Relativity and Cosmology

The Next Stage of the Universe, a Hypothesis Causing the Illusion of the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Gabriel-Claudiu Grama
Comments: 1 Page. CC BY-SA

Given that the universe has multiple stages (age of leptons, age of nucleons, age of nucleosynthesis, age of ions, age of atoms, age of stars and galaxies) we ask and answer with a hypothesis, to the question: "What is the next stage of the universe?". We also explained why the expansion of the universe might just be an illusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Three-Dimensional Brane Universe in a Four-Dimensional Spacetime with a Big Bang.

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 10 Pages, 3 Figures

Arguments for the universe being a 3D brane in a 4D bulk are given. Einstein's gravity equations are rewritten as dynamical equations for a 3D metric on a 3D brane travelling in a 4D spacetime with a Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Universe & Anharmonic Oscillator & Singularity Avoidance by Higgs

Authors: Arnaud Andrieu
Comments: 21 Pages.

The functioning of our universe and atomic is based on the oscillation of the particle itself and asymmetrically between matter and antimatter. This mechanism is a classical an⸱harmonic oscillator and uses a linear oscillation of the particle, where the energy can be represented by the graph of a potential well followed by the principle of energy conservation between kinetic energy and potential energy. This an⸱harmonic oscillation therefore occurs with an gravitational oscillator (see "hole through the earth simple harmonic motion"), followed by an singularity avoidance. Indeed the important kinetics of the particle leads to an singularity avoidance over the supermassive black hole to plot the Higgs field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, the Red Shift that Propels the Expansion of the Universe, and the Physical Meaning of Planck’s Constant

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 3 Pages.

The universe is made of a single elementary particle that I have named the N particle. The N particle is in perpetual motion. The quantum of energy the N particle possesses is 2.681338609×10⁻⁵⁴ J. Dividing by c² gives the mass of the N particle, 2.983391554×10⁻⁷¹ kg. I call the physics of the N particle the N particle model. See my The N Particle Model paper (viXra:0907.0009), 56 pages, circa July 2009. The N particle model leads directly to a simple theory of dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter and dark energy are made of tiny, extremely thin shell, spherical N particles, that I have named the omicron particle, the plural is omicra, as in omicra foam. The red shifts, that occur at the interface of dark matter with dark energy, generate omicron particles, increasing the wavelength and decreasing the energy of photons, some of the point N particles of which photons are made of transitioning to omicron particles, conserving energy in that transition, increasing the number of dark energy omicron particles over time that gives rise to the expansion of the universe—the dark energy foam is increasing in volume and pushes on the dark matter foam surrounding galaxies, propelling the expansion of the universe. One needs to read The N Particle Model paper for this paper to make sense. Prerequisites for being able to understand that paper are two semesters of introductory physics using elementary vector calculus. In that paper, I purposely left out my theory of gravity, leaving that as a challenge for the readers, as I will also do here. Hint: There is a 5^th Maxwell Equation for the Gravity Field, and it looks like Gauss’s Law for the Electric Field. I provide a brief but dense overview of some of the relevant N particle model. Numerically Planck’s constant turns out to be two times the quantum of energy of an N particle times the frequency of a photon with the energy of an electron: h = 6.62607015×10⁻³⁴ J·s = 2 × 2.681338609×10⁻⁵⁴ J × 1.235589964×10²⁰ cycles/s × s², accurate to nine significant digits, that I consider to be proof of the N particle model.

Lorentz Transformation Is Actually A ‘Null’ Transformation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 10 Pages. In Chinese

A detailed analysis on Lorentz Transformation （LT） is produced. The fatal errors occurred in derivation of LT are the mistakes made in the proposed system of equations for deriving LT, where in the same one system of simultaneous equations had been introduced two sets of equations defined in two different Space-Time, i.e. Galilean Space-Time with ‘absolute time’ and Minkowski Space-Time with ‘relative time’, which in result make LT being ‘Identical Transformation’, defined only in Minkowski Space-Time and untenable in Galiliean Space-Time. The ‘World Line’ describing light-propagation for LT represents as a single curve: x=ct, x’=ct’. LT depicts an observing process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. The principle of invariance of ‘Space-Time Interval’ is invalid for the case of relatively moving observers. LT is actually a ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T which is untenable in Galilean Space-Time. Therefore, it is impossible to give evidence for any prediction of Einstein’s STR and GTR based on Lorentz Transformation via physical experiments and astronomical observations acquired in Galilean Space-Time (e.g. observations in Particle Collider or in Galaxy) without Galilean-Zhou Transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Positive and Negative Energy in Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 17 Pages.

As Minkowski space splits into positive and negative space (we mentioned this in the second paper "Modified Lorentz transformations and Minkowski space splits in inverse relativity") The energy of the photon and the relativistic kinetic energy of the particle are also analyzed into positive and negative energy, and each type has its properties through the geometrical properties of the space in which it is located, where we find that the energy in the positive space decreases due to dilation of time and It is causally related to observers and their observation devices, so it can be observed, while energy in negative space is causally separate from observers and their observation devices, it cannot be observed, And when the speed of the reference frame reaches the speed of light, theoretically, the positive energy reaches zero and the negative energy reaches infinity, The paper also includes a geometric visualization of the rest mass energy through a new hypothesis known as the dimensional rest energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy-Redshift Challenge to the Velocity-Distance Interpretation of Cosmological Redshifts

Authors: Douglas K Robinson
Comments: 3 Pages. New James Webb space telescope findings referenced (July 2022)

An alternative interpretation of cosmological redshifts derived from the Planck energy-wavelength equation is presented, that in contrast to the velocity-distance interpretation in the ‘Standard’ Lambda-Cold Dark matter (Λ-CDM) model, permits credible explanations of ‘anomalous’ observations without recourse to indeterminate physics such as Dark Energy or Dark Matter.Beyond ‘local’ groups of galaxies which have what are described as ‘peculiar’ motions attributed to genuine Doppler shifts that includes blue as well redshifts, sources with increasing age and distance are found to comprise only of redshifted spectra.Should such cosmological redshifts be considered a consequence of a vanishingly small loss of energy that becomes evident only after millions of years in transit, less exotic and more credible alternative explanations emerge for the Hubble tension, the increasing rate of expansion, and anomalous rotation curves of galaxies.Challenging the claim that the Cosmic Microwave Background is relic radiation of a single primordial event 13.8 billion years ago are the conclusions of a 2005 study by Ibison [4], that found the thermalization of starlight would be inevitable in a Steady-State-Cosmology.From the alternative energy-redshift approach in a steady-state, homogenous, isotropic and stochastic Universe of indeterminate age, the ratio of the emitted energy of Ly-a UV photons to the energy of sources observed at redshifts at z =11.0 according to E(z) = E(rest)/(1+z) = 8.3%. That this ratio corresponds with the change in the Hubble constant H0 early to late universe ~ 8.3%, is contended to be a significant model distinguishing factor that favours a Steady State Cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology and Classical Physics: Summary

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 17 Pages.

In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed Large Number Hypothesis and Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, and later added notion of Continuous Creation of Matter in World. Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is natural continuation of Classical Physics. WUM is proposed as an alternative to prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) that relies on General Relativity. WUM and BBM are principally different Models: 1) Instead of Initial Singularity with infinite energy density and extremely rapid expansion of spacetime (Inflation) in BBM; in WUM, there was Fluctuation (4D Nucleus of World with extrapolated radius equals to basic size unit of a) in Eternal Universe with finite extrapolated energy density (~10^4 less than nuclear density) and finite expansion of Nucleus in Its fourth spatial dimension with speed c that is gravitodynamic constant; 2) Instead of alleged practically Infinite Homogeneous and Isotropic Universe around Initial Singularity in BBM; in WUM, 3D Finite Boundless World (Hypersphere of 4D Nucleus) presents Patchwork Quilt of various Luminous Superclusters (≳10^3), which emerged in different places of World at different Cosmological times. Medium of World, consisting of protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles, is Homogeneous and Isotropic. Distribution of Macroobjects is spatially Inhomogeneous and Anisotropic and temporally Non-simultaneous. Most direct observational evidence of validity of WUM are:1) Microwave Background Radiation and Intergalactic Plasma speak in favor of existence of Medium;2) Laniakea Supercluster with binding mass ~10^17 〖 M〗_ʘ is home to Milky Way (MW) galaxy and ~10^5 other nearby galaxies, which did not start their movement from Initial Singularity;3) MW is gravitationally bounded with Virgo Supercluster (VSC) and has Orbital Angular Momentum calculated based on distance of 65 Mly from VSC and orbital speed of ~400 km s^(-1), which far exceeds rotational angular momentum of MW; 4) Mass-to-light ratio of VSC is ~300 times larger than that of Solar ratio. Similar ratios are obtained for other superclusters. These ratios are main arguments in favor of presence of significant amounts of Dark Matter in World.5) Astronomers discovered the most distant galaxy HD1 that is ~13.5 Bly away. WUM predicts discovery of galaxies with distance ~13.8 Bly .Medium of World, Dark Matter, and Angular Momentum are main Three Pillars of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to Black Hole Information Paradox

Authors: Olayode Olalekan Babatunde
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present a unified theoretical framework that connects black holes, dark matter, and dark energy through quantum gravity. By hypothesizing that the speed of light is quantized, we show that particles at the event horizon can reach velocities up to twice the speed of light, leading to significant increases in energy. This mechanism allows a spin-zero particle to decay into an electron—positron pair and Extending this framework, we demonstrated that photons can also reach energies at which they become unstable and decay into spin-half particle—antiparticle pairs. We relate the stress-energy scalar tensor to discrete speeds and demonstrate that the vacuum expectation value of the cosmological constant determines the energy scale of these processes. Electric charge is defined in terms of occupation number and azimuthal quantum number, naturally yielding neutral spin-zero states and charged spin-half states. We further explore entropy and area relationships at the event horizon, showing that entanglement entropy exhibits logarithmic growth for early times radiation and decreases at late times, consistent with the Page curve. Finally, we discuss particle annihilation within the horizon which nullify the existence of Hawking radiation. This framework provides a potential bridge between general relativity and quantum mechanics, offering new insights into black hole thermodynamics and quantum gravity phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Inaugural Observations of the James Webb Space Telescope: A Short Study of the Stephan's Quintet

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 4 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

On the occasion of the inaugural observations of the James Webb space telescope we will briefly analyze the "Stephan's Quintet". The group is known for the gigantic shock waves to which astronomers claim it is exposed.The calculation is crude: we cannot have observations at different times nor measure any transverse velocity to us. The use of computational code for the N-body system is beyond the scope of this simple processing. Anyhow, I am not sure there would be enough data to set up the simulation (Eccentricity is missing). This short study is being carried out in the context of the cosmological model named "4-Sphere" and described in [viXra:2209.0098] (it works in the Special Relativity context). Excluding the more distant NGC 7320 and NGC 7318B, to look for a cause of the observed strong interactions, we must hypothesize that NGC 7317, NGC 7318A and NGC 7319 are close to each other and that their relative recession speeds are instead radial components of their peculiar velocity.We assume in the vicinity of NGC 7319 and its supermassive Active Galactic Nuclei, the center of gravity of the three remaining galaxies. The equivalent of a triple star, with NGC 7317 and NGC 7318A that form a binary system of galaxies, is the setup we will confirm. The system is dynamically unstable, also leading to a galaxy being ejected: this context could involve the big shockwaves, that astronomers speak of.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Static, Stable Universe: Curvature-Cosmology

