Relativity and Cosmology

Metaphysics

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 2 Pages.

Absolute test of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Non-local Perspective in General Relativity

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In special relativity speed of light is constant for all observers at any frame of reference but as Einstein proved later in some of his papers. This is not the same case in general relativity, when you have an accelerated frame of reference i.e. a deference in space-time curvature then the speed of light will be constant only for local observers and different for a non-local observers. For example, a distant galaxy away from us by billions of light-years due to the expansion of the universe moving at a velocity higher than the speed of light in relative to us, then if we try to measure the speed of light in that galaxy we should find it higher than the speed of light on our local perspective but it will be equal to the ordinary speed of light if it measured from a local observer in that distance galaxy. For another example a spacecraft using the hypothetical warped space-time drive, then the speed of light inside this spacecraft for the persons inside (i.e. local observers) will be unaffected, but for an outside observer in flat space-time (i.e. nonlocal observer) then the speed of light inside this spacecraft will be unobservable but it’s higher than the local speed of light. So by following this line of work I manage to confirm and develop Einstein's work.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Projective Hyperbolic Geometry of Electromagnetic Fields

Authors: John Suss
Comments: 67 Pages.

We show that the e.m. field of a point charge is the acceleration part of a geodesic equation, in the Beltrami-Klein Ball model of hyperbolic geometry,in 3dim velocity space.The result is obtained by assuming that the interval of interaction is timelike instead of null.This gives rise to a formal 4 velocity of interaction and a rest frame for an inertial observer moving with the formal velocity.The geodesic between two points in the tangent space is given by projective velocity 4 vectors or bivectors.The moment of Lienard-Wiechert potential is the geodesic between the velocity of the source charge and the formal velocity of interaction,in bivector form.The Lorentz force is proportional to the geodesic between the velocity of the source charge and that of the interaction,in the rest frame of the test charge.The energy- stress tensor, the field Lagrangian density, the e.m energy density, the e.m. momentum density also have geometricmeanings.The inverse of the field is related to virtual, uniformly accelerated motions,described by a Rindler-like coordinate system.All e.m. entities are finite everywhere and Lorentz covariant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity Visualized Through the Field of Reference Frames Approach

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Einstein’s special theory of relativity, describes a fabric of space-time in which the speed of light is the same for all observers regardless on their inertial frame of reference (might also be referred to as reference frame or frame of reference). Based on that assumption, Einstein concluded in his special theory of relativity that two observers in two separate frames of reference will measure a difference in the flow of time, in length and in the exact time that events occur (relativity of simultaneity). A new approach that will enable to visualize the structure of this unique fabric of space - time in a single four dimensional (4D) image, will be the key to unify gravity with the quantum world.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Field Strength of Subtle Energies Originating from Objects in our Galaxy

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 20 Pages, 16 Figures, 7 Tables [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form and scholarly norm]

The main challenge in physics today is unifying quantum theory with gravity. This paper forms part of my 37-year study into the physics of Subtle Energies and contributes to the growing belief that the extended mind is involved in solving this problem. Subtle Energies have been known and recorded for thousands of years. They are associated with the Earth, astronomical sources, as well as with life-forms. They criss-cross the landscape, especially around Neolithic stone circles (possibly providing the motivation to build them). They easily pass through large solid objects, even the Earth, without any diminution. Yet to date, there is no explanation or comprehension, as only a few people can feel them, and even less can see them. Furthermore, currently, there are no detectors or accurate meters to measure them. Interestingly, some children under about 10 years old have the inbuilt ability to both see and feel them. Subtle energy beams usually consist of geometric shapes such as lines and spirals. This paper addresses several topics of current academic research into fundamental areas of physics and cosmology that involve the following aspects. The fact that the act of making an observation may affect the results of quantum physics experiments. Hence Noetics - specializing in the intersection of science and human experience. The structure of the universe and the role of Geometry is a more recent topic of growing academic interest. Further research into Entanglement – not only in the quantum world, but in the everyday macro world is also discussed, as is the theory of a “universal consciousness” and “the theory of everything”. Finally, whether there is any connection between subtle energies and dark energy. The interesting conclusions of this paper include unexpected relationships between Subtle Energies, their distances from the Sun, compatibility with general and special relativity, and gravity. These conclusions are supported by further evidence detailed in the Appendices which summarise historical published research in addressing the above aims. They have included experiments involving subtle energy beams created and measured during alignments across the solar system, such as eclipses of the sun and moon, to transits of Neptune and other planets by the moon, as well as the alignment of 3 planets one of which is the Earth. The convincing mathematical evidence extends to the centre of the Galaxy. It is expected that the findings may make a significant contribution to solving many of the above aims.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Centre of Our Galaxy

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed: the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”; and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extending the Weak Equivalence Principle Beyond Massive Bodies

Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 13 Pages.

The validity of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) for massive bodies has been empirically confirmed with extremely high precision. However, can this principle be applied beyond massive bodies? The WEP states that every massive body falls at the same rate in a gravitational field. Does a massless body fall at the same rate within the same field? Theoretically, a body can be massive, negative massive, or massless. We aim to extend the WEP beyond massive bodies. To accomplish this goal, for negative massive bodies, we experimentally derive that the WEP applies to them in the same way as massive bodies do. For massless bodies, we conclude that only a type of massless body—with zero net mass—has a role in the WEP. On the basis of this condition, we conclude that the WEP applies to massless bodies. Therefore, we extend the WEP to massless bodies and negative massive bodies satisfactorily.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Barrier to the Vaidya Event Horizon

Authors: James C Austin
Comments: 6 Pages.

For distant observers stationary black holes are objects existing in the infinite future. This stems from asymptotic behaviour of inbound null geodesics at their critical radii. However, these objects either exist in a vacuum or are the source of an electromagnetic field if charged. By contrast, astrophysical black holes emit radiation [1] and exist in an environment containing accreting matter. More realistic models of black holes due to Vaidya [2] exchange mass-energy with their environment and consequently these solutions are non-stationary. Recently the Vaidya metric was presented in diagonal form [3], and this exposes features that may not be apparent in the traditional Eddington-Finkelstein form. One of these features appears to be an abrupt change in the direction of gravitational acceleration close to the critical radius, leading to a diverging potential barrier halting further collapse. It must be noted however, that this may only be a feature of the specific solution considered here, and such behaviour may not be generic. The purpose of this letter is to show how this comes about, and to suggest that, if true generally, would imply a resolution of the information paradox. 1. Hawking SW. Black hole explosions. Nature, 248 30 (1974). 2. Vaidya P. The Gravitational Field of a Radiating Star. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, A33 264 (1951). 3. Berezin VA, Dokuchaev VI and Eroshenko Yu N. Vaidya Spacetime in the Diagonal Coordinates. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 124(3) 446 (2017).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Do Causality Violations Initiating a Compactly Generated Cauchy Horizon Require Exotic Matter?

Authors: James C Austin
Comments: 8 Pages.

This short paper summarises the proof that a causality violation formed from a bounded region requires matter that violates the null energy condition. Therefore the answer to the question in the title is yes. This is one of the results on which Stephen Hawking based his Chronology protection conjecture. It is conjectured that the required negative mass density fields cannot cover sufficiently large regions of space-time to make causality violations a reality. This lends support to the idea that the evolution of the universe is an entirely unitary process. This work is intended to be more accessible than Hawking’s original, which was cast in terms of the Newman-Penrose formalism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unifizierte Relativistik Durch Gravitative Dopplerung Und Eine Fehlerkorrektur Durch Einheiten-Streckung
Unified Relativity by Gravitational Doppler and an Error Correction by Time and Length Units Stretching

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 81 Pages.

Entwurf einer Dissertations-Arbeit betreffend Relativismus. Überraschend wurde ein Deutungsfehler in der SRT Einsteins entdeckt. In einer neuen Deutung wurde ein relativistischer Messvorgang zum Strecken, anstatt Kontrahieren der Längeneinheit eingeführt,wodurch erst Distanzen kontrahiert gemessen werden. Die Folge ist, dass die Längen asymmetrisch wie Zeitdilatation nur bei „Bewegten“ sich strecken. Raumschiffe werden länger. Zweites Thema ist, dass Gravitonen als Dopplerung fähig postuliert und durch Gravitations-Dopplerung ein Gravitations-Level die Inertialsysteme unterscheidet. Damit wurde Gravitation als eine Ursache aller Relativistik-Phänomene entdeckt, geschwindigkeits- und statisch-gravitativ. Dadurch sind Zwillingsparadoxon nun begründet, man kann unterscheiden, welche „Uhren bewegte“ sind. Weitere Paradoxa wurden entdeckt und erklärt. Zweites Drillingsparadoxon, Energieparadoxon, Impulsparadoxon. Es wurde eine relativistische Korrektur der Planck-Konstante mit quadriertem Lorentzfaktor begründet. Und eine Anwendung für Periheldrehung der Himmelskörper aufgrund der Gravitationsdopplerung dargelegt.

An editin for a dissertation project on relativism. Surprisingly, a misinterpretation was discovered in Einstein's SRT. In a new interpretation, a relativistic measuring process for stretching instead of contracting the unit of length was introduced, whereby as consequence distances are measured in a contracted manner. The result is that the lengths stretch asymmetrically, like time dilation do only in the case of "moving clocks". Spaceships are getting longer. The second topic is that gravitons are postulated as capable of Doppler shift and that a gravitational level distinguishes the inertial systems through gravitational Doppler shift. With this, gravitation was discovered as a cause of all relativity phenomena, speed- and static-gravitational. As a result, twin paradoxes are now established, one can distinguish which "clocks are moving". Other paradoxes were discovered and explained. Second triplet paradox, energy paradox and impulse paradox. A relativistic correction of the Planck constant with a squared Lorentz factor was justified. And presented an application for perihelion rotation of the celestial bodies due to gravitational Doppler shift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Half Photon Effect Discovered for Mass Particles: Kinetic Capacity Effect of Photons and Rest Mass Particles

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 6 Pages.

In an Einstein like Gedanken Experiment, the relativistic changes of energies of a photon and a rest mass particle caused by the same relative movement were compared and it was discovered , that the same relative movement was causing very different energetic changes on the photons and rest mass particles: photons have significantly more “capacity” for kinetic energy then mass paricles. A mass particle behaves near to the speed of light as an half photon. The discovery was made back in 1999
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complete Relativity: Nature of Observables

Authors: Mario Ljubičić
Comments: 62 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]

A complete relativity of all observables with scale invariance in physical laws is postulated and discussed. Along with definitions of new terms which may be used in follow-up articles written in the context of the theory, in order to conform to this physics, a redefinition and generalization of some terms and factors already in use has also been suggested. In conclusion, the theory suggests that everything must be relative in order to exist and everything evolves in order to conserve this, existence conserving, relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Solar System: Nature and Mechanics

Authors: Mario Ljubičić
Comments: 165 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]

Origin, mechanics and properties of the Solar System are analyzed in the framework of Complete Relativity. The analysis confirms the postulates and hypotheses of the theory with a high degree of confidence. During the analysis, some new hypotheses have emerged. These are discussed and confirmed with various degrees of confidence. To increase confidence or refute some hypotheses, experimental verification is necessary.

Main conclusions are:

Solar System is a scaled Carbon isotope with a nucleus in a condensed (bosonic) state and components in various vertically excited states.

Earth is a living being of extremely introverted intelligence.

Life is common everywhere, albeit extroverted complex forms are present on planetary surfaces only during planetary neurogenesis, anthropogenic climate change is only a part (trigger from one perspective) of bigger global changes on Earth and in the Solar System during planetary neurogenesis.

Major extinction events are relative extinctions, a regular part of transformation and transfer of life in the process of planetary neurogenesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Direct Derivation of Minkowski Space and Special Relativity from an Invariant Tensor Statement and a Condition of Simulta-Neity for the Null 4-Vector. Solutions for Time-Like and Space-Like Trajectories

Authors: David Escors
Comments: 7 Pages.

Derivation of special relativity classically relies on the use of two inertial reference frames separating at a constant velocity, combined with the constancy of the speed of light as a founding definition of simultaneity. Einstein´s original method for derivation provides the general framework in which special relativity is often taught. While this approach is intuitive for students, it is nevertheless confusing in some aspects and lacks clarity in certain steps. Hence, special relativity is very often questioned with paradoxes and apparent mathematical inconsistencies. In most instances, these paradoxes are set up under improper mathematical frameworks, or in systems which are not invariant under coordinate transformations. Here, Minskowski space and special relativity are fully derived from an invariant tensor statement valid in any reference frame, with the simultaneity condition imposed on the 4-dimensional null vector. This approach derives Minkowski space with a very limited number of steps in tensor space without the need of introducing separating inertial reference frames. From it, the main features of special relativity for bradyon and tachyon trajectories are derived. This solution is particularly adequate for students of special and general relativity, as it is simple, straightforward and mathematically consistent.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Elementary Proof on Equivalence Principle

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The equivalence principle discovered by Albert Einstein when constructing the general theory of relativity, that "in an infinitesimal region, the acceleration of motion is indistinguishable from the acceleration of gravity," has been reconfirmed as correct by my definition of the proof.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology