High Energy Particle Physics

Towards a Bright Future: Nuclear Fusion, the Revolutionary Energy of Tomorrow

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 9 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

In a world in search of sustainable energy solutions, nuclear fusion is emerging as a dazzling promise. This article explores the revolutionary advances of the ITER tokamak prototype in France, demonstrating the potential of nuclear fusion to meet global energy needs while preserving our environment. Through in-depth analysis of physical processes and environmental benefits, it offers a captivating glimpse into the clean, near-limitless energy that nuclear fusion promises to bring to our future.

Dans un monde en quête de solutions énergétiques durables, la fusion nucléaire émerge comme une promesse fulgurante. Cet article explore les avancées révolutionnaires du prototype tokamak ITER en France, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de la fusion nucléaire pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques mondiaux tout en préservant notre environnement. À travers une analyse approfondie des processus physiques et des avantages environnementaux, il offre un aperçu captivant de l'énergie propre et quasi-illimitée que la fusion nucléaire promet d'apporter à notre avenir.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron and Muon

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The anomalous magnetic moment of electron is calculated in the framework of the Schwinger source method from the assumption the electron and is immersed in the magnetic eld. The magnetic eld causes the modication of the Greenfunction of the charged particle and therefore the modication of the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude. The derived value of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron is in excelent agreement with experiment. The muon magnetic moment is discussed at the experimental and methodological basis. This article is writtenin the form of the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unified Field Theory by Canonical Gauge Principle

Authors: Tomoichi Sato
Comments: 188 Pages.

This book describes unified field theory. The content consists of 3 parts.part Ⅰ: Considering quantization of spacetime and possible fields are derived based on the canonical gauge principle. This includes the gravitational field, and the undiscovered field of spinor gauge connection. The principle of existence of elementary particles, the origin of symmetry, the unification of Boson/Fermion, and the reality of preon are obtained. Lagrangian of the unified field is derived, which includes the modified Dirac equation from field theory. mass-chirality relation is also analyzed.part Ⅱ：From the viewpoint of unified field, the elimination of the divergence difficulty is discussed, then state-constructive field theory is proposed, including some approximate method. Also, the construction and characteristics of field operators are summarized. (ex. projectivity, double completeness, etc.)part Ⅲ：As a part of unified field, the canonical gauge gravitational theory is discussed, based on the results of parts Ⅰ-Ⅱ. By comparing to Einstein theory, the coincidence under spherical symmetry conditions is concluded. From the perspective of quantum cosmology, the resolution of the Big Bang singularity and quantum black holes are analyzed. The cosmological speculations are described in last parts.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

QCD has a low-energy footprint that affects electrons, atoms, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon pion condensate dynamics. We propose that electron motion occurs via quark and antiquark flavor waves of electrons and pions condensate gas. We propose that a polarized pion tetrahedrons sphere of about 1.1% of the Bohr radius may cause the hydrogen atom ground state hyperfine energy split. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We expand the electrons and pion tetrahedrons gas model to a virtual cosmological scale box and propose that the pion tetrahedrons condensate density should be added to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Contraction Effect of Objects in the Time Expansion Effect: Experimental Verification

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 3 Pages.

Relativity theory discusses the effects of velocity time expansion and gravity time expansion. This article will verify through experiments that when an object generates the time expansion effect, its volume will undergo all-round contraction simultaneously, that is, the object contraction effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Erosion Protection of Tokamak and Magnetic Force on Single Charge

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The walls of Tokamaks are heavily eroded by plasma which suggests that a mysterious force pushes the plasma to the wall. We have theoretically discovered this force and named it extra-force. This force appears only on single charges but not on current carrying wire, which is why the Lorentz force law does not contain it. This discovery not only brings new knowledge to electromagnetism, but also gives a solution against the erosion, which could improve the technology for controlled nuclear fusion. We have proposed an experiment to test this new force.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Heat Bath Algorithm for Lattice Gauge Theories with Fermions

Authors: Mohamed Hafidouni
Comments: 3 Pages.

The heat bath algorithm is applied to the lattice gauge theories with fermions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Special Aether or Special Relativity?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 5 Pages.

The advent of elegant theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, ushered modern physics into an era marked by fantasized contemplation of phenomena, a trend that even persists today. In principle, every phenomenon is physical and can be comprehended mechanistically, given access to the necessary information. In a previous study, we explored the discussion on the equivalence of quantum mechanics with Fick's second law as its classical analogous for Brownian particles which reveals that there should be underlying particles that govern the motion of subatomic particles in quantum mechanics. In this context, we delve into how the description of a special aether medium in space enables the system to adhere to Galilean relativity instead of special relativity, which assumes the absence of aether. Given this, we emphasize that space and time are absolute; rather, it is indeed the velocity that is relative to the initial frame of reference.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert Lloyd Jackson
Comments: 20 Pages.

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, espectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Electron-Positron Pair Creation in Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The probability of the emission of the electron-positron pairs is calculated from the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude in such a way that the modified propagation function of photon is applied. The quantum entanglement of the electron-positronpairs is not analysed. In cosmology, pair production is the heuristic explanation of the Hawking radiation. The pair production process is explained here with the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 23 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. I assert that universal limits govern physical phenomena, leading to very interesting results.I demonstrate that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities named "Quantum Black Holes." These Quantum black holes are relativistically rotating miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. Quantum black holes are the only structures small enough in space-time capable of keeping charges quantization, including gravitational charges. Quantum black holes explain deficiencies of SM like quantized gravity, dark Matter, Mass of elementary particles, quantization of elementary particles, size of elementary particles, neutrino oscillations, and more.Elementary particles release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights into the nature of space-time curvature change. As a result, we can characterize all movements and processes in space-time using simultaneously five sets of equations: four representing the four charges' types and one representing Dark Matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of Mass Defect, Preons and Relic Neutron

Authors: Victor Chibisov
Comments: 17 Pages. (Title modified by viXra admin to conform with scholarly norm)

This article was originally prepared in anticipation of the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) by NASA on December 24, 2021. JWST, in accordance with its program of work, is expected to peer into the first galaxies beyond the redshift corresponding to the time interval of 100-250 million years after the Big Bang. explosion. The article presents the rationale for the prediction of the detection of metals in the gaseous environment of the first galaxies at this point even before the explosion of the first supernovae. To substantiate this forecast, the article considers a variant of the preon structure of nucleons, which allows us to take a fresh look at the mechanism of the occurrence of a mass defect, and the ensuing consequences about the existence of relic neutrons of increased mass in the early Universe, and the implementation of primary nucleosynthesis according to Gamow’s scheme from relic neutrons of increased mass. This article is of a discussion nature and is intended to familiarize the scientific community with the proposed concept, which, in our opinion, does not contradict the ideas of modern physics about the structure of matter, but refines this structure taking into account previously put forward and unreasonably rejected hypotheses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Huge Inconsistency in Cherenkov's Historic Experimental Setup in 1934

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 10 Pages.

A huge inconsistency in Cherenkov's historic experimental setup in 1934 has been found. In a first calculatory part (involving a lot of Compton scattering formulas), we derive the theoretical minimal apparent magnitude ($m_{astro}=+12.39$) of the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934). Equivalently, the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934) is visible, by a perfect naked eye ($m_{Naked-Eye}=+7.5$), with a minimal amount of $9~361.81~mg$ Radium-226 instead of an official amount of $103.6~mg$ Radon-226. In a second part, we summarize the technological & scientific & societal consequences of that huge inconsistency.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Aether and Electron Tetrahedron Model

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, du ̃d ̃d and du ̃u ̃u. Two quarks determine the charge and two quarks determine the spin state. The electron tetrahedron and the pion tetrahedron condensate may perform high frequency quark exchange reactions by tunneling through the condensation gap and form a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin state. The pion tetrahedron may act as a "QCD glue" bonding electron pairs and protons and neutrons in the nuclei with opposite spins. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform pion tetrahedron Aether were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics and are not fully understood still.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Euler's Identity in Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

Euler's identity is the most beautiful equation in mathematics. In this paper Euler's identity will be applied to Physics. It will present new beautiful equations of unification of the fundamental interactions. It will calculate new unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. Also it will present new beautiful equations of the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology and it will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. These equations are applicable for all energy scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Possible Structure of the Electron and the Up Quark

Authors: Oliver R Jovanovic
Comments: 12 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

Any particle consists of some combination of down quarks and (or) antidown quarks because their electric charges imply so.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate Aether and the Electron Cloud

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. Due to rapid quark exchange reactions between electrons, assumed to be comprised of four quarks and antiquarks, and the pion tetrahedrons, the electrons are delocalized electron clouds. The electrons are comprised of tetraquarks, where the du ̃ quarks determine the electron charge and the d ̃d quarks determine the electron tetraquark spin state. A u ̃u quarks determine the second spin state for the opposite spin electron tetraquark. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate Aether need further study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Loss of Electrons in Storage Rings

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

We examine, in general, the energy loss of electrons caused by the multiple Compton scattering of electrons on black body photons in the storage rings. We derive the scattering rate of electrons in the Planckian photon sea and then the energy loss of electrons per unit length. We discuss the possible generalization of our method in particle physics and consider a possible application of our formulas in case of motion of charged particles in the relic cosmological radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 13 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density should vary in space and should drop in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void for example in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose to calculate the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate density and propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration change at the galaxies’ edges may be due to the pion tetrahedron condensate density drop. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the vacuum Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate need further study
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Negative-Energy and Tachyonic Solutions in the Weinberg-Tucker-Hammer Equation for Spin 1

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 20 Pages.

We considered Weinberg-like equations in the article [1] in order to construct the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the spin-1 particles. An analog of the $S=1/2$ Feynman-Dyson propagator is presented in the framework of the $S=1$ Weinberg's theory. The basis for This construction is based on the concept of the Weinberg field as a system of four field functions differing by parity and by dual transformations. Next, We also analyzed the recent controversy in the definitions of the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the field operator containing the $S=1/2$ self/anti-self charge conjugate states in the papers by D. Ahluwalia et al~cite{Ahlu-PR} and by W. Rodrigues Jr. et al~cite{Rodrigues-PR,Rodrigues-IJTP}. The solution to this mathematical controversy is obvious. I proposed the necessary doubling of the Fock Space (as in the Barut and Ziino works), thus extending the corresponding Clifford Algebra. However, the logical interrelations of different mathematical foundations with physical interpretations are not so obvious. In this work we present some insights with respect to this for spin 1/2 and 1. Meanwhile, the N. Debergh et al article considered our old ideas of doubling the Dirac equation, and other forms of T- and PT-conjugation [5]. Both algebraic equation $Det (hat p - m) =0$ and $Det (hat p + m) =0$ for $u-$ and $v-$ 4-spinors have solutions with $p_0= pm E_p =pm sqrt{{bf p}^2 +m^2}$. The same is true for higher-spin equations (or they may even have more complicated dispersion relations). Meanwhile, every book considers the equality $p_0=E_p$ for both $u-$ and $v-$ spinors of the $(1/2,0)oplus (0,1/2))$ representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several other authors) show that The Fock space can be doubled on the quantum-field (QFT) level. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum-field level. In this article we give additional bases for the development of the correct theory of higher spin particles in QFT. It seems, that it is imposible to consider the relativistic quantum mechanics appropriately without negative energies, tachyons and appropriate forms of the discrete symmetries, and their actions on the corresponding physical states.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

KBC Void and the Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density should vary in space and should drop in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void for example in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. Based on Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory, we propose to calculate the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate density in space and propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. A microscopic mechanism for the MOND acceleration crossover at the galaxies’ edges is proposed in terms of the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The major difference between classical and quantum physics may be the antimatter and the non-empty vacuum discovered by Dirac. The central roles of antimatter and the non-empty QCD vacuum in physics were not anticipated by both general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM). Their central roles are not fully understood still and the KBC voids and the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate are two examples that need further study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interactions in Deformed Special Relativity

Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 10 Pages.

In deformed special relativity with commuting coordinates transforming according special relativity and deformed plane waves the field equations and interactions in coordinate space remain unchanged. However in momentum space Dirac and Weyl equations become deformed together with helicity spinors and Mandelstam variables resulting in deformed amplitudes for massive and massless particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Schematic Diagrams of Micro Particle Models

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 49 Pages.

This article introduces a new micro particle model using pictures and text, introducing the principles of four fundamental forces, the Big Bang, material formation, antimatter, energy conversion, superconductors, relativity, pulsars, magnetic monopoles, and black holes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Geometric Probability Model for α_em and α_s

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 1 Page. (Notes: Abstract added by viXra Admin. Also scientific references will also be required in any future submission)

A simple geometric probability model for the EM and Strong force coupling constants.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[Discussion on] Black Holes

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 9 Pages.

We will talk about the properties of "black spheres" called "black holes", within the framework of the properties of dynamic space-matter, which are subject to experimental testing. First of all, the presence of new quanta in the cores of planets, in the cores of stars, in the cores of galaxies, in the cores of quasars and in the cores of quasar galaxies. And first of all, stable quanta of the new substance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pionic Deuterium and the Pion Tetrahedron Vacuum Polarization

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 18 Pages.

A double-well potential model is proposed for the pionic deuterium that enables calculating the energy split, the potential barrier and the pion tetrahedron edge length. We propose that pion tetrahedrons mediate the strong force by enabling quark exchange reactions between protons and neutrons. A vacuum polarization Feynman diagram is proposed for the pion tetrahedrons having two chains of gluons and fermion loops for the two valence quarks and anti-quarks. With a higher order vacuum polarization diagram, the two fermion loops are connected and flipped by additional gluons and the pion tetrahedron chiral symmetry is broken by the non-empty vacuum as expected by the QCD chiral perturbation theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pionic Deuterium and the QCD Tetrahedron

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 9 Pages.

We propose that QCD tetrahedrons mediate the strong force between hadrons in the nucleus by enabling double quark exchange reaction between protons and neutrons splitting the pionic deuterium ground state energy level to a doublet. The QCD tetrahedron generates with the deuterium a transition state complex that further performs quark exchange reactions with the charged pion that shifts and broadens the pionic deuterium ground state energy. The proposed charged pion exchange reactions generate a negatively charged cloud at the deuterium nucleus vicinity that reduces the effective charge of the proton. The proposed pion exchange reaction is an alternative mechanism to pion absorption and production at low energies by the nucleus.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Physics of the Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Binary Field

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 12 Pages.

The entity of time and energy have successfully evaded any concrete definition or elucidation for a disproportionately long period despite their pivotal importance in physics. In this paper, we present a novel theoretical scheme in which not only time and energy but all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a binary digital field. It is made up of spatial quanta with Planck scale properties, and the field has an intrinsic potential to break its symmetry in a totally spontaneous and stochastic manner. The scheme vividly explains the origin of the mass of most of the elementary particles only with fundamental physical constants plus some numbers with universal meaning such as the fractional powers of pi, instead of any artificial parameters. Though it is still in a hatching stage like the old quantum theory, as this paper shows in detail, its capability to provide clear physical images as for why particular Lie groups could rightly describe their corresponding forces is a promising sign that this paradigm shall serve as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the fundamental interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mechanism of Gravitational Deflection of Light

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 10 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cause of the light deflection near the Sun is a geometric distortion of spacetime, regardless of the photon structure. Because Einstein had no photon model at his disposal, he used mathematical techniques. In his theory, Einstein did not explain the physical mechanism through which mass produces the spacetime curvature. However, a new paradigm has provided a photon model that can reveal the mechanism of photon deflection in a gravitational field, i.e., in Tesla's inhomogeneous primary substance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Body Theory that [May] Explains the Origin of Everything in the Universe

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 151 Pages.

The two main pillars of modern physics are said to be the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Classically there are Newtonian mechanics and electromagnetism. However, they have only explained the phenomenon and have not investigated the cause of the phenomenon. The energy body theory explored the origin of this phenomenon and discovered that the origin of the universe is made of a simple structure. In other words, the universe is not a container-like container, but space itself is a real entity. That space is an organization filled with particles much smaller than elementary particles. The grains are independent of each other, so if one grain contracts, the adjacent grain expands. Or vice versa. A contracted grain has positive energy as a restoring force, and an expanded grain has negative energy as a restoring force. This is the source of energy. This shows that the law of conservation of energy holds true universally. Further, the recovery speed of the contraction/expansion of the grain is the speed of light. Therefore, we decided to call the space an energy body and the particles that make up the space an energy cell body. Using this as a basic principle, we considered elementary particles, which are matter, and gravity, which is the distortion of space. Using this basic picture, we considered mechanics, electromagnetism, elementary particle theory, quantum mechanics, and cosmology, and revealed the nature of gravity and dark energy, and found a fundamental understanding of phenomena, the discovery of the "velocity of photons" and the reason for the "principle of the constant speed of light," among many other things. results were obtained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Solution to the Strong CP Problem

Authors: S. A. Larin
Comments: 9 Pages.

We suggest a new solution to the strong CP problem. The solution is based on the proper use of the boumdary conditions for the QCD generatimg functional integral. It obeys the principle of renormalizability of Quantum Field Theory and does not involve new particles like axions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of the Speed of Light 2.99792E8 m/s

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

In previous study, the masses of six dimensional neutrinos were calculated and the ratio of the 0D mass to the 3D mass was shown to be cosmological constant problem 1E-121.54. In this study, three values were additionally found. (1) The root ratio of the 3D mass to the 2D mass is 2.99789E8, and the error is 0.001% of light speed 2.99792E8 m/s. (2) The root ratio of the 5D mass to the 6D mass is 88.163%, and the error is 0.02% of the ratio 88.145% of W 80.377 GeV and Z 91.1876 GeV. (3) The root ratio of the 0D mass to the 1D mass is 5.9065E-39, and the error is 0.01% of gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39. It was once again confirmed that the origin of all things is neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 27 Pages.

Following the results of our publications, we argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra. One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers(electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$, one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle and its antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universe problem does not arise and the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning ofwhich is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used, $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space, but, in semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there is no freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Four Generation Supersymmetric Model of Particles Leading to Two Extra String Dimensions

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 13 Pages.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for the first generation particles is extended to include all three generations and the dark sector. The scenario is reformulated as a double field theory (DFT) in 4+4 dimensions. It is proposed that DFT preons are the pointlike limit of string theory below the string scale ~ 10^(18) GeV. The need for extra string theory dimensions is argued to reduce from six to two.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Brief Exposition of the Structured Vacuum Theory (STV)

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 35 Pages.

All fundamental categories of energy were assigned to specific component of the superfluid matter velocity. Principle role of decomposition to symmetric and anti-symmetric flows was demonstrated for geometrical interpretation of gravity and electromagnetic phenomena.Energy division between kinetic and potential components was interpreted as the energy equal distribution between available degrees of freedom in the system. Main physical concepts like inertial and gravity masses, electric charge, magnetic moment, linear and rotation moments were presented as different types of the vacuum lattice symmetry breaking; Macroscopic energy transformations were interpreted as manifestations of Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms. The energy transformations are due to energy exchange between four fundamental velocity components of the superfluid substance;All fundamental macroscopic physical laws may be underpinned by a set of 16 Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms, as a number of coefficients in the dynamic equation describing the velocities mutual bidirectional transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Violations of the Vacuum Lattice Structural Asymmetry and Their Relationship to Traditional Physics Concepts

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this letter we demonstrate that all basic physical concepts may be defined via the prism of symmetry breaking phenomena. Specifically, each type of symmetry breaking of the vacuum structure corresponds to some traditional concept of the modern physics. Thus, we can assign the most fundamental concepts to specific type of symmetry violation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dirac's Irony: Is The Proton/Electron Mass Ratio a Dirac's Large Number In Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The proton/electron mass ratio is a scalar. The true origin of this number might be a 24D concept, (mp/me)^24 — living in the 26D space of the 26 sporadic groups. The mass of Higgs boson (125.186 GeV) is recovered. Quark masses are related to the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Re-derivation of the Ewald Summation Formula for Triangular Charge Distribution

Authors: Serdar Acir
Comments: 8 Pages.

A re-formulated version of Ewald Summation method is presented in this paper by replacing each point charge with a triangular shape charge distribution instead of the original Gaussian shape charge distribution. With triangular shape charge distribution, we aim to be able to accelerate the computation of the reciprocal sum part of the Ewald Summation for crystal simulations with periodic boundary conditions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Double Field Theory: Uniting Gauge and Gravity Theories Through the Double Copy of Yang-Mills

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the realm of theoretical physics, scientists have long been intrigued by the link between gaugetheories and gravity. This study explores a fascinating idea called the "double copy technique," which reveals a deep connection between these two seemingly different theories. While gauge theories, like Yang-Mills, describe basic interactions in a simple and elegant way, gravity, despite its symmetry, is a complex and challenging theory in the quantum world. This paper investigates the "double field theory" (DFT) and its connection to the double copy method. This connection shows that gauge and gravity theories are remarkably similar at the quantum level. The double copy technique essentially transforms gravity into a sort of "squared" gauge theory, offering insights into how color and movement are related in gauge theories. By carefully studying the math and important equations, this paper explains how this connection is tied to the idea of color and movement duality. The study concludes by introducing the DFT action, which is derived through the double copy method and doesn’t rely on a specific background. This surprising result highlights how the complexity of gravity can be beautifully linked to the simplicity of Yang-Mills theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Compton Effect in Dielectric Medium

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original article

We determine the Compton effect from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equationfor a process in medium with the index of refraction n. Volkov solution involves themass shift, or, the mass renormalization of an electron. We determine the modifedCompton formula for the considered physical situation. The index of refractioncauses that the wave lengths of the scattered photons are shorter for some anglesthan the wave lengths of the original photons. This is anomalous Compton effect.Since the wave length shift for the visible light is only 0,01 percent, it means thatthe Compton effect for the visible light in the dielectric medium can be performedby the well educated experimenters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 30 Pages.

More than 20 years ago, in 2002 the small book "Vacuum dynamics and the soliton theory of elementary particles" was published that showedMaxwell’s model effectiveness in describing elementary particles as solitons in vacuum. Already in this book there was a derivation of the equation for the internal field of electromagnetic soliton (electron), which solution gives thevalue of the fine structure constant theoretically or, how it used to say R. Feynman, from computer, not putting it there secretly. Then this calculation was made, but convincing result was not yet achieved because the applied method of calculation has not provided adequate accuracy of the received constant value. And now, 20 years after, the great dream of physicists at last has become the truth: the fine structure constant was got from that equation with good accuracy and rather simple, using for calculation a customary notebook, so that everybody who wants can do it without hard work.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Equations of the Unified Physics

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 39 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In this paper will be presented the equations of Unified Physics. The beautiful equations of the unification of the fundamental interactions. We calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. These equations are applicable for all energy scales. Also we present the unification of atomic physics and cosmology and the formulas for the cosmological constant. It will discover a new simple Large Number Hypothesis which calculates the Mass,the Age and the Radius of the universe. The diameter of the observable universe will be calculated to be equal to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton on the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron. We will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. We propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to Phenomenology About the Nature of the Muon

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian

Introduction to phenomenology about the nature of the muon. Phenomenology about the proton, about the neutron, about the muon, about the tau-lepton, about the pion in the light of the photon can shed light on the ultimate truth - how everything really is - the sphere - the clouds of theensemble of matter. A certain excitation of the proton pulls out a volume close to spherical,clouds of matter from the proton, which represent descriptions and definitions - the internal energy of the proton, the rest energy of the muon, the rest mass of the muon. Similarly, as for the electron and positron, it is possible toformulate moments of truth about matter, and from the proton onwards for the tau lepton, and for the pion, and for the muon, and for any other emainingelementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Conservation of Baryon and Lepton Number is an Effect of Electric and Magnetic Charges

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.

The conservation of baryon number and lepton number has not yet been explained. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the U(1) x U(1) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Strong-Force Quark Bond Patterns Within Nucleons

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 15 Pages.

According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three up/down quarks confined by strong-force interactions as mediated by gluons. The net effect of these interactions is a nucleon model that has an equilateral-triangular form with a strong-force bond between each quark pair.However, this model assumes that strong-force interactions are equally likely between two same-charge quarks (which would otherwise be expected to repel each other) as they are between opposite-charge quarks.Should strong-force interactions only take place between opposite-charge quarks, then the nucleon model changes from an equilateral-triangular to a quark-chain model that involves only two strong-force bonds, each connecting the central quark to an oppositely charged quark. The quark-chain nucleon model leads to some interesting possibilities related to the structure of atomic nuclei, to electron orbitals and related covalent bonding patterns, and to the cause of radioactive decay in unstable elements.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages. Note by viXra Admin: Last name should be after first name - Please conform!)

Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Updated Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.

Unlike deuterium - tritium plasma of nuclei of identical charges, which give a certain instability, thermonuclear reactions are physically permissible: 1. method: inelastic collisions of tritium nuclei, without primary plasma, with high-energy protons, at a ready-made collider. 2. Method: structuring of charged counter streams of deuterium plasma at the meeting point, modified by TOKAMAK, by vertical beams of low-energy antiprotons. The reaction products are helium and antiproton, which structures new and new nuclei. At the same time, the number of antiprotons is regulated by beams of protons in annihilation. 3. Method of inelastic collisions in beams of a deuterium nucleus of low energies, without primary plasma.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Synchrotron Spectrum from the Volkov Solution of the Dirac Equation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original Article

We derive the power spectrum of the synchrotron radiation from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equation and from S-matrix. We also generalize the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation for the spin motion in case it involves the radiation term. This equation play the crucial role in the spin motion of protons in LHC and in FERMILAB. The axion production in the magnetic feld described by the Volkovsolution is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Questions of Quantum Field Theory 1

Authors: Danny Fainozzi, Alessandro Giacchetto
Comments: 98 Pages.

Introduction to QFT through questions and exercises starting from Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, passing through the Second Quantization and ending with interacting fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass is not What You Think

Authors: Thomas H. Weight
Comments: 2 Pages.

We clarify critical misunderstandings in physics by showing that mass is not a scalar constant,and by reminding readers that momentum is a vector
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass Scale Law of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we will present a new mass scale law of the universe. First from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will find the formulas for the Planck mass. It will be presented as an extended mass relation for fundamental masses. Also we will find the expressions for the minimum mass and the mass of the observable universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Dimensionless Fractal Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Alternative to the Higgs field Mass Generation Mechanism, based on a Dipole Wave Pressure Model

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable)

This paper is based on John A. Macken´s proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed.From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole).Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge.This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain themass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model.The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough toavoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holesthat reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attractionforce (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon and Tauon

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant" (viXra:2106.0042v5), in which we gave some formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron, muon and tauon. For example, we calculated the values of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057152 and 0.00116592057075 on June 2021/6/13 and 2023/3/14 respectively, and with 3 less digits they had the same value of 0.00116592057. On 2023/8/10 Fermilab Muon g-2 Collaboration announced their latest measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057(25), which should be perfectly consistent with our calculations or predictions. In this paper, we’ll give the final formulas of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, muon and tauon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 31 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be a symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability as proposed in a previous paper. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer QED, QCD and gravity. The QCD ground state tetrahedrons hypothesis provides two chiral states and a mass gap may be created by a ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 11 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components to within 1 or 2 standard deviations. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given to the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Tetrahedrons

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 27 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson compact bound tetraquark having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from the pion two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry may be a Goldstone symmetry breaking. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability as proposed in a previous paper. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role also in low energy physics where quark and gluon dynamics are relevant not only in the high energy physics research. Quark exchange reactions transfer force via gluon junctions interacting with the QCD ground state tetrahedron having quarks and antiquarks in equal portions
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of Microscopic Particle Models

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 32 Pages.

The microparticle model constructed in this paper can reasonably explain, using classical physics and relativity theory: the formation and decay of all elementary particles, the principle of the four fundamental forces, the principle of the Big Bang, the formation of matter, the principle of antimatter, the principle of energy conversion, the principle of superconductors, the principle of relativity, the principle of pulsars, magnetic monopoles, and black holes. This paper also suggests the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Invalidation and Proof of the Mass Gap and Viability of The Standard Model on a Discrete Spacetime

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 43 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The Yang Mills Mass gap is often considered as phenomenologically solved, after all QCD does not halt, but mathematically, it remains an open problem, that must be theoretically proven, in order to axiomatically reconstruct Yang Mills, and prove its suitability. The mathematical problem has been elevated to one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of USD1,000,000 for its resolution. In past papers, we argued its resolution in a multi-fold universe with its discrete spacetime, relying on existing proofs in Lattice QCD. It works for discrete spacetime, but was not definitive in the continuous spacetime limit. In this paper, we revisit the standard model on lattices, in particular in the context of the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem that identifies challenges for modeling both the Weak interaction and QCD on lattices. We treat the continuous case as a larger scale approximation of SM on a discrete spacetime. The paper studies Yang Mills fields and SM viability on discrete spacetimes besides continuous spacetime, and that includes the mass gap. Indeed, in previous papers we showed that General Relativity (GR) prescribes a discrete spacetime. Therefore, the mass gap and the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem challenges must be addressed for SM in GR-based universes, which, a priori, includes our real universe.Doing so, the paper derives properties like asymptotic freedom, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in non-abelian 4D Yang Mills theories. It also provides a new understanding of the link between confinement, and the chiral symmetry breaking, which typically occur around when confinement occurs, and explains the differences for abelian fields. These results are valid for discrete and continuous spacetime.In addition, the paper invalidates the mass gap conjecture and its Millennium prize formulation for 4D continuous spacetime by explaining that it can’t guarantee a mass gap. With reformulation, the mass gap Millennium Prize Problem is generally correct only in a 4D discrete spacetime, or in a multi-fold universe.SMG denotes the SM with gravity effects are not negligible at its scales. The present work gives new arguments for SMG: Yang Mills, QCD, and SM. The results also reinforce arguments for a (fundamental) particle desert above the electroweak scale, where the Ultimate Unification (UU) is encountered, and GUTs do not exist. The mass gap is generically proven for 2D random walk multi-fold universes, which characterize all of Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Electron Pairs and the QCD Ground State Tetrahedrons

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 15 Pages.

We propose that the QCD exotic meson tetraquarks ud ̃d(u ) ̃ introduced in previous papers may be condensed pions, a meson-meson bound state having a tetrahedron structure. We note that the QFT quantum harmonic oscillator zero-level does not describe well the non-empty ground state and that the QCD tetrahedrons that fill space may be a better description for the QFT ground state. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle charged mesons, d(u ) ̃for the electrons and ud ̃ for the positrons that spin around their center of mass. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in the electron pairing mechanism in both molecules and superconductors. We suggest that the cosmological redshift may be alternatively, or in addition to, due to the QCD tetrahedron density variations in space and particularly due to its density reduction in the cosmic web great voids.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tetrons

Authors: John Caywood
Comments: 30 Pages.

Four tetrons make matter and anti-matter. Quarks are tetrahedrons with a tetron at each vertex. There are 4 new quarks: yyz, yyz’, wxy and wxy’. The spin converted into a spin field in a gluon is partially responsible for the strong force and entirely responsible for gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cracking the Enigma of Neutrino

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

Neutrinos, which have been known as elusive ghost-particles, are electrically neutral coming out only in weak interactions, and eccentrically only left-handed neutrinos have been observed. More surprisingly, it has been known that flavors of neutrinos, such as electron, muon, and tau neutrinos, are changed in their propagations, which is known as neutrino oscillation. The peculiarities of neutrinos such as parity violation in weak interaction and neutrino flavor oscillation are reviewed whether those unconventional characters of neutrinos should be accepted just because of the seemingly undeniable physical evidences in phenomenology. For those eccentric neutrino properties in weak interaction, alternatively but surely we can find comprehensive explanations in 4-D complex space.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Model Explaining the Mass Difference Between Electron and Positron

Authors: Stefan Israelsson Tampe
Comments: 14 Pages.

We will in this document assume that a charged particle (electron) is built up by (similar to super string theory in a sense) of constellation of loops that has a very peculiar form of interaction that is as simple as one can possible think of. That this model has a chance of explaining the normal analytical treatment of charges in our macroscopic world is a bit if a challenge to explain. We will assume that there is a limit for how much energy density we can have and they will differ slightly between positive and negative charge meaning in the end a difference between particle mass and anti particle mass. Especially we reproduce the result that the electron and positron differs and the resulting mass of the positron is correct within measurement errors. We will also show that a stable system consists of two almost similar loops or helical paths that have opposite sign. We will show that the positive and negative charge is constant and the same. We will show how how mass can be calculated and how we can calculate angular momentum which makes it possible to deduce information on this model. We will also be able to conclude why $alpha approx 1/137$ and why this is so and why not exactly 1/137 and why the specific value is 137. We will show why $hbar$ is a fundamental constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Comparative Analysis of the New Physical Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 15 Pages.

As the problem of dark energy has remained unresolved, many physicists have concluded that the underlying hypotheses are incorrect; thus, a deep revision of the physical paradigm has become urgent. In 2020, a description of a new physical paradigm was published. This paradigm is based on Nikola Tesla’s statement that there exists an invisible primary substance from which the world of mass is created [1]. Among other things, this new paradigm reveals the mechanism of gravity, and subsequently, the problem of dark energy is resolved. Here, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of this new paradigm in comparison with the dominant paradigm.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Invisible Dark Matter

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian and Ukrainian

Dark matter is described on Wikipedia, you can also get acquainted with the variants of the topic on Wikipedia in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, German, English, French, Polish, Romanian, Turkish, Ukrainian editions. The phenomenology applied in these editions, in essence, the topic goes away from reality, from how it really is. Matter is invisible, it does not emit photons for our senses and our devices, it emits neophotinos that are inaccessible to our senses and we do not have devices to register them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dimensionless Theory of Everything

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 83 Pages.

From all the previous papers we will present the Dimensionless theory of everything. In an elegant way will be present the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions. We will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. It will present the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. Also we will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1.0139. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Holographic Duality

Authors: Matthew James Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This is a stub presentation without an abstract - It will not be accepted in the future))

Presentation on Holographic Duality at the electron star and quantum liquids with Lifshitz scaling / Quark-gluon plasma.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Impedance Networks and the Fermilab Accelerator Complex Evolution

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: Pages.

Physics topics to be covered in the upcoming Fermilab ACE Science Workshop include neutrino science, dark matter experiments, muons and the muon collider, and new physics ideas [1]. Quantum Impedance Networks (QINs) sit in the latter, in new physics ideas. They encompass the neutrino, dark matter, muon, and muon collider programs. This note outlines how the new physics synthesis of Geometric Algebra (Clifford algebra in the geometric representation) and quantum impedance networks of wavefunction interactions is potentially helpful to those programs. https://indico.fnal.gov/event/59663/
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Cherenkov Radiation from Dipole and the Lorentz Contraction

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original

The power spectral formula of the Cherenkov radiation of dipole is derived in the framework of the source theory. The distance between chargesof dipole is relativity contracted which manifests in the spectral formula. Theknowledge of the spectral formula then can be used to verification of the Lorentz contractionof the relativistic length of dipole. A feasible experiment for the verication of the dipolecontraction is suggested.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dimensional Regularization as Mass Generating Mechanism

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

Relativistic Quantum Field Theory (QFT) develops divergences caused by perturbative corrections to Feynman diagrams. Dimensional Regularization (DR) is a technique that isolates divergences using analytic continuation to non-integer dimensions. In this introductory tutorial we argue that DR provides an alternative mechanism for mass generation in particle physics. This mechanism reconciles the Higgs model of electroweak symmetry breaking with the minimal fractal topology of spacetime above the Fermi scale. Mass predictions agree reasonably well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theoretical Value of the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper it will be presented the theoretical value of the Gravitational constant. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. From these equations it will be calculated the theoretical value of the Gravitational constant. This value is very close to the CODATA recommended value of gravitational constant and two experimental measurements from a research group announced new measurements based on torsion balances.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Quantum Mass and Cause of Koide Formula

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of quantum space are similar to thermodynamics. That is, the property of quantum mass m is the same as pressure P. Therefore, the combination of 1 eV and 9 eV in quantum space is not addition 1 + 9 = 10 eV or middle 10/2 eV, but multiplication 1 x 9 = 9 eV or square root √9 eV. The core of Koide formula is to figure out what the root mass means. The key points are as follows. (1) Origin particles are 3 neutrinos and 3 gravitons (graviton, photon, gluon). (2) The 6 origin particles exist all in electron, muon, and tau. (3) The compressed quantum space is reversible and optimized. As the result, the √m is established. (4) The 9 combination mass regions are composed of 3 mass regions of electron, muon, tau and 6 empty regions. (5) Electron, muon, and tau fight each other to occupy the six empty regions. The fighting process is 1/3 < Koide < 1. (6) The fairest and most stable result of the fighting is 2/3. From this, it can be understood that quantum space was reversible and optimized before Big Bang. The Koide value is calculated as 0.666 661(7). The g-2 factors of electron, muon, and tau affect Koide formula very finely. Considering this, the value is calculated as 0.6666665. The Koide value is judged to be 2/3 correct, and the mass of tau is predicted to be 1776.8885 MeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

N-Sphere Factoring of the Seven Charmed Lambda Baryons

Authors: D.G. Grossman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Here’s more evidence showing subatomic particles may be made of higher dimensional matter. The mass of the first charmed lambda baryon factors as a multiple of an 8-sphere surface volume that is the sum of three large powers of two: 16384, 8192, and 4096. Just a coincidence? Maybe, but the seventh charmed lambda baryon also factors similarly, as a multiple of an 8-sphere surface volume that is the sum of two large powers of two: 32768, and 4096. The multiplier found in the first factoring can be expressed as 32768-4096 and the second multiplier can be expressed as 32768+4096, which is quite a symmetrical relationship, and quite hard to explain if the factorings are each just random coincidences. Included with the factorings of the seven charmed lambda baryons are an explanation of how to do n-sphere factoring, and a tentative description of the higher dimensional structure of hadrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interaction of an Electron and a Positron Before the Appearance of Photons

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 7 Pages, in Russian, Ukrainian.

Interaction of an electron and a positron before the appearance of photons. The interaction of an electron and a positron before the result of the appearance of photons occupies a special place in excursions into the history of physics from the moment they appeared in the minds of scientists. But the rest energy and rest mass of the electron and positron still remain incomprehensible. Both the physical quantity itself and the very physical meaning of these concepts of electron and positron. So is the phenomenology of physical processes leading formalisms, including mathematical ones, that is, the reliability of descriptions of events in nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Algebraic-Geometry Tools for Particle Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 22 Pages.

