Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology in Crisis?

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 27 Pages, 8 Diagrams

The recent discrepancy in the measurements of the Hubble Constant (the universe's rate of expansion) between the indirect, early method (+/- 67km/s/megaparsec) and the direct, late method (+/- 72km/s/megaparsec) has been characterized as a growing crisis for cosmology. To some, a transitory disagreement of less than 10% may not seem like that much of a concern. What would cause a real crisis though is if it were suddenly realized, factually established, and conclusively confirmed that universal expansion itself is conceptually impossible for a finite, uniform cosmos. Despite all of the obvious invalidating incongruities, universal expansion's fundamental viability is rarely questioned, if at all.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

M-2: The Emergence of Quarks/Anti-Quarks

Authors: Naohiro Ozawa
Comments: 22 Pages.

In clarifying the entirety of the universe, the most important processes are the emergence of the universe and the formation of quarks/anti-quarks. The entirety of the universe has emerged in a causal and consecutive manner. According to the Standard Model, from the dawn of the universe, particles such as 3 pairs of neutrinos ( / , / , / ) and 6 pairs of quarks ( / , / , / , / , / , / ) suddenly emerged with different components not due to causality but due to "vacuum phase transitions" with no space existing in the universe. In this research paper, we must first assume that quarks/anti-quarks are formed inextricably linked with the organization of space-time/anti-space-time and in cooperation with 2 pairs of neutrinos ( / , / ) in the acting of the "strong interaction" and "weak interaction." We must also assume that quarks/anti-quarks are the main body that composes the -on group ( , , , ) and the nucleon group ( , , , ), and that they play the leading role to compose not only 120 types of atomic nuclei, but also all the particles/antiparticles that exist in the entire universe. In other words, the formed quarks/anti-quarks must clear any and all problems in the above series without any contradictions. This research paper will make clear details such as the fact that only 2 pairs of quarks ( / , / ) were formed; that in the entirety of the universe, only these 2 pairs of quarks were given electrical charges; and that the raw materials of space-time/anti-space-time are the same as quarks/anti-quarks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Transformation is 'Identical' Transformation Defined Only in Minkowski Space-Time and Untenable in Galilean Space-Time

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 35 pages,in Chinese language

Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity has received much criticism and doubts on its theoretical bases. In this paper, a detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation is produced. The fatal errors occurred in derivation of Lorentz Transformation are the mistakes made in proposed system of equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation ,where in the same one system of simultaneous equations had been introduced equations defined in two different Space-Time, i.e. Galilean Space-Time with ‘absolute time’ and Minkowski Space-Time with ‘relative time’, which in result make Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ , defined only in Minkowski Space-Time and untenable in Galiliean Space-Time, and thus leading Lorentz Transformation to be physically meaningless. Lorentz Transformation depicts the ‘World Line’ in Minkowski Space-Time and describes mathematically an observing process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. In addition, in this article two relevant Laws, namely, (1) Law of Light Propagation and (2) Law of Motion Observation, are firstly put forward by author. They would be the fundamental laws in Motion Observation Theory. In this article, Galilean-Zhou Transformation is logically and accurately deduced, utilizing both of these two Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

EPR and the Double Slit Experiment

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper brings together two fundamental strange behaviors of quantum mechanics, the double slit experiment and the EPR paradox. “We choose to examine a phenomenon, which is impossible, absolutely impossible, to explain in any classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics” – Richard Feynman about the double slit experiment. ” Spooky action at a distance “– Albert Einstein about quantum entanglement in the EPR paradox paper. This paper will deeply look into the unique behavior of the double slit experiment when using entangled particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Equivalence Principle Schizophrenic? ... And a Summary, and a Correction

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 5 Pages.

The equivalence principle is not always valid. Before trusting it, it is important to verify that there are no inconsistencies in either the General Relativity scenario or in the Special Relativity scenario. The exponential version of the gravitational time dilation equation is incorrect. I have derived the correct version of the gravitational time dilation equation, and its Special Relativity version agrees with the CMIF simultaneity method. The Special Relativity version of the correct gravitational time dilation equation establishes, for an accelerating observer, a “NOW” moment throughout all space, which guarantees that the current age of a distant person, according to that accelerating observer, is fully meaningful and real to the accelerating observer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

M-1: The Universe That Emerged and Developed in a Causal Manner

Authors: Naohiro Ozawa
Comments: 22 Pages. Everything in the universe has developed in a causal manner.

