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| viXra.org > High Energy Particle Physics > 2002 |
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[21] viXra:2002.0543 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-27 05:42:31
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 81 Pages.
A research team in Japan has reached a key understanding of this process that may aid the future development and use of fusion plasma. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[20] viXra:2002.0538 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-26 17:43:41
Authors: Tarun Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.
Charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) is an interesting phenomenon to
investigate in going beyond the Standard Model (BSM). This direction of
investigation also inspires a new look at the idea of mu and tau being
excitations of the electron. For this, the electron is required to have a
substructure that is held together by some potential. However, even the
simplest model of a two-body substructure has several troubling issues. First,
a relativistically covariant formulation of such a bound system is non-trivial.
However, this has been resolved in the past in a different context. Second, a
consistent field theory of composite objects is needed to handle this model of
leptons with substructure. This has also been done in the past in a different
context. Third, the large observed mass ratios of the three charged leptons
rule out binding potentials that depend only on the relative positions of
constituents. Here it is shown that a concept similar to the "running coupling
constant" of strong interactions generates a model that fits these ratios very
well.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[19] viXra:2002.0527 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-26 03:12:23
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.
Physicists from the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+ at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) play a leading role in a new study that indicates that the puzzle of neutrino mass ordering may finally be solved in the next few years. [22]
If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter–antimatter imbalance. [21]
Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[18] viXra:2002.0511 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-26 09:42:32
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.
A research team from Bochum has determined the size of neutrons in a more direct way than ever before, thus correcting previous assumptions. [18] These experiments provide limits for possible new particles or fundamental forces, which are a hundred thousand times more restrictive than previous estimations. [17] While these experiments seem miniature in comparison to others, they could reveal answers about neutrinos that have been hiding from physicists for decades. [16] In a paper published today in the European Physical Journal C, the ATLAS Collaboration reports the first high-precision measurement at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the mass of the W boson. [15] A team of researchers at the University of Michigan has conducted a thought experiment regarding the nature of a universe that could support life without the weak force. [14] The international T2K Collaboration announces a first indication that the dominance of matter over antimatter may originate from the fact that neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently during those oscillations. [13] Neutrinos are a challenge to study because their interactions with matter are so rare. Particularly elusive has been what's known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, which occurs when a neutrino bumps off the nucleus of an atom. [12] Lately, neutrinos-the tiny, nearly massless particles that many scientists study to better understand the fundamental workings of the universe-have been posing a problem for physicists. [11] Physicists have hypothesized the existence of fundamental particles called sterile neutrinos for decades and a couple of experiments have even caught possible hints of them. However, according to new results from two major international consortia, the chances that these indications were right and that these particles actually exist are now much slimmer. [10] The MIT team studied the distribution of neutrino flavors generated in Illinois, versus those detected in Minnesota, and found that these distributions can be explained most readily by quantum phenomena: As neutrinos sped between the reactor and detector, they were statistically most likely to be in a state of superposition, with no definite flavor or identity. [9]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[17] viXra:2002.0418 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-22 09:56:19
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
An ongoing challenge of the Standard Model is to explain the nearly vanishing magnitude of CP symmetry breaking in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This challenge goes by the name of the strong CP problem and is quantified by the θ-parameter of the QCD Lagrangian. It is known that axions are hypothetical particles conjectured to offset the contribution of the θ-parameter and restore the CP symmetry of QCD. Starting from the near equilibrium interpretation of gluon dynamics, here we bypass the axion conjecture and derive the numerical value of the θ-parameter in close agreement with experimental bounds. A surprising finding of this brief report is that the strong CP and the baryon asymmetry problems appear to be related to each other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[16] viXra:2002.0372 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-20 06:18:22
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.
Researchers at the CERN particle-physics laboratory in Switzerland used laser spectroscopy to scrutinize the fine structure of antihydrogen, revealing with an uncertainty of a few percent that the tiny difference in energy of states — known as the Lamb shift — is the same as it is in normal hydrogen. [27]
Researchers in Italy and Switzerland have performed the first ever double-slit-like experiment on antimatter using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a positron beam. [26]
Two new experiments at CERN, ALPHA-g and GBAR, have now started their journey towards answering this question. [25]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[15] viXra:2002.0363 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-18 21:43:26
Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 5 Pages.
nle-lepton is an software program that searches for polynomial-like non-linear equations with three real, positive roots representing the charged lepton masses. A formula of this type might explain why there are three generations of ordinary matter and give insight into the underlying physics of fermion Higgs field Yukawa couplings.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[14] viXra:2002.0340 [pdf] replaced on 2020-03-28 03:46:31
Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 9 Pages.
The atomic nuclei have been structured through two fundamental phenomena. The inverse electric field of the proton and the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron. Specically, the above inverse field causes the nuclear force and the nuclear antigravity one. These forces, along with the experimental constants of the spin, the magnetic moment and the mass deficit of the nucleons, are the fundamental elements that have created the deuterium, the tritium, the helium-3 and the helium-4. This last nucleus, the helium-4, is the most stable in the Nature, with which all the nuclei of the periodic table have been constructed in the core of the stars.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[13] viXra:2002.0324 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-17 05:51:46
Authors: Alex Mott, Joshua Job, Jean-roch Vlimant, Daniel Lidar, Maria Spiropulu
Comments: 6 Pages.
The discovery of Higgs-boson decays in a background of standard-model processes was assisted by machine learning methods. The classifiers used to separate signals such as these from background are trained using highly unerring but not completely perfect simulations of the physical processes involved, often resulting in incorrect labelling of background processes or signals (label noise) and systematic errors. Here we use quantum and classical annealing (probabilistic techniques for approximating the global maximum or minimum of a given function) to solve a Higgs-signal-versus-background machine learning optimization problem, mapped to a problem of finding the ground state of a corresponding Ising spin model. We build a set of weak classifiers based on the kinematic observables of the Higgs decay photons, which we then use to construct a strong classifier. This strong classifier is highly resilient against overtraining and against errors in the correlations of the physical observables in the training data. We show that the resulting quantum and classical annealing-based classifier systems perform comparably to the state-of-the-art machine learning methods that are currently used in particle physics9,10. However, in contrast to these methods, the annealing-based classifiers are simple functions of directly interpretable experimental parameters with clear physical meaning. The annealer-trained classifiers use the excited states in the vicinity of the ground state and demonstrate some advantage over traditional machine learning methods for small training datasets. Given the relative simplicity of the algorithm and its robustness to error, this technique may find application in other areas of experimental particle physics, such as real-time decision making in event-selection problems and classification in neutrino physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[12] viXra:2002.0320 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-17 07:39:27
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.
The latest research has been carried out by a pan-European collaboration led by Guillaume Pignol of the University of Grenoble and Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg of the Paul Scherrer Institute near Zürich. [18] Scientists using neutron scattering methods to look at the behavior of materials under stress or during phase changes and chemical reactions can view processes from new angles using event-based data. [17] The mineral sample was synthesized by Florida State University graduate student Lianyang Dong. [16] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[11] viXra:2002.0318 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-17 08:31:25
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.
Recent observations of the internal structure of the rare isotope ruthenium-88 shed new light on the internal structure of atomic nuclei, a breakthrough that could also lead to further insights into how some chemical elements in nature and their isotopes are formed. [32] A new technique that allows researchers to cool ions to ultracold temperatures by placing the ions in contact with an ultracold atomic "buffer gas" has been developed by researchers in the Netherlands. [31] Researchers at EPFL have discovered that the viscosity of solutions of electrically charged polymers dissolved in water is influenced by a quantum effect. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[10] viXra:2002.0262 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-17 23:52:22
Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 18 Pages. See arXiv:1908.11838 for dark energy, arXiv:1902.01837 for dark matter and n-lifetime, arXiv:1904.03835 for baryon asymmetry, and arXiv:1906.10262 for CKM and tests, arXiv:1902.03685 for application in stars
A dynamic view is conjectured for not only the universe but also the underlying theories in contrast to the convectional pursuance of a single unification theory. As the 4-d spacetime evolves dimension by dimension via the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, supersymmetric mirror models consistently emerge one by one at different energy scales and scenarios involving different sets of particle species and interactions. Starting from random Planck fluctuations, the time dimension and its arrow are born in the time inflation process as the gravitational strength is weakened under a 1-d model of a ``timeron'' scalar field. The ``timeron'' decay then starts the hot big bang and generates Majorana fermions and $U(1)$ gauge bosons in 2-d spacetime. The next spontaneous symmetry breaking results in two space inflaton fields leading to a double space inflation process and emergence of two decoupled sectors of ordinary and mirror particles. In fully extended 4-d spacetime, the supersymmetric standard model with mirror matter before the electroweak phase transition and the subsequent pseudo-supersymmetric model due to staged quark condensation as previously proposed are justified. A set of principles are postulated under this new framework. In particular, new understanding of the evolving supersymmetry and $Z_2$ or generalized mirror symmetry is presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[9] viXra:2002.0228 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 06:35:46
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 15 Pages.
The ATLAS Collaboration at CERN has just released the first open dataset from the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) highest-energy run at 13 teraelectronvolts (TeV). [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[8] viXra:2002.0226 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-12 08:04:03
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.
Nuclear physics researchers have now observed this same type of wobbling in Au187-a gold isotope that lives for just eight minutes. [35] Nanoparticles of less than 100 nanometres in size are used to engineer new materials and nanotechnologies across a variety of sectors. [35] For years, researchers have been trying to find ways to grow an optimal nanowire, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[7] viXra:2002.0192 [pdf] replaced on 2020-02-13 15:06:54
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.
A long-standing challenge of the Standard Model (SM) is to convincingly explain the physical mechanism behind the axial anomaly of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). While instantons are routinely invoked as solution to this anomaly, they create new puzzles – the strong CP problem and the postulated existence of axions. Here we suggest that fractional field theory offers an alternative resolution to the axial anomaly, shedding new light on the strong CP problem and bypassing the axion hypothesis.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[6] viXra:2002.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-09 16:29:26
Authors: M. Abdel-Aty, Saeid Jafari, A.-S. F. Obada, C. Özel, I. Sener
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this chapter, we present the basic elements of Chern-Simon theory and then we review some recent aspects of developments in Chern- Simon gauge field theory as a topological quantum field theory on a threemanifold.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[5] viXra:2002.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-08 13:03:27
Authors: Jeff Yee
Comments: 9 pages
The speed at which sound travels is known to be related to the elasticity and density of the medium in
which it propagates. The same principles of sound are applied to a universe with a substance, referred to as an
aether, to describe the speed of light with the same equations that apply to sound.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[4] viXra:2002.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-04 11:38:54
Authors: Zoran B.Todorovic
Comments: 10 Pages. 10
In neutrino physics, the hierarchy of neutrino masses as well as the absolute values of neutrino masses are still open-ended questions that seek answers.The greatest obstacle in the neutrino physics related to the indeterminacy in the difference of the squared neutrino masses was avoided by introducing two conjectures: one presents all three neutrinos in the form of plane waves and the other introduces the relation between interconnections of masses of neutrinos. Defining the mathematical models of the mass hierarchy it is proven in the theoretical discussion that the same number n is present on two levels: on the macroscopic level between corresponding wavelengths and on the microscopic level between corresponding squared masses differences. The mathematical model was also developed to determine the absolute values of neutrino masses. Absolute values of neutrino masses were calculated, and then, their sum was shown to be consistent with the sum of neutrino masses in the cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[3] viXra:2002.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-03 22:06:18
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 figures; Including Chinese version
The electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions can be well unified by standard models. However, this unified approach is more abstract. Here we try to describe the nature of these three interactions by way of illustration, and can intuitively point out that these three interactions are actually electromagnetic interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2] viXra:2002.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-01 02:29:15
Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.
Physicists at Washington University in St. Louis have proposed a way to use data from ultra-high energy neutrinos to study interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics. [22]
If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter–antimatter imbalance. [21]
Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1] viXra:2002.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2020-02-01 03:30:13
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. the original article
The Dirac equation with the imaginary reflection is considered. The intrinsic
imaginary parity can be generated in the proton antiproton Dalitz reaction. The
violation of the intrinsic parity of an elementary particle can be explained as the
oscillation of parity before the particle decay into plus and minus parity system.
The explanation is the alternative form of the older explanation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
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