Authors: David F. Crawford
Comments: 34 Pages. Important updates

Curvature-cosmology is a tired-light cosmology that predicts a well-defined static and stable universe. Since it is a complete challenge to the big bang paradigm, it can only be judged by its agreement with direct cosmological observations. It predicts a universe of a hydrogen plasma with a temperature of $2.456times10^9,$K [observed: $2.62times 10^9$K] and a cosmic background radiation temperature of 2.736 K [observed: 2.725K]. It has only one parameter which is the density of the cosmic plasma. In addition this paper provides a new simpler raw data analysis for Type Ia supernova which provides excellent predictions for the redshift variation of Type I supernova light curve width and magnitude. A new discovery is intrinsic magnitude distribution. The analysis of 746,922 quasars provides important cosmological information on the distribution on intrinsic magnitudes and the density distribution of quasars. Other major observations that are shown to be consistent with Curvature-cosmology are: Tolman surface density, galaxy clusters, angular size, galaxy distributions, X-ray background radiation, and quasar variability. It does not need inflation, dark matter or dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uniformity in a Finite Universe

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 6 Pages, 6 Diagrams

A finite universe that was uniform, homogeneous and isotropic at the largest scale, would exhibit a distinct visual pattern of galaxies arrayed across the sky that would confirm its finiteness. It'd have fewer galaxies when looking outward toward its perimeter and more galaxies when looking in the opposite direction inward toward its interior. But we don't see it. If it was expanding, cosmological redshift would correlate with the pattern. We don't see that either. This simple, obvious, undeniable fact of basic three-dimensional geometry by itself completely undermines big bang orthodoxy. But it remains unrecognized.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Black Holes Cannot Disappear?

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 8 Pages.

The antigravity force is the corresponding buoyancy force, according to the physicallaw of buoyancy (Archimedes’ principle), but for the dynamic space. As a Universal antigravity force, it causes centrifugal accelerated motion of the galaxies with radial direction to the periphery of the Universe and as a nuclear antigravity force on which the architecture of the nuclei model is based. Also, as a particulate antigravity force, it prevents the further gravitational collapse and destruction of the vacuum bubbles (Higgs bosons) in the core of the neutrons, that build the black holes in the form of grid space matter, consisting of polyhedral cells, like bubbles in a foamed liquid. Therefore,matter has the same fundamental form both during the beginning of the Genesis of primary neutron and during its final gravitational collapse in the cores of the stars.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Une Solution Mathématique Simple du Problème de la Constante Cosmologique
A Simple Mathematical Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

En supposant une densité du vide de la cosmologique constante en mécanique quantique, nous fournissons une solution mathématique simple au problème de la constante cosmologique, c'est-à-dire le désaccord de l'ordre d'un facteur 10^122 entre la valeur théorique et la valeur mesurée de l'énergie du vide . Nous proposons une interprétation avec l'effet Casimir et une piste non exclusive pour que notre solution ait un sens physique.

Assuming a vacuum density of the cosmological constant in quantum mechanics, we provide a simple mathematical solution to the problem of the cosmological constant, i.e. the disagreement of the order of a factor of 10^122 between the value theoretical and measured value of vacuum energy. We propose an interpretation with the Casimir effect and a non-exclusive track so that our solution makes physical sense.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Inevitable is the Quantization of the Gravitational Dipole? Implications for the Tired Light Hypothesis and Cosmology in General.

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

It is shown that similar to distance, pulse, momentum, wavelength (quantization rules were discovered around 100 years ago) the gravitational dipole must be quantized. Implication of this is the obligatory non-zero gravitational dipole for photon and interesting new way for light to lose energy on the long travel, which may create the competing to Big Bang mechanism of red shift and change the cosmology in general.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Note on Electromagnetic Energy in the Context of Cosmology

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure

The density of electromagnetic energy and its flux are given by the well-known formulas which are widely used in classical electrodynamics. We rederive these formulas in the framework of special relativity and then extend them to the context of cosmology with the Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Inconsistencies in the Theory of Relativity.

Authors: Lars Frolund Jensen
Comments: 26 Pages.

Although the special theory of relativity (SR), and the general theory of relativity (GR), both have been found to be in accordance with the results of many physical experiments and astronomical observations, it can be shown that some of their predictions leads to clear self-contradictions / inconsistencies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 27 Pages.

Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics u2013 Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, and Cosmology. In his opinion: "The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories" [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661p].In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational "constant," and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of Matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and can already serve as a basis for a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity Are Fully Compatible, and Have a Common Origin

Authors: Subhajit Waugh
Comments: 100 Pages.

Modern physics rests on two pillars: Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Nature simply can’t afford to make them incompatible! Although physicists have made intense efforts towards unification, nobody cared to dig deeply to see why exactly our two best theories become incompatible. As a result, over eight decades have passed since physicists realized that the theories of quantum mechanics and gravity don’t fit together, and the puzzle of how to combine the two remains unsolved. We have made a series of mistakes, in our mathematics, and in our understanding of physics as well as cosmology. Consequently, we failed to decipher the deepest secret of nature: Nature does not use two separate rule books, but two different viewpoints. Everything, from the tiniest quark to the Galaxy clusters is telling one single story. Relativity and quantum mechanics both have a common origin. Entire Physics & Cosmology is united.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Concerning the Apparent Magnitude

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This brief analysis presents observations intended to support the development of a non-standard cosmological model. The project, named "4-Sphere", and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity.The Apparent magnitude m, as measure of the brightness of a star, is decisive, together with the Absolute magnitude M, for the correct calculation of the Distance Modulus.The Distance Modulus = m - M, indeed, is related to the Luminosity distance d by m — M = 5 log(d) - 5 (d in Parsec) from which some verifications of a Cosmological model are then derived. Contrary to what one might think, the determination of the Apparent magnitude depends on the hypothesized model used. If no Galactic Recession is foreseen, its value coincides with the observed one. However, if the existence of a recession is hypothesized, additional conversions are necessary.This work considers Special Relativity (SR) as the framework for such calculations. Assuming the star is not at rest relative to the observer (an essential condition for the relevance of this analysis), the apparent magnitude calculated in SR assumes a distinct logical weight compared to that obtained based on hypothetical models.Specifically, the calculation based on SR can be used to verify the validity of a model (the intrinsic validity of SR is not in question). Conversely, to avoid a vicious circle, calculations based on hypotheses can only falsify the very model that generated them or serve to determine its parameters.In order to make the new K correction practical, an attempt was made to develop a simple corrective factor for the transformation of the Distance Modulus. This would have allowed us to exploit the extensive database of existing supernova observations, converting the distance modulus used in the FLRW model into its equivalent in SR. The last paragraph, however, explains the reasons why such a conversion is deemed impractical.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmology of Inevitable Flat Space

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 26 Pages. The article offers a new model of the Big Bang free from mathematical singularities. Universe is in a condensed state prior to its expansion at the Big Bang.

In the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics (c-SRQM), the upper limit of local acceleration is constrained to c2/A, where c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the event horizon of the smallest black hole in nature - called the Unit Black Hole (UBH). In this article, a new cosmological model is proposed wherein the flatness of the universe is inevitable from the onset. The theory indicates that at any given moment of the cosmic evolution, the age of the universe can be expressed as some integer multiple of the cosmological time constant A/c. The integer multiple 1, signifies the end of the Big Bang at which the initial conditions undergo a sudden change. The known universe is then shown to be the observable portion of a much bigger structure - named the grand universe - which is originated from a Primordial Black Hole (PBH) expanding with the limit rate c2/A at time A/c. It is shown that the dipole in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) could be explained by the anisotropy in the gravitational redshift of the grand universe. Moreover, a best fit to the observational Hubble diagram is obtained when the absolute luminosity of type Ia supernovae is constrained to 3.02e9 times that of the sun. The age of the universe is found to be 15.96e9 (years). The new age is higher than that of the standard cosmology by 2.14e9 (years), therefore, reducing the age discrepancy between the universe and the old metal-deficient stars. The actual value of the Hubble constant Ho is found to be 40.83 (km/sec/Mpc). The discrepancy with the current estimates of the constant is due to neglecting the gravitational redshift of the grand universe in the current standard cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space Curvature on the Labdesk

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on an idea of the Vixra author Hans van Kessel, a small modification of our experiment "Einstein and Pound-Rebka in the photocoupler" leads to the unexpected selective generation, measurement and exploration of space curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology