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[12] viXra:2105.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-29 18:43:25
Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 19 Pages.
The paper shows that the essence of mass as a physical phenomenon in N–dimensional space is a consequence of its extension in N+1 space. Leptons and quarks correspond to the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra in three-dimensional space and their mass is given by the volume of the corresponding polyhedron or the sum of the volumes of the corresponding polyhedrons for hadrons. When the particles decay due to the weak interaction, it is possible that one or more quark-antiquark pairs are born, and the symmetry group changes in the form of quark-lepton oscillation. The formulas for the decays of particles are given in a strict form without magical transformations. An attempt is made to systematize all known elementary particles into tables of quark combinations. The masses of all known elementary particles are calculated from the combined polyhedra.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[11] viXra:2105.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-24 06:58:31
Authors: Carl Brannen
Comments: 18 Pages. To be submitted to Foundations of Physics
Carlo Rovelli's ``relational interpretation'' of quantum mechanics tells us that our understanding of quantum states is limited to their interactions with other quantum states. This implies that we have no understanding of the symmetry properties of a state vector except when considered in relation to at least one other state vector. The SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) symmetry of the Standard Model is derived from their interactions and therefore cannot necessarily be applied to a single state vector. Steven Weinberg showed that mixed density matrices can have symmetries that are not available to state vectors.
We explore the symmetry properties of finite symmetry groups for mixed density matrices. Just as mixed density matrices can define mixed states that require multiple state vectors, we find that the symmetries of mixed density matrices define ``mixed symmetries'' that are similar in structure to the symmetry of the Standard Model. We explore the point group symmetries and show one that gives the Standard Model symmetry. With this symmetry, we can generalize the Pauli spin matrices to a set that has irreducible representations matching the Standard Model plus a dark matter candidate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[10] viXra:2105.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-22 21:08:07
Authors: Yogesh Vishwanath Chavan
Comments: 13 Pages. This Theory is Beyond Standard Model of Particle Physics
In this Theory, “Mass is Equivalent to Length of Imaginary Straight Line Segment” and “Direction to Imaginary Line Segment is Intrinsic Property of that Particle which is Equivalent to its Intrinsic Spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, Fermions and Bosons are described as Quanta Imaginary String particles with definite direction. For e.g. Unidirectional Imaginary Straight Line with fixed length are Massive Spin ½ Fermions; while Unidirectional Imaginary Quanta Curved Lines are Massless Spin 1 Bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between Massless (Curved Imaginary Line) and spin = 1 properties of Boson as proved in QED theory. All Fundamental particles of Standard Model and Beyond Standard Model are arranged in one Simple Diagram in 3 Folds (Bottom Fold, Middle Upper and Lower Folds and Top Fold) and are projected in 4th Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This Theory is Beyond Standard Model because it predicts New Fundamental Particles viz. Dark Matter (Spin=0 Massive Boson) along with Gravitons (Spin=2, Massless Bosons); 4th Pair of Neutrinos, Vertical Massless Boson (VMB) Particles and Tri-Axis Massive Boson (Spin=0) particle. Discovery of these new particles will act as Solid Proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the Universe at atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lot of current problems of SM of Particle physics like Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Origin of mass of hadrons like protons, Origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, Wave-particle duality of particles etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, Dark matter is not a Quanta Particle, rather it is a Single Entity and spreads/ expands throughout the Universe in the form of “Web of Spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic Massive objects are floating/ sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its Continuity with Time, gives new definition to Time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-Time is not Empty and is filled with Massive Dark Matter, hence, we have to add more terms to Newtonian Gravitational Equation to account for Gravitational Strength of Mass of Surrounding Dark Matter which represents Curvature of Space-Time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to Mass-Density of Flat Universe. Finally, using an Empirical Formula (h=k*c*Q; k=Boltzmann’s Constant=Mass in TeV Range) and Inverse relation of Mass-Density of DM with Age of the Universe (H^2=Constant*G*Mass-Density of DM); Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[9] viXra:2105.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-26 03:49:34
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.