The TOI Platonic groups already improved the SM allowing to explain what fermion generations, quark flavors and the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices are and how to compute them theoretically.After the unification of the fundamental forces, including Gravity,the next step is to remodel Electroweak Theory as a theory of transitions of states. The tools needed to extend the Membrane Theory from Platonic and Archimedian Klein geometries, to account for the nuclear shells, baryon spectrum etc.: modular curves, Belyi pairs, dessin d'enfant and Belyi morphisms.This approach allows to interpret mass as monodromy (curvature of quark fields connection of EM type), introducing many other finite groups: Galois groups and associated tools (Riemann surfaces, divisors, periods, tessentalions, Fuchsian groups etc.).In this way an intrinsic String Theory touches base with the Standard Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Expressions of Various Spin Particle Equations and Their Quantization

Authors: Shui-Rong Shi
Comments: 791 Pages.

I have enriched, perfected, and further developed relativity, particle physics and quantum field theory in this book. Generally, a rigorous, analytical, elegant description method is adopted. I try best to impart a mathematical and physical aesthetic feeling to the entire article. The first seventeen chapters of this book are the basic parts. Several very useful mathematical tools have been proposed. Specially I have independently developed and created the constant invariant tensors analysis method for physical research. And I have restated classical physics in my own way. Most of the content belongs to the fields of classical field theory and quantum mechanics. The later chapters of Chapter 18 are the advanced parts. Most of the content belongs to the fields of quantum field theory. In particular, a new quantization program is given. According to this program, the quantization of arbitrary spin linear particles is completed in arbitrary space-time. These have greatly enriched and expanded the content of quantum field theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exact Mass of the Charmed Lambda Baryon

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: Pages.

In 2006 Particle Data Group changed their FIT of the mass of the Charmed Lambda+ baryon from 2284.9 +-0.6 MeV, to 2286.46 +-0.14 MeV (an increase of 1.56 Mev), because they said the new BABAR measurement was so much better, meaning more accurate. True, the measurement is more accurate, but n-sphere factoring shows the new mass found by BABAR is probably not the mass of a Lambda(c) baryon (udc quark content), but rather it is likely the mass of a Xi(c) baryon (dsc quark content). This paper explains the arguments for the two quark content assignments, and gives an expression for the exact mass of each baryon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unification of the Microcosm and the Macrocosm

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 30 Pages.

In the previous papers in an elegant way we presented the unification of the fundamental interactions. We calculated the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. Also the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also we presented the unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. We present the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. We will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1,0139. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simple Introduction to "Cloud Qed" Physics

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 18 Pages.

This is a short simple exposition of my book-in-progress Completing Quantum Electrodynamics and other Quantum Field Theories with "cloud" (and perhaps even creating "quantum gravity" & "theory of everything"). If said book ever manages to getpublished in print, then the present essay might be a good "foreword" for it.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Identification of Universal Features in the Conductivity of Classes of Two-Dimensional QFTs Using the Ads/cft Correspondence

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 7 Pages.

We study the electrical conductivity of strongly disordered, strongly coupled quantum fieldtheories, holographically dual to non-perturbatively disordered uncharged black holes. The computation reduces to solving a diffusive hydrostatic equation for an emergent horizonfluid. We demonstrate that a large class of theories in two spatial dimensions have a universal conductivity independent of disorder strength, and rigorously rule out disorder-drivenconductor-insulator transitions in many theories. We present a (fine-tuned) axion-dilatonbulk theory which realizes the conductor-insulator transition, interpreted as a classical percolation transition in the horizon fluid. We address aspects of strongly disordered holographythat can and cannot be addressed via mean-field modeling, such as massive gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Notes on Probe-D-Branes

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We refer to a D-brane that is treated as a relatively small and light object compared to other D-branes at a given string theory setup as a tool to study the properties of larger D-branes and their interactions with other objects.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Arbitrary Higher-Derivative Correction to Einstein-Hilbert Action

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 2 Pages.

We have made an observation that canbe generalized to an arbitrary higher-derivative correction to Einstein-Hilbert action (to linearorder in the corresponding couplings).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Domain Wall Model

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 9 Pages.

We consider a general axion-dilaton model with vanishingly small temperature. Under certain conditions, it is very likely that we can have a stable domain wall structure on the horizon
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simple Equation for the Mass Radius of the Proton

Authors: Roger N. Weller
Comments: 2 Pages.

A simple derivation can provide the measured mass radius of the proton.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Compact Notation for Massive Spinors

Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 10 pages

Massive angle and square spinors are described as two-vectors with an index denoting their helicity sign category and the property that the order of the components must be swapped for negative sign. Relations between spinors can be written more compactly and several derivations are simplified. Three point amplitudes are investigated and it is shown, that their high energy limit can be obtained more easily for both helicity categories at once.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

"The Beauty and The Beast"

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 42 Pages. Undergraduate colloquium presentation

The Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics is an amazing and beautiful achievement of theory, experiment and technology, explaining the foundations of Physics in terms of three out of four interactions, considered fundamental. Classification of Finite Simple Groups is too, an amazing achievement in Mathematics. Recent advancements in the understanding of SM lead to an unexpected "encounter" between the two: lepton masses are related to the Monster and VOAs, via j-invariant of elliptic curves ... under The Moonshine. But there is a "contender": Platonic and Archimedean solids (models for baryons, like the proton and neutron) can be represented as Dessins d'Enfant, introduced by Grothendieck in the 1960s, using Belyi maps! Who will win the heart of the Beauty? The main concepts will be defined and pictures will help bring the subject to the understanding of a general audience.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tau- and M-neutrino and All Massive Leptons

Authors: Chandra Raju
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

The mass eigenstates of the electron and muon neutrinos are built from the existing left-handed neutrino wave functions and these mass eigen states acquire mass through their interaction with the same Higgs field as their electrically charged partners. The above scheme requires, existence of another massive M- neutrino along -with an electrically charged massive M-Lepton to account for the tau family.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Direction of Possible Multi-folds Corrections to the W Boson Mass

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 13 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent paper shook the Physics community with claims that the W boson mass estimates, obtained from earlier experiments at the Tevatron, indicate that it would be 0.1% heavier than expected from the SM, with a 7 sigma accuracy. It is argued that, if true, it would be the first really convincing sign of limitations of the Standard Model (SM). Many popular articles have already followed, and we expect many papers to be published on the subject.In this paper we repeat our past comments that it is never too wise to bet against the SM: chances are big that this could be a fluke like many others before. Yet, just in case that the mass discrepancies were true, we look at what can be predicted in terms of the mass of the W boson in the context of the SMG, where gravity effects are non-negligible at the scales of the . We show that, at the difference of the effect on fermions, that we previously discussed, in SMG , a combination of the masses of the Z and W bosons are expected to be slightly larger, while the Weinberg angle θW decreases, hence possibly justifying the direction of the reported result.It all confirms our motto that, in particle Physics, New Physics is often not that new. The SMG is enough to qualitatively explain the larger mass of the W boson, no need for new particles, new forces or supersymmetry.In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into the SMG. Of course, The SMG may also exist in non-multi-fold universes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

High-Energy Particle Physics the Helmholtzian Factorization Methodology

Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Quantum field theory flows from the Helmholtzian factorization approach, including the weak interaction. The Helmholtzian factorization approach (including the Covariant) yields unification and more without tricks or obfuscations. The Helmholtzian factorization approach is superior to the gauge theory/combined symmetry group/symmetry breaking/Higgs mechanism patchwork quilt approach (which doesn't even include gravitation).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Discoveries to the Collision Electro-Magnetic Theory From 0-1 Series

Authors: xIa Cao
Comments: 5 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Can you imagine that two small stones can collide to generate electricity and light up a small lamp? Can you imagine that knocking on the door with your hand can power the LED board and illuminate the book? Can you imagine that the 28-watt fluorescent tube lamp can be lit up when you walk with it in your hand[? It turns out that generating electricity is simple. The energy generated by gently rubbing the plastic plate can light up at least a one-watt bulb, and even charge the mobile phone. The simple generator is made into a cylindrical type, which can efficiently collect wind energy under low wind speeds and easily light up ten one-watt bulbs.We know that the motion of objects in the universe is eternal. As long as there is motion, there will be interactions. I have found that electromagnetic energy will be generated when matter collides with each other，including macroscopic objects collisions and microscopic particles collisions. Thus I put forward "the Collision Electro-Magnetic Theory" . In addition, base on these discoveries, I found that rotating a closed circuit coil in a changing electric or electrostatic field could also generate an induced current and induced electromotive force in the coil. Which I call it Electra-electric induction (EEI). Both Maxwell displacement current and the electra-electric induced current we found are generated by the changing electric field. They are two forms of changing electric field. One existed in space. The other existed and flow in the conductor. The Maxwell displacement current is collected by the coil and flows, that is induced current.All these findings will be of great significance both in theory and in applications. Just like the invention of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in 1831, it is a milestone progression.Professor Xia CAO has made a series of discoveries that have gone entirely from 0 to 1, overturning traditional perceptions. Just like opening a door, it will have an immeasurable impact on physics, astronomy, new energy, nuclear energy, military and other fields. It will drive revolutionary anddisruptive progress in related industries and the global economy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modelling of the Structure of Elementary Particles

Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 19 Pages.

Based on the previously presented model of space-time, the structural features of elementary particles formation are considered. The paper investigates the model of elementary particles formation composed of such fundamental particles as loveton, electron, neutrino, and their an-tiparticles. In this paper, a set of basic particles is selected from among the simplest composite elementary particles, followed by a consideration of the ways of their decay, allowing the es-timation of the masses and binding energies of fundamental particles. Formulas to calculate the masses of elementary particles have been obtained, and, based on the proposed algorithm and the developed program; mass spectra of both hadrons and leptons have been calculated. Struc-tures of the τ-lepton and proton have been determined, and a possible reason for proton stabil-ity has been revealed. The difference between hadrons and leptons, mesons and baryons is ex-plained. Comparison of the calculated data on the masses of elementary particles obtained ex-perimentally showed good agreement with the available empirical data. This fact confirms the validity of the procedure for the formation of composite particles based on the construction of mass formulas for their decay and shows the high efficiency of the proposed approach. Com-parison of hadrons and leptons allowed us to propose a hypothesis about the possible nature of the strong interaction by considering electron-positron pairs as electric dipoles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Topological Structures of Möbius-Strip Fermions and Simple-Loop Bosons as the Fundamental Massless Quantum Field Excitations in 2D Spacetime

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian E. Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 21 Pages. This work provides deep insights into the physical properties of 2D spacetime and the topological structures of two types of the most fundamental massless fermionic Möbius -strip particles and bosonic close-loop particles as a building block for 4D partic

In this work, we present a model to treat the relativistic quantum dynamics of massless and massive particles in a 2D Minkowski spacetime. Using a set of three independent 2x2 real-value matrices to represent a time-shift operator ��, a space-shift operator ��, and a mass operator ��, we derive operator equations for massless particles which can be classified into two types of topological structures: the symmetric type-I with commutative �� and ��, representing a boson, and anti-symmetric type-II with {��,��} = 0, representing the fermion. We illustrate their topological differences and show that the fermion wave exhibits a twist during propagation like a Möbius strip. In contrast, the type-I boson behaves like a simple loop strip without a twist. The massless boson in our model resembles a 2D photon or a Higgs boson before symmetry breaking, while the fermion resembles a massless 2D Majorana particle. Unlike conventional string theories, we use a Möbius strip and a simple loop as the most fundamental topological structures of the quantum field excitations in 2D spacetime, representing fermionic and bosons. As an alternative to the string and loop quantum gravity theories, our approach could potentially serve as potential building blocks to construct elementary particles in the Standard Model, meriting an investigation into their topological properties in 4D spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Net-Proton Number Fluctuations in the SST Nuclear Plasma

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 7 Pages.

Here we show that the kurtosis multiplied by the squared standard deviation for net-proton distributions in nuclear collisions validate the nuclear-plasma structure described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). We also described the SST nuclear phase diagram.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Problem of Particle-Antiparticle in Particle Theory

Authors: Felix Lev
Comments: 20 Pages. 2 figures. Published in "Proceedings to the 25th Workshop What Comes Beyond the Standard Models, Bled, July 4-10, 2022", pp. 146-161.: http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2022bsm/talks/BledProceedings2022_Acceptable_06_12.pdf

The title of this workshop is: "What comes beyond standard models?". Standard models are based on standard Poincare invariant quantum theory (SQT). Here irreducible representations (IRs) of the Poincare algebra are such that in each IR, the energies are either >=0 or <=0. In the first case, IRs are associated with particles and in the second case - with antiparticles, while particles for which all additive quantum numbers (electric charge, baryon and lepton quantum numbers) equal zero are called neutral. However, SQT is a special degenerate case of finite quantum theory (FQT) in the formal limit p→∞ where p is a characteristic of a ring in FQT. In FQT, one IR of the symmetry algebra describes a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously, and there are no conservation laws of additive quantum numbers. One IR in FQT splits into two standard IRs with positive and negative energies as a result of symmetry breaking in the formal limit p→∞. The construction of FQT is one of the most fundamental (if not the most fundamental) problems of particle theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Eleven Solutions to the Unsolved Problems in Physics

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a list of unsolved problems in physics on Internet Wikipedia. In this paper, eleven unsolved problems were calculated or explained through simple mathematics. The results are as follows. 1) Generations of matter: Fourth generation particle does not exist. 2) Extra dimensions: The space of the universe has six dimensions. 3) Arrow of time: The quantization of our universe proceeds from 4D to 3D direction. 4) Neutrino mass: The mass of electron neutrino is calculated to be 0.15 eV. 5) Cosmological constant problem: The 10^120 is the ratio of 0D and 3D neutrino masses. 6) Hierarchy problem: Elliptic equation must have a largest value and a smallest value. 7) Origin of mass of most elementary particles: The compressive strength of quantum space gives mass to the particle. 8) Quantum gravity: Four fundamental forces are integrated into the logarithmic par-abolic equation. 9) Dark energy: There is a dark force greater than strong force. 10) Dimensionless physical constants: Force is particle, and the mass of strong force is 42.152 keV, which is the root of tau mass 1776.82 MeV. 11) Theory of everything: Since quantum space has a logarithmic property, mass of quantum particle must be calculated as a logarithmic value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Some Notes on Fermion Masses in the Tetron Model

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 30 Pages.

Our universe according to the tetron model is a 3-dimensional elastic substrate expanding within some higher dimensional space. The elastic substrate is built from tiny invisible constituents, called tetrons, with bond length about the Planck length and binding energy the Planck energy. Details of the approach provide a powerful unified picture for particle physics and cosmology. All physical properties in the universe can be derived from properties of the tetrons. This philosophy is applied here to the Standard Model mass and mixing parameters which are shown to be determined by the interactions among tetrons. The most general ansatz for these interactions leads to a Hamiltonian involving Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM), Heisenberg and torsional isospin forces. While the masses of the third and second family arise from DM and Heisenberg type of isospin interactions, light family masses are related to torsional interactions among tetrons. Neutrino masses turn out to be special in that they are given in terms of tiny isospin non-conserving DM, Heisenberg and torsional couplings. Moving on to the CKM and PMNS mixing, some preliminary results are presented. They allow to trace the observed hierarchy in the CKM matrix to the dominance of the top mass and to attribute the large non-diagonal PMNS matrix elements to the approximate conservation of isospin. One important finding is the influence that the tau-lepton mass has on the CKM parameters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Topological 2D Spacetime Structures of Möbius-Strip Fermions and Close-Loop Bosons

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian E. Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 23 Pages.

This work presents a model to treat the relativistic quantum dynamics of massless and massive particles in a 2D Minkowski spacetime. Using a set of three independent 2x2 real-value matrices to represent a time-shift operator E, a space-shift operator P, and a mass operator M, we derive operator equations for massless particles which can be classified into two types of topological preons, the symmetric type-I with commutative E and P, representing a bosonic preon, and anti-symmetric type-II with {E,P}=0, representing the fermionic preon. We illustrate their topological differences and show that the wave of the fermionic preon exhibits a twist during propagation like a Möbius strip. In contrast, the type-I bosonic preon behaves like a simple loop strip without a twist. The massless bosonic preon in our model resembles a 2D photon or a Higgs boson before symmetry-breaking, while the fermionic preon resembles a massless 2D Majorana particle. Unlike conventional string theories involving 1D strings, in this work, we use a Möbius strip and a simple loop in 2D, representing fermionic and bosonic preons, respectively. The extension of this model to 4D spacetime as potential building blocks to construct elementary particles deserves further studies.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Scaling Calculations with Giant Symmetry Groups

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

A provisional proof of the existence of pseudo vector symmetry as mediating medium of dark matter, pseudo e-neutrinos, by scaling Planck’s parameters to the giant group symmetries of Monster, Baby Monster and Fischer 24.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Clifford Algebra Cl(0,6) Approach to Beyond the Standard Model and Naturalness Problems

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 59 Pages.

Is there more to Dirac's gamma matrices than meets the eye? It turns out that the gamma zero operator can be split into three components. This revelation facilitates the expansion of Dirac's space-time algebra to Clifford algebra Cl(0,6). The resultant rich geometric structure can be leveraged to establish a combined framework of gravity and beyond the standard model, wherein a gravi-weak interaction between the vierbein field and the extended weak gauge field is allowed. Inspired by the composite Higgs model, we examine the vierbein field as an effective description of the fermion-antifermion condensation. The compositeness of space-time manifests itself at an energy scale which is different from the Planck scale. We propose that the regular Lagrangian terms including the cosmological constant are of quantum condensation origin, thus possibly addressing the naturalness problem. The Clifford algebra approach also permits a weaker form of charge conjugation without particle-antiparticle interchange, which leads to a Majorana-type mass that conserves lepton number. Additionally, in the context of spontaneous breaking of two global U(1) symmetries, we explore a three-Higgs-doublet model which could explain the fermion mass hierarchies.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proton's Radius Calculated from its Mass

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 3 Pages.

The mass of the proton is known to about 9 digits of accuracy, whereas the radius of the proton is only known to about 3 digits of accuracy. The theoretical model presented here, derives the proton’s radius from its mass, thus giving a radius value equal in accuracy to that of the mass measurement used for the calculation. As a check on the validity of the theory behind the calculation, results are compared to the 2018 CODATA proton radius value and are found to be well within the error limits of that value. So, it’s possible that the theoretical value of the proton’s radius presented in this paper is its actual radius to 9 digits of accuracy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Phase Changes and Interactions of Energy and Matter in the Universe Viewed Through Temperature Change

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 5 Pages.

The universe is indeed composed of energy and matter. Matter can be measured by weight. Energy can be measured in terms of temperature. The higher the density, the higher the temperature, and the lower the density, the lower the temperature. If our universe started from a small point with a very high temperature and reached today, as the universe expands, the density of energy decreases, so the temperature lowers, too. When the temperature lowers, some of the energy causes a phase change into matter, and vice versa. When matter is created, an interaction takes place. At $10^{13}K$, imps (invisible material particles, aka dark matter) are created and a gravitational field is formed as a result of emitting graviton acting on it, which gain masses. Down quarks and up quarks interact with their own intrinsic properties. This interaction is called the quark interaction. When two down quarks and one up quark meet with an imp to create a neutron, the force resulting from the quark interaction is confined inside the neutron.The quark interaction confines the strong force when quarks form a neutron, and mediates the electromagnetic field and electromagnetic force when a neutron transforms to a proton, and binds the nucleons to form heavier particles by strong nuclear interaction.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonequilibrium Dynamics and the Tachyonic Mass Problem

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Standard Model of particle physics postulates that the (mass) ^ 2 term of the Higgs potential is negative. This choice is considered unnatural and leads to the tachyonic mass problem. It is known that the formulation of the Higgs mechanism relies on the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation describing equilibrium phase transitions. It is also known that the Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a universal model of complex dynamics outside equilibrium. This brief note suggests that the tachyonic mas problem goes away upon switching from the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation to the CGLE.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

About the Higgs Particle Mass, the Neutron and the Role of the Kerr Metric

Authors: Bernd Aschenbach
Comments: 9 Pages.

A model for calculating the mass of a particle is presented which has the same mass as the Higgs particle. The model is based on the ratio of Newton´s and Coulomb´s laws. The model is used to calculate the charge radius of the proton, the neutron decay times(s), the magnetic moment of the neutron as well as the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton and the electron. Some of the results are obtained from analysis of the multiple resonances of coordinate or epicylic oscillations, respectively, occuring at extreme values of the Kerr spin parameter and the Aschenbach effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Capacitance and Size of the Electron Based on the CEWL Model

Authors: Donald Bowen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Charged Electromagnetic Wave Loop (CEWL) model is a novel model of the Electron (developed by this author in 2013), which exactly matches all known values of the electron, including energy, de Broglie frequency, charge, mass, and magnetic moment. The model also later explained the mystery of why the Electron’s G factor is 2 rather than one (½ spin) [1] In this paper, further validation of the CEWL Model is explored in two different ways. One method of validation involves using the author’s new insight that since the model represents an electromagnet oscillation with zero internal resistance, the capacitive and inductive reactance must match each other, and also match the reactive impedance of free space, leading to a unique value for the Electron’s capacitance as well as its’ inductance (3.41912126348 x 10-24 Farads and 4.85262 x 10-19 Henries). The Capacitance value can then be used to estimate the probable maximum Width of the charged area relative to Diameter of the electron (~0.53%), which validates that the model produces reasonable values that don’t conflict with the known anomalous magnetic moment. A second validation may stem from the author’s new insight that the loop characteristics of the CEWL Model, in which the loop circumference exactly matches the wavelength of a (virtual) photon equal to the Electron’s energy, is analogous to the characteristics of a high Q (resonant) loop antennae in which the circumference must also exactly match the wavelength in order to achieve high Q resonance, which leads to a new prediction that the virtual photons of leptons will be generated in the same directions as high Q antennas i.e. in the North and South magnetic directions generated by the CEWL loop (loop antennas without these characteristics have different radiation/absorption patterns). This new insight about probable directionality might guide future research into how and where Neutrinos and virtual photons form near the Electron, Muon, and Tau Leptons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass Model of Elementary Particles (Integrated Version)

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 21 Pages. 9 Figures

Elementary particles can be classified according to their spin quantum numbers and electric charges. As the three features of elementary particles are spin, electric charge and mass, they could also be classified according to their masses. Our work hypothesized a model for the masses of elementary particles, in which a formula for the mass of an elementary particle in a modified atomic units (called Hartree-Chen atomic units) consists of a Time Factor (TF) times a Space Factor (SF) along with at least one Sub-space Factor (SSF) in the format of mP/au=[TF(SF±Σ1/SSF)]^(2, -2). It seems that elementary particles should have two genders, i.e., Yang and Yin according to the ± symbols before SSF-1st, and the Yang/Yin ratio of all quarks and leptons is 1/2. With the model, all elementary particles (including neutrinos and the particle of dark matter) in Hartree-Chen atomic units were calculated, the mystery of three generations of quarks and leptons could be explained, the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem of the universe could be solved, and the composition of the universe could be interpreted. In the end, a picture and a table of mass model of elementary particles are presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proton and Neutron Electric Charges

Authors: Didier François Viel
Comments: 4 Pages.

The electric charges of the proton and the neutron, constituents of atoms nuclei, are explained in quantum mechanics in the so called "standard model" and this explanation is rather strange, with a combination of "quarks" having charges which are not an integer, and can change from one to another during radioactive transformation. It is a fact that quarks are deduced from experimental data, like scattering of a proton by high energy electrons, but they can’t be observed as a free object: "Basically, you can't see an isolated quark because the color force does not let them go, and the energy required to separate them produces quark-antiquark pairs long before they are far enough apart to observe separately"! In this paper, we will construct a model for the electric charges of proton and neutron with the presence of "electron-positron pair" inside the components of an atom nuclei, neutron and proton. In modern physics, whereas the existence of "electron-positron pair" is known since the sixties, still few scientists have explored the potential of such an existence. There were however attempts to explain some situations in quantum mechanics, and to describe the vacuum (ether) as a sea of "electron-positron pairs". We will present and validate this model with all the disintegration phenomenon observed, and even the disintegration of a proton inside an atom, which is not totally explained in the "standard model".
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Other Fundamental Phenomena of the Universe.

Authors: Vasily Brusko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian and English

This article contains the results of work on the development of the brilliant idea of James Clerk Maxwell that elementary particles are vortices of material substance that fills our entire Universe. He considered the main problem of this idea to be the impossibility of keeping the vortices from disintegrating into a chaotic (thermal) motion of the particles of the medium. It was possible to develop a model in which certain simple processes constantly carried out in a liquid make it possible to keep vortices in this liquid indefinitely. Model studies have shown that the processes that allow keeping vortices in liquids endow these vortices with all analogues of the fundamental physical properties that real elementary particles have. The developed model clearly explains: what is the spin of a particle, what is the rest energy of a particle, how particles create fields, how forces arise and what connects all fundamental interactions (forces) with each other, why a particle behaves like a wave, why a liquid in which and there are vortices-particles perceived by them as "emptiness" and much more. In addition, the model has a speed limit similar to the speed of light and analogs of space and time. The model can be tested experimentally. Methods for experimental verification of the model are proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Space-Matter of the Universe

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 12 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Calculated parameters and characteristics of objects of the Universe are presented in dynamic space-matter. A model of an intergalactic apparatus is presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Charge-Quantization Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

Nearly 100 years have passed since the Dirac charge quantization model was established, but unfortunately one of the most important factors, magnetic monopoles, has not yet been detected. This paper attempts to solve this problem using the theory of virtual spacetime or imaginary spacetime. By treating the electric field rotation of electrons and protons as an infinitely long solenoid, and then calculating the magnitude of the magnetic charge carried by the magnetic monopole from the known parameters of the electrons and protons. In this way, it can be seen whether such a result can meet the requirements of charge quantization. The calculation results show that if the magnetic monopole is confirmed in the presence of virtual spacetime, the conditions for quantization of the charge can be automatically satisfied. This proves that the singular strings connecting electrons and protons cannot be observed. The automatic satisfaction of the charge quantization condition means that there can be no singular strings in the physical world that do not meet the charge quantization conditions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Determination of the Masses of the W and Z Bosons

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 6 Pages.

In our previous papers, we gave formulas of the fine-structure constant and their corresponding applications along with a model for the masses of elementary particles. And in recent papers, we redefined Hartree atomic units to Hartree-Chen atomic units and gave formulas which determined the precise value of the mass of the Higgs boson. In this paper, we apply our mass model of the elementary particles and Hartree-Chen atomic units to determine the exact values of the masses of the W and Z bosons. Based on our hypothetical formulas, the masses of the W and Z bosons in Hartree-Chen atomic units should be 157415.999881172 and 178449.921171171 respectively, and the exact values of the masses of W and Z bosons should be 80439.410424(24) MeV and 91187.722114(27) MeV respectively. Compared to the latest and most accurate values of 80433.5 ± 9.4 MeV and 91187.6 ± 9.4 MeV which were measured by the Detector Collidor at Fermilab (CDF) Collaboration and by LEP respectively, our calculated values are almost absolutely precise if they are correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Accurate Calculation of the 21 cm Hydrogen Line

Authors: Shan-Hong Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

An electron is treated as a point particle, usually without considering the effect of its radius on interactions. This paper abandons this view, In Superfine Splitting of Hydrogen Ground State, this paper takes the charge radius displacement of the electron and the magnetic moment displacement inside the electron and the proton as two simple influencing factors, then deduces a new formula for calculating the 21 cm hydrogen line. The calculated value is compared with the laboratory measurement value, reaching 12 significant digits, which perfectly matches. Similarly. The calculation method in this paper is also applicable to the hyperfine splitting of the muonic hydrogen.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Some Unifications Needed in Particle Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

The current crises in Elementary Particle Physics requires a few new unification ideas: fermions and bosons, leptons and quarks, spin-parity and flavor etc. in order to resolve several problems in fundamental physics. Some possibilities involving some well known mathematical models are suggested and a few questions are raised. By now it is clear that the four fundamental interactions of the Standard Model can be related at low energies, with a natural change of viewpoint regarding what quarks are and replacing the pointwise particle concept, beyond String Theory, with that of qubit as a basic state, at the level of Quantum Computing. Understanding the role of the neutrino is also a recognized major point of today's Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Movement Structure of the Electron

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper describe Electron as a vibrational standing field which is a solution of Maxwell equation . it is explained how internal kinetic momentum composition contribute to understand its wave nature and obtain part of normalization of the field. The second element to be considered is the wave number ko, only defined by Newton law following, inside a granular vacuum, to explain gravitation strenght .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Use the Schwarzschild Metric to Calculate the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper attempts to apply the Schwarzschild metric of the gravitational field to the electromagnetic field to obtain a Schwarzschild radius in an electromagnetic field. According to this radius, microscopic spacetime can be divided into two parts, the real spacetime outside the radius of the electromagnetic field Schwarzschild, and the virtual (or imaginary) spacetime within the radius. The properties of these two spacetimes are exactly similar to the spacetime features inside and outside the radius of the event horizon in gravitational black holes. Combined with virtual spacetime-based particle models and the latest experimental data on proton electromagnetic radius, we can calculate a more accurate proton-to-electron mass ratio.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Light Refraction and Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 11 Pages.

The inductive-inertial phenomenon is the precondition of the E/M waves, while the spin oscillations of the electron cause the E/M formations. The photon is the autonomous motion of the E/M wave with constant photon length and the number of its fundamental E/M waves determines its wavelength. The light speed is determined as the transmission speed of the disturbance into the tense elastic-dynamic space. However, the light speed depends on the cohesive pressure that is proportional to the square of the distance from the Universe center and therefore it is a local constant in our region. The change of cohesive pressure in electric fields directly affects the change in the light speed, which can be attributed to photon refraction phenomena. The deviation of E/M waves in the dynamic fields occurs, of course, in the gravitational field as well. It is proved, the light has gravity only in the back half-space with result the gravitational redshift of the stars spectrum, while gravitational blueshift cannot happen, since there is no gravity in the front half-space of the E/M wave.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Note on the Standard Model

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

The four fundamental interactions of the SM can be unified as a quark field, by using the Hopf fibration to model the basic building block of matter: qubit space (software viewpoint) / quark structure of the neutron (hardware). This approach uses a much richer mathematical structure in lieu of the GUT approach via a larger symmetry group and recycling the gauge theory paradigm, while still missing Gravity.Quarks are not independent particles. The unified field is the quark field, a type $(2,1)$ vector field associated with neutrons, breaking the $SO(3)$-symmetry of classical or quantum pointwise charges.Under interactions with the environment it decays into the constituents of the stable form, the hydrogen atom.Weak interaction is not a force, rather a transition between modes of vibration of baryons. Strong Force needs to be redesigned as a nuclear force, instead of being tailored to confine quarks. Gravity is a correction to EM as the main long range component of the quark field. Motion adds dynamical aspects to Gravity, including induction due to mass currents, which has been experimentally proved.Applications to Gravity Control, experimentally verified, and controlling Cold Fusion / Transmutations, also experimentally observed, are briefly mentioned.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fine Structure Constant Model Showing the Electron Charge of Having an Intrinsic Geometry

Authors: Emmanouil Markoulakis, Emmanuel Antonidakis
Comments: 18 Pages.

Using our recently published electron’s charge electromagnetic flux manifold fiber model of the electron, described by analytical method and numerical simulations,we show the physical origin of the fine structure constant dimensionless value and how it is embedded as a geometrical proportionality constant in three dimensional space of the electron charge manifold and how this dictates the first QED term one-loop contribution of its anomalous magnetic moment making for the first time a connection of the electron intrinsic characteristics with physical geometrical dimensions and therefore demonstrating that the physical electron charge cannot be dimensionless but has finite dimensions at rest. We show that the fine structure constant (FSC) α, and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron α(μ) is related to the sphericity of its charge distribution which is not perfectly spherical all around and has a complex shape, thus an electric oblate quadrupole moment and therefore its self-confined charge possesses measurable physical dimensions. We also explain why these are not yet able to be measured by past and current experiments and evaded detection by our instruments and how possiblewe could succeed. Lastly, we show how the electron charge can be translated to a twisted spin Compton wavelength physically relativistically spinning photon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Simplest Model of the Physical Structure of the Universe, Which Can be Verified Experimentally

Authors: Vasily Brusko
Comments: In English and Russian, each 8 pages

The article describes a possible model for the formation of elementary particles of matter from energy. A hydrodynamic model featuring the possibility to keep volumetric vortices from disintegration into chaotic (thermal) motion of the fluid particles for unlimited time has been developed. The study has demonstrated that the vortices in the model have all the qualitative properties of elementary particles: they have an analog of spin, rest energy, create analogs of fields and forces, can freely move in the model fluid as in the void, have wave properties, etc. In addition, the model has a speed limit similar to the speed of light and analogs of space and time. The model can be tested experimentally.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Standard Model Theory [May Be] a Wrong Theory

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles, and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe sooner or later will be renewed or retired, I propose a New Model that more convincingly describes the elementary components of matter and the interactions between them. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the theory of the Standard Model, including the interaction of gravity. But the main feature of the New Model, which will surprise you! is its reliability, correctness, logic and simplicity. But this is something you will judge after studying the New Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Model of Space-Time Structure

Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 9 Pages.

Present paper considers a structure model of discrete space-time, the properties of which are determined by the substrate. As a substrate a 2-dimensional plane under no matter is chosen, the surfaces of which are space and anti-space.A new concept called spacetron, considered as a spatial element of the substrate, which is the basis for the subsequent formation of 4-dimensional space-time, is proposed. Upper-level spacetrons are a hexagonal 2-dimensional packing, with spacetrons of other levels (first, second, etc.) placed between them, followed by their identification with electron-positron pairs, neutrinos and electromagnetic field quanta. It is shown how the connectivity of space-time is determined by completely filling the substrate space with spacestrons of different sizes, which allows us to consider the resulting 4-dimensional space-time as a quasi-continuous medium. It is shown that in the case of contact interaction of space-time substrate spacestrons, all of them can be given a spherical shape by partitioning the upper level spacestrons into linked objects, called a loveton, which is a three-dimensional object, and an anti-loveton, which is an anti-space object.Within the framework of the computer model the mechanism of the appearance of matter in space-time is considered. The appearance of matter takes place under the influence of energy perturbations of space-time structural elements, causing the appearance of both free lovetons (anti-lovetons) and other material objects. Based on the analysis of the geometric position and dimensions of the substrate features responsible for the formation of elementary particles and the electromagnetic field quantum spectrum, the estimated masses of a number of elementary particles are determined and the known particle masses are assigned to them. The masses of free lovetons and neutrinos are evaluated on the basis of geometric relations between the sizes of particles on the basis of electron masses. At least three varieties of neutrinos, which can be regarded as types of high-energy γ-quanta, are identified.The results of the work are valid and reliable because they are based on known approaches of relativity theory and quantum physics, as well as on the application of approximations adequate to the phenomena under study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Maximum and Minimum Values for Natural Quantities

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper will be presented the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values for natural quantities. Also that the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Charges and Weak-Mixing Angles

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the weak charges of the proton, neutron, electron, neutrinos, and of a few atomic nuclei and we compared them with experimental data. The known carriers of the weak interactions contain lighter components with fixed masses (two invariants). The sine squared of the weak-mixing angle for the parity violating lepton-proton scattering is 0.24005, for the atomic parity violation the mean is 0.23508, and for the momentum scales equal to W and higher the mean is 0.23106 = constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tensor Gauge Boson Dark Matter Extension of the Electroweak Sector

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 11 Pages. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

The existence of dark matter is explained by a new neutral tensor gauge boson, Zμν-boson, of mass of 2.3 TeV. The Zμν-boson can be predicted by the tensor gauge boson extension of the Electro Weak (EW) theory proposed by G. Savvidy (2005). We compute the self-annihilation cross-section of the Zμν dark matter and calculate its relic abundance. We also study the proton-proton scattering by the exchange of massive-Ⱬμν dark matter at high energy scale is study. The existence of the proposed Ⱬμν tensors can be tested by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This proposition may have far reaching applications in astrophysics and cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Particle Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explores the mathematical and physical foundations of the existence of virtual spacetime. It is pointed out that there are three forms of virtual spacetime. The first is faster-than-light virtual spacetime; The second is black hole virtual spacetime; The third is microscopic virtual spacetime. According to the characteristics of microscopic virtual spacetime, when the spacetime scale is less than a certain radius, an unobservable spacetime region will appear. This unobservable area is virtual spacetime. If the size of a particle falls within the microscopic virtual space, it means that the radius of the particle is not measurable. Naturally, there is no structure inside, just like an electron. But if the radius of the particle exceeds the boundary of spacetime, the electromagnetic radius of the particle can be observed in the real spacetime. Considering that a particle usually has many other parameters, including charge, spin, isospin, etc., this means that some more detailed structural models of the particle can be constructed according to some mathematical methods of symmetry. On this basis, this paper constructs a new model of elementary particles, which can better explain the difference between the radius and mass of electrons and protons, and can explain the properties of neutrons, bosons, neutrinos, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Illusory Total Width of the Off-Shell Higgs Boson

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 10 Pages. Published in peer reviewed journal DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2024.101028

Within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we show that the transition from the nuclear strong interactions in the off-shell Higgs boson production to the nuclear weak interactions causes that the real total width of the Higgs boson from the Higgs line shape (i.e. 3.3 GeV) decreases to 4.3 MeV that is the illusory total width. Moreover, there appear some glueballs/condensates with the energy 3.3 GeV that accompany the production of the off-shell Higgs bosons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Illustration of the Neofotino Spin Concept, in Terms of Electrino and Positrino, in Terms of Electrino and Positrino Bond Mass.

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

An illustration of the neofotino spin concept, in terms of electrino and positrino, in terms of electrino and positrino bond mass. This defines the relay in terms of the atom, the nucleus of the atom, neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, photons. Phenomenology lays the cornerstone of truth in the worldview through the necessary practices.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 23 Pages.

