Relativity and Cosmology

On the Recent Breakthrough on Dynamical Higgs Mechanism for DRGT Gravity: How Finally it is a Framework Permitting to Resolve the Strong Coupling Problem

Authors: Emmanuel Kanambaye
Comments: 17 Pages.

In a recent paper, we claimed to propose a solution to the strong coupling break-down problem of massive gravity by making the theory massless above some energy-scale.Although interesting, it seems in light of the valuable work of Bonifacio, Hinterbichler and Rosen ({it Constraints on a Gravitational Higgs Mechanism}), that our proposed mehanism fails in its aim.At first glance, this may seem to spell the end for our model; fortunately things are rather more subtle because our model has indeed all the necessary tools to solve the strong coupling problem of massive gravity.Indeed, we are going to demonstrate in this paper, that for some appropriate expressions of the free tensor $mathcal{S}_{muu}(g,Psi,varphi^{ho},A)$ of our recently proposed model; it becomes possible to cleverly raise up the strong coupling scale of dRGT massive gravity without spoiling its ghost-free and local character.More precisely, through a concrete example, we will prove in the present paper that our recently proposed framework of massive gravity is well and truly a framework permitting to resolve both the strong coupling break-down problem as well as the van Dam-Veltman-Zakharov (vDVZ) discontinuity of dRGT massive gravity; we achieve this breakthrough by highlighting the first rather simple and improved four-dimensional dRGT massive gravity capable of overcoming both strong coupling problem and vDVZ discontinuity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Shaking up Einsteins Theory[:] the Anomalous Acceleration of the Pioneers

Authors: Henk Dorrestijn
Comments: 9 Pages.

If we assume the Lorentz contraction in Einstein's theory is based on a misconception, we can understand the unexpected acceleration found when measuring the orbital motion of Pioneers 10 and 11. Rejecting the Lorentz contraction leads to a better understanding of the concept of velocity. The actual velocity of an object, when accounting for the time delay, turns out to be slightly greater than the traditionally determined velocity. The time delay in a gravitational field decreases with distance so the actual velocity decreases compared to the traditionally determined velocity. This can be considered the anomalous acceleration measured for the Pioneers. Our calculations show that the actual velocity explains the anomalous acceleration very accurately.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Logarithmic-Spiral Tubular Wormholes in Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell Theory

Authors: Rodolfo Rossetti
Comments: 9 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0.

We announce the discovery of a non-vacuum, static, and dynamically stable traversable wormhole solution that fundamentally shatters the "exotic matter" requirement inherent in General Relativity. By embedding a scaled tubular neighborhood of a three-dimensional logarithmic spiral within the Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell framework, we derive a spacetime metric where the throat’s existence is dictated by the curve’s intrinsic Frenet-Serret curvature (κ) and torsion (τc). We rigorously prove the Rossetti-Geometric Autonomy Theorem: the fundamental existence condition, Eq(22), is structurally decoupled from the axial magnetic potential As(0). This result demonstrates that the wormhole is not a fragile artifact supported by external fields, but a self-sustaining topological necessity of the spiral geometry. The Null Energy Condition (NEC) is not merely violated; it is transmuted by the torsional pressure of the non-Riemannian connection, rendering the century-old search for "exotic fluids" obsolete. The crowning achievement of this work is the definitive solution to the stability problem. Through the derivation of the Radial Master Equation, we reveal an Effective Potential Veff(s) characterized by an insuperable torsional barrier at the throat (s→0). Unlike standard solutions prone to catastrophic collapse, the spiral-torsion coupling generates a positive-definite, divergent shield that immunizes the throat against radial fluctuations.Furthermore, we formalize the principles of Chronodynamics: establishing the exact Frame Dragging condition for bidirectional time travel and proving the Torsional Discharge Limit.We rigorously demonstrate that the quantum vacuum energy divergence at the Cauchy horizon is perfectly absorbed by the non-Riemannian spin-torsion coupling, acting as a geometric capacitor. This eliminates the radial collapse predicted by semiclassical gravity, formally defeating Hawking’s Chronology Protection Conjecture. This concludes the transition from speculative geometry to Torsiodynamics: the formal proof of a topologically eternal and dynamically invulnerable passage through spacetime. This work does not merely add to the literature; it rewrites the fundamental constraints of traversable topology and time travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Operational Simultaneity in Einstein’s Train—Lightning Thought Experiment

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 13 Pages.

Einstein’s train—lightning thought experiment is commonly used to illustrate the relativity of simultaneity, yet many textbook treatments leave implicit a modeling choice: observers typically analyze the scenario as though their own inertial frame were at rest. This assumption is not required by the postulates of special relativity, which permit an observer to adopt any inertial frame as at rest and itself as moving relative to it. This paper develops an operational method that makes this choice explicit by treating the rest frame of the light sources as the reference for assigning propagation distances, with the sources understood as lightning in ground air or as bulbs fixed to the track. Working in the train frame, and using only the train’s proper length, the relative velocity v, and the invariance of the speed of light c, the observer computes the propagation times and infers simultaneous emissions. The choice of source frame is an operational decision tied to the physical configuration of the emitters and does not introduce an absolute rest frame or imply any dependence of c on source or observer motion. The analysis does not replace the conventional interpretation but complements it by making explicit the operational choices involved in simultaneity judgments. Because the train—lightning experiment is almost universally presented as requiring the train observer to infer non-simultaneity, the analysis highlights how that conclusion depends on an implicit operational modeling choice while remaining consistent with special relativity. For completeness, Appendix A applies Selleri synchronization to Einstein’s original thought experiment, illustrating how admissible synchronization conventions affect simultaneity assignments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Dynamics of Cantor Dust and Self-Interacting Dark Matter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 36 Pages.

We develop a first-principles framework in which self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) emerges as an effective manifestation of primordial Cantor Dust. In this framework, Dark Matter resides on a multifractal support characterized by a scale-dependent Hausdorff dimension D<3. We argue that the phenomenology of SIDM is a memory of primordial Cantor Dust, emerging without conventional particle scattering and cross sections. The mechanism described here reproduces the flat galactic rotation curves, baryonic Tully-Fisher relations, the SIDM transport cross section, explains the core—cusp problem, the evasion of Bullet Cluster bounds and the morphology of the cosmic web.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Observer-Invariant End of Spacetime at the Horizon of Schwarzschild Black Holes

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 5 Pages.

Time is not absolute but observer-dependent: This groundbreaking revelation by Einstein in 1905 has the potential to settle the famous disagreement between external observer Bob and infalling observer Alice:At first sight, the fact that Alice reaches the event horizon of a black hole within finite proper time prevails over Bob's "mere" observation that infalling matter does never reach the horizon.However, all external observers (even including Alice who is an external observer, too, before reaching the horizon) agree without exception that the horizon represents the ultimate simultaneity line (t = infinity), the temporal border of the spacetime manifold. Since spacetime is observer-dependent and thereby mere observation, this "concordant observation shared by all observers of the universe of spacetime" is perfectly adapted for determining extent and boundaries of spacetime.As a result, there can't exist any spacetime beyond observation, and when Alice - subject to infinite gravitational time dilation - reaches the event horizon, she is leaving our observer-dependent spacetime manifold. Consequently, the mass of a Schwarzschild black hole is not located inside the horizon but outside, in the approximate form of a nearby membrane, avoiding the unsolvable dilemma of a central spacetime singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hierarchical Geometric Cosmology with Einstein-Cartan Torsion: A Unified Framework for the Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter, and Baryogenesis

Authors: Vito Uni
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present Hierarchical Geometric Cosmology (HGC v3.0), a framework that addresses three of the deepest open problems in modern cosmology — the cosmological constant, the nature of dark matter, and the matter-antimatter asymmetry — within a single geometric structure. The central premise is that our universe occupies the interior of a rotating black hole embedded in a parent spacetime governed by Einstein-Cartan theory, which extends General Relativity by incorporating the spin of matter as a source of spacetime torsion.The cosmological constant emerges naturally from the Israel-Darmois junction conditions at the black hole horizon, yielding Λ_eff = ζ Φ(a*)/R_s², where R_s is the Schwarzschild radius of the parent black hole and Φ(a*) encodes the spin contribution. With R_s ~ R_H, this produces the observed order of magnitude (10u207bu2075² mu207b²) without fine-tuning, resolving the 120-order-of-magnitude discrepancy with quantum field theory predictions.The Big Bang singularity is replaced by a torsion-induced bounce at the Cartan density ρ_C ~ 10u2076u2076 kg/m³, a semiclassical process some 30 orders of magnitude below the Planck scale. Numerical integration of the Kantowski-Sachs equations through the bounce shows that all initial conditions converge to an isotropic FRW universe with f_iso = 0.334 ± 0.001, independent of initial anisotropy.Dark matter halos are replaced by a gravitational shadowing potential derived from Regge-Wheeler/Zerilli tidal perturbation theory, with a characteristic scale r_c = R_s/√6. This model is tested against the full SPARC database of 175 disk galaxies, achieving a median χ²_r = 2.09 and performing comparably to NFW dark matter profiles (49 vs. 59 galaxy wins). The critical observational distinction lies at scales R > 2 Mpc, where shadowing predicts 5—15% suppression in weak gravitational lensing relative to NFW — a test accessible to Euclid and LSST.For baryogenesis, the cubic torsion term in the Dirac equation produces a mass asymmetry between matter and antimatter. We report honestly that the perturbative calculation yields δM/m ~ 10u207bu2076u2076 at the electroweak scale, far below the observed baryon asymmetry η_B ~ 6 × 10u207b¹u2070. We identify non-perturbative torsion effects near the Cartan density as the most plausible resolution and retain this as an open theoretical direction.Three primary open problems are explicitly identified: (i) the parameter ζ is geometrically motivated but not fully derived from first principles, with a factor ~4 gap remaining; (ii) HGC and NFW are statistically indistinguishable at the rotation curve level; (iii) torsion baryogenesis is qualitatively valid but quantitatively insufficient in the perturbative regime. Seven falsifiable predictions are presented for LiteBIRD, Euclid, LISA, DESI, CERN ALPHA/BASE, and JWST.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Arbitrary Reduction of Energy and Energy-Momentum Tensor Components in the Alcubierre Warp Drive with Possibile Positive Values

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 7 Pages.

Building on the article [16] where a superluminal Alcubierre propulsion system with positiveenergy density and positive energy is possible as an improvement over [16], we make a smallmodification to have a positive energy and positive energy density for a curvature bubble of genericradius R and introduce a way to arbitrarily reduce such energy sources in the warped region,.Wecompute the remaining components of the Einstein tensor, which we find to be only partiallypositive; however, the WEC, DEC, and apparently the SEC are satisfied [20]. This implies a warpdrive without exotic matter, but rather a form of asymmetric ordinary matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relativistic Effect of Kinetic Star

Authors: Yi-Liu Fan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The paper discusses the "time paradox" and the "mass paradox" of "twin paradox" in the Special Theory of Relativity. The research discovers that the space-time outside a kinetic star shows a double structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comparison of Tensor and Vector Theories of Gravitation

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 57 Pages.

Physical quantities in continuously distributed matter in curved spacetime, and equations for matter and fields are considered both from the point of view of tensor theory of gravitation and on the basis of vector theory of gravitation. An example in the first case is the general theory of relativity (GTR), which uses a scalar pressure field and a scalar acceleration field. In the second case, relativistic vector fields are taken into account, including the covariant theory of gravitation, the pressure vector field and the acceleration vector field. To analyze and compare the results in each approach, formulas derived from the principle of least action and from the corresponding Lagrangian are used. The problem of correlating scalar pressure with the principle of least action in the general relativity is considered. The conclusion is drawn that results of the general relativity, when scalar pressure is taken into account, are valid for relativistic uniform systems, but in a more general case, they require correction. Three versions of general relativity were analyzed: GTR1, GTR2 and GTRm. The GTR1 version is the closest version to the standard general theory of relativity, the GTR2 version follows exactly the principle of least action, and the GTRm version is characterized by the fact that the acceleration field and pressure field are represented not as scalar fields but as vector fields. Equations for metric, equations of motion, equations for fields, formulas for the energy and momentum, which follow from the Lagrangian formalism, are presented for all versions of general relativity. An explanation is given of where dark energy comes from and what it is within general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Error [Exploration] On Around-The-World Atomic Clocks Experiments

Authors: ZhengMing Yin
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Around- The- World Atomic Clocks experiment paper published in the 1972 American Science Journal contains many conceptual errors. Thank you very much for the brave experiments of 2 American scientists J.C. Hafele and Richard E. Keating, because their experiments brought new scientific thinking. Einstein proposed the Relativity time dilation, He should first define the concept and definition of time, But there is not these contents in the theory of elativity.。Thesis of losing conceptual and definitional constraints，it's just a science fiction, not the theoretical system. The concept and definition of time have been usefully explored by the author and will be presented in separate articles. This paper deals only with issues related to the Around- The- World Atomic Clocks experiment by American scientists J.C. Hafele and Richard E. Keating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stepwise Emergence of Spacetime Dimensions in the Big Bang Framework

Authors: Grigol Keshelava
Comments: 19 Pages.

This study proposes a refined hypothesis on the stepwise emergence of spacetime dimensions from a zero-dimensional (0D) singularity within the Big Bang framework, integrating insights from emergent cosmology, quantum gravity, and stochastic dynamics. Building on prior theoretical developments such as loop quantum gravity and matrix theory, the model posits a sequential dimensional activation: 0D (singularity) → one-dimensional (1D; time, enabling causality) → two-dimensional (2D; light, activating electromagnetic fields) → three-dimensional (3D; space, facilitating cosmic expansion). This phenomenological approach offers a novel pathway toward reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity, circumventing classical singularities through emergent, temperature-dependent transitions governed by effective Lagrangians and stochastic relaxation. By examining the pre-geometric 0D phase, the 1D temporal scaffold, the 2D wave-like behavior of light, and the full 3D spatial regime, the hypothesis provides a comprehensive framework for early-Universe evolution. Its implications extend to black holes, Big Crunch scenarios, and observational tests via cosmic microwave background (CMB), gravitational wave (GW), and Big Bang nucleosynthesis data, challenging unified 4D spacetime paradigms while aligning with holographic dualities and entanglement-based geometries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity is the Global Solution

Authors: Christopher R. Brown
Comments: 5 Pages.

General relativity is a constrained theory built upon a handful of postulates including general covariance, diffeomorphism invariance, and the relational character of spacetime. These postulates are not optional features. They are the structural commitments that give general relativity physical meaning. When these commitments are enforced exactly, without supplementary assumptions, the theory selects a unique static geometry governed by a single measured scale. This geometry reproduces the linear Hubble law, the nonlinear curvature of the Type~Ia supernova distance modulus, and the CMB monopole temperature, without a cosmological constant and without dark energy. The geometry predicts zero redshift drift. Any expanding model predicts nonzero drift. The ELT-ANDES measurement is a clean, binary test.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 3.998D Manifold Framework: Assessment of Geometric Unification and the Resolution of Galactic Rotation Anomalies

Authors: Charles Opoku
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents the results of the application of the 3.998D Manifold Framework, a geometric theory that posits all physical phenomena emerge from a scalar field (ϕ-Field) within a space of spectral dimension d_s=3.998 and a dimensional deficit of δ=0.002. Unlike standard cosmological models that require Dark Matter and Dark Energy to resolve dynamic anomalies, this framework introduces a single density-dependent mechanism governed by a manifold stiffness constant (β_eff ≈ 5.01). The proposed Framework further demonstrate that this constant is the geometric reciprocal of a 13.4% metric compaction, providing a structural bridge that unifies subatomic bond tension with galactic dynamics. Analysis shows that this geometric constraint successfully unifies physics across subatomic, galactic, and cosmic scales. Statistical modelling of galactic rotation curves for the Milky Way, Andromeda (M31), Triangulum (M33), UGC 128, and NGC 2403, demonstrates that the framework’s saturation mechanism replaces the need for invisible mass, achieving statistically significant improvements over Newtonian predictions while recovering standard gravity in high-density solar systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Substrate Hydrodynamics: A Deterministic Framework for Spacetime Theory

Authors: Yogan Rameg
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) Copyright © 2026 by the author(s), all rights reserved.

I present Spacetime Theory, a unified framework that reinterprets the vacuum not as a staticgeometric manifold, but as a dynamic Superfluid Active Nematic Lattice. By adopting a"Spacetime-First" approach, we demonstrate that General Relativity and Quantum Mechanicsemerge as macroscopic and microscopic limits of substrate hydrodynamics. Gravity is derivedas the convective acceleration of a superfluid inflow, while matter is identified as localized,phase-locked standing waves ( -resonances). We provide a first-principles derivation of thegravitational constant , the speed of light , and a mechanical solution to the Michelson-Morley null result through wave-structure deformation. This deterministic model replaces probabilistic "dice-throwing" with geometric resonance within a lattice under 10^35 Pa of hydrostatic pressure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Structure Formation by Application of the Theory of Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Markus Schönlinner
Comments: 9 Pages.

One of the greatest challenges of the Standard Model is the question of the structure formation in the early universe. From the currently widely accepted way of temporal evolution ofthe scale factor follows, that the structure formation by gravitational forces seems not possible without additional assumptions and only with the help of Dark Matter. The theory of variable speed of light, however, suggests a linear progression of the scale factor. This corresponds to the model of the "empty universe". A linear evolution of the scale factor is compatible with the observations. It is investigated, which consequences a linear evolution of the scale factor has on the structure formation and this is compared to the classical derivation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Essence of Relativity: The Theory of Composite Motion under Impulse Duality

Authors: Petr Kunčík
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This work presents an alternative interpretation of kinematic phenomena currently attributed to time dilation and spacetime curvature. Based on mechanical experiments involving impulse duality (Primary and Secondary), it demonstrates that the addition of the speed of light to the speed of its source in absolute space is not only logically possible but essential for the correct interpretation of physical reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hubble Tension

Authors: Yvan Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This title expresses an incompatibility, within the standard model of cosmology, between measurements of the Hubble constant from the CMB and those from the Red Shift. We had previously proposed a new concept called the" Intrinsic Space" [1]; a fictitious Universe whose energy is only one of the void, which exclude masses and radiations. In this article, we compare the evolution over time of the radius of the Universe, as analyzed in [2], between the real Space and this fictitious Space to calculate the Hubble constant in both cases. Thus we propose a solution to the problem .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cyclic Cosmology with Informational Inheritance (CCHI): A Framework for Perturbative Memory Across Quantum Bounces

Authors: Samuel Krieger Bonini
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces the Cyclic Cosmology with Informational Inheritance (CCHI), a theoretical framework proposing that the universe undergoes repeated cycles of expansion and contraction mediated by a quantum bounce, during which statistical information about the pre-bounce matter distribution survives into subsequent cycles, encoded in the post-bounce perturbation spectrum. Built upon Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), the framework presents three original contributions: (i) a master equation governing the cyclic evolution of the primordial power spectrum via Bogoliubov transfer coefficients, which admits a stabilized fixed point whose resonant peaks nucleate Primordial Black Holes (PBHs); (ii) a derivation of Entropic Time Dynamics (ETD) from the effective LQC metric, identifying the chrono-entropic coupling Γ(ρ) = 1 − ρ/ρ_c = g_00^(eff) with no free parameters; and (iii) a unified mechanism connecting gravitational baryogenesis, PBH dark matter in the asteroidal mass window, and the seeding of supermassive black holes observed by JWST at z > 10. The framework yields falsifiable predictions for CMB-S4, LiteBIRD, the Roman Space Telescope, and LVK O4/O5, and addresses the cyclic entropy problem through the distinction between thermodynamic entropy (diluted each cycle) and entanglement entropy (transferred as low-entropy correlations).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Implications of the Time Dilation Factor in Classical Theories

Authors: Guanghui Xie
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references written by other scholars))

The time dilation factor in special relativity is an algebraic expression derived through mathematical deduction based on the principle of the constancy of the speed of light and the principle of special relativity. This expression quantitatively describes the functional relationship between the velocity of motion and the change in time. In this paper, Building upon classical physical theories and taking as a premise that the speed of information propagation equals the speed of light, through theoretical derivation, The algebraic expression of the time dilation factor in special relativity is also derived. And within the framework of classical physics, it clarifies the physical meaning of this time dilation factor, theoretically explains why it lacks a contraction function, and provides a new pathway for further research into the theory of temporal relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Approach Towards Relativity and Time Dilation

Authors: Vipin Choudhary
Comments: 9 Pages.

Time Dilation is the difference in the amount of time two clocks measure in the same inertial frame. Many studies have explored the relativity of time dilation using various approaches. However, the scientific and mathematical explanation of time dilation of moving things and light pulse clocks still has limited research. Therefore, this article examines relativity by utilizing scientific and mathematical approaches, the experience of moving things and light pulse clock ticks have been examined. The study revealed that the time elapsed for the same process is different for the different observers. Here, it showed that the time can be expressed in the form of a wave. In addition, the relative distance changes between the observers, and the observing subject time flows differently for the observer relative to the observing subject.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Impossible Relativistic Rest on Inclined Planes

Authors: Antonio León Sánchez
Comments: 2 Pages.

An impossible relativistic rest on an inclined plane is used here to demonstrate in a very simple and concise way that the theory of special relativity is formally inconsistent, with the second of its fundamental principles being the cause of its formal inconsistency.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Or Serial Report 4: Reexamining Einstein's Prediction on Mercury

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 16 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR) as a new theory of physics is repored in the form of serial reports in F1000Research. Now, OR Serial Report 4 focuses on re-examining Einstein's prediction on Mercury's perihelion precession from the perspective of OR. In 1916, from general relativity, Einstein derived an equation of planetary motion. Unlike Newton's, Einstein's equation of planetary motion has an additional orbital-precession item based on which Einstein made the famous prediction: Mercury's perihelion precesses by 43.03 arcsec every 100 Earth Years. Einstein's 43.03 arcsec seems to exactly match the 43.11 arcsec left in the history data of Mercury that has not yet found a definite reason. This was an early successful case of Einstein's theory of general theory. The theory of OR has also deduced an equation of planetary motion that also has an additional orbital-precession item. The theory of OR discoveries that such orbital precession purely depends on the speeds of the information waves of observation agents, and that Einstein's orbital-precession item observed with the optical agent is just a special case of the OR orbital-precession item. This fact indicates that Einstein's orbital-precession item does not represent the objective and real precession of planetary orbits. As a matter of fact, Einstein's prediction on Mercury's perihelion precession is a sort of observational effect and apparent phenomenon caused by the observational locality of the optical agent, rather than the objectively real physical existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Newton and Coriolis Forces from Einstein Equations

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

We consider the simple derivation of the Einstein equations. Then, we consider motion of a particle in the non-inertial system and motion of a particlein gravitational eld. In case of the constant gravitational eld we transform the Einstein equations to the Newtonian form of motion of a particle in gravity and derive potential and the Coriolis force generating by the constant gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model for a Machian Cosmology Reproducing Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: V. B. Verma
Comments: 9 Pages. AI was not used in the generation of any aspect of this work

Motivated by the suggestion made by R. H. Dicke in 1957 that the speed of light may be correlated with the gravitational potential of the entire universe, we develop a model for a Machian cosmology in which matter determines the speed of light through a scalar field which has a mathematical form similar to, but distinct from, the gravitational potential. We show that this leads naturally to a cosmology in which the speed of light was higher in the early universe and is decreasing in cosmological time, providing an explanation for the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) without the need for inflation. This cosmology results in an apparent amplification of the baryonic mass density (dark matter) and predicts a critical acceleration reproducing that of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). We also fit the model to high-redshift supernova data from the Supernova Cosmology Project, showing that an excellent fit is obtained with only baryonic matter. Finally, we derive a geometric relationship between cosmological parameters and the fine structure constant of quantum electrodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Universe and Large Numbers : Cosmic Web, Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmological Constant.

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper presents a purely illustrative exploration of some numerical hierarchies that emerge when comparing different energy and time scales in the present-day Universe. A dimensionless parameter is introduced, constructed from the ratio between the energy density associated with the nonlinear gravitational structure and that of the cosmic microwave background, weighted by the ratio between the so-called Planck’s time and atomic unit of time. The resulting extremely small value reflects the enormous separation of scales between the physics of the early Universe, the relict background radiation, and the late cosmological structure. This analysis does not aim to establish new dynamic relationships or fundamental magnitudes, but rather to offer a numerical curiosity in the spirit of traditional discussions about large numbers in cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Energy and the Evolution of the Universe

Authors: Jerry Ray Betfis
Comments: 13 Pages.

Dark energy has not been explained other than to state that it may be the driving force behind the expansion of the universe. Each topic in the evolution of the universe has its own explanation: Temperature versus time is driven by radiation, then by matter, then by dark energy; Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) isotropy is driven by Inflation; Matter production is explained by saying sub-atomic particles get together but do not say where they came from; Recently discovered acceleration of expansion of the physical universe (that collection of things we see all around us) is still awaiting a consistent explanation. A single theory of dark energy with no adjustable parameters answers all these concerns and more. The temperature in the singularity was too great for matter to exist, thus, dark energy is a massless form of energy. It produces matter by the Breit-Wheeler process. Dark energy is the remains of the total energy from the singularity after matter production ceased. It is a perfect fluid and expands adiabatically and homogeneously with large initial velocity and will be analyzed by Friedmann’s solution of Einstein’s Field Equations. It forms a homogeneous sphere that keeps temperature, pressure, and matter isotropic. The physical universe expands at a rate that is the difference between the expansion due to dark energy and the inward rate induced by gravity. This accounts for the increased acceleration of distant cosmological entities. The expansion slows but never stops. The CMB radiation is the thermal footprint of dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Characteristics of Geodesics For A Yilmaz Point Mass Metric

Authors: Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 25 Pages. One figure

Since Schwarzschild’s first solution of the Einstein field equations, the simple model of a single, point mass gravitating source has encompassed an impressive array of phenomena that have provided confirmation for Einstein’stheory of General Relativity. These include gravitational time dilation and spectral redshifts, gravitational refraction of light, perihelion precession of planetary orbits, innermost stable orbits of accretion disks and, recently, the shadows of the photon spheres of extremely compact masses. These phenomena are associated with the geodesic motions of material particles or photons in the immediate vicinity of large masses that can be regarded as point sources of gravity. The limited purposes of this article are to present the underlying physicsof the exponential metric of Yilmaz and to demonstrate that it correctly encompasses the observed phenomena. As an isotropic metric, It may be the only one also in accord with the observed isotropy of inertia.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How a Tokamak May Allow GW to be Duplicated in Values, Similar to GW from Torsion

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 16 Pages. Chapter In " Cosmology research, Addressing current problems in astrophysics with editors M. Smith and A. Oztaz, 225

Our idea for black hole physics being used for GW generation , is using Torsion to form a cosmological constant. Planck sized black holes allow for a spin density term linked to Torsion.. And we conclude with a black hole versus white hole for creating relic GW frequencies in physics model of Black hole and white holes, linked by a worm hole. In doing so, we review its similarities to frequency values for GW due to a Tokamak simulation. The conclusion of this document will be in bringing up would be values for an initial wave function of the Universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New (Old) Formula for Acceleration

Authors: Lawrence S. Schulman
Comments: 1 Page.

It is proposed that acceleration be quantized.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detection of Gravitational Waves with Semi Classical Features and Resulting Cosmological Implications

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. [A] book [chapter to be published in] 2026

The author argues in this document that initial vacuum state values possibly responsible for GW generation in relic conditions in the initial onset of inflation may have a temporary unsqueezed , possibly even coherent initial value, which would permit in certain models classical coherent initial gravitational wave states Furthermore, several arguments pro and con as to if or not initial relic GW should be high frequency will be presented, with the reason given why earlier string models did NOT favor low frequency relic GW from the big bang.. What is observed is that large higher dimensions above our 4 Dimensional space time, if recipients of matter-energy from collapse and re birth of the universe are enough to insure low relic GW. The existence of higher dimensions, in itself if the additional dimensions are small and compact will have no capacity to lower the frequency limit values of relic GW, as predicted by Giovannini,,et.al. in 1995.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proving the Formal Inconsistency of Special Relativity

Authors: Antonio León Sánchez
Comments: 8 Pages.

The relativistic contraction of distances in the direction of relative motion is used here to formally deduce a potentially infinite number of violations of the Second Law of the Reflection of Light, violations that are impossible according to the first principle of special relativity. From this impossible, and therefore false, contraction of distances, the falsity of time dilations and the falsity of phase differences in synchronizations are formally deduced. Thus, special relativity is an inconsistent theory whose inconsistency must be a consequence of one of its two fundamental principles, the second principle being the only one that can be false, since the first establishes the universality of physical laws, without which the observed consistent evolution of the known universe would be impossible.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum-Elastic Geometry: a Unified Framework for Fields and Fundamental Constants of Nature

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 75 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org!)

We present the Quantum-Elastic Geometry (QEG) theory, a unified framework wherein spacetime is modeled as a fundamental, physical substrate with quantum, elastic, and dissipative properties. The state of this medium is described by a single, symmetric rank-2 tensor field, $mathcal{G}_{muu}$, whose dynamics are governed by a generally covariant action. Known physical interactions are shown to emerge as distinct, irreducible deformation modes of this unified field: gravity, electromagnetism, and a new field --denominated "thermo-entropic field"-- that gives rise to irreversible thermodynamics.Furthermore, fundamental constants of nature are shown to be uniquely determined and interrelated by the substrate's properties. We derive the fundamental constants of nature through two distinct yet convergent approaches: (i) from the physical postulates of QEG, assuming the $mathcal{G}_{muu}$ tensor, its properties leading to dimensional collapse ($[M]equiv[L]equiv[T]$), and parsimonious physical principles (e.g., reciprocity, damped equipartition, self-consistency), we deduce specific functional forms for the constants; and (ii) independently, assuming only foundational geometric principles for the substrate (homogeneity, isotropy, covariance, Lorentz invariance) and imposing self-consistency -formalized via a minimal set of geometric normalization conditions consistent with the QEG framework-, we derive the substrate's emergent structure and properties, obtaining precisely the same functional forms for the constants. The outcome is a robust, convergent two-way deductive framework, in which fundamental constants are geometrically enforced, emerging as predictable consequences of a stable and symmetrically constrained geometry.Finally, we show how the theory predicts -among other results- a scale-dependent gravitational coupling derived from a geometric duality in self-energy, which offers a parameter-free resolution to key cosmological tensions, including the Hubble crisis.In summary, QEG provides a coherent and consistent origin for both fields and constants, unifying them as rigorously derived emergent properties of a single, dynamic spacetime substrate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Truly Non-Material Source of Energy

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 6 pages

If a non-material energy source were to exist, it could solve two problems in physics at once by identifying a common cause underlying the existence of dark matter and dark energy. Moreover, it could solve a third problem related to ordinary gravity, which general relativity still cannot explain.In fact, such a non-material source of energy was described by Nikola Tesla, who called it a "primary substance." However, this insight was not embraced by the physics community and has only recently been described in a series of articles.This article reveals the nature of the gravitational field, allowing us to understand the existence of "pure gravity" without the participation of mass at astronomical and cosmological scales. This explains the phenomena of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Curvature-Regulated Infrared Gravity Without New Degrees of Freedom

Authors: Ajay Kumar
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a conservative infrared extension of General Relativity in which late-timecosmic acceleration emerges from a curvature-regulated modification of gravitational timedilation. The framework introduces no additional propagating degrees of freedom and remains fully covariant at the action level. Exponential suppression ensures agreement withall laboratory, solar-system, and strong-field tests of gravity. We provide a detailed mathematical formulation, analyze background and perturbative dynamics, compare with existingobservational constraints, and study the theory across solar, galactic, and cosmological curvature scales. The model reproduces ΛCDM behavior at late times while yielding distinct,testable predictions in ultra-low curvature environments
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hydrodynamic Resolution of the Hubble Tension and Prediction of Chromatic Vacuum Dispersion

Authors: A. J. Emili
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite all listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The persistent discrepancy between local measurements of the Hubble constant H_0 ~ 73 km/s/Mpc) and values derived from the Cosmic Microwave Background H_0 ~ 67 km/s/Mpc) suggests a fundamental incompleteness in the LambdaCDM model. We propose a solution based on dissipative wave mechanics within a viscous continuum. By introducing a non-vanishing kinematic viscosity nu to the vacuum substrate, we demonstrate that cosmological redshift is a non-linear function of distance, induced by Taylor-Couette-like dissipation rather than metric expansion. Numerical fitting against 2026 data from Cosmic Chronometers and JWST-JADES reveals that a single viscous parameter resolves the tension. Furthermore, we derive a falsifiable prediction: a Vacuum Dispersion (CVD), implying that redshift is frequency-dependent (d z / d omega > 0). This effect is testable with current lensed supernova observations.Keywords: Hubble Tension, Vacuum Viscosity, Dissipative Cosmology, Dark Energy, Alternative, Chromatic Dispersion, Hydrodynamic Spacetime
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergence of Classical Gravity from Continuous Spacetime Dimensions

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

We develop a geometric framework in which classical gravity emerges from spacetime endowed with continuous, non-integer effective dimensions. Spacetime is modeled as a fractal measure space, exemplified by Cantor Dust (CD) constructions, where the Hausdorff measure replaces ordinary volume. We point out that the notion of fractal measure plays the physical role of gravitational mass, leading to modified Poisson equations and nonlocal Green’s functions without introducing additional matter components. The resulting gravitational kernel exhibits scale-dependent behavior determined solely by the effective dimension of spacetime. This approach provides a unified explanation for long-range gravitational anomalies and establishes a direct connection between Dimensional Regularization, nonlocal gravity, and emergent Dark-Matter phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Big Bang Reconsidered

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

Recent observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope suggest a reformulation of what is called the "Big Bang." Here, we offer a detailed interpretation that incorporates the hypothesis of the universe's rebound as envisioned by Roger Penrose. This hypothesis presents three major advantages: the conservation of energy, the elimination of infinities, and the non-necessity of the inflation hypothesis. We provide numerical data to support this new conception.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cantor Dust and the Physics of Dark Matter (Chapter 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

We have recently conjectured that Dark Matter (DM) emerges from a statistically homogeneous and isotropic Cantor Dust (CD) mass distribution described by a singular multifractal measure [21 - 23]. The goal of this book is to show that leading DM paradigms—self-interacting, fuzzy, axion, and superfluid DM—emerge as effective descriptions of primordial CD. From this perspective, the multifractal representation of CD provides an ultraviolet completion of DM phenomenology, unifying galactic dynamics, lensing, and large-scale structure while remaining consistent with cluster-scale constraints and experimental observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ideas on the Origin of the Lorentz Factor

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper I put forward some ideas for a physical explanation of the origins of the Lorentz Factor, γ, and how it explains relativistic time dilation, length contraction and Inertia (mass) increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stochastic Geometric Gravity: A Self-Consistent Framework for Gravitational Fluctuations

Authors: Bernard Lavenda
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a stochastic geometric framework for gravity, starting from the Gravitational Balance Equations (GBE)~cite{lavenda} which arise from varying the Einstein-Hilbert action with respect to sectoral scale factors in a doubly-warped spacetime. The extrinsic curvature is promoted to a random field, and a moment hierarchy is derived from the GBE. A geometric projector closure maps second moments to an effective fluctuation curvature, yielding closed mean equations without ad-hoc stress tensors. The fluctuation energy obeys a generalized Bochner formula, linking geometric dissipation to the mean extrinsic curvature and the intrinsic curvature of the leaves. This approach provides a self-consistent probabilistic description of gravitational fluctuations, revealing that classical general relativity is not a fundamental deterministic theory but rather the first-moment truncation of a more complete stochastic geometric description. In particular, the so-called ``exact'' vacuum solutions of Einstein's equations--such as Schwarzschild--are not exact; they are mean-field approximations that neglect the essential nonlinear term (K_{AB}K^{AB}) and all higher fluctuations. This neglect becomes manifest in regimes beyond the photon sphere ((G<3M)), where the classical hierarchy of terms breaks down and the mean-field description yields unphysical results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Effect of "Time Scaling" on Astronomical Constants, from the Systems that Use "TCB", "TCG", "TT", or "TDB".

Authors: Erik G. Bergren
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name and an abstract are required in the article; please cite and list scientific references)

Explanation of the Relativistic Space-Time Scales defined by the IAU called "TCB", "TCG", "TT", and "TDB", and the resulting effects on report of times, velocities, positions, and masses using those measurement frames, for example as in the JPL Ephemerides. The constants of those measurement systems are calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Four Index Einstein Field Equations with Quantum Like Effects from Pure Geometry and CPT Symmetry Addition to Metric Tensor

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this work I present extensions of Einstein field equations cite{1} into four index equations. This extensions give as natural result a energy tensor for vacuum thus for gravity field. It's all construct in spirit of two index field equations and in truth does not need any additional assumptions about field equations. Form it follows that it's natural completeness of two index equations not a true extension as it fully defines curvature tensor not only Ricci part of curvature as it happens in two index equations. In next parts of work I add CPT symmetry cite{2} into equations and make arguments about it's only possible extensions of metric tensor cite{1}, additionally I add interpretation about gluing manifolds in certain way, from them follows how to avoid CTC cite{5} and those do not care about singularities in solutions. Finally at last part of work I add quantum like effects from pure geometry without invoking any quantization of field. Those effects are divided into two parts, one is about wave function like object and measurement, next one is about spin as orientation of manifold. Wave function like object is constructed from normalized curvature invariant. That plays role of "probability" of finding object in given volume of spacetime at given interval of time. I did no present direct solutions to those equations or concrete examples where it differs from General Relativity cite{1}.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Alternatives to the Classical Hamiltonian and Lagrangian

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 11 Pages.

The feasibility of using in physics of relativistically invariant Newtonians of the free inertial rest energyof matter and Keplerians of the ordinary rest energy of matter, respectively, instead of relativistically noninvariantHamiltonians and Lagrangians, has been shown. And this is in good agreement not only withrelativistically invariant thermodynamics, but also with the equations of the dynamic gravitational field ofboth the Solar System and flat galaxies. Newton's law of gravity is obtained directly from the condition ofno change in the flow of the proper time of matter during its inertial motion in a gravitational field. Andthus the presence of complete compensation of the gravitational dilation of time of the matter by itsinertial motion is proved. True relativistic transformations of the increments of spatial coordinates andtime are obtained. The true relativistic transformations of increments of spatial coordinates and time arepresented. These transformations are based on Keplerian (which is alternative to Lagrangian) and differ from Lorentz transformations only in one parameter b. Based on the analysis of the motion of the planets, the compensation by the centrifugal pseudo-force of inertia not only of the gravitational pseudoforce, but also of the pseudo-force of evolutionary self-contraction of the matter to the center of gravity is confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Big Bang as a Skyrmionlike Interaction of Two Topological Defects-Configurations in a Non-Linear Field Without Initial Singularity-the Yin-Yang-Model

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 27 Pages.

An interaction of two coupling fields of fourth order leads to a local energy overthrow, which can generate a form of Big Bang over a phase transition. The interaction of two topological, skyrmionlike objects can cause this sort of Big Bang in a form of description. The assumption, that the first cause thereby is generated from a pointlike singularity is neglected through a substitute of a kink an its antikink of a skyrmionlike structure. The theory- description is a approximation of spacetime — for one/two spacelike dimensions and one timelike dimension. As well as the early but also later phases of the universe are similiar in description to classical theories in inflation and later phases for a universe caused by a single singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Vacuum Energy from Apparent-Horizon Thermodynamics

Authors: Aung Kyaw Sunn
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Recent high-precision cosmological observations have revealed statistically significanttensions between early-universe inferences and late-time measurements, most notably in theHubble constant H0 and the clustering amplitude parameter S8. These discrepancies mayindicate limitations of the standard ΛCDM framework when extrapolated across cosmicepochs. In this work, we develop a thermodynamically motivated cosmological model in which the dark energy component is not introduced as a fundamental constant, but instead emerges dynamically from the thermodynamics of the apparent horizon. By applying Hayward’s unified first law in conjunction with the Clausius relation to the cosmological apparent horizon, we derive a self-consistent evolution equation for the Hubble parameter H(z). Numerical integration of the resulting evolution law yields a present-day expansion rate H0 ≃ 71.0 kms−1 Mpc−1, which lies between cosmic microwave background inferences and local distance ladder measurements. The model further predicts a present-day matter density Ωm,0 = 0.2677 and a clustering parameter S8 = 0.781, both of which are consistent withrecent weak lensing constraints. ...notably in the Hubble constant H0 [2] and the clusteringamplitude parameter S8 [8]. These results suggest that horizon thermodynamics may provide a viable mechanism for generating an effective dark energy component, and that the observed cosmological tensions could reflect an incomplete thermodynamic description of the cosmic expansion history rather than the need for new fundamental fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cantor Dust as Comprehensive Solution to the Dark Matter Puzzle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.

As sequel to [1 - 2], this work explores the gravitational consequences of Cantor Dust formation in the primordial Universe. We find that the multifractal structure of Cantor Dust (CD) can account for a wide range of galactic and cosmological phenomena, commonly attributed to either particle Dark Matter (DM) or modified Newtonian gravity (MOND). Asymptotically flat rotation curves are recovered without invoking modified force laws. Baryonic cooling and dissipation fix the extent of luminous structures at a universal acceleration scale, which leads naturally to the baryonic Tully—Fisher relation (BTFR). We survey weak lensing, dynamical friction, and cluster constraints, and outline testable observational signatures distinguishing this framework from standard cold DM scenarios. In summary, our results suggest that CD provides a unified geometric explanation of DM phenomenology across multiple scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution of the Cosmological Constant [in Comparison With] Multiverse Version of Penrose CCC Cosmology, and Klauder Enhanced Quantization

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 16 Pages.

This study compares a multiverse generalization of CCC Penrose cosmology with my work on Klauder enhanced quantization and the cosmological constant problem. While it is not linked to tokamaks, it is still interesting to contemplate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[ Exploration on the Plausibility of The] Dependence of Light Velocity Upon Movement of Light Source

Authors: Chan Bock Lee
Comments: 13 Pages.

The special theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905 postulates that velocity of light is independent of movement of its light source. It is different from conventional Newtonian mechanics for objects. Based upon advancements in understanding light up to now since 1905, dependence of light velocity upon movement of its light source was investigated. Analysis of characteristics of light such as generation, traveling and interaction with the matter showed that light can be regarded as a discrete one, a particle or a photon. Through analysis of the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment and the working mechanism of radar, it was found that velocity of light depends upon velocity of the light source. Therefore, Newtonian mechanics can be applied to light as same as all the other objects. The evidences which have been used to support the special theory of relativity, such as light from binary stars and time dilation measured in satellite using atomic clock were discussed to show that they can not be solid or sufficient verification. The subjects which need to be updated when the special theory of relativity is not valid, were discussed. As Newtonian mechanics is applied to light, physics and the universe could be more easily conceivable and accessible by using the frame of the three-dimensional space and time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tentative Additional Explanations to Why Electric Charges Attract and Repel Each Other

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 23 Pages.

Newton's Universal Gravitational Law (1) provided the magnitude of the Force of the attraction between massive bodies. However, the reason what causes this attraction remained a mystery until the introduction of Einstein's General Relativity Theory (GRT)(2). GRT explained the attraction between massive bodies, but Physics does not provide yet a tested, verifiable explanation to the question: why Electric Charges attract and repel each other, despite the fact, that the Coulomb's Law Force (3) provided the magnitude of the Force of the attraction or the repulsion between Electric Charges. Current main stream Physics does provide several theories which attempt to provide an explanation to why Electric Charges attract and repel each other, but all these theories are still in the stage of research and investigation, and none propose a feasible test or experiment to provide additional validity to its claims. This paper proposes tentative additional explanations to the question: why Electric Charges attract and repel each other, along with a feasible proposed experiment. Since GRT replaced the Energy embedded in Newton's Gravitation Field with Einstein's four-dimensional interwoven spacetime Field, and Newton's Universal Gravitational Force with the geometry attributed to Einstein's four-dimensional interwoven spacetime, then, similarly to GRT, this paper presents, that it might be reasonable to present, several models, which replace the Coulomb's Electric Force with additional geometries, attributed to the Energies embedded in the Electric Fields, such that, these models, might provide additional explanations to why Electric Charges attract and repel each other. And, as already mentioned above, this paper also proposes a feasible experiment which might either provide additional validity to the models presented in this paper, or disprove them. An explanation to why Electric Charges attract and repel each other is just one issue in a larger attempt to Unify Gravity and Electromagnetism. Thus, the existing theories that also try to provide an explanation to why Electric Charges attract and repel each other, also propose a tentative Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism. Thus, if the experiment, proposed in this paper, will be implemented, and its results will be successful, this might also provide a lead, to achieve a tentative Unification between Gravity and Electromagnetism, a significant issue which is still an open subject.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Falsifiable Effective Framework for Superfluid Vacuum Dynamics in Cosmology and Galaxies

Authors: Yi-Chia, Tsen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a theoretical cosmology framework in which the classical spacetime manifold is reinterpreted as an emergent superfluid vacuum, described by a Bose--Einstein condensate governed by a nonlinear textit{logarithmic Schr"{o}dinger equation} (LogSE). In this two-phase picture, the homogeneous ground-state of the condensate (Phase A) gives rise to cosmic acceleration (dark energy) through its negative pressure and exhibits a small bulk viscosity that can reconcile disparate measurements of the Hubble constant. Meanwhile, excited states of the condensate (Phase B) form quantized vortices and density solitons that behave as dark matter halos in galaxies. We derive the effective fluid dynamics of this superfluid vacuum, showing that it naturally yields a cosmic equation-of-state $w approx -1$ on large scales and MOND-like phenomenology on galactic scales, without requiring unknown particle species. We demonstrate that quantum pressure from the LogSE resolves the core--cusp problem by stabilizing galactic cores, and that the logarithmic self-interaction allows halo core sizes to be decoupled from the particle mass, avoiding the Catch-22'' that plagues fuzzy dark matter. The framework is confronted with observations: it passes current cosmological tests and galactic rotation curve data, while making distinct, falsifiable predictions. In particular, Lorentz invariance emerges only as a low-energy symmetry of the superfluid vacuum, implying an energy-dependent vacuum refractive index at high energies. We discuss how precision multimessenger timing (e.g., GW170817) and ultra-high-energy gamma-ray observations (e.g., LHAASO detection of GRB~221009A) place stringent constraints on any such Lorentz-violating dispersion. Upcoming astronomical surveys and particle experiments will further test this unified dark'' sector framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Length Expansion: A Prerequisite for Understanding the Principle of the Constancy of the Speed of Light and Various Relativistic Paradoxes

Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 39 Pages.

The second principle of relativity, stating that the speed of light is constant re-gardless of the source’s velocity, remains incompletely understood.Moreover, thespeed of light is incompatible with length contraction.Beyond this, relativity stillcontains many thought experiments that are difficult to comprehend. These includeBell’s spaceship paradox, the muon paradox, the Supplee submarine paradox, andthe Ehrenfest paradox. The commonality among these problems is that logical con-tradictions arise during the application of length contraction. Since these problemsstem from length contraction, approaching them with length expansion logically re-solves all issues. This article examines whether length expansion resolves this seriesof problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Localized Structures: Nonsingular Black Holes and Dark-Matter Candidates

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 9 Pages.

Regular black-hole models featuring a de Sitter-like core have been proposed as a way to avoid curvature singularities within classical general relativity. In this work we develop an alternative vacuum-based approach in which a black hole or compact object is supported by a Vacuum Localized Structure (VLS): a smooth, localized distribution of vacuum energy described by a Gaussian profile. The resulting spacetime has finite central density, a regular de Sitter-like interior, and an exterior that approaches the Schwarzschild solution. Energy—momentum conservation causes the localized vacuum to become anisotropic, yielding effective stresses similar to those in known regular black-hole and gravastar models. Depending on the mass and scale of the VLS, the geometry may contain two horizons or none, allowing for both regular black holes and horizonless ultracompact objects. Because the same vacuum structure can be extended to galactic scales, the VLS framework also offers a natural alternative to particle dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Regular Rotating Vacuum Localized Structures in General Relativity

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 12 Pages.

We investigate rotating Vacuum Localized Structures (VLS), extending earlier work on static vacuum-supported gravitational configurations to include angular momentum. VLS are described phenomenologically by an anisotropic vacuum stress—energy tensor with positive energy density and vacuum-like negative radial pressure, leading to regular, self-gravitating configurations without conventional matter sources. We show that such configurations can consistently support rotation while remaining regular and free of horizons within the slow-rotation approximation.Rotation is treated perturbatively, allowing for physically significant linear velocities while maintaining control of the expansion. In the weak-field regime, a Poisson-based analysis is used to derive the rotating configuration and to compute the associated radial and tangential pressure profiles explicitly. These profiles are shown to remain well behaved throughout the structure and to reduce smoothly to the static limit in the absence of rotation.From an astrophysical perspective, rotating VLS provide a potential alternative to particle dark matter, as their gravitational effects arise from vacuum structure rather than from baryonic or exotic matter. More generally, they offer a framework for modeling compact, rotating, vacuum-dominated objects in general relativity without curvature singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Theory of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives (Ⅰ) Ultimate Quantum: Phase Transition & Big Bang

Authors: Xiaoliang Tian, Xiaohua Li, Hui Sun
Comments: 19 Pages.

The origin of the cosmic singularity and vacuum zero-point energy, long-standing puzzles in Big Bang cosmology challenging current physical frameworks, remain central issues in modern physics. Based on the Cosmic First Principles, this study establishes "Electric Primitives" and "Magnetic Primitives" as the ultimate quantum primitives of the universe, constructs the "Cosmic Theory of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives", and proposes a phase transition-driven mechanism for singularity evolution. Key findings: True Vacuum consists of Primordial Unities formed by the symmetric fusion of Electric Primitives and Magnetic Primitives; False Vacuum is composed of Electric Primitives, Magnetic Primitives, and Electromagnetic Primitives—all generated from phase transitions of Primordial Unities. Together, these structural features reveal the microscopic origin of vacuum zero-point energy. Their self-organization drives phase transitions, the Big Bang, and spacetime evolution. The logical consistency of the proposed phase transition mechanism and cosmic evolution framework is verified via thought experiments, providing theoretical operability for interpreting unobservable early cosmic processes. This study establishes a theoretical bridge linking quantum primitives to cosmic evolution, offering a groundbreaking framework for resolving the mystery of cosmic origin and advancing the unification of quantum mechanics and relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Structure Formation from Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 19 Pages.

We outline an unconventional framework for cosmic structure formation in which the underlying Dark Matter (DM) distribution is modeled as a multifractal Cantor Dust (CD). In this scenario, the fractal geometry of CD generates scale-dependent gravitational potentials that seed the collapse of baryonic matter without requiring primordial gravitational fields or particle-like DM clumps. DM resides on a multifractal support with Hausdorff dimension D<3, a gravitational scaffolding which traps baryons into filaments, walls, and voids. Cooling baryonic gas undergoes hierarchical collapse, producing structures from the proto-galactic to stellar scale. This approach can potentially explain the emergence of Newtonian-like galaxies in the interiors of fractal potentials while resolving conceptual issues inherent in standard cosmology, including the cusp—core problem, angular momentum loss, and early formation of massive galaxies. Our results suggest that multifractal gravitational backgrounds provide a physically consistent and predictive alternative paradigm for the formation and evolution of cosmic structures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ignoring the Compensation of Gravitational Time Dilation by Inertial Motion and Other Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Physics, Astronomy, and Cosmology

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 70 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR). The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown the possible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority of revealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy and cosmology, but also of physics in general. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The fact that spatial distribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds to astronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the GR and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead of luminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It is concluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of the presence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geodesic Completeness in Schwarzschild Spacetime via Discrete Superluminal Transitions in the Proper Frame

Authors: Ashim Nath
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Standard General Relativity predicts that massive particles crossing the event horizon of a black hole inevitably terminate at a spacelike singularity (r=0). This paper proposes a modification to the standard kinematic model of fermions to resolve this geodesic incompleteness. We posit that elementary particles undergo Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) in the temporal dimension of their proper frame. By treating the speed of light c not as an asymptotic limit but as a phase transition boundary, we show that the electron-positron annihilation vertex is topologically equivalent to a superluminal reflection event. When applied to gravitational collapse, this framework implies that the Event Horizon acts as a Causal Phase Boundary. Upon reaching the horizon, the particle undergoes a CPT inversion relative to the background metric, effectively reinterpreting the horizon not as an entrance to an interior, but as a repulsive phase transition surface. Furthermore, by extending this phase-dependent horizon logic to higher velocity bands (v≥2c), we establish a continuous topology where a single particle oscillates through infinite generations of matter and antimatter, eliminating the physical singularity. Mathematically, this framework suggests that the spacetime metric is Finslerian, possessing a velocity-dependent signature that ensures action stability across superluminal transitions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Matter-Only Cosmology: A Unified Origin for Inflation and Dark Energy

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 59 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org!)

The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, successfully describes cosmic acceleration but posits dark energy as a mysterious, independent component of the universe. This paper demonstrates, instead, that dark energy is not a fundamental entity separate from matter, but rather arises as Gravitational Self-Energy (GSE) inherent to matter itself. This model, called Matter-Only Cosmology (MOC), shows that the observed matter density (Ω_m ~ 0.315) naturally generates a dark energy density more than twice as large (Ω_Λ ~ 0.685), driving late-time cosmic acceleration. This is made possible by the dynamic interplay of two competing GSE-induced terms: a negative self-energy component (ρ_{gs}) and a positive interaction component (ρ_{m-gs}), all within standard gravity and without the need for fine-tuning or new fundamental fields. This unified framework elegantly resolves several of the deepest problems in physics. It not only provides a concrete physical origin for dark energy, but also predicts its entire life cycle, showing that it must have been attractive in the early universe, enhancing structure formation, before transitioning to a repulsive phase that drives cosmic acceleration. In doing so, it naturally explains the Hubble tension, the existence of massive galaxies in the early universe, recent indications of a weakening dark energy component, and resolves the cosmological constant coincidence problem. Moreover, MOC unifies the physics of primordial inflation and late-time acceleration as the same GSE dynamics, each with a natural, built-in end mechanism. Finally, by predicting stable, non-singular black hole interiors, MOC offers a resolution to the black hole information paradox. By expressing dark energy as an explicit function of the matter density ρ_m and the horizon scale R, the MOC framework transforms it from a phenomenological parameter into a predictive and falsifiable physical quantity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Pivot Universe Solution to Hubble’s Crisis

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Hubble crisis refers to the persistent discrepancy between the locally measured Hubble constant (H0≈73 kmu2009s^1u2009Mpc^-1) and the value inferred from early-Universe observations of the cosmic microwave background (H0≈67 kmu2009s^-1u2009Mpc^-1 within the standard ΛCDM framework. This crisis challenges the assumption that a single, spatially uniform expansion rate characterizes the Universe at all epochs and locations.The Pivot Universe (PU) model resolves this discrepancy by abandoning the notion of a global Hubble constant. In PU, the observable Universe resides in a rotating Kerr-like spacetime generated by a massive central Pivot. Cosmological redshifts are interpreted primarily as gravitational and frame-dragging effects rather than metric expansion. The quantity identified observationally as the Hubble constant becomes a position-dependent effective parameter, Heff(r), which varies with radial distance from the Pivot according to Kerr frame-dragging dynamics. In this framework, the Hubble crisis is resolved without invoking new fields, modified gravity, or early dark energy, but by reinterpreting cosmological redshift within standard general relativity applied on a global Kerr background.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in standard/complete manner)

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Tension: Evidence for Patchwork Quilt Structure of Visible World in World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org and further repetition may not be accepted)

The persistent discrepancy between measurements of the Hubble constant H_0 — the fundamental parameter describing the expansion rate of the Universe — has become known as the Hubble Tension. Observational determinations of H_0 derived from different methodologies and distance ladders disagree by amounts far exceeding their quoted uncertainties, suggesting that the standard cosmological framework may be incomplete. In this article, we examine the large-scale Macrostructures of the World — Superclusters and Galaxies — and analyze their Origin and Evolution within the Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), a proposed Transformative New Cosmology [1]. Unlike the Big Bang Model, which assumes a practically infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic Universe expanding from an initial singularity, WUC envisions a three-dimensional finite, boundless observable World as a Patchwork Quilt composed of ≳10^3 Luminous Superclusters that formed independently in different regions and at different cosmological times. While the Cosmic Medium of the World in WUC remains homogeneous and isotropic, the spatial distribution of Macroobjects is inherently inhomogeneous, anisotropic, and temporally non-simultaneous. We show that this intrinsic Patchwork Quilt structure naturally accounts for the observed variations in H_0 , offering a compelling explanation for the Hubble Tension within the WUC framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Compressible Spacetime and Hydrodynamic Warp Drive: A Qmoger Approach

Authors: Michael Isaac Aksman
Comments: 4 Pages.

Traditional warp drive metrics within General Relativity require planetary-mass energies dueto the theoretical "stiffness" of space-time. We propose an alternative mechanism based onthe Quantum Modified General Relativity (QMOGER) framework, which models space-time as a compressible superfluid. By exploiting the compressibility of the vacuum, we demonstrate that energy requirements may be reduced by approximately 20 orders of magnitude. The proposed drive utilizes the Dynamic Casimir Effect (DCE) driven by shortpulse lasers to generate high-pressure gradients and ionization of vacuum, while toroidalmagnetic fields suppress turbulence, enforcing mostly laminar 2D+ flow regime for stablepropulsion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter as Cantor Dust: Numerical Evidence

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.

As benchmark model of complex dynamics, Stuart-Landau (SL) equation describes the universal behavior of nonlinear oscillators near a Hopf bifurcation. The bifurcation gives birth to a stable, finite-amplitude periodic motion called a limit cycle. Here we develop a one-dimensional toy model showing how Dark Matter (DM) follows from the SL equation. We outline how fluctuations in the control parameter μ(x) of the SL equation generate progressive amplitude fragmentation, a process mimicking the iterative construction of Cantor sets. The emerging structure freezes in a cosmological phase known as Cantor Dust, a spontaneously broken condensate whose effective dimension flows from to a non-integer . The resulting fractal dimension computed numerically reinforces the hypothesis of running spacetime dimensions near the Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The General Theory of Entirety

Authors: Kalishwar Das, Harshvardhan Das
Comments: 150 Pages.

The General Theory of Entirety (GTOE) defines Σ = č²(0)¹ as the foundational pre-geometric substrate, where distinguishability is minimal yet structurally stable. Its internal dynamics are governed by the NFB—UZ—PFB recursion engine, which generates oscillatory identity-instability, establishes the curvature-capacity field, and produces the pressure that compels the transition č² → X². This projection gives rise to spacetime, matter profiles, and curvature without requiring an initial singularity, thereby resolving the "something-from-nothing" problem through structural necessity rather than creation. GTOE positions consciousness not as an emergent by-product of geometry but as an ontological condition of stability around UZ during recursive transitions. Although the theory is pre-geometric at its source, it yields empirically testable geometric consequences within the X² layer, including curvature attenuation patterns, horizon constraints, and specific early-universe behaviors. GTOE therefore reframes cosmology, ontology, and measurement as convergent expressions of a single recursive substrate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Decelerated Universe

Authors: Oliver Rast
Comments: 70 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The specialised field of extragalactic cosmology is about one hundred years old. Over the time, it is divided into many sections. A new framework is needed to overcome the severe difficulties of the standard model of cosmology. In this model, the period of evolution of the universe is set to 13.8 Billion years. The initial limit is a primordial fireball (Big Bang) and a continuous expansion of the whole matter. To fit the observations to the model, many additional assumptions are needed, such as inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. To date, these assumptions can not be confirmed or refuted. Meanwhile, the community of cosmologists can provide no observations that could falsify this standard model of cosmology.This paper demonstrates a spheric universe of constant size and content of matter-energy. This model is close to Einstein's first ideas in his cosmological considerations. The misapprehension was to call such universe a 'static universe'. Contrary to this my universe is very dynamic. I name it 'Schwarzschild universe', because Karl Schwarzschild demonstrated 1916 that huge amount of matter form robust spheres. In this paper I will bring together discussions and hypothesis before 1933 of Albert Einstein, Karl Schwarzschild, Arthur S. Eddington and others, and observations after 1945. I will submit proposals to avoid additional assumptions or 'new physics'.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving the Hubble Tension via Intrinsic Supernova Luminosity Evolution: Evidence from Pantheon+

Authors: Michal Ozga
Comments: 4 Pages. English. PDF generated from LaTeX. Submitted under standard viXra terms.

The Hubble Tension—the statistically significant (5σ) discrepancy between Planck and SH0ES determinations of the Hubble constant—is typically interpreted as evidence for either new physics beyond ΛCDM or local geometric anomalies (e.g., a "Local Void"). In this work, we perform a rigorous hypothesis test using the Pantheon+ Type Ia Supernovae dataset (1701 events), incorporating the full systematic covariance matrix. We test two competing models against the standard cosmological baseline: (1) a local geometric underdensity modeled via virial phase-space dynamics, and (2) an astrophysical model allowing for intrinsic luminosity evolution of SNe Ia. Our analysis yields two decisive results: geometric solutions are strongly excluded by the data, while intrinsic luminosity evolution is statistically preferred, aligning the Pantheon+ distance scale with Planck-derived H_0.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Theory of Civilization's Autonomous Symbiotic Breakthrough Under the Matter-Energy Evolution of the Three-Dimensional Universe: A Scientific Model Based on Cosmic Time Scales

Authors: Xin Zhao
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper constructs a three-dimensional dynamic model to systematically analyze the matter-energy evolution mechanism of the universe and its coupling relationship with civilization’s autonomous symbiotic development. Starting from the limitations of traditional cosmological hypotheses (e.g., the heat death theory), we integrate time-scale logic and low-probability event transformation rules to explore the feasibility of civilization breaking through evolutionary bottlenecks.The model verifies that the universe’s matter-energy circulation system can support civilization’s autonomous symbiosis via logical derivation, and clarifies the interactive mechanism between cosmic evolution rhythms and civilization’s adaptive strategies. We argue that the autonomous symbiosis of civilization is not only a response to cosmic matter-energy changes, but also a driving force to reshape the local evolution trajectory of the universe.This study provides a new theoretical framework for understanding the co-evolution of the universe and civilization, and lays a foundation for further exploring the practical path of civilization’s long-term survival in the cosmic system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Serial Report 3: Einstein's Prediction of Gravitational Waves is an Error [?]

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 24 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in physics, has generalized and unified Newtonian mechanics and Einstein theory of relativity in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system, becoming what Hawking called Complete Theory. OR serial report 1 has clarified the logical consistency and theoretical validity of OR, as well as, the empirical basis and experimental evidence of OR. The theory of OR has had significant discoveries: as reported in OR Serial Report 1, the speed of light is not really invariant, spacetime is not really curved; as reported in OR Serial Report 2, the rest mass of photons is not really zero. Now, OR Serial Report 3 reports to readers: Einstein mistakenly predicted gravitational waves; LIGO mistakenly detected gravitational waves. In 1916, Einstein derived a wave equation from his gravitational-field equation of general relativity, in which the wave function has two characteristic physical quantities: the Newtonian gravitational potential ; the speed of light c. Accordingly, Einstein decided that the wave in his wave equation must represent gravitational waves, and the speed of gravitational waves must be equivalent to the speed of light. From the GOR gravitational-field equation under the general observation agent OA(u) (u>0), the Gravitational theory of OR (GOR) has also derived a wave equation with two characteristic physical quantities: the Newtonian gravitational potential X; the information-wave speed u of OA(u), which suggests that the wave in the GOR wave equation is the information wave of OA(u), and the Newtonian gravitational potential X is the information about gravitational spacetime loaded or carried by the information wave of OA(u). The theory of OR is a theory of the general observational agent OA(u), in which Einstein’s theory of relativity is only a special case, a theory of optical observation with the optical observation agent OA(c) (u=c). It is thus clear that the wave in Einstein’s wave equation does not represent gravitational waves, but the information wave of the optical agent OA(c), that is, light or an electromagnetic wave transmitting observed information at the speed of light. So, what did LIGO detect?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Saturation: Phenomenological Regularization of Relativistic Dynamics and the Role of Gravitational Potential

Authors: Vakhtang Mchedlishvili
Comments: 7 Pages.

In standard relativistic physics, the divergence of energy density and inertial mass as velocity approaches the speed of light (v -> c) represents a classical singularity, indicating the asymptotic limitation of the mathematical model. In this paper, we introduce the "Principle of Inertial Saturation" (PIS) as a phenomenological mechanism that regularizes the Lorentz factor via an effective vacuum parameter (sigma_eff). The model is based on a generalized Mach's principle, where the local inertial limit is dynamically determined by the gravitational potential. We explicitly construct a scalar field Lagrangian to demonstrate that the vacuum field interacts exclusively with massive fermionic matter via a Yukawa-type coupling, while leaving massless bosons unaffected due to gauge symmetry. This Mass-Momentum Decoupling resolves the Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) problem in astrophysical observations. Furthermore, the theory proposes an alternative, dynamic interpretation of gravitational redshift (inertial modulation instead of geometric time dilation), resolving the ontological paradoxes of the "Block Universe" and the "Ladder Paradox". The model is falsifiable and predicts a significant increase in the energy limit on celestial bodies with low gravitational potential (e.g., the Moon).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Poster for General Covariance as a Spontaneous Subsidiary Symmetry of Lorentz-Covariant Gravity

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 1 Page. Poster created for the 2025 Texas Symposium @ ASU in Tempe, AZ

Physical phenomena other than gravity are customarily assumed to be described by Lorentz-covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. But if all nongravitational phenomena really are Lorentz covariant, it would challenge physical consistency for gravity not to be Lorentz covariant as well. Here we work out the Lorentz-covariant dynamics of test bodies that interact with, respectively, any electromagnetic four-vector potential and any gravitational symmetric-second-rank-tensor potential. A subsidiary symmetry spontaneously emerges in each case: gauge invariance in electromagnetism, and general coordinate covariance in gravitation. We then work out field equations for the electromagnetic and gravitational potentials which incorporate their respective subsidiary symmetries; such field equations unavoidably have an infinite number of candidate solutions for their potentials, but candidate potentials which aren’t Lorentz covariant are of course excluded, as are candidate potentials which violate causality or introduce singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Near-Zero Membrane: A Diagonal Mediator Between Spacetime and Timespace and the Origin of the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Marc Leverant
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose that observable 3+1 spacetime is one sheet of a two-sheeted geometry whose second sheet, ``Timespace,'' has a mirror-perpendicular time coordinate. The sheets intersect along a codimension-1 Near-Zero (Nero) membrane of exactly vanishing classical tension. Vacuum fluctuations on each sheet carry opposite-sign, zero-point energy and would cancel perfectly without the membrane. Quantum diagonal collapse across the Nero membrane disrupts this cancelation by a tiny amount, producing a positive vacuum energy density. High-energy collisions momentarily ``tug'' on the membrane, producing missing energy. The framework explains both the smallness and the positivity of the observed cosmological constant without fine-tuning or anthropics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Diagonal Collapse in Higher Dimensions: Simultaneous Resolution of the Measurement Problem, the Hierarchy of Large Dimensions, the Higgs-Top Tension, and a New Prediction for Ultra-Central Heavy-Ion Collisions

Authors: Marc Leverant
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Using only the extra spatial dimensions already required by the Standard Model effective field theory and by string theory, we demonstrate that physical collapse occurs along perfectly synchronized diagonal trajectories in the full higher-dimensional spacetime. This single geometric fact simultaneously:1. eliminates probabilistic indeterminism from quantum mechanics by taking the classical limitin the extra-dimensional sector only,2. explains why exactly three large spatial dimensions appear at infinity,3. predicts a sharp, isolatable signal of transient on-diagonal Kaluza—Klein/string modeexcitation in ultra-central heavy-ion collisions,4. supplies the precise finite-temperature and higher-dimensional correction required to remove the current Higgs-top Yukawa discrepancy.No new particles or interactions are introduced. This work is closely related to our previous studies on the Near-Zero (Nero) membrane and the Leviathan throat in cyclic cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Causality and Chance in Mutual Symmetry

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 21 Pages.

THE STORY OF FATHER AND FATHERLAND, as a historic philosophical novel, begins with Lepenski Vir on the Danube ("Lepena Whirlpool") and the motto: "I've made up my mind to begin." But from the part EAST, WEST AND SUNSET, the motto is: "There is no beginning nor end, the beginning is a chance and the end is a projection. I've made up my mind to begin, and I thought up the ending." Of course, the novel is a work of art, that's why it is homocentric, by humans for humans, just like the art of the Lepena humans. But science has advanced so much in the meantime that it threatens a paradox, E=mc2: the A-bomb and H-bomb destruction of civilisation itself, far, far before our solar system completes its stellar evolution. It is necessary to overcome homocentrism philosophically. So, the beginning is a chance, and the projection is inertia, according to the law of causality in symmetry with chance, as the Lepena humans also felt. That's something that all people feel; they need to become aware of it. Let us overcome inertia and the desire for eternal power at all costs, even if it means I will be killed. Let us also embrace symmetry and relativity—let us enjoy diversity and freedom.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Elements of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics — Perspectives from Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 7 Pages.

In any proposed thermodynamic mathematical relation two fundamental conditions must be satisfied: (a) the units on each side must be the same and (b) the thermodynamic character on each side must also be the same. If either of these conditions is not satisfied then the proposed equation or inequality is invalid. Temperature is always an intensive thermodynamic coordinate; mass is always an extensive thermodynamic coordinate. The thermodynamic mathematical relations of the kinetic theory of an ideal gas satisfy these two conditions. Despite invoking the laws of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases, cosmology, astronomy and astrophysics violate the laws of thermodynamics by making temperature nonintensive and mass non-extensive, and also violate the kinetic theory of an ideal gas by applying gravitational and Coulomb forces between the particles of an ideal gas when, by definition, there are no forces between the particles of an ideal gas except when they collide elastically with one another and the walls of their container. Consequently, the gaseous theory of the stars is certainly false, and, inter alia, so too the theory of black hole thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mechanism of Gravity is the Flow of Spacetime

Authors: Kurt L. Becker, Kurt J. Becker
Comments: 20 Pages. Experiment being designed to distinguish whether gravity is a push or pull.

This paper posits that the mechanism of gravity is the flow of spacetime. It also posits that spacetime is actually created in the vast voids between galaxy clusters. Spacetime flows into galaxies and bends the straight inertial paths of stars into curves, resulting in circular, elliptical, or parabolic orbits. It shows mathematically how the flat rotation curve of outer galactic stars results.Six quantum properties of spacetime are described: Spacetime is digital and consists of incredibly small particles. Spacetime is constantly being created in the vast voids of the universe. Spacetime is constantly being absorbed inside stars, planets, black holes, and by gases. Spacetime flows. Spacetime is incompressible at low speeds. Neutrinos and gravitons are emitted by stars.Six observable properties are described: The universe is expanding. The flow of spacetime will actually displace or move galaxies, stars, and planets. The flow of spacetime will bend starlight. The flow of spacetime is in constant flux. The flow of spacetime is without limit in distance. The effect of the flow of spacetime on the early clumping of matter after recombination.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Vacuum Theory: A Unified Conformal Galileon Model

Authors: Andrey Bulgakov
Comments: 7 Pages. 3 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a modification of General Relativity within the framework of Horndeski scalar-tensor theories. We postulate the existence of a scalar field that is universally coupled to the matter metric via a conformal factor. This approach ensures the strict equality of the propagation speeds of gravitational and electromagnetic waves (cg = c_gamma), satisfying the stringent constraints from the GW170817 event. To reconcile the theory with Solar System tests, a Cubic Galileon term is introduced in the Lagrangian, implementing the Vainshtein screening mechanism. We show that by selecting the energy scale of the theory as Lambda ~ 10^-13 eV, the scalar field is screened within planetary systems but generates an effective "fifth force" on galactic scales, mimicking a Dark Matter halo and leading to flat rotation curves. On cosmological scales, the field dynamics reproduce the accelerated expansion of the Universe (attractor w approx -1), offering a unified solution to the Dark Matter and Dark Energy problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Kinetic Route to the Lorentz Transform and Beyond

Authors: Jayanta Majumder
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We model an elementary particle as a closed, lightlike intrinsic motion with rest-cycle period $tau$ that can undergo bodily translation without ever exceeding speed~$c$. A local triangle construction and cycle averaging yield the Pythagorean time-share relation $T^{2}=tau^{2}+overline{T}^{2}$ and standard time dilation. Interpreting the reallocation between intrinsic cycling ($T$) and translation ($overline{T}$) as a symmetric two-channel kinetics with rate $k(t)$ integrates to a hyperbolic rotation (Lorentz boost) with rapidity $phi=int k,dt$ and $v/c=tanhphi$. In the small-signal limit this identifies $k=F/(mc)$, linking the kinetic picture to Newton's second law while the $tanh$ nonlinearity enforces the $c$ bound. We also give a physical reading of emph{relative rapidity} as the net logarithmic bias in time-share needed to map between motion states.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Topological Geometrodynamics in Rotating Spacetime: Emergence of Elementary Charge from Einstein-Cartan-Born-Infeld Gravity

Authors: Dapeng Zhu
Comments: 3 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17650976 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Standard Model of particle physics relies on the point-particle hypothesis, which inherentlyleads to renormalization divergences and fails to derive the elementary charge e from first principles. In this article, we propose a non-perturbative geometric unification model where the electron is reconstructed as a toroidal photon soliton confined within a Kerr-Newman vacuum background. By unifying Einstein-Cartan gravity with Born-Infeld electrodynamics, we demonstrate that the stability of such solitons arises from the dynamical equilibrium between torsion-induced gravitational attraction and non-linear electromagnetic repulsion at the Schwinger limit. We rigorously derive theelementary charge as a topological winding number, corrected by a metric coupling factor χ ≈ 1.092 which arises from the frame-dragging effect of the rotating vacuum. This geometric correction successfully resolves the long-standing 8.5% discrepancy in the semi-classical Williamson-van der Mark model. Furthermore, we discuss the phenomenological consistency of this extended structure with high-energy scattering experiments via Bjorken scaling. The model suggests that the Higgs field is the order parameter of a torsion condensate, providing a unified geometric origin for mass, charge, and the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Simultaneity Must be Absolute Inconsistency in the Theory of Special Relativity

Authors: Bhagat Singh Rajawat
Comments: 11 Pages.

[A]n attempt is made here in the form of a thought experiment to prove that the theory of special relativity is logically inconsistent. It is also attempted to locate precisely what was wrong in his 1905 paper. The entire theory is pivoted on Einstein’s conclusion that simultaneity is relative, not absolute. From this notion only he derives the Lorentz transformation equations, from which emerge the ideas of time dilation and length contraction - which automatically stand invalid if the absoluteness of simultaneity is proved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review of Minkowski Space and Lorentz Transformation: a New Theory of Relativity Based on Universal Quantum

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 76 Pages.

The theory of relativity is an important pillar supporting modern physics along with quantum theory, but the open questions present in this theory require revolutionizing the perspective on relativity and mathematical foundations of relativity. We present a generalized theory of relativity, which becomes a consequence of a unified mechanics based on the universal quantum postulated as a primitive elementary particle constituting physical vacuum and matter. Our theory does not require the fun-damental postulates of the theory of relativity, such as the principle of relativity, the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, and the principle of equivalence, and needs only the universal quantum to formulate a new theory of relativity, but explains relativistic effects successfully. Our work shows that the idea for the unified space-time which gives the Lorentz transformation is not mathematically and physically justified. We first analyze from a new angle the concepts, principles and results of the special theory of relativity and prove that it is impossible to construct a theory of relativity using geometry in the Minkowski space. We introduce the concept of the universal quantum concretizing the concept of the ether and construct a consistent theory of relativity based on the concept of the density of universal quanta and of effective time of interaction, without recourse of Einstein’s relativity theory. We construct new relativistic dynamics and electrodynamics based on the effective time of interaction. We formulate a new theory of gravity able to explain relativistic effects, based on the concept of the universal quantum without using the concept of space-time. Thus, our work achieves the aim of constructing a consistent theory of relativity by means of a single mechanism based on the concept of the universal quantum in a unified way to include inertial frames and noninertial frames altogether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classic Tests of Einstein's Theory-the Shapiro Radar Echo Delay Calculated With the Snell’s Law

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 32 Pages.

The Shapiro radar echo delay [is] calculated with the Snell’s Law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time-Partition Model of the Cosmos Reveals Helical Momentum as Fifth Fundamental Force

Authors: Robert B. Pendleton
Comments: 19 Pages. CC BY 4.0. Orcid ID: 0009-0004-6348-0678

Hubble tension, together with results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument showing time-dependence of dark energy, indicate that the standard model of the universe is inadequate, and the list of unsolved problems in cosmology and physics is uncomfortably long. Here I introduce a theoretical description of a simple geometric model that offers intuitive solutions to these problems and a broad range of unexplained natural phenomena. The Time-Partition Model of the Cosmos is based upon the assumption that the initial singularity was spinning at high angular velocity prior to the Big Bang, resulting in extremely high angular momentum. Big-Bang expansion converts angular momentum into Universal Helical Momentum (UHM), the fifth fundamental force, and dark energy is revealed as a fictitious centrifugal force that we perceive in our spiraling, non-inertial frame of reference. The model conforms to known physical laws, unites the fundamental forces as either centripetal or centrifugal forces of helical motion, and reveals the physical reality of dark energy, dark matter, zero-point energy, and time. UHM acting together with the force of gravitational attraction is the kinetic force that drives matter into helices and continuously higher levels of complexity at every scale, and as such, is the counterbalance to Brownian motion and entropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

In a Universe with Zero Spatial Curvature, Dark Energy Cannot Exist [:] One Result Proves It.

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

We have obtained a theoretical result that leads us to believe that a universe with zero spatial curvature is incompatible with the results corresponding to the acceleration of our universe over the last 6 billion years, a phenomenon attributed in the ΛCDM model to the existence of dark energy. To this end, we calculated the scale factor of a universe with zero spatial curvature in the FLRW metric and found that this factor is always linear, thus invalidating the possibility of a positive acceleration of the universe such as that attributed to dark energy. We have demonstrated the linearity of the scale factor in spatially flat universes (k=0) through a mathematical development based on the Friedmann equations and conformally flat metrics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Equations of Thermodynamics with Nonspecific Hidden Variables

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 21 Pages.

For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of four hidden wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The possibility of obtaining the known equations of thermodynamic state of real gases is shown based on the use of both their the limit velocities of individual (separate) motion and the mathematicalexpectations precisely of these four nonspecific hidden parameters (wave functions) and functions of them. It is substantiated that in a quasi-equilibrium state, a real gas has spatial homogeneity not only of its entropy but also of the resulting extensive parameter (an indicator the compressibility coefficient). But the radial values of resulting intensive parameter (an indicator of hierarchical complexity and of quasi-equilibrium of cooling down) of a real gas are invariant in time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Dissipation of Photon: an Alternative Theoretical Model of Cosmological Redshift Based on Quantum Optics

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present an alternative theoretical model andinterpretation of the cosmological redshift based on quantumoptical theory. Our model shows that the energy dissipation of photon due to the interaction of photon with the cosmic matter, electromagnetic vacuum and gravitational field is the main cause of the redshift. Based on the new perspective, the general formula of the cosmological redshift is derived and it is shown that the Hubble law is a special case of this formula. Moreover, the speeding up of the expansion of the universe that the standard cosmological model describes is newly interpreted as a natural result that the newmodel of the redshift provides. Our interpretation of Hubble’s law based on quantum optics is distinguished from the conventional theory in that the theory does not require assumptions such as mysterious dark matter and dark energy that, despite long-term efforts, have not passed experimental test in laboratories at all. Furthermore, our interpretation is free of paradoxical problems associated with dynamic description of the expansion of the universe. Conclusively, it isdemonstrated satisfactorily that the Hubble law is irrelevant to a whole evolution of the universe and instead is due to the energy dissipation of photon interacting with the cosmic matter, electromagnetic vacuum and gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stability of Globular Clusters

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that an isolated star cluster is a stable configuration. Separation of a single star from all the others would cost an amount of energy, that grows with the logarithm of its distance from the remaining rest. This is in contrast to the general opinion that such a cluster would eventually decay into small units. However, this conventional view is hardly ever mentioned, considering the fact that clusters have been found that are older than the (awkwardly supposed) age of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Conservation in General Relativity

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester, Antonino Del Popolo
Comments: 10 Pages. 1 figure, 1 table, Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.11, n.6, (1-10), December 1, 2025

This article shows that the vanishing covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor of the matter is a conservation law. Furthermore, it is explained why energy-momentum pseudotensors of the gravitational field cannot represent its energy density, but this is described up to a factor by the Einstein tensor. The necessarily existing conservation law of total energy, momentum, and stress in general relativity is derived, thereby explaining the phenomena of dark energy and dark matter and solving the cosmological constant problem and the cuspy halo problem. In Newton's theory of gravity, it is the modified Poisson equation that fulfills the requirement of conservation of total energy. Using a model that solves the modified Poisson equation, it turns out that dark matter in modified Newtonian cosmology is nothing other than a central point-like mass, probably a supermassive primordial black hole, thus refuting the cosmological principle and explaining both the Hubble and S_8 tensions. A simple but fairly accurate model is presented that solves the modified Poisson equation to fit the calculated rotation curves to the observed speeds in spiral galaxies, which consist of several components: the central black hole, the bulge, the disk, and the dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole Magnet Theory by Wilmar Marin Moreno

Authors: Wilmar Marin Moreno
Comments: 3 Pages. In Spanish (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Black holes are permanent magnetic dipoles with a double charge: positive pole, negative pole. Their field never reaches zero; it extends in a gradient, connecting the entire cosmos like a live wire. When one absorbs mass, it expels it through the opposite pole, generating electromagnetic repulsion that pushes the next black hole. This push is not the Big Bang; it is expansion. Equation: ∇ × B = μu2080 εu2080 v × B. The universe did not begin: it spins like an eternal solenoid. Author: Wilmar Marín Moreno, Colombian mathematician, independent researcher.

Los agujeros negros son dipolos magnéticos permanentes de doble carga: polo positivo, polo negativo. Su campo nunca se hace cero; se extiende en degradé, conecta todo el cosmos como un cable vivo. Cuando uno absorbe masa, la expulsa por el polo opuesto, genera repulsión electromagnética que empuja al siguiente agujero. Ese empuje no el Big Bang es la expansión. Ecuación: ∇ × B = μu2080 εu2080 v × B. El universo no empezó: gira como solenoide eterno. Autor: Wilmar Marín Moreno, matemático colombiano, investigador independiente. Palabras clave: imanes cósmicos, expansión magnética, cero vacío.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Propulsion by Electromagnetic Induction of Black Hole

Authors: Wilmar Marin Moreno
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

I propose a propulsion system for spacecraft that extracts rotational energy from Kerr black holes by induction in their ergosphere magnetosphere, without penetrating the event horizon. Eight magnetically confined beams of charged plasma are anchored to the far B field (r > 100 r_s), inducing torque via frame-dragging. Key equation: F = q (v × B) + τ = r × (Φ I), where Φ = B · A generates Lorentz thrust with no ejected mass. The spacecraft accelerates at ~0.3c per hop, dilating proper time. Inspired by Blandford-Znajek, but scaled for interstellar travel.

Propongo un sistema de propulsión para naves espaciales que extrae energía rotacional de agujeros negros Kerr mediante inducción en su magnetosfera ergósfera, sin penetrar el horizonte. Ocho haces de plasma cargado, confinados magnéticamente, se anclan al campo B lejano (r > 100 r_s), induciendo torque vía frame-dragging. Ecuación clave: F = q (v × B) + τ = r × (Φ I), donde Φ = B · A genera empuje Lorentz sin masa expulsada. La nave acelera a ~0.3c por salto, dilatando tiempo propio. Inspirado en Blandford-Znajek, pero escalado para viajes interestelares.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes and Gravitational Waves in Light of the New Physical Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 12 Pages.

The theory of general relativity (GR) has been very successful in predicting many cosmic phenomena. However, the GR theory was derived from mathematical considerations; thus, the limitations under which this theory is valid are unknown. In particular, in the case of black holes, the solution to Einstein's equations leads to a singularity, which is physically impossible. Here, we consider the new physical paradigm, based on a physical concept, that solves the problem of the black hole singularity and 22 other unsolved problems in physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Observable Universe is the Cat's Box

Authors: Juan Truchado Martin
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please be scholarly - Cite and list scientific references)

By folding a sheet of paper, we prove that length contraction (special relativity) and spacetime curvature (general relativity) are the same geometric effect seen from inverted observers. In a dynamic universe, light travels the same proper distance for all observers. The radius of the observable universe (~8.8 × 10²u2076 m) coincides with the event horizon scale of the central galactic black hole (2GM ≈ 1.09 × 10²u2077 m), with a maximum Lorentz factor of 1/cu2074 (~1.23 × 10u207b³u2074)—matching the order of the Planck constant h (~6.626 × 10u207b³u2074 J·s). One coincidence could be chance. Two, across 60 orders of magnitude, are not. Mass is spherical self-interaction; time is work done by self-observation. Constants (π, G, c, e) are determined per ds with intrinsic uncertainty. Key equations treat radii and masses as critical quantized values—absent from literature. No citations. Only geometry and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity as Weak Entanglement Between Spacetime Fabrics

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 9 Pages.

We propose that gravity arises not from curvature induced by mass—energy, but from weak nonlocal entanglement between microscopic spacetime fabrics associated with each particle. These fabrics exchange information through a decaying entanglement field that scales as 1/��2, producing time dilation and curvature as emergent synchronization effects. We derive modified Einstein field equations incorporating an entanglement scalar field ��(��) show how the resulting potential yields asymptotically flat galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter, and demonstrate consistency with relativistic lensing constraints. This framework, termed the General Theory of Relative Fabrics (GTRF), unifies general relativity and quantum entanglement under a single geometricinformational principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 139 Pages.

The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass of moving matter to its gravitational mass only by gravity-quantum clock, which is located in the point, from which the matter started its inertial motion, and due to the usage of corrected value of gravitational constant in its pseudo-centric intrinsic frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time, is justified. This is related to the equivalence of inertial mass of matter to the Hamiltonian of its inert free energy, while the gravitational mass of matter is equivalent to the Lagrangian of its ordinary rest energy. The identity of the multiplicative component of the Gibbs free energy to the ordinary rest energy of matter, which is equivalent to its gravitational mass, is substantiated. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is there Really a Cosmic Background Radiation?

Authors: Rik Gielen
Comments: 41 Pages.

The Cosmic Microwave Background CMB is a powerful evidence for the Big Bang theory and is accepted as such by the vast majority of the scientific community. There are always those who doubt the CMB and its interpretation. I am one of those!A sneak peek: "The CMB started 380,000 years after the big bang, when the universe became transparent. The entire universe was filled with mainly neutral hydrogen, and flashes of light (photons) were shooting everywhere and in various directions through the cosmos. The cosmos continued to expand, but no new flashes of light were generated, which means that the photons did not expand with the cosmos either. The hydrogen-filled cosmos expanded, but the photons did not expand with it. They continued to follow their flash directions undisturbed. 300 million years after the big bang, we are interested in some of the CMB radiation near the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0. We want to see how the two types of radiation behave. The redshift of the CMB 300 million years after the big bang is about 75 according to the scientific literature. From that moment on, the CMB and the light from JADES-GS-z14-0 travel towards us together. I cannot accept that the CMB arrives at z = 1,100 (from about 75 to 1,100) while JADES has a redshift of only 14.32 (from 0 to 14.32). To explain the large redshift of the CMB, a fourth redshift was introduced: the cosmological redshift (as space expands, the wavelength of the radiation increases proportionally). When the CMB undergoes this cosmological redshift, so should the light from JADES. But it doesn't! Therefore I would dare to conclude: the CMB redshift cannot be 1,100."In this paper I try to prove that there is no CMB. What then are the radiations measured by Penzias and Wilson in 1964 and subsequently measured with increasing accuracy by the COBE, WMAP and Planck satellites. The measured spectrum of the radiations is a property of the dark, or rather, cosmic energy. The radiation of this cosmic energy caused the unexpected noise in the radio receivers of Penzias and Wilson. The cosmic energy is full of quantum energy and particles and antiparticles that appear for a very short time and then disappear again. They give off strange signals, and these signals are called quantum fluctuations. The strange signals that are emitted here, the quantum fluctuations, can be picked up as electromagnetic background noise. And these are the signals that the researchers call the cosmic background radiation. I would rather call that radiation the Cosmic Foreground Radiation. Cosmic Microwave Foreground (CMF) instead of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Where Did the Antimatter Go?

Authors: Rik Gielen
Comments: 22 Pages.

As we all know, the universe originated 13.8 billion years ago from a single point in nothingness through a massive burst of energy known today as the big bang. The extremely dense and hot point began to expand and cool down, causing some of the energy to concentrate into particles. According to modern physical theories, this should have created an equal number of matter particles, each with a sort of twin with opposite electric charge: antimatter.In the second after their formation, matter and antimatter particles should have annihilated each other, leaving behind an empty, radiation-filled space with no matter, no gases, no galaxies, and no planets. The problem is that we live in a universe full of matter and very little antimatter. So the question is: what happened to the other half of the universe, the antimatter particles? The disappearance of antimatter is one of the biggest mysteries and most open questions in physics. In this article we will show in detail that it is highly unlikely that baryogenesis is a valid explanation for the asymmetry between matter and antimatter. After that we will attempt to propose a solution that preserved symmetry in the universe. The result: an anti-universe in its own three spatial dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Λ—Ω Advanced Scalar Field Law: A Field-Theoretic Unification of Gravitation and Cosmic Expansion",

Authors: Samuel A. Prescott
Comments: 10 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Λ—Ω Advanced Scalar Field Law provides a unified field-theoretic description of gravitation and cosmic expansion, demonstrating that inertia and gravity arise from local coupling between matter and the pervasive Λ-field rather than spacetime curvature. This coupling, modulated through frequency and phase interactions, yields modulated inertia and drives cosmic acceleration without invoking dark matter or dark energy. Numerical simulations of field resonances yield stable normalized densities ⟨ρ⟩ = 0.998 ± 0.002 and fractal evolution from Df(z = 5) ≈ 2.5 to Df(z = 0) ≈ 1.85, addressing key cosmological tensions and predicting measurable deviations in ΔH/H and Δχ consistent with DESI and LISA forecasts
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity at Close Range

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 6 Pages.

In Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR), gravitation is considered as a consequence of space and time curvature, whereas Newton's law of gravity applies strictly in a Euclidean or flat space. Logically, then, Newtonian gravity must relate solely to the time curvature contributionin GR, and instances where Newton's law does not describe phenomena correctly, such as the erihelion rotation of the planet Mercury and the bending of starlight, must be attributable to an effect ofspatial curvature. In this paper, the GR solution for a static point mass is calculated on this basis for correspondence with Newton's law, andfound to be crucially different from the usual interpretation in the current scientific literature. It is shown here that gravitational attraction does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, but tails off to zero. This means there is no singularity at the origin of coordinates where physical laws would break down, and, furthermore, speeds of free-falling objects do not exceed the speed of light. There is also noevent horizon obscuring a black hole at the origin of coordinates, since the spacetime behaves perfectly regularly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity from Primordial Dimensional Fluctuations

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 27 Pages.

We develop a theoretical framework in which the equations of General Relativity (GR) emerge from dimensional fluctuations of the early Universe. The derivation points out that primordial fluctuations in the effective dimensionality of spacetime are governed by the complex Ginzburg—Landau equation (CGLE), which is a coarse-grained description of complex dynamics near the Planck scale. Elaborating on the behavior of CGLE as generic hydrodynamic flow, our paper offers an intriguing path from fractal dimensionality of primordial cosmology to the onset of gravitational physics in the late Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity is Field in Flat Space, not Geometry of Space-Time

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 17 Pages.

The result of this article is that the gravitational field is a field in flat space, not the geometry of space-time. This result is reached from eight considerations of General Relativity and a scalar gravitation field. The reasons why gravitation is not space-time geometry include the following. The Einstein equations do not have valid solutions that can describe the gravitation field of the Sun and the Earth and therefore they are wrong. The geodesic metric of General Relativity does not work. General Relativity cannot be quantised. Einstein's equations are not derived from anywhere. But the strongest argumentsare from considering when a mass can be reduced into a point mass. This is possible onlyif the ball of the geometry grows as r^2 implying flat 3-dimensional spatial space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Quantum-Elastic Geometry: a Geometric Framework for a Unified Physical Description of Nature

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 32 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This work presents a framework for the derivation of key physical constants and their interrelations, building the basis for the geometric structure underlying Quantum-Elastic Geometry (QEG) model, a unified field theory in which spacetime is described as an elastic substrate. From QEG Lagrangian and a generally covariant action, we assume the foundational principles of homogeneity, isotropy, covariance, and Lorentz invariance for a physical substrate, showing that imposing self-consistency -formalized through a minimal set of geometric normalization conditions compatible with QEG basis— uniquely determines the substrate's emergent structure and properties. The outcome is a deductive framework in which fundamental constants are geometrically enforced, emerging as predictable consequences of a stable and symmetrically constrained geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation of Consmological Models of General Relativity

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 18 Pages.

Section 1 of the article shows that the Schwarzschild metric and cosmological models with similar metrics are invalid because the spatial part of the metric is not a valid Riemannian metric in local Cartesian coordinates, as it should. Theorem 1 proves that a metric for the spatial part given in the spherical coordinates of R^3 with only dr^2, dtheta^2 and dphi^2 defines a valid metric in local Cartesian coordinates only if the spatial part of the metric is a scalar metric, i.e., a metric induced by a scalar field. Section 2 has some solutions for a scalar metric in the situation of a point mass in an otherwise empty space. Section 3 and 4 look at the Friedmann's cosmological model from Chapter 5 of Einstein's book combined from his lectures in Princeton. The findings are that each of Einstein's equation can be solved for a model that only depends on t and r, but the Einstein equations do not have a solution that solves them all and gives a valid metric. Additionally the Friedmann model does not give the cosmological solution that Einstein's book says.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposal On Measurement Methods of the One Way Speed of Light

Authors: Junchi Ye
Comments: 9 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND

The ability to measure the exact one-way speed of light had often been thought to be impossible [4, 6]. Under most simplified theoretical conditions, there appears to be no intuitive method of measuring the strict one-way speed of light, with the main problem being the synchronization of clocks at point A and B [4, 6]. The significance proving or disproving the illusion of invariant lightspeed may shed light on the incompleteness and possible improvements of special relativity [5]. However, as of relative recency experiments designed to measure the one way speed of light appears to still be highly limited, where special cases may give false positives [3]. The experiment designed in this paper can provide a precise measurement, when performed under ideal conditions will produce no false positives, and taking into account special relativity. Two spacecraft launched together are sent into a stable solar orbit between the Earth and Mars, spaced out a significant distance (>10 light minutes). Both spacecraft will be synchronized to constantly observe a pulsar - counting pulses, our start signal. Upon reaching a specified number of pulses the probes send signals to each other while starting their timer, ending their timer when they receive the signal from the other side. The end difference should accurately reflect the one-way speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Hole Model: New Interpretation of Gravity and Cosmic Events

Authors: P. K. Meher
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper introduces the Energy Hole Model (EHM), as a framework that interprets gravitational interaction as the manifestation of the persistent energy deficit, termed as "energy hole", formed concurrently with the synthesis of mass. It is based on a core hypothesis which states that the synthesis of a mass $M$ requires the confinement of energy $E = Mc^2$, extracted from the surrounding spacetime. This process leaves a corresponding energy deficit (hole) of $-Mc^2$, which acts as the source of the gravitational field. From this premise, we derive the energy hole density profile for point masses, generalize that for stabilized extended objects, and propose a modified Poisson equation. It is demonstrated that a modified Poisson equation recovers Newtonian gravity as a limiting case, and the classical tests, including light bending, Shapiro delay, and gravitational redshift, are in full agreement with observations, establishing their empirical consistency. Beyond reproducing the established tests of general relativity, the EHM provides conceptual resolutions to cosmological puzzles like:(i) the cosmological constant problem, via the corollary of the core EHM hypothesis, which states that energy confinement is a unique physical process, which is not observed in any other phenomenon except mass formation.(ii) the dark matter as the additional energy deficit over that of baryonic mass, (iii) the dark energy as the residual, positive energy of the spacetime vacuum,(iv) and the gravitational behaviour of compact objects and black holes, including the black hole singularity and the hard horizon problem. The gravitation by negative energy is shown explicitly in the Friedmann equations. The EHM thus offers a unified and physically intuitive description of gravity and cosmic structure, fundamentally linking the concepts of energy synthesis, binding, and deficit formation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis of the Continuous Nature of Time and Baryon Asymmetry

Authors: Kenesov Nursat
Comments: 48 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

In this paper, I explore the idea that time might not just be a parameter we measure events by, but something deeper — a physical quantity that has its own energy and structure. I start with the problem that modern physics, despite all its achievements, still doesn’t really explain what time is. In classical mechanics, it’s just a background variable; in relativity, it becomes flexible but still undefined. So I propose that time should be seen as a measure of energy density — the higher the energy, the slower the flow of time.Using Einstein’s energy equation and the Schwarzschild metric, I show that changes in the rate of time flow (the time dilation factor) can directly describe a body’s total energy. This means that rest energy, kinetic energy, and even gravitational energy are all connected through how time itself "flows" around an object. In short — energy and time are the same thing seen from two sides.Then I extend this idea to antimatter and symmetry. If time can flow forward, it can also flow backward — and that reversed flow corresponds to negative energy, antimatter, and even antigravity. I rewrite Maxwell’s equations for such an inverted world and show that they still work, only with reversed signs: like charges attract, and electromagnetic energy moves "backward." This creates a consistent mirror-world picture that fits CPT symmetry.Finally, I discuss the discreteness of time — whether time moves continuously or in small jumps ("chronons"). Overall, the paper suggests that the flow of time itself could be the key to understanding why our universe is dominated by matter — not antimatter — because time doesn’t just move; it expands in one direction, creating asymmetry at the most fundamental level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Light Bend in a Scalar Gravitational Field?

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages.

If a gravitational theory derived from a metric has metric induced by a scalar field, it is called Nordstr"om's gravitational theory. Einstein claimed that light does not bend in Nordstr"om's theory. The article shows that light does bend in the scalar gravitational theory if light travels along geodesics of the space-time with a scalarmetric. If the scalar theory is understood as describing a field's geometry, not space-time geometry, then light does not travel along geodesics of the gravitational geometry. Lightdoes bend e.g. when passing close to the Sun, but this is caused by matter in the space around the Sun. The article concludes that there are no good reasons to think that light should travel on geodesics of the gravitational field. The article also refutes the geodesic metric for a small test mass and therefore also Einstein's correction to the precession speed of Mercury's perihelion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beyond Ricci Suppression: Complete Curvature Dynamics in Riemannian Gravitation

Authors: Bernard Lavenda
Comments: 37 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose Ricci UNsuppressed Gravity (RUNG), a framework that rejects Ricci-flat assumptions in favor of full Riemann dynamics. We present a unified framework that demonstrates sectional curvaturesof the Riemann tensor—-not Ricci contractions-—govern gravitational wave (GW) physics. Through rigorous analysis of connection coefficients, we identify how Christoffel symbols mediate stress term suppression while preserving essential physics. Our model reveals longitudinal "breather modes" (ell=0) represent spacetime expansion/contraction at sub-luminal speeds ((v_{ttheta}<1)), distinct from GR's transverse-traceless (v_{ttheta}=c) waves. Static curvature stresses, highlighting nonlinear stress-energy effects absent in General Relativity (GR), and restoring suppressed terms in static solutions like Schwarzschild, are shown to have observational consequences even though they are deemed unobservable through projections onto non-timelike surfaces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Maxwell's Equations Are not Lorentz Invariant [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references of other authorities besides self-citations)

Section 1 of the article shows that the first Maxwell's equation is not Lorentz invariant when the charge is nonzero and not stationary. The reasons for the failure of Lorentz invariance is that in order for the transformed equation to allow a solution of the untransformed equation, the charge must transform because of velocity of the inertial frame. This is not possible for reasons explained in Section 3. Section 2 looks at the Lorentz covariant formulation of Maxwell's equations that is used in quantum gauge field theories. The equations this formulation use a Lorentz invariant operator but a Lorentz invariant operator does not imply that theequation is Lorentz invariant. Maxwell's equations are not Lorentz invariant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Schwarzschild Metric is not a Valid Metric [?] and the Einstein Equations Are not Lorentz Invariant [?]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references of other authorities besides self-citations)

The Schwarzschild metric is not a valid metric. Additionally, it does not make the local speed of light equal to c to all directions. It follows that all physical experiments which claim to verify the General Relativity theory by using the Schwarzschild solution as a substantial part of the argument are invalid as verifications of the theory. These include the Pound-Rebka experiment, precession of the perihelion of Mercury, clock dilatation in GPS satellites, Shapiro delay, black holes and bending of light in a gravitational field. Alternative explanations that do not use the the Schwarzschild metric exist [3][6]{19]. By selecting a valid metric that agrees with the Schwarzschild metric on the $x$-axis the article proves that the Einstein equations are not Lorentz invariant. This fact makes the requirement that equations of motion should be Lorentz invariant irrelevant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Derivation of Length Contraction Using Einstein’s Own Thought Experiment

Authors: Phuc Le, Jokubas Tamulis
Comments: 6 Pages.

By now, every high school Physics student has been familiar with the famous Special Theory of Relativity proposed by Einstein. The foundation of Special Theory of Relativity rests on two postulates: (1) The laws of Physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference and (2) The speed of light in a vacuum c = 3 × 10^8 m/s is the same in all inertial frames of reference. The consequences of such postulates are thefamous Time Dilation and Length Contraction formulas. Historically, in his paper Onthe Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies (1905), he derived Length Contraction through Lorentz Transformation. However, this article explores another way Length Contraction could have been discovered: through changing one bit of Einstein’s thought experiment, using the mathematical tool of infinite sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Wavelike Gravitational Potential as the Origin of Dark Matter and Energy

Authors: V. B. Verma
Comments: 13 Pages.

Motivated by the observation made by R. H. Dicke in 1957 that the speed of light seems to be correlated with the gravitational potential of the entire universe, we suggest a modification of general relativity to incorporate a wavelike gravitational potential. We show that the gravitational force derived from such a potential is an emergent property of matter and critically dependent on the distribution of mass on both local and global scales throughout the universe. The theory is free of gravitational singularities. It provides a path to numerically computing the critical acceleration in modified Newtonian dynamics theory (MOND), providing an alternative explanation for dark matter. Finally, we develop a cosmological model and fit the model to high-redshift supernova data from the Supernova Cosmology Project, showing that we obtain an excellent fit with only baryonic matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes’ Edges Are not Like You Were Taught: Radial Null Geodesics in the Oppenheimer—Snyder Metric

Authors: Miquel Piñol
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is widely assumed that collapsing stars become black holes.It is also commonly accepted that the edge of a black hole, its so-called "event horizon", is a surface that can be crossed inward but not outward.However, a collapsing star is properly described by the Oppenheimer—Snyder metric, which corresponds to an eternal asymptotic process in Schwarzschild coordinates, and, as we show, its edge can be crossed outward, but not inward.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Doppler Effect in Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 15 Pages. In Spanish

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave that a receiver experiences due to its relative velocity with respect to the source. As we will see, in the special relativity of fields, we will also take into account other effects such as the potential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Implicit Assumption in Standard Cosmology May Lead to Systematic Biases in the Real Universe

Authors: Liu Enjun
Comments: 28 Pages. The core point of this paper is : The standard cosmological model , by default using volume - weighted average .parameters in the path integral formula to calculate the luminosity distance of supernovae , leads to a systematic underestimation of the predi

This paper focuses on analyzing the following four aspects:First, light passing through galaxy clusters "lacks" a portion of cosmological redshift. The universe is expanding, but galaxy clusters, bound by gravity, do not expand. Consequently, light traversing a galaxy cluster does not undergo cosmological redshift during its passage through the cluster.Second, the expansion of galaxy clusters affects the calculation of the average scale factor of the universe in the past.Third, galaxy clusters accumulate a large amount of matter, leading to a reduction in the matter density of void regions. Although the matter within galaxy clusters also participates in constraining cosmic expansion, its constraining effect on the expansion of void regions is relatively small. This results in a slower time evolution of the expansion rate in the void regions of an inhomogeneous universe, implying that the age of our universe is greater than that of a homogeneous universe. Even the expansion rate of void regions (at the same time calculated backward from the present) is lower than the value predicted by the homogeneous model. By combining the time evolution curves of the Hubble parameter in both models, this paper demonstrates that even after supplementing the "missing" redshift caused by light passing through galaxy clusters, the distance to supernovae calculated using the homogeneous model formula remains smaller than that derived from the inhomogeneous model.Fourth, the standard cosmological model, which默认 uses the volume-weighted average Hubble parameter in the path integral formula to calculate supernova distances, has significant systematic biases. It employs the FLRW metric, effectively treating the large-scale uniformity of the universe as absolute uniformity. This introduces an implicit assumption that the volume-averaged Hubble parameter is equal to the path-averaged Hubble parameter, leading to substantial systematic errors in distance measurements. For example, at a certain redshift, in the model established herein, based on the derived formulas for the path-averaged and volume-averaged Hubble parameters combined with astronomical observation data, the supernova brightness calculated using the path-averaged Hubble parameter is 75% of the brightness predicted by the homogeneous model, while that calculated using the volume-averaged Hubble parameter is 99.1% of the predicted brightness. These results suggest that the formation of stable structures in galaxy clusters may be a crucial reason why the observed brightness of distant supernovae is dimmer than predicted.This paper is an exploratory study and has not yet undergone cross-validation. Any errors are welcome to be criticized and corrected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Imagining the Shape of Space

Authors: Huseyin Ozel
Comments: 51 Pages.

This work comprises an effort to develop a framework to construct various space geometries in 3 and higher dimensions, and also in flat and curved settings. Such construction is based on scientific knowledge, existing approaches, and own approach and imagination. Higher dimensional geometries are presented in forms of 2 and 3 dimensional projections. Curvature settings are considered along regular object bending and also gravitational space warping, however the exact space curvature is rendered according to a proposed methodology that makes use of glissette geometric formation to resolve the shape of space under expansion and contraction conditions. The resulting geometric forms point to potential various physical shapes of the universe and possibly offer an opportunity to help expand our imagination and understanding of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Er != EPR :A Machine Readable ZKP

Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 15 Pages.

We rigorously follow the foundational principles of Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, and Sommerfeld to their natural conclusions and present an operational critique of the ER = EPR conjecture. Employing the bedrock axioms of symmetry and repeatability, which demand that identical experiments yield consistent, directly measurable results; we evaluate the observable claims of both theories without introducing new formalisms. Our analysis reveals that the ER = EPR equivalence is internally inconsistent: the Einstein-Rosen bridge, as a consequence of general relativity's Lorentzian foundation, implies the physical reality of transformed coordinates, which we demonstrate violates repeatability. In contrast, the EPR criterion of reality and Sommerfeld's 1909 spherical model align strictly with direct observability. Via the CST appendix we demonstrate that Sommerfeld's geometric framework naturally satisfies the EPR criterion, reformulating entanglement as deterministic antipodal symmetry on a sphere and offering a collapse-free model of quantum measurement. The results expose a fundamental paradox within Einstein's own legacy, showing that his 1935 papers on ER and EPR advance irreconcilable interpretations of physical reality under the constraints of symmetry and repeatability. This work does not propose new ideas but reveals that the natural conclusions of these classic works are logically incompatible, challenging the coherence of the ER=EPR conjecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Order in the Solar System a Model for Predicting Orbital Distances in the Solar System

Authors: William Reed
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Introduces a novel mathematical model for predicting orbital distances in the Solar System. It reveals that the outer system is a scaled version of the inner system. The model utilizes principles of Pythagorean triples, scaling transformations, and exponential functions. It is entirely independent of gravitational dynamics, Kepler's laws, or the Titius-Bode relation. Both inner (terrestrial) and outer (gas giants, ice giants, and Pluto) planets follow a repeating architectural pattern, with the outer system acting as a scaled version of the inner system by the factor ln(30) (≈3.401197382). The approach computes high-precision orbital predictions (>99% accuracy, with minor deviation for Saturn, potentially linked to planetary migration/Nice model) and may indicate an underlying law governing orbital spacing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Application of Lagrangian Mechanics to the Analysis of Particle Dynamics in a Gravitational Field

Authors: Vladimir B. Belayev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The dynamics of particles in a gravitational field is investigated using Lagrange mechanics. Dynamic equations are obtained, including the rate of energy and momentum transfer to the gravitational field. The motion of particles in the Schwarzschild field is considered and, in the case of weak gravitation, it is determined the passive gravitational mass of a photon and a massive particle under condition of the relationship between the gravitational potential and its velocity $alpha /r<<V^{2} /c^{2} $. The active gravitational mass is found for the system special case of two identical bodies moving in opposite directions.[
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proposition for a Privileged Frame of Reference in a Periodic Minkowski Space-Time

Authors: Alfredo Muñoz
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the present article, we want to analyze a particular case of the twins paradox. As everyone knows, this paradox has been widely discussed and satisfactorily answered. So, Why is another paper necessary? We believe this problem is important because from his solution emerges the existence of a privileged reference frame within the Minkowski space-time that is consistent with the Lorentz transformations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Absence of Causality Paradoxes in Alcubierre Drive FTL Signaling Due to Worldline Intersection Constraints

Authors: Cevdet Caner Telimenli
Comments: 4 Pages.

We analyze the theoretical implications of faster-than-light (FTL) signaling using an Alcubierre warp drive framework. Unlike conventional signals propagating continuously through spacetime, FTL communication via warp bubbles represents discrete spacetime events that must intersect the receiver's worldline precisely in both space and proper time. We show that this intrinsic targeting constraint prevents the formation of closed timelike curves (CTCs) that lead to causality paradoxes. Specifically, failure to account for relativistic proper time and frame differences results in the FTL message "missing" the recipient, thus preventing paradoxical signaling loops. Additionally, we discuss the practical impossibility of docking or interacting with relativistic or superluminal ships, further limiting causality-violating scenarios. This note clarifies misunderstandings about causality violations in Alcubierre-based FTL scenarios and emphasizes operational limits on messaging in warped spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum-Elastic Geometry: a Unified Theory of Fields and Constants of Nature

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 58 Pages.

We present a unified field theory, termed Quantum-Elastic Geometry (QEG), wherein spacetime is modeled as a fundamental, physical substrate with quantum, elastic, and dissipative properties. The state of this medium is described by a single, symmetric rank-2 tensor field, whose dynamics are governed by a generally covariant action. Known physical interactions are shown to emerge as distinct, irreducible deformation modes of this unified field: gravity, electromagnetism, and a new field --denominated "thermo-entropic field"-- that gives rise to irreversible thermodynamics. Furthermore, fundamental constants of nature are shown to be uniquely determined and interrelated by the substrate's properties through a principle of self-consistency, and predicts a scale-dependent gravitational coupling that resolves key cosmological tensions, including the Hubble crisis. In summary, the developed framework offers a coherent origin for fields and constants, unifying them as emergent properties of a single, dynamic spacetime substrate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Longitudinal Mass from Bertozzi's Experiment

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 8 Pages.

The article shows that the energy-momentum relation is incorrect. Kinetic energy does not grow with velocity. Bertozzi's experiment only show that there is an energy component that does grow with velocity, it may be thermal energy. The article looks at Bertozzi's measurements. It is seen that Bertozzi's experiment refutes relativistic kinetic energy. Bertozzi's experiment gives the longitudinal mass of an electron in kinetic energy as roughly $m=gamma^0.5 m_0$ for the Van der Graaf accelerator supporting the new concept of weakening of force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Establishing Physical Parameters Within the Framework of World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted)

Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) presents a fresh approach to understanding Observable World and the science of Cosmology. It builds on the foundations of Classical Physics and has the potential to challenge core assumptions in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Rather than claiming to explain all existing cosmological data or presenting a fully developed theory, WUC serves as a starting point for a New Cosmology envisioned by Paul Dirac in 1937. While further refinement by the global physics community is essential, World-Universe Cosmology’s insights, combined with the groundbreaking discoveries of the JWST and the legacy of Dirac's ideas over 88 years, underscore the need for the fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement of Relativistic Effects with a CRT Oscilloscope

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 2025 Prof. Jorma Jormakka and Wolfgang Sturm published the paper: "Can relativistic mass or weakening of force be measured with a vacuum tube?" This paper develops a mass spectroscopic measurement method using an oscilloscope vacuum tube that answers this question.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

3D Horizons in the Accelerated Natario Warp Drive Vector Using the Adm-MTW-Alcubierre Formalism with Motion Over the X-Axis

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 94 Pages. [Further] developments of viXra:2408.0126 and viXra:2506.0148

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drivevector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to beaccepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natario warpdrive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinatesfor variable speeds.One the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causally disconnected portions ofspacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of aNatario warp drive with variable velocity and a lapse function is also one of the main purposes of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the 1+1 and 3+1 spacetimes with the lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics ds^2=0 of General Relativity and the ADM(Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner) formalismequations with the approach of MTW(Misner-Thorne-Wheeler) and Alcubierre.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Interpretation of Einstein Field Equations and Validation of Energy Hole Model

Authors: P. K. Meher
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of Einstein's Field Equations, which maintains mathematical equivalence with general relativity while providing a mechanistic explanation for gravitational phenomena. By redefining the stress-energy tensor as $E_{muu} = -T_{muu}$ (source-energy tensor) and the Einstein tensor as $S_{muu} = -G_{muu}$ (spacetime strain tensor), we recast the field equations as a constitutive relation $E_{muu} = kappa S_{muu}$, where $kappa = c^4/(8pi G)$ represents the stiffness modulus of spacetime. It is congruent with the energy hole model (EHM), which interprets gravity as arising from energy deficits rather than positive energy densities, offering intuitive explanations for both attractive gravity and dark energy-driven repulsion. We demonstrate how this approach naturally resolves key cosmological puzzles, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy, while reproducing the standard Friedmann equations with modified physical interpretations. The model provides a unified framework for understanding gravitational phenomena without altering the predictive power of general relativity, potentially opening new pathways toward quantum gravity and resolving longstanding paradoxes in modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

True Relativity

Authors: Ashir Azeem
Comments: 9 Pages.

There are some unresolved paradoxes in special relativity and general relativity. This paper is anattempt to fix them all. I presented the true version of relativity. And it is shown conclusively thatspeed of light cannot be same with respect to source or observer. Simultaneity is absolute.Galilean invariance is indeed deep symmetry of the universe. And it applies on the speed of lighttoo. In Michelson and Morely experiment there is simple addition of velocities with respect tosource and mirror so that is why there is no fringe shift when apparatus moves with a certainvelocity. In moving conductor and magnet problem, in both cases same phenomenon is involved.If the conductor is moving there is Lorentz force on the charges in the conductor. And if the magnetis moving then there is same force involved i.e. Lorentz force. Maxwell’s equations cannot be usedto determine that the speed of light is constant for all inertial frames. I conceived that the flaw isnot in Galilean invariance but in Maxwell’s electrodynamics. 3 × 108 m/s is not the speed limit ofthe universe. When a galaxy goes away it gives red shift. It is because of photons or light slowsdown. There is simple addition and subtraction of velocities. Light behaves just like other particles.Speed of light is not constant. Time dilates and inertial mass increases as an object moves. Ingravity there is increase in time dilation and increase in inertial mass. Equivalence principal is notvery extraordinary. No matter how much you can curve spacetime it will not result in acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 64 Pages.

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy, cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension of physical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena and objects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity. Author have analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and have shown the possible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority of revealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy and cosmology, but also of physics in general. Our perception and reflection of physical reality is still very primitive and, foremost, mainly mechanistic, macrocentric and anthropo-limited. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonic dark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead of metrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact that only the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschild sphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizon covers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron stars and quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The big redshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of the gravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in the Universe up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravity phenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to the tendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inert free energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials of matter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary rest energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass of matter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modulus Time: A Symmetrical Framework for the Directionality of Absolute Time and Cyclic Cosmology

Authors: Mohd Ubaidur Rahman Udoy
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper proposes a concept of Modulus Time, denoted as |T|, a framework where time is treated as a symmetric quantity with magnitude independent of direction. In contrast to the conventional concept of time, which flows only in the forward direction, Modulus Time integrates two symmetric directions, +T and -T, each corresponding to contrasting entropy evolution. This symmetrical property naturally suggests a cyclic cosmological framework, where the universe experiences phases of expansion with increasing entropy (+T), followed by contraction with decreasing entropy (-T), forming an indefinitely repeating cycle. We discuss the theoretical significance of Modulus Time, addressing the thermodynamic causality, the arrow of time, and contrasting entropic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Relativistic Mass or Weakening of Force be Measured with a Vacuum Tube?

Authors: Jorma Jormakka, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 15 Pages.

Most physicists do not actually believe that mass depends on velocity as in the relativistic mass formula, but still keep this concept, for instance because an identical formula, energy-momentum relation, is seen as useful. However, there is no sense in keeping false concepts and valid results that have been derived by using false arguments can also be derived in other ways, even in a correct way. Yet, if an alternative explanation is proposed, it would be good to get a proposal for an experiment that can support the new explanation.The presented article discusses experiments that could add strength to the explanation thatrelativistic mass is actually a wrong interpretation of force becoming weaker if the object of the force is escaping the force with nearly the propagation speed of the force. The article considers if such an experiment could be done with a vacuum tube but no experimental results are given yet in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sigma 8 Anomaly as Potential Evidence for Fractal Spacetime (Part 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The sigma 8 anomaly of cosmology refers to discrepancies in the amplitude of matter fluctuations, where low redshifts observations favor weaker matter clustering than predicted by the standard model. Elaborating from the hypothesis of continuous spacetime dimensions, this work offers an alternative explanation of the anomaly, based on scale-dependent corrections to the evolution of density fluctuations. In our interpretation, the sigma 8 anomaly can be viewed as observational evidence for fractal spacetime effects at cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein’s Mysterious Clocks: a Case Study in Sympathetic Magic

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 5 Pages.

When we want to measure something we use a measuring device appropriate for the quantity we want to measure. For instance, if we want to measure the width of a doorway we could use a tape measure or a ruler. Space is not defined by what is used to measure it; space exists independently of the measuring device. Similarly, if we want to measure the pressure in a car tyre we use a pressure gauge. Pressure is not defined by what is used to measure it; pressure exists independently of the measuring device. In the case of measuring time we can use a clock or a watch. A measuring device is used to measure something other than itself. Any measuring device invented to do nothing but measure itself or copies of itself is unnecessary. No measuring device defines what it is used to measure. What it is to be measured is what motivates the invention of the measuring device in the first place. Strangely, in developing his theory of relativity, Einstein used his clocks to define time and thereafter spoke of his clocks. In other words, Einstein’s clocks only ever measure themselves so that clocks running at different rates means, for him, time running at different rates. In doing so Einstein detached his clocks and watches from physical reality and created a fantasyland in which clocks and watches reign supreme. His moving clocks running at different rates constitute moving times running at different rates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generation of Gravitational Wavelets by Stationary Electromagnetic Wave Closed in a Resonant Cavity-a Theoretical Frame

Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In two earlier studies, we demonstrated that due to the enormous accelerations arising during the perpendicular reflection of a photon by a mirror, the photon’s energy distribution behaves as a quadrupole, thereby generating a graviton (or gravitational wavelet) at the same frequency and direction as the reflected photon. For simplicity, only the contribution of the quadrupole component Qxx was previously considered. Here, we extend the analysis to include all quadrupole components associated with perpendicular photon reflection. By applying the standard Einstein quadrupole radiation formula, we show that the energy of the emitted graviton scales as ν^3, revealing a direct coupling between electromagnetism and gravitation. This finding challenges the long-standing but unverified assumption that graviton energy depends linearly on frequency (ν^1). Our results establish that quantum gravity theories must instead incorporate cubic frequency dependence. The proposed framework provides a new bridge between general relativity and quantum approaches, suggesting that confined electromagnetic radiation can act as a direct source of high-frequency gravitational wavelets.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time Dilation Effect of Moving Objects

Authors: Vu Tuan Hiep
Comments: 6 Pages. In Vietnamese (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In the paper "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies -1905", Einstein concluded that time in an inertial moving frame of reference is dilated compared to a frame of reference considered to be at rest. In this paper, we will present the true nature of the time dilation effect. And analyze the time aspect in Einstein's 1905 paper, in order to present the nature of time dilation in the Special Theory of Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity, Momentum, and the Potential Energy Field

Authors: Charles R. Fout
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Relativity is based upon just three guiding principles. A. The speed of light is constant for all observers. B. Observations made from every inertial reference frame are equally valid. C. Inertia and gravitational attraction are identical. To these, I propose adding a fourth: D. Energy density must be conserved. This simple addition leads to a model with particles of fixed and finite size in a Euclidean field of potential energy. The model is more simple and intuitive than general relativity. It also shows a "flattening" of gravitational attraction in low energy areas like the outer regions of rotating galaxies, where general relativity is known to fail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dirac Equation is not Lorentz Covariant and it is not Dependent on Special Relativity

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 6 Pages.

Papers [1] and [2] prove beyond any doubt that Special Relativity Theory (SRT) and the relativistic mass equation are false. A natural question is what happens to the Dirac equation that certainly one would like to save. Some people even go so far as to suggest that since the Dirac equation works in many applications, it in some way proves that SRT is correct. They point to the Dirac equation being Lorentz invariant and derived to fulfill the energy-momentum relation of SRT. These kind of claims are false: the Dirac equation is not Lorentz invariant (or covariant) and it does not essentially depend on the energy-momentum relation in SRT and can be used in many applications. This short paper proves these two assertions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Design for a Gravitational Wave Generator/Thruster V8 Part I

Authors: Peter C.M. Hahn
Comments: 22 Pages.

This device generates gravitational waves which can be utilized as a thruster or as a communication device. It is comprised of a linear antenna array that is injected with a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The antennas are configured to convert electromagnetic (EM) waves into gravitational waves.When the antennas are arranged in a linear phased-array configuration, a thrust is produced that allows the device to be used as a method of propulsion. Part I of this article describes the device when configured as a thruster and documents the test results.Part II will document the test results of the device when configured as a gravitational wave transmitter. If the injected RF signal is modulated with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, the gravitational waves produced are also modulated. The invention can then function as a communication device by using the gravitational waves as a carrier instead of EM waves. A gravitational wave detector at the receiving end can demodulate the gravitational waves, thereby extracting the original (IF) signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solutions of the Standard Differential Equation of the Dynamic Gravitational Field of a Flat Galaxy

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 32 Pages.

The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. Itis shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced)centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudoforcesof evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean spaceof expanding Universe, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edgeof the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and otherflat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, isinversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case,despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fieldsof all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to thesquare of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitationalfield of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible valuesof n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highestpossible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity(GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, theconfiguration of the dynamic gravitational field of a flat galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by thespatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all,this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself2determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. Thestandard value of the average density of mass of matter at the edge of a galaxy isdetermined by the cosmological constant Λ and by the difference between unityand the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value,despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value.Therefore, in the RGTD and in the appropriate interpretation of the GR, in contrast tothe orthodox interpretation of the GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass. Andtherefore, the Universe does not need dark non-baryonic matter at all.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Equations of Thermodynamics with Hidden Variables

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 18 Pages.

For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection betweenall thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. Thisconnection is realized with the help of four hidden wave functions that can takearbitrary values with certain probability. The possibility of obtaining the knownequations of thermodynamic state of real gases is shown based on the use of boththe coordinate velocity of light of the general relativity and the mathematicalexpectations precisely of these four hidden parameters (wave functions) andfunctions of them. It is substantiated that in a quasi-equilibrium state, a real gashas spatial homogeneity not only of its entropy but also of the resulting extensiveparameter (an indicator the compressibility coefficient). But the radial values ofresulting intensive parameter (an indicator of hierarchical complexity and ofquasi-equilibrium of cooling down) of a real gas are invariant in time. It has beenproven that the orthodox interpretation of general relativity is not consistent withgradually cooling matter and therefore with the evolutionary cooling of the earlyUniverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on Time Dilation and the 'Moving Clock'

Authors: Per Hokstad
Comments: 5 Pages.

This note discusses time dilation and the frequently referred statement that the effect of this phenomenon is that the ‘moving clock runs slower’. We point out that this effect is entirely caused by the experimental set-up. So, we cannot (of course) claim that the clock on one of the two reference frames (RFs) - moving relative to each other - runs more slowly than the clocks on the other RF. We follow up this by a detailed analysis of the ’travelling twin paradox’.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometry of the Universe in Extreme Cosmology: The v=c=0 Paradox

Authors: Mikheili Mindiashvili
Comments: 55 Pages.

Objective: To present a new geometric model for the analysis and visualization of relativistic effects, including velocity addition, gravitational phenomena, and extreme states of matter.Methods: A step-by-step analytical approach using simple geometry is employed, allowing complex concepts to be gradually understood. The method combines kinematic and gravitational interpretations. It is supported by mathematical justification and allows for experimental verification.Results: It is shown that the fundamental equality ��=��=0 arises as a consequence of the symmetric structure of spacetime. The method is consistent with relativistic formulas and enables clear computations and geometric interpretations.Conclusions: The step-by-step presentation ensures transparency of verification, reproducibility of results, and opens new possibilities for interpreting extreme states of matter and for practical applications of the model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes (in French)

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 53 Pages. French version of viXra: 2508.0157

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."

Dans ce papier, nous discutons de la possibilité que les trous noirs puissent indirectement et directement produire la matière noire. Ainsi que la possibilité que les étoiles à neutrons et d’hypothétiques étoiles à quarks et étoiles à bosons puissent aussi en produire. Nous conjecturons que, tout comme les jets relativistes émis par le rayonnement des régions associées aux trous noirs de grande masse permettent la création de galaxies, les jets latéraux de ce même rayonnement permettent la création de matière noire dans les régions entourant le trou noir. Nous réfutons la théorie ΛCDM, dont la constante cosmologique disproportionnée conduit à la « catastrophe du vide ». Nous soutenons que la matière noire est apparue après le big bang et que la production des premiers grumeaux de l’univers aurait été entamée avec la matière ordinaire. En passant par la physique quantique, nous explorons la nature de la matière noire et présumons que la matière noire et la matière ordinaire ont l’hydrogène comme identité profonde. Lors d’une transition de phase quantique, l’hydrogène moléculaire deviendrait analogue à une paire de Cooper dont les dibaryons se conduisent comme des bosons. Toutes les particules de la matière à une certaine température seuil se mettent en phase pour constituer une onde macroscopique cohérente de matière noire qui a les caractéristiques d’un soliton. Lorsque la croûte de matière ordinaire des étoiles hyper-condensées — la pression de dégénérescence de la mécanique quantique — dépasse la gravité, le soliton est repoussé dans l’espace par « supradiffusion ». Enfin, nous montrons que dans de nombreux cas, un trou noir peut se dissoudre en totalité ou en partie dans la matière noire. Nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’il y aurait une ou plusieurs autres censures entre l’horizon des événements et la censure cosmique. La surface piégée de l’une de ces censures pré-Planck entraînerait une transition de phase quantique marquant un changement d’état vers la matière noire. Ce mur pré-Planck déclencherait une extension spatiale du trou noir dans l’espace sous la forme d’une « onde macroscopique de matière noire ».
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Dark Matter Originates from Black Holes

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 48 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the possibility that black holes can indirectly and directly produce dark matter. As well as the possibility that neutron stars and hypothetical quark and boson stars could also produce it. We conjecture that, just as the relativistic jets emitted by radiation from the regions associated with high-mass black holes enable the creation of galaxies, the lateral jets of this same radiation enable the creation of dark matter in the regions surrounding the black hole. We disprove the ΛCDM theory, whose disproportionate cosmological constant leads to the "vacuum catastrophe". We argue that dark matter appeared after the Big Bang and that the production of the first lumps of the universe would have started with ordinary matter. By way of quantum physics, we explore the nature of dark matter and assume that dark matter and ordinary matter have hydrogen as their deep identity. During a quantum phase transition, molecular hydrogen would become analogous to a Cooper pair whose dibaryons behave like bosons. All matter particles at a certain threshold temperature become phased to form a coherent macroscopic wave of dark matter that has the characteristics of a soliton. When the crust of ordinary matter in hyper-condensed stars - the degeneracy pressure of quantum mechanics - overwhelms gravity, the soliton is repelled into space by "superdiffusion". Finally, we show that in many cases, a black hole can dissolve in whole or in part into dark matter. We hypothesize that there would be one or more other censorships between the event horizon and cosmic censorship. The trapped surface of one of these pre-Planck censorship would result in a quantum phase transition marking a change of state towards dark matter. This pre-Planck wall would trigger a spatial extension of the black hole into space in the form of a "macroscopic dark matter wave."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Origin of Mass, Charge, and Gravity from a Minimal 5D Scalar Field

Authors: Blake Eteme-Clement
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a minimal five-dimensional (5D) scalar field model in which the electron mass, the gravitational sector, Standard Model fermion masses, and cosmological dynamics all emerge from a single geometric mechanism. The model compactifies spacetime as ℝu2074 × S¹, where the compactification radius Ru2085 = Ru2080·e^Φ(x) is dynamically determined by a scalar field Φ. With only Newton’s constant G and the electron mass mu2091 as input, the framework predicts charged-lepton masses from a harmonic KK tower, reproduces the full quark spectrum using two flavour-blind parameters, and explains neutrino masses and mixing via a geometric seesaw. The same scalar field modifies gravity at galactic scales, reproducing observed rotation curves without dark matter. At cosmological scales, it drives inflation, reheating, baryogenesis, and late-time acceleration, with no new fields or fine-tuning. All predictions fall within current or near-future experimental reach, offering a falsifiable unification of mass generation, modified gravity, and cosmic evolution through geometry alone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Under the (Fleeting) Iron Sky: Electron Mass is Tied to H0 Hubble Volume and the 26 Sporadics

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The total baryonic mass within a local Hubble volume, if collapsed into its most stable state (Fe-56), would form a single-nucleus-thick layer coating the surface of the global Hubble volume. In this configuration, the average distance between Fe-56 nuclei would closely approximate the electron's Compton wavelength. The energy released from collapsing hydrogen to Fe-56 is nearly sufficient to sustain an orbit at the global Hubble radius (about 1 in 1000 difference). The separation between the local and global Hubble radii is approximately defined by a particle accelerating at MOND's a0 over the Hubble time (see prior work). Thus, given infinite time in an instant, an "iron sky" would form. These characteristic distances arise from the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups (UNIVERSOID). This configuration holds only at approximately 13.8 billion years post-Big Bang under the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMoC). These findings challenge mainstream cosmology, raising further doubts about its validity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Short Demonstration that the Expansion of the Universe is Decelerating

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: 1 Page.

Demonstration that the expansion of the Universe is decelerating, through the luminosity distance of supernovae.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-time Quanta: The Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Align Quantum World With Relativity

Authors: Pushpak N. Bhandari, Nandan M. Bhandari
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a theoretical framework that aims to bridge the conceptual divide between quantum mechanics and relativity by proposing a fundamental building block of the universe: the "Space-Time* quantum." The theory posits that every object possesses an inherent property, Time*u200a—u200adefined as the reciprocal of its intrinsic frequency. The Space-Time* quantum is a composite entity, consisting of a timeless space energy and a kinetic Time* energy. This framework provides a new perspective on wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, and quantum entanglement. It re-examines the principles of Special Relativity, offering a conceptual and visual explanation for phenomena like time dilation and length contraction as a consequence of changes in the Space-Time* quanta. The theory also offers an alternative view on the origin of the universe and the nature of gravity, suggesting that gravitational effects arise from an energy deficiency rather than a curvature of spacetime. This paper establishes a conceptual foundation for further mathematical development to test and validate these new insights.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation that Experiments Verify the Relativity Theory and a More Reasonable Proof of e = mc 2

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 17 Pages.

When pointing out very serious mathematical errors in the relativity theory, people try to argue that the theory has been verified by a large number of physical experiments and therefore it must be correct. The presented paper looks at some of the most commonly presented experiments that claim toverify relativity theory and gives alternative explanations to the results of those experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review: Cosmic Gamma Rays Around 70 MeV. DIRACs

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 2 Pages.

Gamma rays in the ~70 MeV energy range occupy a unique position in astrophysics. This regime sits at the threshold where particle-physics processes such as neutral pion πu2070 decay imprint a distinct signature, and where both Galactic and extragalactic cosmic-ray interactions manifest in the diffuse gamma-ray background. Understanding emission in this range is essential for probing the origin and propagation of cosmic rays, the environments of energetic astrophysical sources, and the large-scale structure of the high-energy Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Visualisation of Complex Time

Authors: John Malcolm Newell
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

The influence of charges acting inward from the past and and outward into the future, at the velocity of light, may be the entire sum of forces which act upon us and which we enact upon the universe. It is speculated here that recent acceptance of action at a distance (maybe better described as action over a spacetime separation, which reveals its relative nature) requires us to reconsider these forces as the origin of both gravity and inertia by accepting the necessity of complex time. Maybe we can resolve the mechanism of this action as being the divergence of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Effective Age of Universe: A New Concept Resolving Cosmological Tensions

Authors: Jami Hossain
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We introduce the Effective Age of the Universe (EAoU), a relativistically consistent reformulation of cosmic time that reinterprets the expansion history from the perspective of a present-day observer. Unlike the conventional comoving-frame age of the universe (AoU), EAoU replaces the (1+z)−1 scaling in the cosmic age integral with the accumulated proper time along the observer’s worldline, yielding extended temporal frameworks of up to ~45 Gyr depending on the cosmological parameters. Building on this temporal redefinition, we generalize the FLRW metric by introducing a redshift-dependent temporal component, g00=−f(z)2, and derive an observer-centric effective Hubble parameter, Heff(z)=H(z)/(1+z), which links cosmic chronology, expansion dynamics, and metric geometry in a unified relativistic framework. This combined approach not only extends the effective time available for early structure formation—alleviating high-redshift anomalies such as the unexpectedly rapid emergence of massive galaxies, chemically enriched systems, and ∼109u2009M⊙ SMBHs—but also moderates early-universe contraction relative to standard ΛCDM, offering a natural pathway toward resolving the Hubble tension without invoking new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Origin of the Lorentz Factor

Authors: Matt Guiney
Comments: 54 Pages. The Michelson experiment and the Lorentz factor origin.

The purpose of writing this paper was to understand the origin of the Lorentz factor equation. Calculations were performed for various clock configurations and special relativity theory was used to compare the calculated dilated clock rate factors with the Lorentz factor. The following clock configurations were examined: 2-way light clock - light motion perpendicular to spaceship motion, 2-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion, 2-way ball clock - ball motion parallel to spaceship motion, 1-way light clock - light motion parallel to spaceship motion. Calculations were also performed in order to understand the Michelson 1887 interferometer experiment and how it relates to the Lorentz factor.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rotational Metric of Cosmological Bifurcations and the Role of Constraints in the Formation of the Universe (In Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A cosmological model based on the cosmic deceleration parameter q is investigated. The model reveals a bifurcation structure associated with the dark components of the Universe. The model quantitatively reproduces the observed values of the deceleration parameter and proposes a conceptual scheme in which physical constraints, such as the speed of light, act as organizing factors, generating a metric structure and cosmological bifurcations. A concept is proposed in which constraints precede entities, suggesting that the Universe itself emerges from fundamental constraints, rather than vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Cosmic Probe: Estimating High-Redshift Expansion from Nested Spiral Structures in Galaxy Rotation Curves

Authors: E.P.J. de Haas
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We introduce a novel method for estimating the cosmic expansion rate $H_z$ at high redshift using internal dynamics of nearby galaxies---without relying on redshift-distance observations. The approach models galaxy rotation curves that exhibit a clear transition between a central bar (interpreted as a relic spiral structure) and an outer spiral disk. Using a constant Lagrangian framework that separates metric inflow from virial motion, we identify galaxies requiring two distinct dynamical regimes. These nested structures are modeled with separate Lagrangians, enabling the extraction of $H_z$ values from the inferred mass and critical radius of the proto-bar region---assumed to have formed with 5--20% of its present-day mass. Applying this method to seventeen galaxies yields independent $H_z$ estimates corresponding to redshifts $z sim 7$--$29$ and cosmic times between 100 and 700 Myr after the Big Bang. These values align with the expected epoch of early galaxy formation and provide an observationally grounded probe of cosmic expansion during the poorly constrained ``Cosmic Dawn.'' This technique complements high-redshift observations (e.g., JWST, CMB extrapolations) and offers a new class of local dynamical constraints on the early universe. If validated and scaled, it could produce hundreds to thousands of independent $H_z$ measurements, refining our understanding of baryonic structure formation and offering new insight into the timeline of cosmic expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

OR Serial Report 2: Exploring the Objective and Real Mass of Photons

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 22 Pages.

The theory of Observational Relativity (OR), as a new theory in human being's physics, has revealed the essence of the relativistic effects of Einstein relativity theory, and moreover, has generalized and unified Newton's classical mechanics and Einstein's relativity theory in the same theoretical system under the same axiom system. However, the original intention of OR research is not to establish the theory of OR, but to give photons some rest mass. According to the mass-speed relation of Einstein special relativity, an object of matter moving in inertial spacetime exhibit two distinct masses: the rest mass; the moving mass. However, as an object of matter reaches the speed of light, either its moving mass becomes infinitely large or its rest mass becomes infinitely small. Einstein chose to set the rest mass of photons to zero. It is puzzling that Einstein's moving mass depends on observation: the same material object has different moving masses relative to different observers. Therefore, people subconsciously believe that Einstein's moving mass is not objective and real, and that only the rest mass is the objectively real mass with real inertial effects and real gravitational effects. So, if photons had no rest mass then they would have no mass. According to the materialist view of nature, the natural world is a world of matter, and all matter or material particles, including photons, have the intrinsic and objectively real mass. Naturally, the objectively real mass must be independent of observation. OR serial report 1 has elucidate the theoretical validity and empirical basis of OR. Now, OR serial report 2 will report on the exploration for the objectively real mass of photons by the theory of OR. The theory of Inertial OR (IOR) proves that photons possess the rest mass; the theory of Gravitational OR (GOR) predicts that the theoretical value of the rest mass of a photon with the frequency f is mo=hf/c2. Thus, according to the theory of OR: all matter or material particles possess the objectively real rest mass; a material object, whether it is a massive star or a tiny photon, must possess the rest mass of its own if it exists objectively; otherwise, it does not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Energy in Special Relativity

Authors: Asutosh Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

We obtain the generalized mass-energy equivalence using an elementary approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Constants and Parameters in World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 Figure (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) is grounded on 1) Cosmic Medium — carrier of all interactions in Classical Physics; 2) Universe-Created Matter — continuously generated; 3) Angular Momentum — inherited from the Eternal Universe. All physical laws are determined by the dimensionless quantity Q , a dynamic version of Dirac’s Large Number, and shaped by the Cosmic Medium, consistent with Mach’s Principle: "Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe." The main goal of the present paper is to demonstrate how Physical Constants and Major Cosmological Parameters arise in WUC.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Other Cosmological Considerations

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is a simple solution to the dark matter problem that is not being discussed. It is the "tension" of space. This is what the fine structure constant measures u2026 (the "springiness of space"- Dirac). If true, the proposal also gives the solution to the dark energy problem as well by relegating it to an alternate measurement point of view. The lessening tension (diminishing FSC) slows the speed of light and renders a reasonable solution. No new particles are needed, and no modification of the Newtonian equation for gravity is necessary.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proving the Formal Inconsistency of Special Relativity

Authors: Antonio León Sánchez
Comments: 8 Pages.

The relativistic contraction of distances in the direction of relative motion is used here to formally deduce a potentially infinite number of violations of the Second Law of the Reflection of Light, violations that are impossible according to the first principle of special relativity. From this impossible, and therefore false, contraction of distances, the falsity of time dilations and the falsity of phase differences in synchronizations are formally deduced. Thus, special relativity is an inconsistent theory whose inconsistency must be a consequence of one of its two fundamental principles, the second principle being the only one that can be false, since the first establishes the universality of physical laws, without which the observed consistent evolution of the known universe would be impossible.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergence of Classical Gravity from Continuous Spacetime Dimensions

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 31 Pages.

We develop a geometric framework in which classical gravity emerges from primordial spacetime having continuous effective dimensions. Spacetime is modeled as an evolving multifractal structure, analog to the construction of Cantor Dust (CD), where the Hausdorff measure replaces ordinary volume. Two fundamental findings are uncovered, namely, 1) CD is directly tied to Dark Matter phenomenology; 2) Einstein-Hilbert formulation of General Relativity emerges as an effective action of CD.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cantor Dust and the Physics of Dark Matter (Chapter 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

We have recently conjectured that Dark Matter (DM) emerges from a statisticallyhomogeneous and isotropic Cantor Dust (CD) mass distribution described by a singularmultifractal measure [21-23]. The goal of this book is to show that leading DM paradigms—self-interacting, fuzzy, axion, and superfluid DM—emerge as effective descriptions ofprimordial CD. From this perspective, the multifractal representation of CD provides anultraviolet completion of DM phenomenology, unifying galactic dynamics, lensing, andlarge-scale structure while remaining consistent with cluster-scale constraints andexperimental observations
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Four Index Einstein field Equations with Quantum Like Effects from Pure Geometry

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this work I present extensions of Einstein field equations [1] into four index equations. This extensions give as natural result a energy tensor for vacuum thus for gravity field. It’s all construct in spirit of two index field equations and in truth does not need any additional assumptions about field equations. Form it follows that it’s natural completeness of two index equations not a true extension as it fully defines curvature tensor not only Ricci part of curvature as it happens in two index equations. Quantum effects are divided into two parts, one is about wave function like object and measurement, next one is about spin as orientation of manifold. Wave function like object is constructed from normalized curvature invariant. That plays role of "probability" of finding object in given volume of spacetime at given interval of time. I did no present direct solutions to those equations or concrete examples where it differs from General Relativity [1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cantor Dust as Comprehensive Solution of the Dark Matter Puzzle

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 33 Pages.

As sequel to [1-2], this work explores the gravitational consequences of Cantor Dust formation in the primordial Universe. We find that the multifractal structure of Cantor Dust (CD) can account for a wide range of galactic and cosmological phenomena, commonly attributed to either particle Dark Matter (DM) or modified Newtonian gravity (MOND). Asymptotically flat rotation curves are recovered without invoking modified force laws. Baryonic cooling and dissipation fix the extent of luminous structures at a universal acceleration scale, which leads naturally to the baryonic Tully—Fisher relation (BTFR). We survey weak lensing, dynamical friction, and cluster constraints, and outline testable observational signatures distinguishing this framework from standard cold DM scenarios. In summary, our results suggest that CD provides a unified geometric explanation of DM phenomenology across multiple scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Localized Structures: Nonsingular Black Holes and Dark-Matter Candidates

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 8 Pages. Changed equation of state of the vacuum to p_r=-1/3 rho.

We present a vacuum-based model of nonsingular compact objects supported by a Vacuum Localized Structure (VLS): a smooth, spatially localized configuration of vacuum energy described by a Gaussian density profile. The VLS is modeled as an anisotropic vacuum stress configuration obeying the radial equation of state ����=−13��, with tangential stresses fixed by energy—momentum conservation. In this framework the effective gravitational source is the Tolman combination of density and pressures.Although the energy density is highest at the center, the effective gravitational source vanishes there. The dominant contribution to curvature arises from a finite-radius region where the vacuum energy density changes most rapidly. In this sense the gravitational field is generated mainly by a surrounding "vacuum shell" rather than by a central mass.Depending on the compactness, the resulting spacetimes may possess horizons or be entirely horizonless, allowing for both nonsingular black holes and ultracompact vacuum objects. Possible observational implications, including gravitational-wave echoes from horizonless configurations, are briefly discussed. Because the same type of vacuum structure can naturally extend to galactic scales, the VLS framework also provides a unified setting for compact objects and extended vacuum halos, with potential relevance for dark-matter phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Structure Formation from Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages.

We outline an unconventional framework for cosmic structure formation in which the underlying Dark Matter (DM) distribution is modeled as a multifractal Cantor Dust (CD). In this scenario, the fractal geometry of CD generates scale-dependent gravitational potentials that seed the collapse of baryonic matter without requiring primordial gravitational fields or particle-like DM clumps. DM resides on a multifractal support with Hausdorff dimension D<3, a gravitational scaffolding which traps baryons into filaments, walls, and voids. Cooling baryonic gas undergoes hierarchical collapse, producing structures from the proto-galactic to stellar scale. This approach can potentially explain the emergence of Newtonian-like galaxies in the interiors of fractal potentials while resolving conceptual issues inherent in standard cosmology, including the cusp—core problem, angular momentum loss, and early formation of massive galaxies. Our results suggest that multifractal gravitational backgrounds provide a physically consistent and predictive alternative paradigm for the formation and evolution of cosmic structures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Structure Formation from Cantor Dust

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages.

We outline an unconventional framework for cosmic structure formation in which the underlying Dark Matter (DM) distribution is modeled as a multifractal Cantor Dust (CD). In this scenario, the fractal geometry of CD generates scale-dependent gravitational potentials that seed the collapse of baryonic matter without requiring primordial gravitational fields or particle-like DM clumps. DM resides on a multifractal support with Hausdorff dimension D<3, a gravitational scaffolding which traps baryons into filaments, walls, and voids. Cooling baryonic gas undergoes hierarchical collapse, producing structures from the proto-galactic to stellar scale. This approach can potentially explain the emergence of Newtonian-like galaxies in the interiors of fractal potentials while resolving conceptual issues inherent in standard cosmology, including the cusp—core problem, angular momentum loss, and early formation of massive galaxies. Our results suggest that multifractal gravitational backgrounds provide a physically consistent and predictive alternative paradigm for the formation and evolution of cosmic structures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geodesic Completeness in Schwarzschild Spacetime via Phase-Dependent Metric Signature Inversion

Authors: Ashim Nath
Comments: 8 Pages. v3 reformulates the theory using Phase-Dependent Finslerian Geometry. It replaces the previous kinematic interpretation with a topological framework, defining the speed of light and the event horizon as metric signature inversion boundaries.

Standard General Relativity predicts that massive particles crossing the event horizon of a black hole inevitably terminate at a spacelike singularity (r=0). This paper proposes a modification to the standard kinematic model of fermions to resolve this geodesic incompleteness. We posit that elementary particles undergo a phase transition in the temporal dimension of their proper frame. By treating the null surface c not as an asymptotic limit but as a Topological Phase Boundary, we show that the electron-positron annihilation vertex is topologically equivalent to a spacelike metric inversion. When applied to gravitational collapse, this framework implies that the Event Horizon acts as a Causal Phase Boundary. Upon reaching the horizon, the particle undergoes a CPT inversion relative to the background metric, effectively reinterpreting the horizon not as an entrance to an interior, but as a repulsive transition surface. Furthermore, by extending this logic to higher-order spacelike intervals, we establish a continuous topology where a single particle oscillates through infinite generations of matter and antimatter, eliminating the physical singularity. Mathematically, this is rigorously defined via a Phase-Dependent Finslerian Metric, ensuring the action remains real-valued across the transition.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geodesic Completeness in Schwarzschild Spacetime via Discrete Superluminal Transitions in the Proper Frame

Authors: Ashim Nath
Comments: 7 Pages. v2: Replaced the heuristic modulus formulation in the Lagrangian with a rigorous Phase-Dependent Finslerian Metric definition. Added topological justification for Parity Inversion via dimensional rotation & included a new section on Vacuum Stability.

Standard General Relativity predicts that massive particles crossing the event horizon of a black hole inevitably terminate at a spacelike singularity (r=0). This paper proposes a modification to the standard kinematic model of fermions to resolve this geodesic incompleteness. We posit that elementary particles undergo Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) in the temporal dimension of their proper frame. By treating the speed of light c not as an asymptotic limit but as a phase transition boundary, we show that the electron-positron annihilation vertex is topologically equivalent to a superluminal reflection event. When applied to gravitational collapse, this framework implies that the Event Horizon acts as a Causal Phase Boundary. Upon reaching the horizon, the particle undergoes a CPT inversion relative to the background metric, effectively reinterpreting the horizon not as an entrance to an interior, but as a repulsive phase transition surface. Furthermore, by extending this phase-dependent horizon logic to higher velocity bands (v≥2c), we establish a continuous topology where a single particle oscillates through infinite generations of matter and antimatter, eliminating the physical singularity. Mathematically, this framework suggests that the spacetime metric is Finslerian, possessing a velocity-dependent signature that ensures action stability across superluminal transitions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Matter-Only Cosmology: A Unified Origin for Inflation and Dark Energy

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 76 Pages.

The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, successfully describes cosmic acceleration but treats dark energy as an independent and poorly understood component of the universe. This paper instead demonstrates that dark energy is not a fundamental entity separate from matter, but rather arises as Gravitational Self-Energy (GSE) inherent to matter itself. This model, called Matter-Only Cosmology (MOC), shows that the observed matter density (Ω_m ~ 0.315) naturally generates a dark energy density that is more than twice as large (Ω_Λ ~ 0.685), driving late-time cosmic acceleration. This is made possible by the dynamic interplay of two competing GSE-induced terms: a negative self-energy component (-ρ_gs) and a positive interaction component (ρ_{m-gs}), all within standard General Relativity and without the need for fine-tuning or new fundamental fields. This unified framework provides a coherent resolution to several long-standing problems in cosmology and gravitational physics. It not only provides a concrete physical origin for dark energy, but also predicts its entire life cycle, showing that it is predicted to have been attractive in the early universe, enhancing structure formation, before transitioning to a repulsive phase that drives cosmic acceleration. In doing so, it naturally explains the Hubble tension, the existence of massive galaxies in the early universe, recent indications of a weakening dark energy component, and offers a natural explanation of the cosmological constant coincidence problem. Moreover, MOC unifies the physics of primordial inflation and late-time acceleration as the same GSE dynamics, each with a natural, built-in end mechanism. Finally, by predicting stable, non-singular black hole interiors, MOC offers a physically motivated resolution to the black hole information paradox. By expressing dark energy as an explicit function of the matter density ρ_m and the horizon scale R, the MOC framework transforms it from a phenomenological parameter into an explicitly defined, predictive, and falsifiable physical quantity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Pivot Universe Solution to Hubble’s Crisis

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Hubble crisis refers to the persistent discrepancy between the locally measured Hubble constant (H0≈73 km/s/u2009Mpc) and the value inferred from early-Universe observations of the cosmic microwave background (H0≈67 km/u2009s/u2009Mpc) within the standard ΛCDM framework. Some believe that this discrepancy is due to a flaw in our instruments or in how we measure stars. For them, it’s a tension that is currently being settled. I think that this is a crisis because it challenges ΛCDM and its main assumption that a single, spatially uniform expansion rate characterizes the Universe at all epochs and locations. The Pivot Universe (PU) model resolves this discrepancy by abandoning the notion of a global Hubble constant. In PU, the observable Universe resides in a rotating Kerr-like spacetime generated by a massive central Pivot. Cosmological redshifts are interpreted primarily as gravitational and frame-dragging effects rather than metric expansion. The quantity identified observationally as the Hubble constant becomes a position-dependent effective parameter, Heff(r), which varies with radial distance from the Pivot according to Kerr frame-dragging dynamics.In this framework, the Hubble crisis is resolved without invoking new fields, modified gravity, or early dark energy, but by reinterpreting cosmological redshift within standard general relativity applied on a global Kerr background.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 9 Pages.

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is a Transformation of Energy Into Momentum

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages.

Any body existing in a gravitational field that changes with time due to the expansion of the universe or for any other reason remains subject to a conservation law for energy and momentum, but with a new concept of conservation, which is the conservation of the sum of the different components of the quantity that represents energy and momentum, not the conservation of each component separately. With this concept, we find that the expansion of the universe is a continuous transformation of energy into momentum, there is no loss or gain in the total sum of them.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Compressible Spacetime and Nonlinear Optics Metric Engineering

Authors: Michael Isaac Aksman
Comments: 4 Pages. Few bugs removed and few explanations and references added.

Traditional warp drive metrics within General Relativity require planetary-mass energies due to the theoretical "stiffness" of space-time. We propose an alternative mechanism based on the Quantum Modified General Relativity (QMOGER) framework, which models space-time as a compressible superfluid. By exploiting the compressibility of the vacuum, we demonstrate that energy requirements may be reduced by approximately 20 orders of magnitude. The proposed drive utilizes the Dynamic Casimir Effect (DCE) driven by short-pulse lasers to generate high-pressure gradients and ionization of vacuum, while toroidal magnetic fields suppress turbulence, enforcing mostly laminar 2D+ flow regime for stable propulsion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter as Cantor Dust: Numerical Evidence

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 26 Pages.

As benchmark model of complex dynamics, Stuart-Landau (SL) equation describes the universal behavior of nonlinear oscillators near a Hopf bifurcation. The bifurcation gives birth to a stable, finite-amplitude periodic motion called a limit cycle. Here we develop a one-dimensional toy model showing how Dark Matter (DM) follows from the SL equation. We outline how fluctuations in the control parameter of the SL equation generate progressive amplitude fragmentation, a process mimicking the iterative construction of Cantor sets. The emerging structure freezes in a cosmological phase known as Cantor Dust, a spontaneously broken condensate whose effective dimension flows from D = 1 to a non-integer value D < 1 . The resulting fractal dimension computed numerically reinforces the hypothesis of running spacetime dimensions near the Planck scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Saturation: Phenomenological Regularization of Relativistic Dynamics and the Role of Gravitational Potential

Authors: Vakhtang MchedliSvili
Comments: 9 Pages. Updated version with an independent technical review and mathematical validation report (ID: IS-PIS-2026-VM-001-Claude). Added specific quantitative predictions for the Moon and ISS.

In standard relativistic physics, the divergence of energy density and inertial mass as velocity approaches the speed of light (v → c) represents a classical singularity, indicating the asymptotic limitation of the mathematical model. In this paper, we introduce the "Principle of Inertial Saturation" (PIS) as a phenomenological mechanism that regularizes the Lorentz factor via an effective vacuum parameter (sigma). The model is based on a generalized Mach's principle, where the local inertial limit is dynamically determined by the gravitational potential. This version includes an Independent AI Technical Validation Report (Appendix A) verifying the mathematical consistency of the PIS model and its specific predictions for lunar energy saturation limits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Kinetic Route to the Lorentz Transform and Beyond

Authors: Jayanta Majumder, Sambuddha Majumder
Comments: 8 Pages.

We model an elementary particle as a closed, lightlike intrinsic motion with rest-cycle period $tau$ that can undergo bodily translation without ever exceeding speed~$c$. A local triangle construction and cycle averaging yield the Pythagorean time-share relation $T^{2}=tau^{2}+overline{T}^{2}$ and standard time dilation. Interpreting the reallocation between intrinsic cycling ($T$) and translation ($overline{T}$) as a symmetric two-channel kinetics with rate $k(t)$ integrates to a hyperbolic rotation (Lorentz boost) with rapidity $phi=int k,dt$ and $v/c=tanhphi$. In the small-signal limit this identifies $k=F/(mc)$, linking the kinetic picture to Newton's second law while the $tanh$ nonlinearity enforces the $c$ bound. We also give a physical reading of emph{relative rapidity} as the net logarithmic bias in time-share needed to map between motion states.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Kinetic Route to the Lorentz Transform and Beyond

Authors: Jayanta Majumder, Sambuddha Majumder
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite and list scientific references)

We model an elementary particle as a closed, lightlike intrinsic motion with rest-cycle period $tau$ that can undergo bodily translation without ever exceeding speed~$c$. A local triangle construction and cycle averaging yield the Pythagorean time-share relation $T^{2}=tau^{2}+overline{T}^{2}$ and standard time dilation. Interpreting the reallocation between intrinsic cycling ($T$) and translation ($overline{T}$) as a symmetric two-channel kinetics with rate $k(t)$ integrates to a hyperbolic rotation (Lorentz boost) with rapidity $phi=int k,dt$ and $v/c=tanhphi$. In the small-signal limit this identifies $k=F/(mc)$, linking the kinetic picture to Newton's second law while the $tanh$ nonlinearity enforces the $c$ bound. We also give a physical reading of emph{relative rapidity} as the net logarithmic bias in time-share needed to map between motion states.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Dissipation of Photon: an Alternative Theoretical Model of Cosmological Redshift Based on Quantum Optics

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present a new approach to the quantization offree electromagnetic fields without the infinity problem. Our work shows that from the physical viewpoint, the energy of a free electromagnetic field in a finite volume should be represented necessarily by a finite series, since fields consist of a finite number of photon. From the mathematical viewpoint, it is explained that the quantization of electromagnetic field reduces the infinite Fourier series to a finite series andpreserve the relativistic invariance. It is demonstrated that the cut-off of series for the energy of photons is uniquely and objectively determined based on the assumption aboutphoton. Based on this perspective, the interaction between free electromagnetic field and matter is described in terms of an integral in a finite interval which does not comprisezero and infinity. Our methodology always gives finite results and thus does not need renormalization. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that it is possible to construct a new quantization theory of electromagnetic field without infinity and renormalization thereof.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Modification of the Quantum Eraser Experiment, the Results of Which May Disprove the Absoluteness of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics.

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the hypothesis that the quantum "measurement" of polarizations in a quantum eraser experiment occurs at the moment the entangled pair is created. According to this hypothesis, introducing a polarizer into the path of one photon at a later time will not affect the polarization of the second photon. The consequences of this hypothesis differ from those of quantum mechanics, where the key element is the measurement process that occurs when a photon passes through a polarizer. Such "absurd" assumptions are typically dismissed outright as violations of Special Relativity (SR), although experiments on nonlocality may be precisely the domain where SR violations occur. To test this hypothesis, a modified quantum eraser experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundations of Relativistic Gravithermodynamics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 139 Pages. updated formulas

The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe in principle. Evolutionary self-contraction of microobjects of lower layers of gravithermodynamically bonded matter outpaces the similar self-contraction of its upper layers. This is the exact reason of the curvature of intrinsic space of matter. That is why gravitational field itself should be primarily considered as the field of spatial inhomogeneity of evolutionary decreasing of the size of matter microobjects in the background Euclidean space of expanding Universe. In correspondence to this the gravitational field itself is the field of spatial inhomogeneity of gravithermodynamic state of dense matter of compact astronomical objects, as well as of strongly rarefied gas-dust matter of space vacuum. And, therefore, the gravitational field fundamentally cannot exist without matter. That is why it is not an independent form of matter. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. Only conditional identity of inertial mass of moving matter to its gravitational mass only by gravity-quantum clock, which is located in the point, from which the matter started its inertial motion, and due to the usage of corrected value of gravitational constant in its pseudo-centric intrinsic frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time, is justified. This is related to the equivalence of inertial mass of matter to the Hamiltonian of its inert free energy, while the gravitational mass of matter is equivalent to the Lagrangian of its ordinary rest energy. The identity of the multiplicative component of the Gibbs free energy to the ordinary rest energy of matter, which is equivalent to its gravitational mass, is substantiated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity from Primordial Dimensional Fluctuations

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 30 Pages.

We develop a theoretical framework in which the equations of General Relativity (GR)emerge from dimensional fluctuations of the early Universe. The derivation points outthat primordial fluctuations in the effective dimensionality of spacetime are governed bythe complex Ginzburg—Landau equation (CGLE), which is a coarse-grained description ofcomplex dynamics near the Planck scale. Elaborating on the behavior of CGLE as generichydrodynamic flow, our paper offers an intriguing path from fractal dimensionality ofprimordial cosmology to the onset of gravitational physics in the late Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity from Primordial Dimensional Fluctuations

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 30 Pages.

We develop a theoretical framework in which the equations of General Relativity (GR) emerge from dimensional fluctuations of the early Universe. The derivation points out that primordial fluctuations in the effective dimensionality of spacetime are governed by the complex Ginzburg—Landau equation (CGLE), which is a coarse-grained description of complex dynamics near the Planck scale. Elaborating on the behavior of CGLE as generic hydrodynamic flow, our paper offers an intriguing path from fractal dimensionality of primordial cosmology to the onset of gravitational physics in the late Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation of Cosmological Models of General Relativity

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 18 Pages. typo corrections, there was a typo in the title, need to correct it

Section 1 of the article shows that the Schwarzschild metric and cosmological models with similar metrics are invalid because the spatial part of the metric is not a valid Riemannian metric in local Cartesian coordinates, as it should. Theorem 1 proves that a metric for the spatial part given in the spherical coordinates of R3 with only dr2, dθ2 and dϕ2 defines a valid metric in local Cartesian coordinates only if the spatial part of the metric is a scalar metric, i.e., a metric induced by a scalar field. Section 2 has some solutions for a scalar metric in the situation of a point mass in an otherwise empty space. Section 3 and 4 look at the Friedmann’s cosmological model from Chapter 5 of Einstein’s book combined from his lectures in Princeton. The findings are that each of Einstein’s equation can be solved for a model that only depends on t and r, but the Einstein equations do not have a solution that solves them all and gives a valid metric. Additionally the Friedmann model does not give the cosmological solution that Einstein’s book says.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposal On Measurement Methods of the One Way Speed of Light

Authors: Juchi Ye
Comments: 11 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND

The ability to measure the exact one-way speed of light had often been thought to be impossible [4, 6]. Under most simplified theoretical conditions, there appears to be no intuitive method of measuring the strict one-way speed of light, with the main problem being the synchronization of clocks at point A and B [4, 6]. The significance proving or disproving the illusion of invariant lightspeed may shed light on the incompleteness and possible improvements of special relativity [5], while leading to new discoveries and verifications of hypotheses and theories. However, as of relative recency experiments designed to measure the one way speed of light appears to still be highly limited, where special cases may give false positives [3]. The experiment designed in this paper can provide a precise measurement, when performed under ideal conditions will produce no false positives, while taking time dilation into account. Two spacecraft launched together are sent into a stable solar orbit between the Earth and Mars, spaced out a significant distance (>10 light minutes). Both spacecraft will be synchronized to constantly observe a pulsar - counting pulses, our start signal. Upon reaching a specified number of pulses the probes send signals to each other while starting their timer, ending their timer when they receive the signal from the other side. The experiment is performed once when the probes form an isosceles triangle, with atomic clocks that start as a documentation of their orbital period. The observation of the pulse rate differences should overlap at certain points on orbit where light is hitting the two probes simultaneously, where the experiment can be performed again to provide a measurement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Doppler Effect in Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 19 Pages. In Spanish

The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave that a receiver experiences due to its relative velocity with respect to the source. As we will see, in the special relativity of fields, we will also take into account other effects such as the potential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Longitudinal Mass from Bertozzi's Experiment

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 9 Pages. The values on Table 3 are incorrectly calculated in the version in viXra

The article shows that the energy-momentum relation is incorrect. Kinetic energy does not grow with velocity. Bertozzi's experiment only show that there is an energy component that does grow with velocity, it may be thermal energy. The article looks at Bertozzi's measurements. It is seen that Bertozzi's experiment refutes relativistic kinetic energy. Bertozzi's experiment gives the longitudinal mass of an electron in kinetic energy as roughly $m=gamma^{1.5} m_0$ for the Van der Graaf accelerator supporting the new concept of weakening of force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Establishing Physical Parameters Within the Framework of World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 9 Pages.

Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) offers a new perspective on the Observable World and the discipline of Cosmology. Rooted in Classical Physics, WUC challenges fundamental assumptions in both cosmology and physics. Rather than claiming to account for all available data or provide a fully finalized theory, WUC establishes a foundation for the New Cosmology anticipated by Paul Dirac in 1937. While further refinement by the global physics community is essential, WUC’s principles—together with groundbreaking discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Dirac’s enduring vision—highlight the urgent need for a transformative shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Interpretation of Einstein Field Equations and Validation of Energy Hole Model

Authors: P. K. Meher
Comments: 11 Pages. Minor changes were [made].

It presents a novel physical interpretation of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE) by introducing the emph{source-energy tensor} as the negative of the emph{stress-energy tensor} $(E_{muu} = -T_{muu})$ and the emph{strain tensor} as the negative of the emph{Einstein tensor} $(S_{muu} = -G_{muu})$, recasting the field equations as a constitutive relation $E_{muu} = kappa S_{muu}$, where $kappa = c^4/(8pi G)$ plays the role of the stiffness modulus of spacetime. From this formulation, a generalized Poisson equation is derived together with its Newtonian limit, demonstrating full mathematical equivalence with the original EFE while offering a mechanistic explanation of gravitational phenomena. The modified equations align with the Energy Hole Model (EHM), which interprets gravity as the manifestation of energy deficits arising due to the investment of energy during the synthesis of mass, rather than positive energy densities. Within this framework, the Friedmann equations are reformulated with new physical interpretations that naturally explain both the attractive gravity of matter and the repulsive effect of dark energy. This interpretation allows the EHM to resolve key cosmological puzzles, including the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant problem, while preserving the predictive successes of general relativity, thereby offering a unified and physically intuitive foundation for gravity with potential pathways toward quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

True Relativity

Authors: Ashir Azeem
Comments: 12 Pages.

There are some unresolved paradoxes and inconsistencies in special relativity and generalrelativity. This paper is an attempt to fix them all. I presented the true version of relativity. And itis shown conclusively that speed of light cannot be same with respect to source or observer.Simultaneity is absolute. Galilean invariance is indeed deep symmetry of the universe. And itapplies on the speed of light too. In Michelson and Morely experiment there is simple additionand subtraction of velocities with respect to source and mirror so that is why there is no fringeshift when apparatus moves with a certain velocity. In moving conductor and magnet problem, inboth cases same phenomenon is involved. If the conductor is moving there is Lorentz force on themoving charges in the conductor. And if the magnet is moving then there is same force involvedi.e. Lorentz force on moving charges. Maxwell’s equations cannot be used to determine that thespeed of light is constant for all inertial frames. I conceived that the flaw is not in Galileaninvariance but in Maxwell’s electrodynamics. 3 × 108 m/s is not the speed limit of the universe.When a galaxy goes away it gives red shift. It is because of photons or light slows down. There issimple addition and subtraction of velocities. Light behaves just like other particles. Speed of lightis not constant. Time dilates and inertial mass increases as an object moves. In gravity there isincrease in time dilation and increase in inertial mass. Equivalence principle is not veryextraordinary. No matter how much you curve spacetime it will not result in acceleration. Theidea of spacetime curvature seems unrealistic and fictitious.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 68 Pages. updated formulas

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy,cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension ofphysical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena andobjects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity.The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown thepossible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority ofrevealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy andcosmology, but also of physics in general. Our perception and reflection of physical reality is still very primitive and,foremost, mainly mechanistic, macrocentric and anthropo-limited. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonicdark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead ofmetrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact thatonly the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschildsphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizoncovers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron starsand quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The bigredshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of thegravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in theUniverse up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravityphenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to thetendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inertfree energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials ofmatter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary rest energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass ofmatter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that spatialdistribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds toastronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the General Relativity and the RelativisticGravithermodynamics equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead ofluminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It isconcluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of thepresence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown. The possibility of spiral-wave nature of the matter microobjects — theterminal local drains of turns of the spiral waves of high frequency space-time modulations of the dielectric andmagnetic permeabilities of the physical vacuum (singularities of the field according to Einstein hypothesis) — as a wholeis shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Misconceptions and Imaginary Entities in Astronomy, Cosmology and Physics

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 67 Pages. Corrections in formulas

The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy,cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension ofphysical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena andobjects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity.The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown thepossible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority ofrevealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy andcosmology, but also of physics in general. Our perception and reflection of physical reality is still very primitive and,foremost, mainly mechanistic, macrocentric and anthropo-limited. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonicdark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead ofmetrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact thatonly the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschildsphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizoncovers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron starsand quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The bigredshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of thegravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in theUniverse up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravityphenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to thetendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inertfree energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials ofmatter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary rest energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass ofmatter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that spatialdistribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds toastronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the General Relativity and the RelativisticGravithermodynamics equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead ofluminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It isconcluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of thepresence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown. The possibility of spiral-wave nature of the matter microobjects — theterminal local drains of turns of the spiral waves of high frequency space-time modulations of the dielectric andmagnetic permeabilities of the physical vacuum (singularities of the field according to Einstein hypothesis) — as a wholeis shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sigma 8 Anomaly as Potential Evidence for Fractal Spacetime (Part 1)

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Sigma 8 anomaly of cosmology refers to discrepancies in the amplitude of matter fluctuations, where low redshift observations favor weaker matter clustering than predicted by the standard Lambda-CDM model. Elaborating from the hypothesis of continuous spacetime dimensions, this work offers an alternative explanation of the anomaly, based on scale-dependent corrections to the evolution of density fluctuations. In our interpretation, the σu2088 anomaly can be viewed as observational evidence for fractal spacetime effects at cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dirac Equation is not Lorentz Invariant

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages. Added a new part to the paper, corrected typos

A favorite claim that editors of journals make when rejecting a manuscript proving serious errors in the Relativity Theory is that the Relativity Theory has been verified by countless experiments. The number of experiments that actually verify relativity may be much smaller than countless, as there are alternative explanations to of these all experiments. One claim related to the relativity theory is that the Dirac equation is Lorentz covariant. This claim has never been verified by any experiments. This article gives three different proofs that the Dirac equation is not Lorentz invariant. This is a simple mathematical question, all three proofs are simplemathematics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solutions of the Standard Differential Equation of the Dynamic Gravitational Field of a Flat Galaxy

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 38 Pages. updated formulas

The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. Itis shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced)centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudoforcesof evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean spaceof expanding Universe, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edgeof the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and otherflat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, isinversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case,despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fieldsof all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to thesquare of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitationalfield of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible valuesof n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highestpossible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity(GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, theconfiguration of the dynamic gravitational field of a flat galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by thespatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all,this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. Thestandard value of the average density of mass of matter at the edge of a galaxy isdetermined by the cosmological constant Λ and by the difference between unityand the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value,despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value.Therefore, in the RGTD and in the appropriate interpretation of the GR, in contrast tothe orthodox interpretation of the GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass. Andtherefore, the Universe does not need dark non-baryonic matter at all.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solutions of the Standard Differential Equation of the Dynamic Gravitational Field of a Flat Galaxy

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 35 Pages. Corrections in formulas

The solution to the gravitational field equations of a flat galaxy has been found. Itis shown that at the edge of the galaxy the excessively strong ordinary (unreduced)centrifugal pseudo-forces of inertia are compensated mainly by centripetal pseudoforcesof evolutionary self-contraction of matter in the background Euclidean spaceof expanding Universe, and not by the weak gravitational pseudo-forces at the edgeof the galaxy. The strength of the dynamic gravitational field of spiral and otherflat (or superthin) galaxies, according to their two-dimensional topology, isinversely proportional to the radial distance, not to its square. And this is the case,despite the inverse proportionality of the strength of individual gravitational fieldsof all spherically symmetric astronomical objects of the galaxy exactly to thesquare of radial distance. The general solution of the equations of the gravitationalfield of the galaxy with an additional certain parameter n is found. At possible valuesof n < 1, the velocity of the orbital motion of stars is slightly less than the highestpossible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the General Relativity(GR) equations and the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, theconfiguration of the dynamic gravitational field of a flat galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by thespatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all,this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. Thestandard value of the average density of mass of matter at the edge of a galaxy isdetermined by the cosmological constant Λ and by the difference between unityand the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value,despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value.Therefore, in the RGTD and in the appropriate interpretation of the GR, in contrast tothe orthodox interpretation of the GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass. Andtherefore, the Universe does not need dark non-baryonic matter at all.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Short Demonstration that the Expansion of the Universe is Slowing, Even by DESI.

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: 1 Page.

Demonstration that the expansion of the Universe is decelerating, through the luminosity distance of supernovae and DESI (Dark Energy Spectro-scopic Instrument).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Particle Model

Authors: Xiaohua Ye
Comments: 80 Pages.

The Standard Model (SM) does not provide an empirical explanation for the variation in properties such as mass, charge, and spin among point-like fundamental particles. It also does not explain certain phenomena, including dark energy, dark matter, the observed asymmetry between matter and antimatter, neutrino mass and oscillation, and gravity. Additionally, some experimental observations differ from its predictions. This paper presents a new particle model (NPM), which characterizes fundamental particles as composite entities with internal structure. The NPM aims to address major anomalies and unresolved puzzles in the SM and offers testable predictions that extend beyond the SM. The following are key insights from the NPM: ---- The elementary particles described in the Standard Model (SM) may not originate from a single event like the Big Bang; instead, they could be produced sequentially from more fundamental particles. Each particle possesses internal constituents that govern properties including mass, spin, and charge. The orbital coupling and spin of constituents determines the flavour of the particles. ---- Electromagnetic forces are suggested to arise from gravitational interactions, with strong forces forming atop electromagnetic forces, and weak interactions representing the disruption of strong forces. ---- According to the NPM, a quark is defined as a charged lepton bound by a gluon, sharing the same electric charge as its corresponding lepton, which explains matter-antimatter asymmetry. This perspective prompts a need to reevaluate theories regarding quark fractional charges and quark confinement. ---- The compositions of many charged mesons proposed in the SM are not supported by the NPM that offers alternative compositions for these particles, which allows better explanation for meson properties and behaviours like meson decay and meson oscillation. ---- In the NPM framework, the neutron is made up of four valence quarks in a uud-d core structure, which breaks isospin symmetry but better explains beta decay, nuclear forces, and observed data. ---- In NPM, gluons are made of two photons and have mass and flavor, offering an empirical view of QCD. Free gluons explain many dark matter behaviors, while bonded gluons are found in hadrons. ---- According to the NPM, neutrinos are emitted photons that keep coupling traits and inherit flavors from parent particles like gluons and leptons. Neutrino oscillation occurs through interactions with free gluons. ---- Unlike String Theory, the NPM presents testable predictions. For instance, recent high-energy collision experiments at CERN SPS involving argon and scandium nuclei revealed an unexpectedly high number of up quarks post-collision. The NPM explains this result using the uud-d core structure of neutrons and predicts similar outcomes in all high-energy collisions between isotopes with more neutrons than protons; an increased neutron count correlates with a higher detected charged K quark yield (thus more up quarks) relative to expectations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity as an Emergent Structure in a Timeless Euclidean Model (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 41 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition may not be accepted)

model is considered in which the observable spacetime structure emerges from a real scalar field satisfying the Laplace equation in a four-dimensional Euclidean space without distinguished time or directions. The observer is described as a localized configuration of the same field on the hypersurfaces of a foliation; events are defined as local detector activations specified by a functional of a finite number of mode-decomposition coefficients of the field and the observer’s parameters. It is shown that the choice of foliation gives rise to inertial reference frames, and that a consistent reconstruction under transitions between them is possible without introducing a global set of events—solely on the basis of the observer’s operational description.

The model implies that the event structures of different inertial frames may differ, so no global event space exists. It is proven that within the model it is impossible to transmit information about an event absent in a given frame but present in another. This leads to two kinds of transformations: direct transformations, which describe the actual rearrangement of the event structure under a change of the inertial frame, and observable transformations, which represent the operational re-description performed by an observer within their own frame, based on a hypothetical global event set.

The invariance of all foliations (resulting from the full O(4) symmetry of the Laplace equation), together with the justified existence of a finite maximal propagation speed v_max, leads to Lorentz-type observable transformations with invariant v_max. Thus, both postulates of special relativity are reproduced, and the causal structure emerges as a cone, norm(Delta r) = v_max * |Delta t|, within each frame. The results demonstrate that special relativity can emerge within a strictly Euclidean, timeless model.