The interpretation of the universe put forward in this series of research papers (30 papers in total) explains how the universe has emerged, developed, and will end in a causal and autonomous manner according to a single principle from start to finish. In other words, the emergence of all particles such as neutrinos, quarks, [the -on group ( , , , ) and the nucleon group ( , , , )], and the 120 types of atomic nuclei as well as motive forces by which work physical forces such as "strong interaction," "weak interaction," the "electromagnetic force," and "gravity" are without exception the result of the causality between the 4 types of entities that existed in a single point at the emergence of the universe. Furthermore, this series of research papers will make clear how the universe has continuously developed according to causality and, in this way, has formed the entirety of today's universe, including all physical matter. This research will begin by proving the insight that there was nothing outside of the single point at the start of the universe. A consideration of the types of entities that existed in a single point at the start of the universe and of the causality between these entities will follow. If we assume that not even space existed outside of the universe, it is not possible for neutrinos and quarks to suddenly emerge, although the Standard Model advocates it is possible. As such, this research paper believes that the universe began by constructing space. That is, this series of research papers splits from the Standard Model right from the start of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Positive Energy Conditions in a Near Black Hole.

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 2 Pages.

I speculate that the positive energy conditions are maintained by quantum events, in which case I suggest it is unlikely they can be relied on in the extreme conditions associated with a black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Regarding Geometrization of MOND

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

One of the candidates for a resolution of the problem of dark matter is the Modified Newtonian Dynamics, which modifies the Newtonian gravity so as to fit the data. One of the key open problems of this theory which can have important empirical consequences is that of its geometrization. In this note I argue that this problem has a simple solution: metric tensor in MOND is not the gravitational potential *itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof that the Einstein’s Field Equations Are Invalid: Exposition of the Unimodular Defect

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 18 Pages.

Albert Einstein first presented his gravitational field equations in unimodular coordinates. In these coordinates, the field equations can be written explicitly in terms of the Einstein pseudotensor for the energy-momentum of the gravitational field. Since this pseudotensor produces, by contraction, a first-order intrinsic differential invariant, it violates the laws of pure mathematics. This is sufficient to prove that Einstein’s unimodular field equations are invalid. Since the unimodular form must hold in the General Theory of Relativity, it follows that the latter is also physically and mathematically unsound, lacking a proper mathematical foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Approach to Calculate the Sunspot Cycle: 10.38 Years

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 15 Pages.

Relativistic matter wave was rewritten in terms of ultimate acceleration. If there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody’s acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any quantum effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity test. In this paper, the relativistic matter wave in gravity with the ultimate acceleration establishes an approach which shows that the sunspot cycle is mainly determined by the ultimate acceleration β. As an application, the sunspot cycle is calculated out to be 10.38 years, the result agrees well with the experimental observation. Using the same approach, the radius of the Sun is calculated out to be r=7e+8 (m) with a relative error 0.72%; the radius of the Earth is calculated out to be r=6.4328e+6 (m) with a relative error 0.97%.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Low Power Warp Drive Possible?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 8 Pages.

All conventional forms of spacecraft propulsion are unlikely to motivate large-scale private capital because the time scales for interstellar travel even to the nearest exo-planet are simply too long for practical commerce, the habitat problems are likely to be too difficult, and the cost in our declining world economy on the brink of financial if not environmental collapse in 2011 appear to be too great. Recent discoveries in the slowing of the speed of light in Bose-Einstein condensates and the negative electric permittivity and magnetic permeability in metamaterials suggests a low power speculative possibility for warp drive based on Einstein’s orthodox field equation for gravity coupled to the electromagnetic field. Suppose we can slow down the speed of light to 3 cm/sec keeping the magnetic response χB close to 1 with an anti-gravitating non-propagating negative near field low frequency negative dielectric response susceptibility χE . Therefore, since c scales as the inverse square root of χE yielding a dimensionless amplification of the repulsive anti-gravity field of perhaps as much as order of the cube of χE ~ 10^60 . This would break the space-time stiffness barrier to low power warp-wormhole technology. This conjecture is entirely new and needs further investigation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Breaking the Space-­Time Stifness Barrier -- Is Low Power Warp Drive Possible?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 28 Pages. These are the presentation slides associated with the 100yss Sarfatti paper

Suppose we can slow down the speed of light to 3 cm/sec keeping the magnetic response χB close to 1 with an anti-gravitating non-propagating negative near field low frequency negative dielectric response susceptibility χE . Therefore, since c scales as the inverse square root of χE yielding a dimensionless amplification of the repulsive anti-gravity field of perhaps as much as order of the cube of χE ~ 10^60 . This would break the space-time stiffness barrier to low power warp-wormhole technology. This conjecture is entirely new and needs further investigation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Contradiction for a Gravitational Plane Wave Pulse Colliding with a Mass

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We consider a system of a gravitational plane wave pulse colliding with a mass. We assume as size and mass go to zero that the the path of the mass approaches a geodesic of a plane gravitational wave pulse having zero Ricci tensor. Assume also that energy and momentum are conserved. We show these assumptions lead to a contradiction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spacetime Transformations and the Principle of Causality

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian

The application of the principle of causality to inertial frames of reference is considered in detail. It was found that the observer has only the information that the IFR has, with respect to which he is stationary. Further analysis led to the conclusion that from the point of view of the observer, events in different IFRs look the same, even if there is an actual difference in events. There was no need to make any assumptions to make the conclusion. This result led to the hypothesis that the principle of causality is applied separately and independently for each individual IFR. Such a hypothesis leads to the fact that two types of transformations arise during the transition between inertial frames of reference. The first is transformations from the point of view of the observer. The second type of transformations is a new type of transformations, these are direct transformations of space-time and fields. From the postulates of the hypothesis, the special theory of relativity was obtained, as a transformation of space-time from the point of view of the observer. There was no need to make any changes to the SRT equations. This hypothesis can be considered as a generalization of the special theory of relativity for the case when the principle of causality is applied separately and independently for each different inertial frame of reference.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Consequences of a Hydrogen Atom Moving at Hypervelocity: Three-dimensional Contraction into a Neutron; Becoming a Moving-mass Black Hole

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background：Special relativity treats a moving object as a rigid body and does not discuss the relativistic effects of the motion of the particles that make up the object. This unrealistic approach has misleading effects on the "application of special relativity" and the "concept of space-time". It is necessary to eliminate this misleading effect. Methods：Considering the actual composition of moving objects, the effect of motion on mass is obtained according to the relativistic mass velocity relation, and then the actual relativistic motion effect is obtained. Results：The volume of a non rigid body shrinks in all directions due to motion. This is inconsistent with the conclusion that the moving space contracts only in the direction of motion. When a non rigid body moves at a super high speed, the space around it will be distorted (even if the object is only inertial, the space is not guaranteed to be flat). Conclusions：The actual composition and structure of a moving object cannot be ignored. The motion of space and the contraction of space due to motion are unrealistic. This leads to the doubt of the world view that "space has relativity".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Exploration on an Alternative Explanation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

Authors: Rajeev Kumar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

In this paper an explanation of the Michelson-Morley experiment has been presented and consequently the redundancy of the Einstein’s theory of special relativity has been illustrated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

YRA-Model of the Universe (Summary)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 8 Pages. Materialistic YRA-model of the Universe

This article presents the author's book “Theory of Nature”. The author pays special attention to his YRA-model of the Universe. Readers are offered a dialectical-materialistic model of the structure and evolution of the Universe. The author has no doubts about the correctness, fidelity and truth of his model. This YRA-model of the Universe most fully, completely and comprehensively and most adequately corresponds to nature than all modern models of the Universe taken separately or taken together. The author considers this YRA-model revolutionary for modern astrophysics and cosmology (cosmogony). There are no close analogues of such a model of the Universe in modern science!

