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| viXra.org > Relativity and Cosmology > 2011 |
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[27] viXra:2011.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 20:02:58
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.
The W+, W - particle pair becomes W +,- single Majorana type to accommodate the new 90 MeV boson. A new quark is introduced which we have called the Wigner.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[26] viXra:2011.0209 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-06 23:10:05
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 17 Pages.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of the 3D Hypersphere World from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions Matter carried by DMPs from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension of the 4D Nucleus of the World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation.
WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2011.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-28 09:57:04
Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The constancy of the speed of light offers a clue about how the Universe works. The speed of light in each galaxy is the same as in every other galaxy even as the galaxies move at relativistic speed relative to each other in the general expansion of the Universe. In addition, each galaxy is accelerated by the gravitation of nearby galaxies that adds the so-called peculiar velocity of the galaxy to the velocity of the general expansion at the galaxy. The propagation of photons is supported by a medium that permeates space at all scales. The medium that permeates a given galaxy must move at the same rate as the combined velocity of the general expansion at the galaxy and the peculiar velocity of the galaxy. We examine two models of gravity to determine which supports the concerted motion of the medium and its host galaxy. We find that only one of the two models supports this concerted motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[24] viXra:2011.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-27 10:33:55
Authors: John Suss
Comments: 11 Pages.
The interval of propagation in Maxwell’s theory is lightlike. If we assume that the interval is timelike, instead, by introducing a fundamental length, a rich new theory emerges. In this article it is shown that by varying the interval with respect to the fundamental length, the Lienard-Wiechert (LW) potential automatically emerges.Then by varying the fundamental length in the expression for the moment of LW potential about the interval of propagation, the total field of a single point charge moving with arbitrary velocity and acceleration also emerges.They have exactly the same form as in Maxwell’s theory but are finite everywhere, have finite self-effects and obey the Lorenz gauge condition.This is accomplished without using Maxwell’s eqs at all. Only the interval of propagation is used.The Lorentz force, the field Lagrangian density, the energy stress tensor, all have the same form, are finite everywhere and have finite self effects.This shows that there exist at least one consistent theory different from Maxwell’s theory which gives the same results while eliminating the infinities of Maxwell’s theory in a Lorentz covariant way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2011.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-25 09:09:24
Authors: Di Sia Paolo
Comments: 5 Pages.
With these comments, I wish to focus on the problems encountered in the paper: Šorli,
A.S. Mass - Energy Equivalence Extension onto a Superfluid Quantum Vacuum. Sci Rep 9, 11737 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48018-2.
The paper denotes problems of conceptual, technical and aesthetic nature, and brings as
support of a possible “introduced model”, as indicated there, extremely poor mathematical concepts, confused ideas and concepts in general, inadequate qualitative figures, everything presented in a questionable English. It follows an analysis of the critical found points.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2011.0153 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-13 15:53:43
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the third paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited'. The Foundation of which is developed in the previous ones and the next one shows the new transforms can reproduce the so far proven results of relativity.
The mathematical elegance and simplicity of Lorentz transform to support four-vector-based covariant formulation comes from its operation in the Minkowski domain that maps the position and calculates the time accordingly. But the same also makes it difficult to interpret. Transforming it back to the real domain that maps the time and calculates the position accordingly eases their interpretation, which leads to real domain transforms, a tool to discern the real effects from mere mathematical ones. Many new phenomena like relativity of spatial concurrence and relativistic non-localization, so far hidden under the elegance of the former, are brought to light. The real domain exhibits relativistic time-dilation, length-contraction, velocity-addition, clock compatible interval and phase relationship, and Doppler effect, but the non-simultaneity disappears. New transform is reducible to Lorentz transform establishing their equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2011.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 14:58:07
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 7 Pages. This is the fourth paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited'. New transforms applied here are derived in the previous one. The next few papers propose new experiments that can verify the new phenomena predicted.
In our previous paper, the real domain transform is derived and its equivalence with Lorentz transform is established. The latter operates in the Minkowski domain by mapping the positions and computing the times accordingly, thus taking advantage of four-vector-based covariant formulations by mixing spacetime, but the same makes it difficult to interpret. The former operates in the real domain that maps the times and computes positions, providing an alternative view to facilitate a correct interpretation of Lorentz transform. Besides exhibiting relativistic time-dilation, lightspeed preservation, length-contraction, velocity-addition, clock-compatible interval and phase relationship, and the Doppler principle, the new transforms also predict new phenomena like relativity of spatial concurrence and relativistic non-localization that remained hidden so far and challenge the interpretation of Lorentz transform based on the relativity of simultaneity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2011.0151 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 15:09:49
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the fifth paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited challenging relativity of simultaneity. Next one establishes the relativity of spatial concurrence.
The relativity of simultaneity and synchronization is considered as an underlying concept of the current framework of special relativity. However, it is deduced most often from the famous train embankment thought experiment, despite the fact the setups can be developed to test the simultaneity both directly and indirectly. Relativity of simultaneity is analyzed here as a concept separate from time dilation because the latter is reproduced by the new formulation of relativity without any need for synchronization term. It is shown that non-simultaneity is a result of assuming the existence of photons at overlapped positions in the two frames, which is supported by neither Lorentz nor new transforms. Experimental setups are proposed to directly detect the two blasts at their very locations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2011.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 22:13:21
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 5 Pages. This is the sixth paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited. The next one analyses the Einstein's famous train embankment experiment on relativity of simultaneity.
Real domain formulation of special relativity explicitly exhibits relativity of spatial concurrence, relativistic non-localization, and anisotropic spatial warping in contrast to the relativity of simultaneity and synchronization of the current framework. The new formulation contradicts the current interpretation of Lorentz transforms based on the relativity of simultaneity and the assumption that the photon exists at an overlapped position in different frames. The existence of photons at different positions in different frames opens the doors to new exciting relativistic phenomena not explored so far. This paper, the sixth in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited, the previous one, and the next propose an array of experiments to distinguish between the two relativistic physics. Relativity of spatial concurrence and of simultaneity are mutually exclusive, the presence of one discards the other and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2011.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 17:14:10
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 5 Pages. This is the seventh paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited. The next one explores RNL for superluminal communication.
Experiments to directly test relativity of simultaneity and relativity of spatial concurrence have already been proposed. In this eighth paper in the series of “Rudiments of relativity revisited”, the famous train embankment thought experiment for simultaneity is analyzed under the new formulation of relativity, and the experiments on the same are proposed to differentiate between the two theories. Current relativity assumes a photon to be relativistically localized at an overlapped position in different frames leading to the relativity of simultaneity, while the new relativity asserts their relativistic non-localized existence at different positions in different frames, leading to the relativity of spatial concurrence. New theory reproduces the so far proven results of relativity besides predicting new experimentally verifiable phenomena unexplored so far.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2011.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-18 19:13:06
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 7 Pages.
We will show that with help of the gravitationally dragged aether concept, relativistic clock corrections on GPS satellites can be computed precisely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2011.0135 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-23 11:48:13
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 8 Pages. This is the first paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited' which along with the next lay the foundation of an alternative theory of special relativity.
The Current framework of special relativity is shown to transform the unique time of a frame to many illusory times in the other frame that cannot be associated with any real clock. So, we revisit relativity as a problem of observing motion under finite signal speed. Kishori’s axioms are developed for avoiding undesirable effects of finite signal speed from creeping into cross-frame measurements. The illusory transformed time and the relativity of simultaneity are shown as the undesirable effects of finite signal speed that creep into the current framework. A methodology is developed here to directly test the simultaneity of relativity experimentally, which is often deduced indirectly despite being directly testable. This study lays down the foundation of an alternative formulation of relativity that complies with Kishori’s axioms besides the two famous postulates of relativity, reproduces the so far proven results, and also predicts new experimentally verifiable phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2011.0134 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-23 12:19:13
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the second paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited' which along with the previous lays the foundation of a new theory. The next one derives the new transforms.
The unique time of a frame does not transform to a unique time of the other frame under the current framework of special relativity, which is accepted as an inherent principle called the simultaneity of relativity. In our first paper ‘Rudiments of relativity revisited’, a setup is devised to show how these transformed times can be illusory and can not be associated with any real clock. This endeavor is an investigation if it is possible to develop an alternative mathematical framework of special relativity under the same two postulates but guided by Kishori’s axioms, which directly relates the unique times of the two frames. This paper succeeds to lay down the foundation of a framework that adopts the relativity of spatial concurrence replacing the relativity of simultaneity. Further, this new formulation asserts the relativistic non-localization of particles like photons, exhibiting quantum physical attributes as an inherent aspect of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2011.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 16:23:32
Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 4 Pages.
A small test of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2011.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-27 09:01:29
Authors: Ichiro Tanabe, Riko Ozao
Comments: 11 Pages.
To provide solutions for the unresolved theoretical questions of black holes, such as the presence of an event horizon, we propose a new spherically symmetric exact solution (we call the Ryskmit (R) solution). The R solution can be obtained by applying Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates (referred to hereinafter as Kruskal coordinates) to the Schwarzchild solution. The R solution has no singularities other than the origin of coordinates and no “event horizon”; therefore, a black hole from which information could not be extracted from the outside need not be considered. Far from the origin, this solution is approximately equal to the Schwarzschild solution. Another characteristic of this solution is that the gravity reaches its maximum at the Schwarzschild radius, and at the half of this radius, it transits to Minkowski space, in which gravity does not exist. This means that the gravity gradually decreases with distance from the Schwarzschild radius. Based on the law of conservation of energy, we deduced a result that explains the production of sufficient kinetic energy for gamma-ray burst. Furthermore, the metric of this solution was remarkably similar to the Reissner–Nordstrøm metric, and the presence and absence of an electrical charge lead to two different masses at the scale of Planck units where the two solutions match. This is an important relationship for answering questions about dark matter. As described above, this exact solution could be a useful basic equation that sheds light not only on astrophysics, but also on particle theory and the unified field theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2011.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 09:50:06
Authors: G. L. Harnagel
Comments: 7 Pages.
Since the first part of the twentieth century, it
has been maintained that faster-than-light motion could produce time travel into the past with
its accompanying causality-violating paradoxes.
However, there are two different approaches
to tachyon communication around a loop, one
employs a "hand-off" between momentarily-
adjacent observers in relative motion passing
each other, while the other applies direct tachyon
communication between moving observers who
are not adjacent. Tachyon physics in the latter method clearly precludes causality violation,
but it is more subtle in the former approach. An
analysis of what would be observed in a physics
laboratory, rather than what is inferred from a
Minkowski diagram, attests that causality violation does not occur in the hand-off method,
either. Thus it is demonstrated that tachyons
do not violate causality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2011.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:25:14
Authors: Richard Lewis
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 14(11) 2020 [Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules and guidelines of viXra.org]
The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2011.0067 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-18 17:15:24
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 9 Pages.
This is a review article. Here we show that neutron stars, due to the atom-like structure of baryons and structure of spacetime, are mathematically very simple objects: they have an invariant density, a spherical shape although they spin very fast, they have no relativistic mass, and we can neglect the nuclear and gravitational binding energy. We also described mathematically the magnetars.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2011.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-09 10:29:11
Authors: Suraj Deshmukh
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper, I will give the concluding remarks and corrections in the formalism of incremental
forms of time. Incremental form of time popped out from an primitive claim in the field of classical
mechanics. The claim is based on the inequality in total time spend by an observer and total time
spend in observing a point like particle moving with uniform velocity in space. we will reformulate
and revise the entire formalism. The paper will be complete in it’s own way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2011.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 19:57:14
Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 17 Pages.
A novel and comprehensive ‘Dual-Energy’ Cosmological model (DEC) is shown to emerge from one principle. It sweepingly addresses problems in the current ΛCDM model from an initial singularity to dark energy. It follows from a new fundamental understanding of energy and gravity. This new understanding of energy and gravity is based on highly specific qualitative evidence from key cosmological features and the physical energy source for gravity. The evidence coherently suggests the presence of negative energy in space and a fundamental positive-negative symmetry of energy. Gravity is shown to be the fundamental mechanism that generates positive and negative energies from zero. In gravitational acceleration energy is gained at the expense of negative energy in space. A wide range of hard problems in current theory are naturally addressed. A discernable fault line in current theory emerges. The new model naturally provides physical definition for origin and expansion of the universe. A universe of positive energy arises naturally from zero in a ‘not quite so big’ bang with corresponding negative energy. The nature of the forces driving expansion and their direction are finally defined. Expansion is driven by repulsive gravitational forces between positive masses and surrounding voids dominated by negative energy. A higher order of symmetry in the evolution of the universe emerges. Spatial flatness emerges naturally. Isotropy with repetitive structures emerge from an origin of uniform mechanisms. Negative energy acts as a dynamically evolving property of space. The dual-energy principle naturally delivers both repulsive negative energy and the physical model for its increase. It addresses an observed accelerated expansion. The contrived concept of a positive dark energy becomes obsolete. An anti-de Sitter like character of space provides surprising support for string theory in AdS/CFT correspondence. Fundamental energy concepts in other areas of physics may be reevaluated. The fundamental physical properties of negative energy are to be explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2011.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 09:02:03
Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 Pages.
The common tests of the weak equivalence principle not only deal with the acceleration of masses, but include, in principle, the simultaneously occurring emission of a gravitational wave, even when it is far too small to be observable. Einstein’s ‘extension’ of the weak equivalence principle ignores this tiny effect, and thus, corresponds to postulating a instantaneous action at arbitrary distances, and consequently, implies the absence of gravitational waves in the theory of general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2011.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-05 10:59:03
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here, on the basis of the star-quantum resonance described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the lower limit for mass of stars with stable H burning - it is 0.0818 solar mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2011.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-05 01:39:15
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 8 Pages.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the most important notions for any Cosmological model – Space, Time and Gravitation. According to Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), the World is a 3D Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus of the World, which is a 4D ball expanding in the fourth spatial dimension. All points of the Hypersphere are equivalent; there are no preferred centers or boundaries of the World. The World is Finite and has a Spatial Measure – Radius of the curvature in the fourth spatial dimension R . All spatial parameters of the World can be measured relatively to R . Any cosmological model of the Infinite Universe has no Spatial Measure.
WUM introduces a Cosmological Time that is principally different from a Solar Time which is defined by the parameters of the Solar System: the Rotation of the Earth around its own axis (day) and the Sun (year). Cosmological Time is defined by an Impedance of the Medium of the World that equals to the Hubble’s parameter. Cosmological Time τ is a Timing Measure of the World that defines the Age of the World. All timing parameters of the World can be measured relatively to τ . WUM concludes that any theory of evolution of the Universe should be consistent with the Cosmological Time.
WUM states a Supremacy of Matter: Time, Space and Gravitation have no separate existence from Matter. They are closely connected with the Impedance, Gravitomagnetic parameter, and Energy density of the Medium of the World respectively. Gravitation, Space and Time are all emergent phenomena. In this regard, it is worth recalling Albert Einstein quote: “When forced to summarize the theory of relativity in one sentence: time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2011.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 13:19:01
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here we calculated radius (12.1 km) and the lower limit for mass (0.891 solar masses) of neutron stars. Such a limit is defined by the characteristic energy of neutrinos in hot nuclear plasma that forces a shower of beta decays.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2011.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 23:12:21
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.
A new theory shows that the gravitational constant may be variable with changes in space. Since the earth orbits the sun, there are perihelion and aphelion, which causes the constant changes of the gravitational constant measured by the earth at different orbital positions. This change in the gravitational constant directly causes a change in the gravitational force on the earth's matter. If the earth's gravitational constant changes, it will lead to changes in the potential energy of the entire atmosphere, which in turn will cause changes in kinetic energy of air. The formation of tropical storms is more sensitive to changes in atmospheric energy. If there is enough energy change, under other conditions suitable, it may cause a rapid increase or decrease in the frequency of tropical storms. This article compares the existing tropical storms on the earth and finds that after the earth begins to move out of the aphelion (in July), the earth’s gravitational constant begins to increase gradually. This leads to a decrease in the potential energy of the earth's atmosphere, causing a gradual increase in kinetic energy of air. This increase in kinetic energy can easily lead to the instability of the sea level atmosphere, and then more tropical storms. The earth's orbit begins to deviate from the perihelion (January), and the earth's gravitational constant begins to gradually decrease, which leads to an increase in the potential energy of the earth's atmosphere, which in turn leads to a gradual decrease in the kinetic energy of air. The reduction of kinetic energy of air also means that more atmospheric disturbance energy can be absorbed, thereby reducing the frequency of tropical storms. This trend is in line with the global tropical storm record for a long time in the past. It is a good explanation why there are many tropical storms in August and September, but there are very few tropical storms in April and May.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2011.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 15:01:18
Authors: Chris Martian
Comments: 4 Pages.
All mass experiences the effects of gravity, and all electrical equipment experiences the effects of electromagnetic interference. A series of circuits programmed to calculate specific irrational numbers will experience differences in these types of interference, which we can use to our advantage to determine the relative difference in gravity between us and some reference point, giving us our net acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2011.0016 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-18 16:53:30
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 14 Pages. 5 figures
The limit for causality relating to each other events is the Planck time of 10^-45 s. Strangely enough provides a causality of origin to indeterminism. Hence, showing that a causal determinism could coexist in smaller expand of time with the different reality of quantum mechanics. Hence, entanglement defined by spooky by Einstein could be part of a unitary description. Thus, characterizing the Planck as bosons structure that could occupy the same quantum state, allows for simultaneous events, which do not require an inflationary stage. Moreover the Planck dissipation through uncoupling of forces could be unidirectional by their rotation state at origin. Hence, asymmetry could reduce pair annihilation and exclude quarks. Thus, allowing their characterization as the particles representing quantum gravity by absorbing the energy from unstable particles to produce more quarks. From the uncoupling of the electromagnetic force emerge electrons that could orbit the quarks within the protons. Consequently, results in the heat producing synthesis of hydrogen and helium and relates gravity to their emergence creating the 3D space. The 4th dimension links together the local-micro within the macro-overall continuum by the emergence of an arrow of time. The primordial universe as a function of 1060 Planck bosons could be thermodynamically characterized as an inwardly functional open system. The galactic recession by the Hubble’s law generates internalized entropy, within emerging voids. Hence at the stage of galactic formation, the voids distend space as dark energy with a cooling effect with a dispersion of entropy. The recoil pressures over galaxies increments the inertial mass, contributing to the gravitational forces exerted as dark matter. The recoil increases the linear momentum, and when approaching c results in a decrease in the rate of increase of the inertial mass. At very long distances, the values of z> 1 appear as due to the lack of resolution and cannot be differentiated by their contribution to impulse and the angular momentum. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) telescopically observes primordial galaxies by a lookback on time, describing the primordial galaxies by their light arrival time distance within the space. The Planck bosons in expansive disintegration avoid an inflationary period and could be scaled by parametric down-conversion (PDC) in recurrent quantum sequence: 2n (n = 0, 1, 2…) were used to model the causal space-time continuum. Density fluctuations due to the decoupling of forces generated the primordial resonances and gravitational waves, affecting the plasma state, causing the acoustic waves printed in the universe to emerge. The contribution of the angular momentum of the primordial universe to the quantification confers the spin to the particles axis, allowing acquiring distention configurations between two focuses. In quarks these may be characterized in the pulling vs contraction. In electrons could determine orbits, which delocalized their position vs momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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