are briefly listed in the appendix. The theory ultimately gives rise to Kepler's three laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 32 Pages. Improved translation to English

Based on the analysis of biquaternion quadratic forms of field, it is shown that Maxwell equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy-momentum flow of field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence more general nonlinear field equations. Classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in a special way into new nonlinear equations and are their special case. It is shown that in a number of important cases nonlinear equations, in contrast to linear ones, allow solutionsthat have a swirling energy flow. Solutions of the equations we obtained make it possible to give wave description of charged particles, common for quantum mechanics, within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention in the work is paid to the problem of dividing the field into "own" field of a charged particle and a field "external" to it. From the nonlinearfield equations follow both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charges moving under the Lorentz force. In this way, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations that include interaction is solved. In our approach, the particle charge is electromagnetic (complex-valued), passingthrough periodically changing linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges - from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the particle charge itself that plays a role, but its phase relationship with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Effective Mass of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Theoretically, we discovered very unusual properties of the effective mass of dark matter and dark energy. If dark energy increases the effective mass, as is currently assumed, then dark matter reduces it. In the extreme case, the effective mass of an object can be zero and therefore can move at incredibly high speed, comparable to the speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

How an Airplane Flies: [An] Explanation

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

The way an airplane wing acts has given rise to multiple popular explanations with erroneous and incomplete theories. Here it is explained simply with physical principles applied to aeronautics and without errors.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Planck LT System of Units

Authors: Konstantin Nikonenko
Comments: 46 Pages.

The article presents the Planck LT system of units, formed on the basis of the dimensions of physical quantities of the kinematic system of units by R.O. di Bartini. The values of units of measurement, basic constants, conversion coefficients in relation to the International SI and Gaussian system are given, ensuring the transfer of initial data and calculation results between these systems of units without loss of calculation accuracy.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Charged Leptons Part 1: Foundations

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work proposes and outlines a generalization of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons that includes all charged leptons, i.e., electron, muon, tau, and their antiparticles. In the proposed model, all charged leptons are based on linearly scaled versions of a single field solution. Due to the nonlinear nature of the modified Born-Infeld field equations, these linearly scaled versions themselves do not satisfy the field equations. A quantized excitation is hypothesized to compensate for the nonlinear effects and satisfy the nonlinear field equations such that electron and positron correspond to the ground state of the excitation, and heavier leptons correspond to excited states. While the proposed model is assumed to be testable, an actual test is beyond the scope of this work.
Category: Classical Physics