В настоящей статье представляется книга автора «Теория Природы». Особое внимание автор уделяет своей YRA-модели Вселенной. Вниманию читателей предлагается диалектико-материалистическая модель устройства и эволюции Вселенной. Автор нисколько не сомневается в правильности, верности и истинности своей модели. Эта YRA-модель Вселенной наиболее полно, всецело и всесторонне и наиболее адекватно соответствует природе, чем все современные модели Вселенной по отдельности или вместе взятые. Автор считает эту YRA-модель революционной для современной астрофизики и космологии (космогонии). Близких аналогов такой модели Вселенной в современной науке нет!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Experiment to Test Absolute Motion

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a new experiment to test absolute motion based on time of flight technique. A novel method is proposed to overcome the difficulty in time of flight experiments, namely the difficulty in measuring extremely small time intervals. Two light transponders are each fixed to the ends of a rigid rod. Each transponder consists of a light detector unit and a light emitting unit. The light detector unit, upon detecting a light pulse, triggers the light emitting unit. Let the transponder on one end of the rod be Transponder 1 and the transponder on the other end be Transponder 2. Transponder 1 is initially started and emits a short light pulse towards transponder 2. Up on detecting the light pulse, the detector of Transponder 2 immediately triggers the emitter of Transponder 2, which emits a short light pulse towards Transponder 1. Up on detecting the light pulse, the detector of Transponder 1 immediately triggers the emitter of Transponder 1, which emits a short light pulse towards Transponder 2 , and so on. The new technique involves a free running, continuous exchange of a short light pulse. The frequency of the pulses is determined by the round trip time of light. Absolute motion of the rod would change the round trip time, and hence the frequency of the pulses. Two such rods ( four transponders in total, two transponders on each rod) are used in the proposed experiment, with output pulse frequencies f1 and f2. The pulse trains from the two transponder pairs are applied to an electronic unit (consisting of mixers, filters, etc.) which detects the difference of the two frequencies: f1 — f2 . If absolute motion exists, then a difference frequency is detected when the orientation in space of one rod is changed with respect to the other rod. This experiment would provide practically unlimited accuracy in measuring absolute velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Center of Milky Way Galaxy

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 2013, World-Universe Model (WUM) made one of the most important predictions: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM (Dark Matter) particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores” [1]. Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez confirmed this prediction: “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020). On May 12, 2022, astronomers, using the Event Horizon Telescope, released the first image of the accretion disk around the Sagittarius A*(Sgr A*) produced using a world-wide network of radio observatories made in April 2017. These observations were obtained by a global array of millimeter wavelength telescopes and analyzed by an international research team that now numbers over 300 people, which claimed that Sgr A* is a Supermassive Black Hole (SBH). In the present paper we analyze these results in frames of WUM. Based on the totality of all accumulated experimental results for the Center of the Milky Way Galaxy we conclude that Sgr A* is the DM Core of our Galaxy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Effect of Non Rigid in Motion: Volume Contraction in All Directions; Space Around It Warped

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Ignoring the internal structure of moving objects and treating them as rigid bodies is not only out of practice but also inconsistent with the spirit of scientific exploration. To change this status quo, consider the relativistic effects of real object motion. Consider the mass-velocity relationship as an initial mechanism to discuss the effect of velocity on the space around an object and on the volume of the object. The relativistic mass-velocity relationship and the relationship between atomic radius and mass together constitute one of the physical mechanisms for the volume contraction of objects due to motion. A series of new conclusions are obtained, such as: the space distortion of a moving system with mass due to inertial motion at ultra-high speed, and even the generation of neutron like stars or black holes; the 3D contraction of objects due to motion; Because the empty space can neither bear nor exert force, in terms of mechanical performance, space and object are always independent of each other, and space cannot move(at most, its motion can only be set subjectively);Even maintaining inertial motion does not guarantee that space is flat, and special relativity can only be approximated at best. It shakes the position of the theoretical criterion of "covariance under Lorentz transformation". It lays a solid foundation for transforming the view of relative space-time into the view of relative absolute space-time and giving birth to the theory of relative absolute.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Novel Spacetime Map of the Universe Second Edition

Authors: Sebastiano Tirrò
Comments: 48 Pages.

A new cosmological model is proposed, which is based on two important intuitions of Albert Einstein. The model is admittedly conjectural, since it is based on gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter, which is theoretically foreseen by some theorists, but denied by the first experiment. The values currently considered correct for some important system parameters (mass budget, Hubble constant, universe age) are assumed. Universe dimensions, expansion velocity and total mass are computed. The highly questioned inflation hypothesis is abandoned, and the matter-antimatter unbalance strongly reduced. As a consequence, the dark side of the cosmos assumes new, much smaller, dimensions. Another result of major importance is the time allowed for the formation of the first structures, which is much larger than predicted by traditional Big Bang models. A problem of horizon does not seem to exist: all parts of the universe are visible by every observer; this was true also in the past, with the exception of a relatively short initial period, and will be true also in the future. As concerns CMBR anisotropy, the structure seed dimension given by the model looks in reasonable agreement with the experimental data provided by the scientific satellites.The first part of the paper shortly reviews the current situation of cosmology. In the second part the new model is discussed and evaluated from a quantitative viewpoint. The third part describes the novel spacetime map, including the derivation from measured redshift of comoving distance and time after Big Bang, and the discussion of the horizon problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modified Lorentz Transforms and Minkowski Space Splits in Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 21 Pages.

New transformations of space and time coordinates achieve kinds of symmetry that the classic Lorentz transformations fail to achieve, we get the new transformations When analyzing a four-dimensional vector in Minkowski space into two four-dimensional vectors, the first is known as the symmetry vector and the second is known as the parallel vector, Where each vector is represented in a new four-dimensional space, this analysis leads to the splitting of the Minkowski space into a positive and a negative space, Thus, we have new transformations of the coordinates of space and time called modified Lorentz transformations, Which expresses one of those spaces, the positive space (positive spacetime), which adheres to the principles of special relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Relativity Under the Condition of Extremely Weak Gravitational Field

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is generally believed that under the condition of relatively strong gravitational field, the effect of general relativity will be more significant. Under the condition that the gravitational field is relatively weak, we can directly use Newton's theory of gravity. However, if we think that dark matter is a kind of fluid, then general relativity can also be used to explain the more special space-time structure formed by the dark matter fluid. According to the characteristics of the fluid, when the fluid flows, two different flow phenomena, laminar flow and turbulent flow, can be formed. In this study, the Zou metric is analyzed, and it is believed that the space-time formed by dark matter turbulence can be well described by the Zou metric. On this basis, this study calculates the pulsation frequency and amplitude of dark matter turbulence in space-time, and predicts the possible impact of dark matter turbulence on visible matter. For the space-time formed by the laminar flow of dark matter, this paper attempts to establish a new two-dimensional metric. This two-dimensional metric has a structure similar to that of a uniform gravitational field. But the two-dimensional metric in this study are obtained entirely from the properties of the space-time structure. In this metric, therefore, the resulting acceleration is due to the structure of the space-time itself. When the speed of visible matter is slower than that of the dark matter fluid, the visible matter will be pulled by the dark matter fluid and continue to accelerate. Conversely, if the velocity of visible matter is lower than that of dark matter fluid, the velocity of visible matter will continue to slow down due to the dissipation of energy. In addition, this dark matter laminar space-time metric also has a very interesting phenomenon, that is, if the velocity of the visible matter is equal to the velocity of the dark matter fluid, the metric will degenerate into the flat metric of Minkowski space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Arguing Against Lorentz Transformation is Illogical

Authors: Jian-zhong Zhao
Comments: 9 Pages.

A counterfeit and illogical simple derivation of the Lorentz transformation is criticized.A wrong simple derivation of composition of Lorentz transformations is revealed.It is concluded that it is impossible and invalid to refute the Lorentz transformation,then the special theory of relativity,by illogical argument and wrong mathematical inference.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology