Relativity and Cosmology

Radar Guns and Relativity

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 18 Pages. Every physics classroom should have a radar gun.

Radar guns provide an excellent means of explaining and demonstrating some of Einstein’s Relativity theories in a fairly simple and undeniable way. Specifically, radar guns demonstrate how the speed of the emitter cannot add to the speed of the light being emitted, but the speed of the receiver/observer affects the energy of the light that is returned to the gun. In practice, this directly conflicts with basic tenets of mathematicians who somehow believe that all motion is relative, and the properties of light will therefore always be the same for the emitter as for the receiver. A step by step analysis of how radar guns work shatters those beliefs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light's Presumed Constancy

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 36 Pages. 16 Diagrams

It's widely held that light's velocity is fixed. It remains the same for everyone regardless of relative motion. Many believe Einstein proved this through special relativity's time dilation and length contraction for moving objects. But its relativistic effects only work one-dimensionally in the forward direction of linear motion. In our real nontheoretical world of three actual dimensions, light's perpendicular velocity diverges from its forward velocity while exceeding 186,000mi/s. This glaring, unresolvable contradiction plainly demonstrates the conceptual impossibility of light's constancy. It simply has to compound with the motion of its source and that of other reference frames. This is easy to demonstrate. It's also clearly indicated by all of the Michelson-Morley type experiments and confirmed conclusively by Sagnac's. Moreover, light's velocity is also variable. Its speed changes as it traverses the varying density of a gravity field. Einstein asserts this as well despite the nullifying conflict. But the problems with light's constancy don't stop here. Both its factual compounding and its variability have devastating consequences for relativity. They completely undermine its founding premise, which in turn invalidates all of it, including its general theory as Einstein himself even concedes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Will the Standard Model of Cosmology be Confirmed by the JWST? if Not, What Then?

Authors: Michael John Olley
Comments: 9 Pages. Correction to Title

The two space missions, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Euclid Mission launch scheduled in 2023, have been designed to investigate and confirm the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC). It is hoped these missions will provide answers to the many aspects underpinning the SMC which remain unproven or untested. As the first deep field observations from the JWST are published we begin to find answers to questions which will lead to a deeper understanding of the origin of the Universe. In this paper we discuss the various pillars on which the SMC is built and provide the basis for an alternative class of models for the origin and evolution of the Universe. Most importantly, the space missions will be able to discriminate between the two classes of models when a survey of the most distant galaxies in made, which will lead to confirmation or rejection of the SMC.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Variables: Length, Time, Simultaneity, Mass, Energy and Momentum in Inverse Relativity

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 17 Pages.

When changing the observation conditions used in special relativity, we get a new model called inverse relativity, we mentioned this in the second paper ( Modified Lorentz transformations and Minkowski space Splits in Inverse Relativity ) and third paper ( Positive and Negative Energy in Inverse Relativity ), where we find the relativistic variables in the classic observation conditions or in the special relativity becomes inverse variables in the new observation conditions, such as the length in the direction of motion in the new observation conditions remains constant instead of contraction, this means that the contraction of length expands until it reaches its original value, the time also contracts until it becomes super time instead of dilating with increasing the speed of the reference frame, the simultaneity between two events separated by a distance relative to an observer in the new observation conditions, the two events remain simultaneous relative to the other observer instead of non-simultaneity, the mass and energy in the new observation conditions are decreasing rather than increasing with the speed of the reference frame, the relativistic momentum in the new observation conditions remains constant, this means that the increase in relativistic momentum decreases until it reaches its original value, We conclude from all this that the relativistic variables in special relativity appear inverted in the new model, This is why the model is called the inverse theory of relativity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Star Distance Validation from Data of a High-Z Supernova ia in the Special Relativity Context

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 7 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This analysis focuses on the critical point that could refute the fundamental assumptions of this alternative cosmological model to the standard one. The project, named "4-Sphere" and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity. Following [viXra:2207.0051] and [viXra:2208.0040] this work concerns the validation of a supernova, suggesting that the dismissal of a Doppler-type redshift interpretation for Galactic Recession may warrant further reconsideration. Starting from data of a Supernova Ia (SN) at High-Redshift, the discussion also emphasizes the simplicity of the model in calculating the quantities involved, even if the right tools are lacking.The validation desired is carried out on the Luminosity distance, comparing its value calculated from the Redshift z of a star with that derived by its Distance modulus. Typically, this is achieved by having access to observational data concerning a Supernova Ia explosion.Then, starting from the results achieved in [viXra:2208.0040] the discussion begins with how to get the Absolute magnitude and to use the K-correction. We will also speak of Extinction. All this is mainly done with Photometry. Our first result is good. The SN Luminosity distance of 1,320 Mpc calculated by 4-Sphere has been confirmed with an accuracy of 96.5% (pretty good). FLRW provides approximately double the distance.Checking the correct application of least squares method is detailed in[viXra:2208.0040], here I supply an Excel spreadsheet for independent verification of the calculations. This method allows for direct confirmation (the values are easily identifiable). I have uploaded the Excel file on my OSF project Files tab.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Philosophical Point of View Around Special and General Theory of Relativity and a Solution on Nature of Gravity and Time

Authors: Hosseinali Shirani
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I showed how the circular denition in special relativity and unknowable questionin general relativity, become clear with the new denition of time. In the end, I found out thecreation of everything out of space and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Debugging Relativity: Analyzing Special Relativity Theory's Zero Day Defect

Authors: Steven B. Bryant
Comments: 8 Pages.

Computing researchers perform detailed reviews and conduct independent analyses to identify Zero Day Defects in computing solutions and software products, defects that may exist despite the observation that the system is functioning properly and is otherwise producing correct results. This paper demonstrates that the same review and analytical skills used to identify Zero Day Defects in software reveal a Zero Day Defect in Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. Specifically, it places Einstein's expressions and equations into a visual mathematical context that illuminates their relationships and facilitates the unambiguous identification of the defect and its root cause. Like Zero Day software defects, the Special Relativity Zero Day defect only manifests in certain conditions, but otherwise the theory's equations produce good results. This analysis demonstrates the strength and importance of Zero Day Defect analysis to identify previously undetected problems, while simultaneously extending this important computational analysis technique to other scientific disciplines.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Possible Modification of Coulomb's law at Low Field Strengths

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 2 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Assuming that the analogy between Gravity and Electricity is universal, and that modification of gravity is favoured over modification of Newton's Second Law in order to solve the problem of flat galaxy rotation curves, I show that there exists a critical scale E_0=a_0/√{4πϵ_0 G} for Electric field strength, which is approximately about 1.39 volts per meter. If the assumptions are sound, for field strengths well below this value Coulomb's law must be reconsidered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Approach to Calculate the Global Climate Change: +0.8°C for the Past Century

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 24 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, as an application, this relativistic model gives out the sunspot cycle to be 10.38 years due to the ultimate acceleration. The same approach is applied to the Earth El Nino oscillation and global climate change cycle, calculating out the El Nino irregular period to be 8.5 years; calculating out the global climate change cycle to be 100.6 kiloyears which coincides with the Milankovitch cycle; the global temperature has increased about 0.8°C for the past century.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity and the Hidden Extra Grid Dimensions

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula, derived from black hole entropy calculations, surprisingly shows that the maximum information bits concealed in any volume of space is limited by the area of its surrounding sphere divided by a pixel like information unit with a Planck area size ( the square of Planck length ). This paper shows a connection between the information unit area and the gravitational constant, G. This connection leads to the idea of an extra grid like dimension dividing space into these information units. By its grid density, this extra dimension defines the curvature parameters of space, meaning the gravitational constant G.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fizeau Effect

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 2 Pages.

The experiment of Fizeau is incompatible with the theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Beginning of a New General Theory of Relativity (Part 3)

Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 89 Pages.

The paper gives a new definition of the motion of matter of two types, uniform and uniformly accelerated. Two fundamental new laws of motion are presented, on which are based all types of motion of matter in space Just as every form is inextricably linked with content and is in dialectical unity with it, space and time are inextricably linked with matter how in its state of rest and in its movement. In this sense, the concept of empty space without a material environment has no physical meaning. Thus, the subject of research in this paper was new applied forms of motion of material objects, for further research of the motion of matter in any form and in any moving inertial systems. It is impossible, without a deep revision of the accumulated knowledge in many areas of physics and mathematics of motion of material objects, the study of the motion of matter in any moving inertial systems, what is the fundamental object of study of the general theory of relativity The author has devoted many works 20,21,22 to this goal in his scientific research, outlining a new special theory of relativity. But the new general theory of relativity required an even deeper scientific and historical analysis of fundamental questions of physics, one of which is the motion of matter in rest systems, which is what this work is dedicated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Link Between ΛCDM Model and Expanding De Sitter Flat Universe

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 6 Pages.

We establish a simple relation between the Hawking temperature and the mass of the Hubble spherevia the Hubble time which constitutes with a beginning of proof for the experimental validity ofStephen Hawking's theory of black hole evaporation. Adding the notion of Planck mass flow, wefind that the mass of the Hubble sphere and thus its energy increases in accordance with the ΛCDMmodel. Then we show that the temperature arising from the Unruh effect at the Hubble radius in anexpanding flat De Sitter space-time is identical to the Gibbons-Hawking temperature in this samespace. Finally we show that the expanding De Sitter spacetime is related to the Hawkingtemperature of the Hubble sphere of the ΛCDM model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Preuve du Rayonnement Hawking Grâce à la Sphère de Hubble
Proof of Hawking Radiation Thanks to the Hubble Sphere

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 2 Pages.

Nous établissons une relation simple entre la température Hawking et la masse de la sphère deHubble via le temps de Hubble qui pourrait être une preuve de la validité de la théorie de StephenHawking sur l’évaporation des trous noirs.

We establish a simple relationship between the Hawking temperature and the mass of the Hubblesphere via the Hubble time which could be a proof of the validity of Stephen Hawking's theory ofblack hole evaporation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analyzing the Invariant Speed of Light

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 18 Pages.

There are a few experiments which appear to clearly demonstrate that a photon of light is received by a moving observer at c+v or c-v where v is the speed of the observer toward or away from the emitter, yet, in reality, light is always received at c. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain how the speed of light can be "invariant" and always be emitted and received at c, while a few experiments appear to show otherwise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Concerning the Time Dilation of the Supernovae

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This brief analysis builds upon the work presented in [viXra:2207.0051]. The observations discussed aim to substantiate the rationale behind an alternative cosmological model to the standard one. The project, named "4-Sphere" and currently under development, operates within the framework of Special Relativity.Astronomers posit that Type Ia Supernovae serve as a cosmic clock. Their observational efforts focus on correlating the time dilation of this clock with the redshift (z) of the supernova, thereby seeking to identify the cosmological model that best aligns with the observed data.The measured time dilation is also utilized in the distance calculations of Type Ia supernovae, as demonstrated in my work [viXra:2208.0152].The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, a cornerstone of the ΛCDM model, currently the most advanced model with significant predictive and empirical successes, attributes its dominance over alternative models primarily to the time dilation analysis of supernovae. Its prediction yields a value of (1+z), where z represents the redshift.In this concise discussion, we aim to delineate the core issues at stake, articulating our perspective and comparing the standard model with alternative models, using time dilation in Special Relativity (SR) as a benchmark.To ensure transparency, I have outlined the method for verifying my application of the mean squares estimation: Both the instructions for installing the necessary software, and the supernova data, can be found in my OSF Project Wiki Pages. You can access it in: "Supernova validation m.s. extimation". This involves using Python, and the small initial effort to configure its working environment is amply rewarded by the powerful functionalities that this platform offers in the scientific field (Visual Studio offers to developers the "Python Development Tool for Windows").
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy is Conserved in General Relativity

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester
Comments: 10 Pages. Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.8, n.6, (13-22), August 8, 2022

In this article, the author demonstrates that there is a huge contradiction between the statements made in the famous literature about general relativity regarding the vanishing covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor of matter representing a conservation law. It is reasoned which of these contradictory standpoints are correct and which are not. The author points out why pseudotensors cannot represent the energy density of the gravitational field. Contrary to the statements in the famous literature about general relativity, the energy density of the gravitational field is shown to be described by a tensor. Moreover, the author demonstrates that in general relativity there necessarily exists the conservation of total energy, momentum, and stress regarding the completed version of Einstein's field equations which is that one with the cosmological constant, whereby the latter one takes on a completely new meaning that solves the cosmological constant problem. This new interpretation of the cosmological constant also explains the dark energy and the dark matter phenomenon. The modified Poisson equation, that is obtained from Einstein's field equations with the cosmological constant in the limit of weak gravitational fields, approximately meets the requirement of conservation of total energy in Newton's theory of gravity, whereby flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies are obtained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval Is Invalid for the Case of Two Relatively Moving Observers

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 4 Pages. In Chinese

In this article, the system of equations, consisting of an equation describing the relative motion of observers and equations governing the‘Principle of Invariance of Space-Time Interval’, is defined in‘Galilean Space-Time’.The essential difference between‘Galilean Space-Time’and ‘Minkowski Space-Time’is that for‘Galilean Space-Time’the‘Time’is ‘absolute’,whereas for‘Minkowski Space-Time’the‘Time’is‘relative’.In consequence, the‘World Line’for ‘Galilean Space-Time’is depicted in a branchy curve, whereas for‘Minkowski Space-Time’in a singular curve. In the article, the system of equations, defined in‘Galilean Space-Time’,yields a solution— ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T，which is untenable in‘Galilean Space-Time’.Therefore, the inevitable conclusion is: the principle of invariance of‘Space-Time Interval’is invalid for the case of two relatively moving observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ultimate Distance Causes Red Shift in All Directions

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 11 Pages.

In analogy with ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity test. Similarly, there is an ultimate distance D, nobody can escape from this distance limit D. Where, ultimate distance D, ultimate speed c and ultimate acceleration β are three fundamental concepts that would provide us new insight into the world. By using ultimate acceleration and ultimate distance, this present paper suggests an approach to deal with cosmic red shifts and cosmic background radiation. The calculation results agree well with experimental observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology