Classical Physics

Near Lightspeed Interstellar Travel

Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the concepts of general relativity relativistic interstellar travel to the stars approaching the speed of light can be computed for the general case of accelerated motion for half the journey and decelerated motion for the remaining half of the journey. According to general relativity a rocket and its passengers feel the effects of gravity when accelerating in flat spacetime where motion is described relative to a proper reference frame. Because of time dilation an astronaut can travel stellar distances, that is many light years within his/her own lifetime while many thousands of years will have elapsed on the planet of departure. This analysis determines the proper time dilation or elapsed time on a spaceship whose speed approaches the light speed and the instantaneous velocity or 4-velocity of a spaceship relative to the speed of light at some constant acceleration. As explained in general relativity the 4-velocity is the rate of change of the 4-vector with respect to the moving frames’ proper time. The results presented here are independent of the propulsion systems used. These results are equally valid for a spaceship powered by an advanced antimatter propelled photon rocket, or a spaceship powered by a VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) plasma rocket motor.
Category: Classical Physics

Motion Out of Time: Single Speed Hypothesis

Authors: Temesgen Degu
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper introduces a hypothesis that reinterprets the relationship between motion and time. We propose that all objects possess an intrinsic capacity for instantaneous motion between two points, occurring "out of time," and that observed travel time results from discrete "stops" induced by external forces or intrinsic properties such as mass. Using thought experiments involving a photon and a marble, we illustrate this concept and explore its potential implications for classical mechanics, special relativity, and quantum phenomena. This perspective suggests motion is inherently timeless, with time arising as a consequence of interruptions, offering a new lens on the fundamental dynamics spanning classical laws to quantum effects. While lacking a fully developed mathematical foundation, this framework offers a novel perspective on velocity, proper time, and quantum superposition, suggesting avenues for future theoretical and experimental investigation. We emphasize its conceptual nature and the need for rigorous development to elevate it from hypothesis to theory, inviting researchers to explore its intriguing possibilities.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 11: Gravity And Levitation

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 42 Pages.

This article is the eleventh part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics based on the Algebra of Signatures" (GVPh&AS) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In this article the phenomenon of planetary gravity is considered as a result of a spatial-phase shift between two counter intravacuum flows, flowing top-down and bot-tom-up. These powerful intravacuum flows flow along counter spirals wound on all radial directions departing from the core of stable spherical vacuum formations (in particular, "planets" and "stars"). In this case, the vacuum currents flowing upward along the spiral always slightly lag in magnitude behind the vacuum currents flowing down-ward along the counter spirals. Therefore, a relatively weak residual accelerating drain carries along all bodies in the direction of the core of the spherical vacuum formation, and is the cause of gravitation. The model representation of gravity as a result of the difference of counter powerful intravacuum currents can serve as a theoretical justification for the possibility of using these flows for alternative methods of movement in space. In conclusion, the article considers possible methods of controlling the topology of space and intravacuum currents with the aim of using them as a driving force in the levitation mode.
Category: Classical Physics

Inverse N-body Problem - the Key to Solving Gravity Problems

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 11 Pages.

Despite the fact that the law of gravitation was discovered more than 300 years ago, gravity remains the most mysterious physical phenomenon in physics and cosmology. For a long time, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. Newton's law of gravitation is not enough to fully describe gravity. Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula of Newton's law describes gravity only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies in the Universe. In gravity, at least three more laws of gravity have not been discovered. The secrets of gravity are revealed by the inverse N-body problem. The solutions to the inverse N-body problem are at least 4 laws of gravity. The solution of the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 yields two laws of gravity: Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and a new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2. We also show that the solution of the inverse N-body problem for N → ∞ yields the third and fourth laws of gravity: F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2. Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and the new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2 give the gravitational force of two bodies. The third and fourth laws of gravity F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2 give an additional gravitational force of N bodies in the Universe. Three new physical laws appeared in gravity in addition to Newton's law. They were missing in Newtonian dynamics. The new laws of gravity complement Newtonian dynamics and give a complete and consistent description of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Electron Deflection

Authors: Vladimir Dabić
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This article explores the motion of an electron through a finite region of homogeneous magnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Calculating π Using the Speed of Light and the Compton Wavelength of the Proton

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article only in pdf)

This paper uses a small calculation example to demonstrate how deeply π permeates our world. The formula can be easily derived from projection theory (Ref. 1) and is intended to pique the curiosity of those who are not yet familiar with this theory, as such a calculation seems almost impossible according to conventional physical models.
Category: Classical Physics

Cosmic Expansion from Rotating Spacetime: A Geometric Alternative to Dark Energy

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We revisit the hypothesis that the observed acceleration of the universe may result from the centrifugal effects of a rotating spacetime fabric. This idea, first proposed by the author in 2016, is examined here in the context of general relativity with rotation. We derive a modified Friedmann equation incorporating vorticity and show how rotation naturally leads to expansion without invoking exotic dark energy. Furthermore, recent observations — such as anomalies in the cosmic microwave background and largescale structure alignments — offer potential empirical support for this interpretation. This work provides a geometric foundation for cosmic acceleration rooted in the rotational dynamics of spacetime.
Category: Classical Physics

A Universal Upper Bound for the Backward Diffusion of Pollution And/or for the re-Suspension of Pollution.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The present article study the case of an object exposed to pollution by diffusion mechanisms during a unitary time. After a certain resting period without any pollution exposures, we derive a universal upper-bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution within that object. There are only 6 parameters involved: the saturated concentration levels of pollution within the considered object immediately after being exposed to pollution during an arbitrary long time, the diffusion coefficients of that pollution, the spatial dimensions of the considered object, the pollution exposure time, the resting time and the concentration levels of pollution within the considered object. A universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution after backward diffusion can be found and can hold for any diffusion coefficients. This universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution is particularly useful in the case of disinfection procedures with disinfecting toxic volatile fluids having unknown diffusion coefficients. Indeed, a too short duration of the disinfection procedures would not decontaminate well enough the considered object while a too long duration of the disinfection procedures would contaminate the considered object too much for a too long time. In addition, the toxicity of disinfecting volatile fluids is often not well known precisely and may vary under various circumstances. Therefore, this universal upper bound for the remaining concentration levels of pollution can be used to figure out the optimal duration for the disinfection procedures and the optimal resting time immediately after these disinfection procedures without needing to know the diffusion coefficients of the involved toxic disinfecting volatile fluids. For the convenience of calculations, we consider a unitary time for the pollution exposure time, we consider unitary dimensions for the considered object and we consider unitary saturated concentration levels of pollution. In the present article, the universal upper bound for the remaining pollution after backward diffusion and/or for the remaining pollution after re-suspension, are derived in the 1D case and in the 3D spherical case.
Category: Classical Physics

Reformulations in Classical Electromagnetic Theory and a Proposal for the "Luminiferous Ether"

Authors: Paulo Guedes Logrado
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present in this article fundamental elements that can guide us in the process of developing a possible classical electromagnetic theory. Maxwell's equations, which involve line integrals of the electric and magnetic fields, are reformulated into expressions that are almost completely symmetrical. We show that the continuity equation for current naturally arises from the reformulated Maxwell-Ampère law. Ampère's law is generalized and applied to calculate the magnetic field due to some common current distributions found in the literature, including a moving charged particle and a finite current segment. The expression for magnetic force is modified, and the cyclotron frequency of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field is obtained in accordance with classical mechanics. The magnetic field in the spin-orbit interaction within an atom is determined from the reference frame at rest with the nucleus, which cannot be achieved with electromagnetic theory in its usual form. The force between two long current-carrying wires and a brief discussion on the interaction between two arbitrary current circuits are addressed using the reformulated laws. Next, we present a special non-material medium to correspond to the luminiferous ether, that is, a medium through which the electromagnetic wave propagates. Then, the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particles is examined. Thus, in this work, we propose basic elements to complete the classical electromagnetic theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Two Methods of Calculating Gravitational Force Which Lead to a New Law of Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 4 Pages.

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction has been represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravity F = GMm/r^2. Here we show that Newton's law of gravity is not the only law of gravitational interaction. There is one more undiscovered law of two-body gravity in physics. The new law of gravity is: F = mR^3/T^2r^2. This is the second law of gravity. It does not exist in Newtonian dynamics. This law of gravity does not include the gravitational constant G. It does not include the central mass M. The new law of gravity includes the characteristics of the elliptical orbit in the form of the Kepler constant R^3/T^2 as parameters. Here we reveal a method for obtaining a new law of gravity. The same method allows one to obtain a new law of gravity for N bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

The Information-Geometric Theory of Dimensional Flow: Explaining Quantum Phenomena, Mass, Dark Energy and Gravity Without Spacetime

Authors: Mikhail Liashkov
Comments: 83 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a novel theoretical framework based on information geometry and scale-dependent dimensionality that offers unified explanations for phenomena across all physical scales. The proposed dimensional flow theory demonstrates how effective dimensionality varies with scale, creating a natural hierarchy that explains quantum behaviors as projections from lower-dimensional spaces to higher-dimensional observation space. This approach resolves quantum paradoxes while preserving determinism and locality at the fundamental level. The framework successfully derives the mass spectrum of elementary particles and coupling constants from dimensional parameters, establishing a geometric foundation for the Standard Model without fine-tuning. At galactic scales, the theory provides excellent agreement with SPARC database observations of rotation curves without invoking dark matter. Cosmologically, it reinterprets redshift observations as manifestations of a static universe with a dimensional gradient, rather than an expanding universe. This eliminates the need for inflation, dark energy, and a beginning of time, while maintaining consistency with observational constraints. Gravitational phenomena emerge from dimensional gradients rather than spacetime curvature, and cosmic microwave background features appear as dimensional tomography rather than echoes of a primordial state. The framework's remarkable predictive power across diverse phenomena, coupled with its significant reduction in free parameters compared to current models, suggests that physical reality may be fundamentally based on information-geometric principles and scale-dependent dimensionality rather than an evolving spacetime.
Category: Classical Physics

From Notre-Dame to Norton Dome : Destruction and Reconstruction of a Cathedral of Newtonianism

Authors: K. Ben Letaïef
Comments: Pages.

Global Existence and Smoothness of Solutions to the Navier Stokes Equations: An Energy Pertubation Approach

Authors: Felipe G. G. de Carvalho
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this article, we investigate the existence and smoothness of solutions to the incom-pressible Navier-Stokes equations using the energy perturbation method. By assuming thatexternal forces are either null or sufficiently small and that the initial conditions are smo-othly compact, we demonstrate, through an energy inequality, that the energy associatedwith perturbations decays exponentially over time. This energy dissipation implies thatsmall perturbations vanish, ensuring the global stability and regularity of solutions. Additi-onally, we numerically validate our results using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs),showing that the numerical solution converges to the analytical one. These findings pro-vide strong evidence toward a potential proof of the global existence and smoothness ofNavier-Stokes solutions, contributing to the discussion of millennium prize problems.
Category: Classical Physics