The logarithmic compressive strength of quantum space imparts mass to particle. If particles are tightly connected to each other, their sum mass should be calculated as logarithmic masses. If particles are free from each other, their sum mass should be calculated as arithmetic masses. Proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, one strong particle force, and one electromagnetic particle force. From the logarithmic masses, the proton was calculated as 89.8% mass of the measured value. Here, 5D dark force acts to the electromagnetic particle force, and the proton mass was calculated as 98.3% of the measured value. 6D dark force also acts to the strong particle force, and the proton mass was calculated as 99.8% of the measured value. Calculating this inversely, the mass of down quark was calculated as 4.756 MeV. Neutron is composed of one proton, one electron, and one shell anti-brane. Here, the electron is held in the form of particle inside neutron by the observer effect of the shell brane. The difference between the calculated mass and the measured mass of neutron was +8,966 eV. This value is the separating energy of shell brane, which is the reason of negative beta decay. From weak force fw times 1/2 hydrogen radius rH is equal to electromagnetic force fe times 4π/3 proton radius rP, the proton radius was calculated as 0.8746E-15 m in kinetic state and 0.8437E-15 m in steady state. From electromagnetic force fe times 1/2 proton radius rP is equal to strong force fs times 4π/3 quarks radius rQ, the up quark radius rU was calculated as 0.4398E-18 m in kinetic state and 0.4243E-18 m in steady state. All values in physics have two kinds of kinetic state and steady state.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[8] viXra:2105.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-18 12:23:14
Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.
The interpretation of γ-radiation at the nuclear decay is based on the structure of the nuclei, that is, on two fundamental phenomena. First, on the inverse electric field of the proton and second, on the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron, which behaves, at the nuclear scale, as a positively charged particle. The γ-radiation at the alpha decay (e.g. in radio Ra-226) can occur due to the neutrons synod (session), which reduces the negativity of the nuclear field and attenuates the connection of a nucleus He-4 (alpha particle), that exits the parent nucleus with the whole energy without γ-radiation or with less energy but with γ-radiation. Also, a beta decay β− can occur due to the neutrons synod in the nucleus (e.g. in boron B-12), resulting the emitted electron exits the parent nucleus with the whole energy without γ-radiation or with less energy but with γ-radiation. These strange phenomena will be explained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[7] viXra:2105.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-16 13:58:46
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 8 Pages.
The purpose of this study is to describe the calculation algorithm for everything that was calculated in previous studies. All calculations are divided into kinetic state and steady state. When analyzing forces, kinetic state is correct, and when analyzing other particles, steady state is correct. The entire universe is the mixture of kinetic state and steady state at the ratio of dark energy. The origin of all things are three generation neutrinos, graviton, photon, and gluon. Other particles are a combination of the above 6 particles. Force is also a particle with mass, and from its analysis, the ratio of dark energy and dark matter is calculated as 2.692. Our universe is on a dimensional horizon within a 4D supermassive anti-black hole. From Schwarzschild formula, the ratio of dark matter and ordinary matter is calculated as 84.6%: 15.4%. The values of electron neutrino, light, weak force, gravitational force, up quark, charm quark, down quark, strange quark, H boson, cosmological constant, birth of life, stellar black hole, intermediate-mass black hole, supermassive black hole, the radius of Big Bang, and the mass of Big Bang were calculated as 0.1531 eV, 1.795E-36 eV, 1.010E-6, 5.904E-39, 2.254 MeV, 1277.7 MeV, 4.756 MeV, 95.16 MeV, 125.02 GeV, 1.0883E-52 /m2, 3.64E9 LY ago, 2.83 Mθ, 32.8 Mθ, 341 kMθ, 31.2 LY, 1.00E14 Mθ. The six generation Planck units are calculated, and from Planck mass and dark mass it is proved that universe expands at a constant velocity. The physical values of all multi-verse will be the same as above. Given the 4th digit of muon and tau neutrino masses, and the correct masses of top and bottom quarks, the calculations will be more accurate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[6] viXra:2105.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-14 04:58:22
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is the 3D supermassive black hole that dominates the galaxy. With the same logic, it is the 4D supermassive black hole that dominates the universe. Its mass is 2π times heavier than physical calculation. The radius of our universe is about 13.77 billion light years. Substituting this into Schwarzschild formula, the ratio of dark matter and ordinary matter is calculated as 84.6%: 15.4%. From this, it can be understood that our universe is located on the dimensional horizon of 4D supermassive black hole. Author calls it Mommy Quantum Hole (MQH). In previous study, when the masses of muon and tau neutrinos are 170.0 keV and 15.50 MeV, the ratio of dark energy and dark matter was calculated as 2.692. Therefore, their ratio is 69.5%: 25.8%: 4.7%. Substituting 169.95 keV or 15.505 MeV, the calculated values are consistent almost with the values 68.3%: 26.8%: 4.9% measured from Planck satellite.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[5] viXra:2105.0040 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-19 04:11:43
Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 138 Pages.
In this article we have unify the electromagnetic-field and the gravitational field by introducing a new universal constant. We define also the absolute degree of temperature as 1K=0.627 c/k √ha where "c" is the celerity of light, "k" the Boltzmann constant , "h" the Planck constant and "a" the mechanical impedance of vacuum .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[4] viXra:2105.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-05 08:27:36
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.
Neutron star is graviton black hole that collapses gravitational force, stellar black hole is photon black hole that collapses electromagnetic force, and intermediate-mass black hole is gluon black hole that collapses strong force. Supermassive black hole is not black hole but quantum hole that quantize height Z dimension. In this study, their structure shape and minimum mass were calculated by logarithmic elliptic equation. Quasar is a photon black hole in 4D universe. This falls into our space and creates a galaxy with big bang. In the same way, it is our universe that a gluon black hole of 5D universe fell into 4D universe and was created with big bang.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[3] viXra:2105.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-04 05:27:54
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.
Planck length is the value on 0D, and cosmological constant is the value on 3D. Due to this, the incomprehensible value of 1E-121.54 is calculated at cosmological constant problem. This value is exactly same as the ratio of neutrino masses on 0D and 3D. There is a Planck length on 3D. Multiplying this by cosmological constant, the value of cosmological constant problem is exactly 1. From this, six generation Planck units are calculated, and six generation multi-universes can be analyzed. The Planck time on 3D was calculated as 10.13 billion years, which means that an incomprehensible universal event occurred at that time. This is the birth of simulation universe and the origin of life.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2] viXra:2105.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-03 07:14:40
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.
Down, strange, and bottom quarks are the combination particles composed of the shell fermion of neutrinos and the inside boson of a pair of neutrino and gravino. When down quark collides, the most external electron neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into strange quark. When the strange quark collides, the most external muon neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into bottom quark. When the bottom quark collides, the most external tau neutrino is peeled off, and a pair of neutrino and gravino boson pops out. All masses can be calculated from the measured masses of top quark, bottom quark, proton, Z boson and H boson. As the result of applying Q-theory, the mass of up, charm, down, strange quark was calculated as 2.254 MeV, 1277.1 MeV, 4.767 MeV, and 95.17 MeV. From these values, the cosmological constant was calculated as 98.4% of 1.1056E-52/m2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[1] viXra:2105.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-02 20:14:55
Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.
The logarithmic compressive strength of quantum space imparts mass to particle. If particles are tightly connected to each other, their sum mass should be calculated as logarithmic masses. If particles are free from each other, their sum mass should be calculated as arithmetic masses. Proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, one strong particle force, and one electromagnetic particle force. From the logarithmic masses, the proton is calculated as 89.8% mass of the measured value. Here, 5D dark force acts to the electromagnetic particle force, and the proton mass is calculated as 98.3% of the meas-ured value. 6D dark force also acts to the strong particle force, and the proton mass is calculated as 99.8% of the measured value. Calculating this inversely, the mass of down quark is calculated as 4.756 MeV. Neutron is composed of one proton, one electron, and one shell anti-brane. Here, the electron is held in the form of particle inside neutron by the observer effect of the shell brane. The difference between the calculated mass and the measured mass of neutron was +8,966 eV. This value is the separating energy of shell brane, which is the reason of negative beta decay.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
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