QCD affects electrons, nucleons, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon condensate dynamics. We propose a model for electron motion by quark and antiquark flavor exchange waves in a pion tetrahedron lattice that represents the non-empty vacuum and estimate the quark flavor exchange wave energy density for the hydrogen atom. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We suggest adding the pion tetrahedrons condensate energy density to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor. QCD has a significant low-energy footprint, and the quark flavor exchange wave may be an interesting example for the way QCD affects the dynamics of electrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 21 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, respectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 20 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, espectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 24 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These universal limits govern physical phenomena, leading to very interesting results.I demonstrate that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities named "Quantum Black Holes." These Quantum black holes are relativistically rotating miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. Quantum black holes are the only structures small enough in space-time capable of keeping all charges quantized (including gravitational charges.) Quantum black holes explain deficiencies of SM - they facilitate explanations of quantized gravity, the nature of Luminous and dark Matter, establishing the Mass, size, and quantized charges of elementary particles, the nature of neutrino oscillations, and more.Elementary particles release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights into the nature of space-time curvature change. With this understanding, we can characterize movements and processes in space-time using simultaneously five sets of equations: four representing the four charges' types and one representing Dark Matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Body Theory that [May] Explains the Origin of Everything in the Universe

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 145 Pages.

I searched for the root of phenomenon and discovered that the origin of the universe is a simple structure. In other words, it was found that space is made up of infinitesimal grains, and they are in such a relationship that when one contracts, the other expands. The contraction and expansion of these grains form elementary particles, which are substances. It also forms gravitational fields and dark energy fields as spatial distortions. This discovery follows the law of conservation of energy and complies with the theory of relativity. And the universe circulation system can be predicted.The gravitational field is a positive energy field in which grains in the space around a star contract and form layers arranged in a spherical shape. The dark energy field is a negative energy field in which grains of space expand and form layers arranged in a spherical shape from the edge of the universe. An elementary particle is an excited state of space in which the expansion and contraction of grains in space rotate while shifting the phase. The center part represents character of a particle, and the foot part represents a character of field.Matter moves as it is dragged along by kinetic energy, which is waves generated in space. The kinetic energy of an electron separates from the electron and becomes a photon.Dark matter is a gravitational field. The dark energy field also explains the isotropic acceleration of galaxies moving away from each other and the existence of the cosmic background radiation. Also, contrary to the Big Bang theory, the universe circulation system predicts the existence of older, more mature galaxies the farther out into space.I found the following about elementary particles. 1. 1. The speed of a photon is different from the speed of light 2. The reason for the principle of constant speed of light, 3. Coulomb's constant, the speed of light, and Planck's constant are the same thing 4. The field is the foot of a particle. 5. The reason why an electrical field and a magnetic field are at right angle each other. 6. The reason why an electron and a proton have the same charge. 7. A magnetic field is created around electric current. 8. The appearance of electrical current and the way how electrical energy is transported, 10. Antiparticles are particles that move in the opposite direction of the particles, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Light Speed Gravitational Force Planck Constant

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

In previous study, the masses of six dimensional neutrinos were calculated and the ratio of the 0D mass to the 3D mass was shown to be cosmological constant problem 1E-121.54. In this study, four values were additionally found. (1) The neutrino root ratio of the 3D mass to the 2D mass is 2.99789E8, and the error is 0.001% of light speed 2.99792E8 m/s. (2) The neutrino root ratio of the 5D mass to the 6D mass is 88.163%, and the error is 0.02% of the ratio 88.145% of W 80.377 GeV and Z 91.1876 GeV. (3) The neutrino root ratio of the 0D mass to the 1D mass is 5.9065E-39, and the error is 0.01% of gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39. (4) From 2D gravino mass 2.2504E-50 eV/c2 that is photon, 6.5836E-16 eV·s is calculated, and the error is 0.023% of Dirac constant 6.5821E-16 eV·s. It was once again confirmed that the origin of all things is neutrinos and gravinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 44 Pages. Published in Axioms, vol. 13, No. 3, 138 (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/13/3/138

We solve the particle-antiparticle and cosmological constant problems proceeding from quantum theory, which postulates that: various states of the system under consideration are elements of a Hilbert space$cal{H}$ with a positive definite metric; each physical quantity is defined by a self-adjoint operator in $cal{H}$;symmetry at the quantum level is defined by a representation of a real Lie algebra $A$ in $cal{H}$ such that the representation operator of any basis element of $A$ is self-adjoint. These conditions guarantee the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. We explain that in the approaches to solving these problems that are described in the literature, not all of these conditions have been met. We argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra.One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers (electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to the Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$, one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle and its antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universe problem does not arise. At the present stage of the universe, the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable {it kinematical} consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning of which is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry are not used and $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space. In semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there isno freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M Lev
Comments: 30 Pages.

Following the results of our publications, we argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra.One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers(electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to the Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$,one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle andits antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universeproblem does not arise. At the present stage of the universe (when semiclassical approximation is valid), the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning ofwhich is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used, $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space, but, in semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there isno freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Three Generation Supersymmetric Composite Model of Particles with Frugal Extra Dimensions

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages. v2. Major upgrade, unfortunate errors in tables 1 and 2 corrected, text compactified.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for the first generation particles is extended to include three generations and presumable T-duality.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant: Revisited

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

A comparison between hydrodynamics (NSE) and gauge theory vector potential gauge flow (e.g. Hopf solution of NSE), yields alpha as the Reynolds number: eddies as Feynman loops etc. It explains the QED grading by alpha and lifetimes of particles (graded by powers of alpha) as a dissipation process.The theory of alpha can be formulated via the Schrodinger operator spectrum for Hydrogen atom and Boltzmann partition function, when related to Hopf fibration (Kepler problem on S3, magnetic topological monopole in the gauge theory formulation as an exact solution of NSE) for one loop (electronic orbital).The computation of the fine structure constant uses finite symmetry groups corroborated with H. Jehle's loopforms model of electron (Hopf fibration with connection and vector potential flow).The article brings together research material towards achieving such a goal. A program emerges: Physics Laws as Period Laws, and alpha an element of Pi-groups of periods.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon and Tauon

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 figures.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant" (viXra:2106.0042v5), in which we gave some formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron, muon and tauon. For example, we calculated the values of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057152 and 0.00116592057075 on 2021/6/13 and 2023/3/10 respectively, and with 3 less digits they have the same value of 0.00116592057. On 2023/8/10 Fermilab Muon g-2 Collaboration announced their latest measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057(25), which should be perfectly consistent with our calculations or predictions. In this paper, we give the final formulas of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, muon and tauon, prediction to Fermilab muon g-2 collaboration’s next measurement to be 0.00116592057(15), and correlations of 2π-e formula to elements and elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 34 Pages. (Author name converted by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state tetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 13 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components at 99.7$%$ confidence. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given on the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components to within 1 or 2 standard deviations. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given to the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fate of Supersymmetry in Quantum Field Theories

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 15 Pages. v2. Section 3 revised. Published in JHEPGC Vol.10 No.2, Apr 2024.

We analyze the significance of supersymmetry in two topological models and the standard model (SM). We conclude that the two topological field theory models favor hidden supersymmetry. The SM superpartners, instead, have not been found.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Electron Pairs and the QCD Tetrahedrons

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 20 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a condensed pseudo-Goldstone boson in a compact bound state having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from two free mesons to the tetrahedron state may be seen as the Goldstone theory symmetry breaking. We note that the QFT quantum harmonic oscillator zero-level does not describe the non-empty QCD ground state and that the QCD tetrahedrons may be a better description of the QCD ground state. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle charged mesons. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in the electron pairing mechanism in both molecules and superconductors. We suggest that the cosmological redshift may be alternatively, or in addition to, due to the QCD tetrahedron density variations in space and particularly due to its density reduction in the cosmic web great voids.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cracking the Enigma of Neutrino

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

Neutrinos, which have been known as elusive ghost-particles, are electrically neutral coming out only in weak interactions, and eccentrically only left-handed neutrinos have been observed. More surprisingly, it has been known that flavors of neutrinos, such as electron, muon, and tau neutrinos, are changed in their propagations, which is known as neutrino oscillation. The peculiarities of neutrinos such as parity violation in weak interaction and neutrino flavor oscillation are reviewed whether those unconventional characters of neutrinos should be accepted just because of the seemingly undeniable physical evidences in phenomenology. For those eccentric neutrino properties in weak interaction, alternatively but surely we can find comprehensive explanations in 4-D complex space.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Model Explaining the Mass Difference Between Electron and Positron

Authors: Stefan Israelsson
Comments: 14 Pages.

We will in this document assume that a charged particle (electron) is built up by (similar to super string theory in a sense) of constellation of loops that has a very peculiar form of interaction that is as simple as one can possible think of. That this model has a chance of explaining the normal analytical treatment of charges in our macroscopic world is a bit if a challenge to explain. We will assume that there is a limit for how much energy density we can have and they will differ slightly between positive and negative charge meaning in the end a difference between particle mass and anti particle mass. Especially we reproduce the result that the electron and possitron differes and the resulting mass of the positron is corect within measurement errors. We will also show that a stable system consists of two almost similar loops or helical paths that have opposite sign. We will show that the positive and negative charge is constant and the same. We will show how how mass can be calculated and how we can calculate angular momentum which makes it possible to deduce information on this model. We will also be able to conclude why $alpha approx 1/137$ and why this is so and why not exactly $1/137$ and why the specific value is 137. We will show why $hbar$ is a fundamental constant. We also indicate how to calculate Planc's constant from knowing that $alpha$ is aproximately 1/137.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dimensionless Theory of Everything

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 92 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4469668 Distributed in Cosmology & Large-Scale Structure eJournal Vol 5, Issue 23, June 21, 2023

In this paper we will present the Dimensionless theory of everything. In an elegant way will be present the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions. We will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. It will present the law of the gravitational fine-structure constant followed by ratios of maximum and minimum theoretical values u200bu200bfor natural quantities. Also we will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy. The sum of the contributions to the total density parameter at the current time is Ω0=1.0139. It is surprising that Plato used a dodecahedron as the quintessence to describe the cosmos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dimensional Regularization as Mass Generating Mechanism

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

Relativistic Quantum Field Theory (QFT) develops divergences caused by perturbative corrections to Feynman diagrams. Dimensional Regularization (DR) is a technique that isolates divergences using analytic continuation to non-integer dimensions. In this introductory tutorial we argue that DR provides an alternative mechanism for mass generation in particle physics. This mechanism reconciles the Higgs model of electroweak symmetry breaking with the minimal fractal topology of spacetime above the Fermi scale. Mass predictions agree reasonably well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dimensional Regularization as Mass Generating Mechanism

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

Relativistic Quantum Field Theory (QFT) develops divergences caused by perturbative corrections to Feynman diagrams. Dimensional Regularization (DR) is a technique that isolates divergences using analytic continuation to non-integer dimensions. In this introductory tutorial we argue that DR provides an alternative mechanism for mass generation in particle physics. This mechanism reconciles the Higgs model of electroweak symmetry breaking with the minimal fractal topology of spacetime above the Fermi scale. Mass predictions agree reasonably well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Quantum Mass and Cause of Koide Formula

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of quantum space are similar to thermodynamics. That is, the property of quantum mass m is the same as pressure P. Therefore, the combination of 1 eV and 9 eV in quantum space is not addition 1 + 9 = 10 eV or middle 10/2 eV, but multiplication 1 x 9 = 9 eV or square root √9 eV. The core of Koide formula is to figure out what the root mass means. The key points are as follows. (1) Origin particles are 3 neutrinos and 3 gravitons (graviton, photon, gluon). (2) The 6 origin particles exist all in electron, muon, and tau. (3) The compressed quantum space is reversible and optimized. As the result, the √m is established. (4) The 9 combination mass regions are composed of 3 mass regions of electron, muon, tau and 6 empty regions. (5) Electron, muon, and tau fight each other to occupy the six empty regions. The fighting process is 1/3 < Koide value K < 1. (6) The fairest and most stable result of the fighting is 2/3. From this, it can be understood that quantum space was reversible and optimized before Big Bang. The K is calculated as 0.666 661(7). The anomalous magnetic moments at the g-2 factors of electron, muon, and tau affect Koide formula very finely. Considering this, the value is calculated as 0.6666665. The K is judged to be 2/3 correct, and the mass of tau is predicted to be 1776.8885 MeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Expressions of Various Spin Particle Equations and Their Quantization

Authors: Shui-Rong Shi
Comments: 1035 Pages. In Chinese

This is a version in Chinese. Compared to the previous English version, I have added more new chapters and proved some old conjectures. Overall, I have enriched, perfected, and further developed relativity, particle physics and quantum field theory in this book. Generally, a rigorous, analytical, elegant description method is adopted. I try best to impart a mathematical and physical aesthetic feeling to the entire article. The first seventeen chapters of this book are the basic parts. Several very useful mathematical tools have been proposed. Specially I have independently developed and created the constant invariant tensors analysis method for physical research. And I have restated classical physics in my own way. Most of the content belongs to the fields of classical field theory and quantum mechanics. The later chapters of Chapter 18 are the advanced parts. Most of the content belongs to the fields of quantum field theory. In particular, a new quantization program is given. According to this program, the quantization of arbitrary spin linear particles is completed in arbitrary space-time. These have greatly enriched and expanded the content of quantum field theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exact Mass of the Charmed Lambda Baryon

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 9 Pages.

In 2006 Particle Data Group changed their FIT of the mass of the Charmed Lambda+ baryon from 2284.9 +-0.6 MeV, to 2286.46 +-0.14 MeV (an increase of 1.56 Mev), because they said the new BABAR measurement was so much better, meaning more accurate. True, the measurement is more accurate, but n-sphere factoring shows the new mass found by BABAR is probably not the mass of a Lambda(c) baryon (udc quark content), but rather it is likely the mass of a Xi(c) baryon (dsc quark content). This paper explains the arguments for the two quark content assignments, and gives an expression for the exact mass of each baryon. (Since Planck’s constant was declared exact recently, n-sphere factoring of hadron experimental masses results in expressions yielding exact theoretical masses.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simple Introduction to "Cloud Qed" Physics

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 23 Pages.

This is a short simple exposition of my book-in-progressCompleting Quantum Electrodynamics and otherQuantum Field Theories with "cloud"(and perhaps even creating "quantum gravity" &"theory of everything").If said book ever manages to get published in print,then the present essay might be a good "foreword" for it.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modelling of Elementary Particles’ Structure

Authors: V.G. Bondarev, L.V. Migal
Comments: 19 Pages.

Based on the previously presented model of space-time, the structural features of elementary particles formation are considered. The paper investigates the model of elementary particles formation composed of such fundamental particles as loveton, electron, neutrino, and their an-tiparticles. In this paper, a set of basic particles is selected from among the simplest composite elementary particles, followed by a consideration of the ways of their decay, allowing the es-timation of the masses and binding energies of fundamental particles. Formulas to calculate the masses of elementary particles have been obtained, and, based on the proposed algorithm and the developed program, mass spectra of both hadrons and leptons have been calculated. Struc-tures of the τ-lepton and proton have been determined, and a possible reason for proton stabil-ity has been revealed. The difference between hadrons and leptons, mesons and baryons is ex-plained. Comparison of the calculated data on the masses of elementary particles obtained ex-perimentally showed good agreement with the available empirical data. This fact confirms the validity of the procedure for the formation of composite particles based on the construction of mass formulas for their decay and shows the high efficiency of the proposed approach. Com-parison of hadrons and leptons allowed us to propose a hypothesis about the possible nature of the strong interaction by considering electron-positron pairs as electric dipoles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Net-Proton Number Fluctuations in the SST Nuclear Plasma

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in peer-reviewed Journal of Modern and Applied Physics

Here we show that the kurtosis multiplied by the squared standard deviation for net-proton distributions in nuclear collisions validate the nuclear-plasma structure described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). We also described the SST nuclear phase diagram.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Net-Proton Number Fluctuations in the SST Nuclear Plasma

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

Here we show that the kurtosis multiplied by the squared standard deviation for net-proton distributions in nuclear collisions validate the nuclear-plasma structure described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). We also described the SST nuclear phase diagram.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sixty Solutions to the Unsolved Problems in Physics

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

There is a list of unsolved problems in physics on Internet Wikipedia. In this paper, sixty unsolved problems were calculated or explained through simple mathematics. The main results are as follows. (1) Generations of matter: Fourth generation particle does not exist. (2) Extra dimensions: The space of the universe has six dimensions. (3) Neutrino mass: The mass of electron neutrino is calculated to be 0.15 eV. (4) Neutrino oscillation: The 0.15 eV oscillates to 187.5 keV and 13.61 MeV. (6) Arrow of time: Our universe is 3D, and the quantization proceeds from 4D to 2D direction. (11) Dark matter: Something grows our universe by quantizing 4D space into 3D. (16) Origin of mass of most elementary particles: Extremely compressed three generation quantum spaces give mass to three generation particles. (24) Hierarchy problem: Elliptic equation must have a largest value and a smallest value. (28) Cosmological constant problem: The 10^120 is the ratio of 0D and 3D neutrino masses. (33) Supersymmetry: Elliptic equation is up & down symmetry and left & right symmetry. (38) Quantum gravity: Gravity is the Planck force of strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces. (40) Dark energy: There is a dark force greater than strong force. (41) Quantum chromodynamics: The mass of strong force is 42.15 keV, which is the root of tau mass 1776.86 MeV. (44) Hubble tension: CMB's 67.66 km/s/Mpc and Redshift's 73 km/s/Mpc are both right answers. (59) Fine-tuned universe: All universes change according to logarithmic elliptic equation, and all forces follow logarithmic parabolic equation. (60) Theory of everything: Since quantum space has a logarithmic characteristic, quantum particle must be calculated as logarithmic value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fifty Solutions to the Unsolved Problems in Physics

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is a list of unsolved problems in physics on Internet Wikipedia. In this paper, fifty unsolved problems were calculated or explained through simple mathematics. The main results are as follows. (1) Generations of matter: Fourth generation particle does not exist. (2) Extra dimensions: The space of the universe has six dimensions. (3) Neutrino mass: The mass of electron neutrino is calculated to be 0.15 eV. (4) Solar neutrino problem: The 0.15 eV oscillates to 187.5 keV and 13.61 MeV. (5) Arrow of time: Our universe is 3D, and the quantization proceeds from 4D to 2D direction. (9) Dark matter: Something grows our universe by quantizing 4D space into 3D. (16) Hierarchy problem: Elliptic equation must have a largest value and a smallest value. (19) Cosmological constant problem: The 10^120 is the ratio of 0D and 3D neutrino masses. (23) Supersymmetry: Elliptic equation is up & down symmetry and left & right symmetry. (27) Origin of mass of most elementary particles: The strength of logarithmically compressed quantum space gives mass to the particle. (30) Quantum gravity: Gravity is the Planck force of strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces. (31) Dark energy: There is a dark force greater than strong force. (32) Quantum chromodynamics: The mass of strong force is 42.152 keV, which is the root of tau mass 1776.82 MeV. (40) Yang-Mills theory: Quantum masses must be calculated as logarithmic values. (49) Fine-tuned universe: All universes change according to logarithmic elliptic equation, and all forces follow logarithmic parabolic equation. (50) Theory of everything: Since quantum space has a logarithmic characteristic, quantum particle must be calculated as logarithmic value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Some Notes on Fermion Masses in the Tetron Model

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 36 Pages.

Quark and lepton masses and mixings are considered in the framework of the microscopic model. The most general ansatz for the interactions among tetrons leads to a Hamiltonian $H_T$ involving Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM), Heisenberg and torsional isospin forces. Diagonalization of the Hamiltonian provides for 24 eigenvalues which are identified as the quark and lepton masses. While the masses of the third and second family arise from DM and Heisenberg type of isospin interactions, light family masses are related to torsional interactions among tetrons. Neutrino masses turn out to be special in that they are given in terms of tiny isospin non-conserving DM, Heisenberg and torsional couplings. The approach not only leads to masses, but also allows to calculate the quark and lepton eigenstates, an issue, which is important for the determination of the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices. Compact expressions for the eigenfunctions of $H_T$ are given. The almost exact isospin conservation of the system dictates the form of the lepton states and makes them independent of all the couplings in $H_T$. Much in contrast, there is a strong dependence of the quark states on the coupling strengths, and a promising hierarchy between the quark families shows up.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass Model of Elementary Particles (Integrated Version)

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 23 Pages. 9 Figures.

Elementary particles can be classified according to their spin quantum numbers and electric charges. As the three features of elementary particles are spin, electric charge and mass, they could also be classified according to their masses. Our work hypothesized a model for the masses of elementary particles, in which a formula for the mass of an elementary particle in a set of modified atomic units (called Hartree-Chen atomic units) consists of a Time Factor (TF) times a Space Factor (SF) along with at least one Sub-space Factor (SSF) in the format of mP/au=[TF(SF±Σ1/SSF)]2, -2. It seems that elementary particles should have two genders, i.e., Yang and Yin according to the ± symbols before 1/SSF-1st, and the Yang/Yin ratio of all quarks and leptons is 1/2. With the model, all masses of elementary particles (including neutrinos and the particle of dark matter) in Hartree-Chen atomic units were calculated, the mystery of three generations of quarks and leptons could be explained, the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem of the universe could be solved, and the composition of the universe could be interpreted. In the end, a picture and a table of mass model of elementary particles are presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Determination of the Masses of the W and Z Bosons

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 7 Pages.

In our previous papers, we gave formulas of the fine-structure constant and their corresponding applications along with a model for the masses of elementary particles. And in recent papers, we redefined Hartree atomic units to Hartree-Chen atomic units and gave formulas which determined the precise value of the Higgs boson mass. In this paper, we apply our mass model of elementary particles and Hartree-Chen atomic units to determine the exact values of the masses of the W and Z bosons. Based on our hypothetical formulas, the masses of the W and Z bosons in Hartree-Chen atomic units should be 157415.999881172 and 178449.921171171 respectively, and the exact values of the masses of W and Z bosons should be 80439.410424(24) MeV and 91187.722114(27) MeV respectively. Compared to the latest and most accurate values of 80433.5(9.4) MeV and 91187.6(2.1) MeV which were measured by the Detector Collider at Fermilab (CDF) collaboration and Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) respectively, our calculated values are almost absolutely precise if they are correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Exact Theoretical Mass of the X(3872)

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: 9 Pages.

An algebraic expression, involving ‘h’, representing the exact mass of the X(3872) can be derived from n-sphere surface volume factoring. Using that expression, the mass of the X(3872) - to 10 digits of accuracy - is found to be 3,871,680,616 eV/c2. And that’s not the limit of the accuracy to which X(3872)’s mass can be expressed. Since Planck’s constant (6.62607015 E-34 Js) was declared exact in 2019, the X(3872)’s mass can now be expressed with an accuracy of any number of digits. In this paper, the n-sphere surface volume factoring technique is explained and the implications of its success in finding exact hadron masses is laid out - the biggest of which is that hadrons could be made of higher dimensional matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Light Refraction and Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 11 Pages.

The inductive-inertial phenomenon is the precondition of the E/M waves, while the spin oscillations of the electron cause the E/M formations. The photon is the autonomous motion of the E/M wave with constant photon length and the number of its fundamental E/M waves determines its wavelength. The light speed is determined as the transmission speed of the disturbance into the tense elastic-dynamic space. However, the light speed depends on the cohesive pressure that is proportional to the square of the distance from the Universe center and therefore it is a local constant in our region. The change of cohesive pressure in electric fields directly affects the change in the light speed, which can be attributed to photon refraction phenomena. The deviation of E/M waves in the dynamic fields occurs, of course, in the gravitational field as well. It is proved, the light has gravity only in the back half-space with result the gravitational redshift of the stars spectrum, while gravitational blueshift cannot be detected, since there is no gravity in the front half-space of the E/M wave.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Standard Model Theory [May Be] a Wrong Theory

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Standard Model is the theory of Physics that describes the elementary particles of matter and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, between them. The theory of the Standard Model does not include the description of the gravitational interactions. It is a very well founded theory that has predicted many experimental results, such as the existence of many particles, and has withstood many experimental tests. The key missing piece of the theory to fill in was the Higgs boson, whose existence was reasonably suspected and confirmed by CERN’s ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2012. The current synthesis of the theory was completed in the mid-1970s, after the experimental confirmation of the existence of the quarks, and then confirmed, with the discovery of the Higgs boson, in 2012. All these, are according to the established views of science. But according to the opinions of many scientists, opinions with which I as the author of this paper agree, the theory of the Standard Model is a wrong theory because, while it makes some successful predictions, it does not answer to a number of many other questions that it should answer for its final establishment. Specifically and according to established views, the theory cannot explain the existence of dark matter and dark energy, the behavior of neutrinos and the existence of particles with very different masses. It is also questionable whether the Higgs boson, discovered in the ATLAS experiment is actually the particle that contributes to the creation of the mass of the elementary particles of matter, and whether the Higgs mechanism is theoretically a correct mechanism. There is doubt if the interactions, actually be created by the exchange of bosons? If bosons are really exist? And not any convincing explanation is given by the theory, for the case that, the bosons exist as particles, where were they found? And how do they work? For replace, or fill the void will be left by the theory of the Standard Model, which I believe sooner or later will be renewed or retired, I propose a New Model that more convincingly describes the elementary components of matter and the interactions between them. The New Model also addresses all the weak points of the theory of the Standard Model, including the interaction of gravity. But the main feature of the New Model, which will surprise you! is its reliability, correctness, logic and simplicity. But this is something you will judge after studying the New Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics