Relativity and Cosmology

Interpretation and Solution of the Cosmological Constant Problem.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 2 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe has long been a mystery of physics. We bring a solution and a simple interpretation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Thermodynamic Inwardly Open System by Locally Decreasing Entropy Originates Life

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 17 Pages. 5 figures

The bosons emergence in the Big-Bang in the spaceless universe, by a causal coupling, originates the 4th dimensions. The chronology of bosons that occupied the same quantum state, could allow characterizing the expansion from which develops a treatment without ad hoc inflation. The fundamental property of quantum entanglement, allows 8E60 bosons, because occupied the same quantum state became causally interconnected, shaping space as an irreversible thermodynamic continuum. The uncoupling of forces results in the emission of gravitational waves, expanding outwardly emerging by enlarging space. The doubling of the time required for simultaneous photons splitting, increase the wavelength-locus by two, and decrease the frequency by half, by its screw motion distends to left and right the space. At the time of the initial first 100 seconds has dissipated the associated Big-Bang’s sound. Energy quantization within the plasma state, eventually leads into baryonic emergence, shaping the: protons, electrons and neutrinos/antineutrinos. The gravitational waves at primordial stages may create space disaggregation, which emergence of the quantum space confining energy by the quantum mechanics shaping of particles. Thus, separates the continuum of causality and the entanglement, defining quantum parameters of chemical bonding configurations for atoms and molecular structures. At the dark Ages the oscillation aligning the spins of hydrogen atoms, a quantum mechanics process, results in 21 cm photons emission. At present are detectable by its elongation to about 250m wavelength. The very large elongation of gravitational waves leads to a remaining vibrational power, impacting into the plasma leading to emission of sound waves as observed as wavelength decreasing acoustic peaks. The Recombination Era manifests the kinetics of collision between hydrogen molecules by the sound waves impacting in a wide angle over the soup of particles generating polarized CMB photons. The latter, has been characterized by black body emission of a thermal radiation, detected at present by the about average 2-3 cm of wavelength characteristic of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This allows observed the homogenous structures that lead to develop inflation theory as a function of a greater than c velocity, which the presented solution to the problematic of homogeneity is solved by the Planck’s identical quantum states. The eventual accumulation into voids of thermal photons allows being a manifestation of the cosmological constant predicting to be a form of energy, resisting to gravitational attractions, response shown by the molecules of hydrogen, generating stars and galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quaternion Space-Time and Matter

Authors: Viktor Ariel
Comments: 13 Pages. Copyright by Author: CC0

In this work, we use the key assumption that division algebras play a key role in description and prediction of natural phenomena. Consequently, we use division algebra of quaternions to describe the four-dimensional space-time intervals. Then, we demonstrate that the quaternion space-time together with the finite speed of signal propagation allow for a simple, intuitive understanding of the space-time interval transformation during arbitrary motion between a signal source and observer. We derive a quaternion form of the Lorentz time dilation and suggest that it's real scalar norm is the traditional form of the Lorentz transformation, representing experimental measurements of the space-time interval. Thus, the new quaternion theory is inseparable from the experimental process. We determine that the space-time interval in the observer reference frame is given by a conjugate quaternion expression, which is essential for a proper definition of quaternion gradient operator. Then, we apply the quaternion gradient to an arbitrary quaternion potential function, which leads to the unified expressions of force fields. The second quaternion differentiation results in the unified Maxwell equations. Finally, we apply the resulting unified formalism to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions and show that the new expressions are similar to the traditional equations, with the novel terms related to scalar fields and velocity dependent components. Furthermore, we obtain two types of force fields and four types of matter density expressions, which require further theoretical and experimental study. Therefore, the new mathematical framework based on quaternion algebra and quaternion calculus may serve as the foundation for a unified theory of space-time and matter, leading to a useful enhancement of the traditional theories of special and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Further Evidence that Dark Energy is Cosmic Gravity

Authors: Lindsay Forbes
Comments: 12 Pages.

I have proposed that Dark Energy is the gravitational pull of the cosmos. This second paper summarizes some of the additional evidence which supports my speculation. Follow the data, not the crowd. Two predictions - The rate of expansion of the universe will increase with time as the gravitational pull of the cosmos increases as we move out into the cosmos. The expansion of our universe will not be isotropic. There will be a dipole in the direction of the biggest and/or closest mass out there. The debate on the correct value of Ho continues. I don't want to spoil a good argument but they could both be right. An anisotropic universe will be strongly resisted but there is now even more evidence of a dipole in the sky. While the prospect of 'new physics' has much appeal there could be a much simpler explanation. Change the assumptions about the size of the universe and some of the biggest problems in cosmology can be explained. The universe has always been much bigger than we thought.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Might be the Only Unique, Distinct and Independent Entity in Nature

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article is the last of four articles that summarize a broad theoretical research work. The first three articles intended to investigate the nature and characteristics of the Entity of the Electric Charge. The first two parts of this research, dealing with Electric Charge, Energy, and Space, were already completed, and published in two articles [6], [7]. The first article concluded that the Electric Charge is a form of Energy, similarly to Mass being recognized as a form of Energy by Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. And since all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is composed of only two Entities: Mass and Electric Charge, then, the first article concluded that all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is just a form of Energy. The Second article provided a reasonable explanation to the mysterious Dark Energy and concluded that also Space might be a form of Energy. The third article was also completed, and it studied the origins of the Electrically Charged Bodies' Interactions. It provided an explanation to what causes the Attraction/Repulsion between Electric Charges, similarly to the explanation of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to what causes the Attraction between Mass Objects. As such, the third article is an expansion of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to include in it not only Mass Objects but also Electric Charges. This article, which, as stated above, is the fourth in this theoretical research work, derives additional conclusions from all the previous articles, with the most significant conclusion being that Nature, or the Existence, is composed of only one distinct and independent Entity: Energy. All other Entities used by Physics in order to understand or explain Nature, are actually redundant, and are necessary only to help us precept Nature, and, this article concludes, that all these other Entities are facets of Energy, or tools we use to explain how Energies convert from one form of Energy to another form of Energy, and how forms of Energies interact with each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Coordinate Vacuum Solution in Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

In the general relativity theory,we discover new vacuum solution by Einstein’s gravity field equation We investigate the new coordinate in cosmological general theory of relativity(CGTR).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tetrad in Curved Space-Time in Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages. Thank you for reading

In the cosmological general theory of relativity , we define the tetrad that moves in r-axis in the curved space-time. We study an accelerated motion in curved space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory Expands Einstein's General Relativity Theory to Include Both Electric Charge and Mass Entities

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 33 Pages.

Einstein's General Relativity Theory provides an explanation to the question of why two Mass Objects Attract each other according to Newton's Universal Gravitation Law: F =G⋅(m1⋅m2)/r2.The General Relativity Theory, based on mathematical elaboration, concluded that a Distortion of the Interwoven Space/Time Entity, caused by one Mass Object, guides all other Mass Objects how to move in an Accelerated Attraction towards it. Interestingly, Coulomb's Law: F = Ke⋅(q1⋅q2)/r2, that defines the Attraction/Repulsion Force between two Electrically Charged Bodies, has an identical structure to that of Newton's Gravitation Law's. So, it is reasonable to wonder whether the origins of the Attraction/Repulsion Force between two Electrically Charged Bodies are also similar. This question is this study's focus. The New Model presented in this article is based on Einstein's General Relativity Theory, and it proposes an answer to this question. That New Model describes three Interwoven Space/Time Entities, separated of each other: 1. A Mass Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides the Accelerated Attraction Forces of Mass Objects, towards each other. This part of the model complies completely with Einstein's General Relativity Theory. 2. A Positive Electric Charge Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides Positive Electrically Charged Bodies how to Repel from any other Positive Electrically Charged Body, and how to Attract to any Negative Electrically Charged Body in an Accelerated movement. 3. A Negative Electric Charge Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides Negative Electrically Charged Bodies how to Repel from any other Negative Electrically Charged Body, and how to Attract to any Positive Electrically Charged Body in an Accelerated movement. According to That New Model, in both Mass Bodies' Attraction, and Electrically Charged Bodies' Attraction or Repulsion, the origins of the Attraction or Repulsion Acceleration Forces, is rooted in the Distortion of one of the Interwoven Space/Time Entities. So, this theory explains the origins of the Coulomb's Force analogously to the explanation of the Universal Gravitation Force's origins by the General Relativity Theory. As such, That New Model predicts that the Acceleration between two Electrically Charged Bodies Attracted-to, or Repelled-from each other, is usually dependent on the Electric Charge Bodies' magnitude, and not on their Mass magnitude. Based on this idea, the present study provides a detailed proposal for an experimental process, intending to validate the new theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Collision Time of the Observable Universe is 13.8 Billion Years per Planck time: A New Understanding of the Cosmos based on Collision Space-Time

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 23 Pages.

The escape velocity derived from general relativity coincides with the Newtonian one. However, the Newto- nian escape velocity can only be a good approximation when v ≪ c is sufficient to break free of the gravitational field of a massive body as it ignores higher-order terms of the relativistic kinetic energy Taylor series expansion. Consequently, it does not work for a gravitational body with a radius at which v is close to c, such as a black hole. To address this problem, we re-visit the concept of relativistic mass, abandoned by Einstein, and derive what we call a full relativistic escape velocity. This approach leads to a new escape radius where ve = c equal to a half of the Schwarzschild radius. Further, we show that one can derive the Friedmann equation for a critical universe from the escape velocity formula from general relativity theory. We also derive a new equation for a flat universe based on our full relativistic escape velocity formula. Our alternative to the Friedmann formula predicts exactly twice the mass density in our (critical) universe as the Friedemann equation after it is calibrated to the observed cosmological redshift. Our full relativistic escape velocity formula also appears more consistent with the uniqueness of the Planck mass (particle) than the general relativity theory: whereas the general relativity theory predicts an escape velocity above c for the Planck mass at a radius equal to the Planck length, our model predicts an escape velocity c in this case.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Greatest Mistakes of Modern Cosmology

Authors: Jiří Šrajer
Comments: 16 Pages.

Currently we have two theories describing the world: general theory of relativity describing the macroworld and quantum mechanics describing the microworld. Both theories are drastically different and do not match each other. In this article, I will try to show the greatest mistakes of modern cosmology and possible solutions that bring both theories together.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

200th Anniversary of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 4 Pages. Please read again in the year 2105.

The special theory of relativity has been honored with high interpretations about human mental performance for more than a century and it played a role in increasing interest in science. With the improvement of methodology and its becoming more competent, the flaws of the theory and its superficial analyzing became transparent, and in its 200th anniversary it became the case for the error file in the history of science. Through this widely known example, this study summarizes the reasons why humanity is deceived oneself while searching for reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothese Einer Verletzung Der Lorentz-Invarianz in Der Äthertheorie Und Bestätigung Durch Die Experimente Von D. C. Miller
Hypothesis of a Violation of Lorentz Invariance in the Aether Theory and Confirmation by the Experiments of D. C. Miller

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: Pages.

Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß der Brechungsindex von bewegten Gasen in deren Ruhesystem anisotrop wird. Deswegen sollten Interferometer mit Luft im Lichtweg eine Phasenverschiebung messen können. Das theoretische Signal wird aus der Äthertheorie von Lorentz hergeleitet. Die Hypothese wird anhand von historischen Daten der Experimente von Dayton C. Miller auf dem Mount Wilson in den Jahren 1925–1926 geprüft. In ausgewählten Daten wird ein passendes Signal gefunden und bestätigt damit die Äthertheorie. Mit Hilfe einer Ausgleichsrechnung konnte die Geschwindigkeit v und der Apex, in äquatorialen Koordinaten (α, δ), der Bewegung des Sonnensystems im Äther bestimmt werden. Die kleinste Abweichung der Theorie von den Daten ergibt sich mit den Parametern v = (326 ± 17) km/s, α = (11,0 ± 0,2) h, δ = (-11 ± 5)°.

It is hypothesized that the refractive index of moving gases in their rest frame becomes anisotropic. Therefore interferometers with air in the light path should be able to measure a phase shift. The theoretical signal is derived from Lorentz's aether theory. The hypothesis is tested against historical data from Dayton C. Miller's experiments on Mount Wilson in 1925-1926. A suitable signal is found in selected data, confirming the aether theory. Using curve fitting, the velocity v and the apex, in equatorial coordinates (α, δ), of the motion of the solar system in the aether were determined. The smallest deviation of the theory from the data results with the parameters v = (326 ± 17) km/s, α = (11.0 ± 0.2) h, δ = (-11 ± 5) °.

Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Unified Field Theory of General Relativity and Electromagnetism Without Extra Dimensions

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents a brief analysis of the basic concepts of electromagnetic phenomena and then tries to reorganize and situate them in the context of the theory of general relativity. Existence of electric charges in two opposite types and the apparent absence of equivalence principle are two major obstacles in this task which we will show how to take a leap over them both.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to the Twin Paradox and a New Interpretation of Inertial and Non-Inertial Reference Frames

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we propose that the velocity in the Lorentz transformation ( LT ) equations and special relativity can only be instantaneous relative velocity between inertial reference frames. We will see that this interpretation will resolve the twin paradox and lead to a deeper understanding of inertial and non-inertial reference frames. Physicists failed to note that if the travelling twin suddenly decelerated from relativistic velocity to low velocity, all space and time coordinates and separations / intervals of events will also change suddenly, retroactively, in such a way as if the travelling twin had always been travelling at that low velocity. When the travelling twin returns to Earth and comes to rest relative to the stationary twin, all ‘memory’ of his/her past relativistic journey will be lost and time intervals of events will also change retroactively as if he/she had always been at rest relative to the stationary twin, as if he had never travelled at relativistic speeds. Only instantaneous velocity is relevant and all motion history of the twin is irrelevant in the Lorentz transformations. Therefore, the problem is symmetrical with respect to both twins. Intuitive and inconsistent application of time dilation (and length contraction), rather than rigorous and consistent application of Lorentz coordinate transformation of events, has caused the creation and persistence of the twin paradox. Lorentz transformation is fundamentally about coordinate transformation of events and time dilation and length contraction are only consequences of LT. The twin paradox is a result of a somehow mixed ( relativistic and classical) views of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Propagation of Light-Ray and Sagnac Effect in Kerr-Newman-Nut Spacetime

Authors: Bobur Turimov, Akhror Mamadjanove, Farruh Atamurotova, Kholida Boymurodova
Comments: 14 Pages.

The paper explores the light-ray propagation and Sagnac effect in Kerr-Newman-NUT spacetime. It has been analyzed the spacetime curvature structure of these solutions and represented that the Kerr-Newman-NUT spacetime is one of the exact analytical solutions for rotating regular black holes. The area of the horizon and ergosphere of the black hole has been explicitly derived. The electromagnetic feature of the Kerr-Newman-NUT black hole has been also discussed. The effect of the NUT parameter in capture cross-section of the photon by the black hole so-called the shadow black hole has been analyzed. Finally, the Sagnac effect in the Kerr-Newman-NUT space has explicitly discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Rotational Angular Momentum

Authors: Raymond H. Gallucci
Comments: 6 Pages.

This is an exercise without a conclusion, intended to examine a phenomenon that, in the relativistic world, seems most difficult to comprehend, let alone explain – relativistic rotational angular momentum. Many have tackled the problem, first cited by Ehrenfest in 1909, and known since then as the “Ehrenfest Paradox,” primarily in terms of analyzing effects on the size and geometry of a relativistically rotating disk. Length contraction and time dilation interplay with aspects of general relativity and hyperbolic geometry according to the experts. Tackling this aspect is beyond me, so I try to examine a somewhat more predictable phenomenon, relativistic angular momentum as a result of relativistic mass increase in both a rotating rod and disk. No conclusions are drawn, but observations are offered as food for thought for the reader.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein’s Field Equations– the Unimodular Defect (a Summary)

Authors: Stephen J Crothers
Comments: 2 Pages.

Albert Einstein first presented his gravitational field equations in unimodular coordinates. In these coordinates, the field equations can be written explicitly in terms of the Einstein pseudotensor for the energy-momentum of the gravitational field. Since this pseudotensor produces, by contraction, a first-order intrinsic differential invariant, it violates the rules of pure mathematics. This is sufficient to prove that Einstein’s unimodular field equations are invalid. Since the unimodular form must hold in the General Theory of Relativity, it follows that the latter is also unsound, lacking a proper mathematical foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stochastic Cosmology and the Vacuum Energy Parameter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Vacuum Energy Parameter (VEP) of standard cosmology denotes the fraction of the critical density attributed to the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Astrophysical evidence sets the numerical range of VEP at 0.692 +,- 0.012, yet the root cause of these values is currently unknown. Drawing from the stochastic interpretation of early-Universe cosmology, we develop here a derivation of the VEP based on classical diffusion theory and the Langevin equation. Predictions are shown to be in reasonable agreement with observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology