Relativity and Cosmology

Koncepcja Mechanicznego Układu do Pomiaru Jednokierunkowej Prędkości światła
The Concept of a Mechanical System for Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 10 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W pracy została przedstawiona koncepcja urządzenia do pomiaru prędkości światła biegnącego w jednym kierunku. Wyznaczone zostały także minimalne parametry tego urządzenia na podstawie Szczególnej Teorii Eteru bez skrócenia poprzecznego. Szczególna Teoria Eteru jest relatywistyczną teorią kinematyki z uniwersalnym układem odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło oraz jest alternatywnym wyjaśnieniem zerowego wyniku eksperymentu Michelsona-Morleya. Eksperyment oparty na zaproponowanym urządzeniu, może być jednym ze sposobów na falsyfikowanie Szczególnej Teorii Względności oraz Szczególnej Teorii Eteru.

The paper presents the concept of a device for measuring the speed of light traveling in one direction. The minimum parameters of this device were also determined on the basis of the Special Theory of Ether without transverse shortening. The Special Theory of Ether is a relativistic theory of kinematics with a universal frame of reference in which light propagates and is an alternative explanation for the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment. The experiment based on the proposed device may be one of the ways to falsify the Special Theory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmic Space Expansion Paradox: Limits of General Relativity in Application

Authors: Michael Girgis
Comments: 14 Pages.

The motion of galaxies through the fabric of space-time, according to specific conditions, leads to an expansion in cosmic space and even an acceleration in its expansion. We also find that the properties of this expansion are consistent with the cosmological principle. We can also, according to the conditions of motion, reach the same formula of the Hubble-Lemaître law and the expansion of (FLRW) metric in general relativity, which expresses the expansion of the flat space-time fabric., and thus we get here a paradox in general relativity, where the metric expansion, which expresses the expansion of the flat space-time fabric, is also the one that expresses the motion of galaxies through the fabric of space-time according to specific conditions, This paradox does not represent an error in general relativity's perception of the cosmic model, but it reveals the limitations of general relativity in application, where we find that some of the results that can be obtained from general relativity are unacceptable, such as the motion of galaxies faster than the speed of light, the expansion of wavelengths of light with the expansion of space, the vacuum energy is the only source of dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alternative Special Relativity Extension

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 4 Pages. In Spanish

Extension of Lorentz transformations for gravitational wave equation let us to propose a special relativity (SR) for the gravitational field. SR equations remain the same, changing photons speed with gravitons speed (sqrt(2) times lower than light). With the hypothesis that special relativity to be applied depends on most restrictive field to be analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Approach to Deriving the Gravity Equations for a 3D-Brane Universe

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 21 pages

Recently, using the concept of temporal coexistence, some arguments were suggested saying that our universe should be considered as a three-dimensional brane equipped with a Riemannian metric depending on the cosmological time. The Lagrangian approach to this 3D-brane model of the universe shows that the number of gravity equations in this model is less than it follows from Einstein’s equation written in 3D+1 presentation thus making this 3D-brane model a separate non-Einsteinian theory of gravitation. In the present paper we continue the research of this theory developing a Hamiltonian approach to it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Accelerated Array of Clocks in Special Relativity: A Meaningful "NOW-at-a Distance"

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

Einstein showed us how an array of unaccelerated synchronized clocks could be set up, extending throughout all space, with a fixed spacing between adjacent clocks. To accomplish that, we only need to assume that the speed of light is exactly the same in all inertial (unaccelerated) reference frames: 186,000 miles per second (which is the fundamental assumption of special relativity). That establishes a meaningful "NOW-at-a-distance", at each instant in that particular inertial reference frame. It allows the question to be asked and answered (by the people stationary in that reference frame): "How old is that particular distant person, RIGHT NOW? That answer MUST be MEANINGFUL to them. If it ISN’T meaningful to them, then the speed of light in that inertial frame can’t be 186,000 miles per second (which is the only thing that the synchronization was based on). So if that answer ISN’T meaningful to them, then special relativity can’t be correct. Assuming that special relativity IS correct (which I certainly believe is the case), the NOW-at-a-distance given by the array of unaccelerated clocks MUST be considered to be meaningful by the people stationary in that inertial reference frame.But how about an array of clocks, with a fixed spacing between adjacent clocks, which are all equally ACCELERATED? Can they establish a meaningful NOW-at-a-distance for a person who is stationary with respect to that array of accelerating clocks (and co-located with one of them)? The answer is YES! Those clocks can’t be synchronized: they run at different rates. But if they are synchronized at the instant that they all start the acceleration, then a person (he), stationary with one of the clocks, can CALCULATE the current time on each of the other clocks, at each instant of his life during the acceleration. THAT effectively establishes a NOW- at-a-distance for him: it allows him to determine the current age of any particular distant person (her), according to him. And he MUST consider that answer to be fully MEANINGFUL to himself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unification Without Extra Dimensions

Authors: Dennis Adam Bluver
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we develop a modified Lagrangian for electrostatics based on the concept of voltage non-additivity, using recently-derived voltage boost transformation laws. Using a single dimensional physical space as a model, we solve the Euler-Lagrange equations for the electrostatic potential. It is shown that the modified electrostatic potential takes the form of a hyperbolic tangent function, where the function is approximately linear around the origin with horizontal asymptotes at the positive and negative Planck Voltages. Moreover, it is shown that the modified electrostatic Lagrangian automatically gives rise to classical gravitation as the leading correction term in the Taylor expansion of the solution. This provides a new interpretation of gravitation as a corrective term for electrostatics at very high voltages, wherein that term helps correct the potential in such a way that it never reaches the Planck Voltage. It is therefore a somewhat unique example of a unified field theory that does not assume the existence of extra dimensions. Future directions are discussed including possible implications for quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Different Ways of Light Propagation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 49 Pages. In Chinese

The ‘Universe Space-time’ is just ‘Galiliean Space-time’. In the proposed system of simultaneous equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation had been introduced equations defined in Minkowski Space-time with ‘relative time’, which in result makes Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ , defined only in Minkowski Space-time and untenable in Galiliean Space-time. A relevant Law, namely ‘Law of Light Propagation’ is firstly put forward by author. It would be a fundamental law in Motion Observation Theory. In addition, Galilean-Zhou Transformation is logically and accurately deduced. The ‘World-line’ for Minkowski Space-time depicts a single curve: x=ct, x’=ct’ in Minkowski Space-time, but, however, the ‘World-line’ for Galilean-Zhou Transformation depicts a branchy curve: x=ct, x’=(c-u)t’=ct’-ut’ in Galilean Space-time. Lorentz Transformation describes an observation process of two relatively rest observers instead of two relatively moving observers. Lorentz Transformation is actually ‘Null’ Transformation [x’(t’) , t’]T = [x(t) , t]T which is untenable in Galilean Space-time. Therefore, it is impossible to give evidence for any prediction of Einstein’s SR and GR based on Lorentz Transformation and deduced in Minkowski Space-time via physical experiments and astronomical observations acquired in Galilean Space-time .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein’s Special Relativity is Wrong and Chat GPT Confirms It!

Authors: S.P.Smith
Comments: 1 Page.

For over one hundred years, theoretical physicists have puzzled over and being unable to see the error staring them in the face have simply accepted Special Relativity as being true.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity Extension

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 3 Pages. In Spanish

Extension of Lorentz transformations for gravitational wave equation let us to propose a special relativity (SR) for the gravitational field. SR equations remain the same, changing photons speed with gravitons speed (estimated 125,768,055 m/s; 2.4 times lower than light). With the hypothesis that special relativity to be applied depends on speed of object to be analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Motion of Rotating Celestial Bodies and Polar Jets

Authors: Pantelis M. Pechlivanides
Comments: 22 Pages.

The motion of rotating bodies is studied. The relativistic force between them, being non central, varies in orientation and magnitude depending on the rotational angular velocity of the bodies. Thus, the orbiting bodies experience acceleration or deceleration attraction or repulsion during their orbits leading to a rich variety of possible orbits. The conditions for existence of central force and in particular circular orbits that are stable is investigated. It is shown that stable circular orbits are possible only at particular distances from the origin. Application of these results to the Pluto — Charon dyad, allows us to determine the slippage constant for exponentially decreasing rotation of signals emanating from the rotating body. The creation of polar jets by large rotating bodies that attract and expel multitudes of minute bodies in their positive and negative directions of their axis of rotation is explained. The problem is then formulated as a relativistic flow problem for the far away observer. The ratio of the radial to axial velocity is calculated and the formation of jets in the axial direction is discussed for both microcosmos and macrocosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposal for Mass Variation under Gravity

Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 7 Pages.

We review the special relativistic properties of a rotating system of coordinates, as considered by Einstein, in his initial considerations of time and length changes in gravity. Then, following Einstein’s application of the principle of equivalence, we propose that an object’s energygain implies a gravitational potential dependent mass increase (GPDM). We then show how thismass-energy change is a function of frequency changes in light and hence time dilation. Applyingthis to gravitational lensing, we present predictions of GPDM in galaxies and large gravitational bodies. We explore various possible cosmological implications, including rapid clumping in the early universe, the formation of the cosmic web and dark matter-like phenomena. Experiments to test the theory in the terrestrial domain are also suggested.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Test Lorentz Ether Theory Against the Theory of Relativity

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper I show several ways to test Lorentz ether theory — and a new method to test general relativity's equivalence principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrino Mass and Hubble Constant, or Fermi Constant

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 6 Pages, including 1 figure

Utilizing a dimensional analysis, Vavel found a formula for the neutrino mass depending on the Hubble constant H, yielding a mass value of 4.26 meV. Recently, a related formula for the electron neutrino was proposed by Mongan, depending on H and the dark energy parameter Ω_Λ. He assumed a spherical model for the electron neutrino and he proposed that its mass depends on the low mass density of the Universe. Furthermore, he assumed that its mass is constrained by the Compton wavelength. The obtained formula predicts a mass m₁ of 1.37 meV.

An alternative formula for the mass m₁ of the electron neutrino, also depending on H and Ω_Λ, can be obtained from a toroidal model of leptons, recently proposed by Biemond. In this model a toroidal shape is assumed for the electron neutrino with a radius r₁ of the torus and a radius r₂ of the tube. This torus is assumed to be filled with the low mass density of the Universe. A mass m₁ of 1.52 meV is obtained in this case.

By combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino, deduced in the context of electroweak interactions at the one-loop level, and a magnetic moment for a neutrino arising from gravitational origin, a formula for the neutrino mass m₁ was obtained in 2015. This result depending on the Fermi constant forms a bridge between electroweak interactions and gravitation. In this case a more accurate value of 1.530 meV was obtained for mass m₁.

Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Dark Matter Fluid Model Based on Virtual Spacetime

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper constructs a model of the universe based on the flow of dark matter fluids in space-time in the universe, the model analyzes the hydrodynamic equations of dark matter fluids and the composition of dark matter fluids. It is also pointed out that the flow of dark matter fluids can be divided into two states: laminar flow and turbulent flow. The laminar flow of dark matter fluids is the main component of dark matter in the universe at present. The turbulence of dark matter fluids forms two symmetrical space-time. One is observable real spacetime, and the other is unobservable virtual spacetime. Virtual Spacetime is also part of dark matter. In dark matter turbulence, vortex structures of fluids can be formed. When vortexes of electromagnetic fields are formed, electrons, protons and magnetic monopoles are produced. Vortexes of electromagnetic fields will be able to automatically satisfy the conditions for Dirac's quantization of charge. Finally, this paper gives a hierarchy of matter in the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tutorial: The Galilean Transformations’ Conflict with Electrodynamics, and its Resolution Using the Four-Potentials of Constant-Velocity Point Charges

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: Pages.

Acceleration is invariant under the Galilean transformations, which implies that a system moving at a nonzero constant velocity doesn't undergo acceleration it isn't already subject to when it is at rest. However a charged particle moving at a nonzero constant velocity in a static magnetic field undergoes acceleration it isn't subject to when it is at rest in that field (Faraday's Law or the Lorentz Force Law), and the needle of a magnetic compass moving at a nonzero constant velocity in a static electric field undergoes deflection it isn't subject to when it is at rest in that field (Maxwell's Law). The Galilean transformations therefore conflict with electrodynamics, and must be modified. Einstein obtained the modified Galilean transformations via postulating that the speed of light in empty space is fixed at the value c, which in fact is a consequence of electrodynamics rather than a postulate. Here we instead read off the space part of a modified constant-velocity Galilean transformation from the four-potential of a point charge moving at that constant velocity; its time part then follows from its space part plus either relativistic reciprocity (a fundamental property of the unmodified Galilean transformations) or the fixed speed c of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion Related to the Existence of the Entities of Space and Time

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.

Humans need the entity of Space to perceive relative positions between objects. Humans also need the entities of Space and Time to calculate values that Humans attribute to Motions, such as Velocity or Acceleration. The entities of Space and Time are also the entities that compose the four-dimensional Interwoven Space/Time entity, introduced by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, which provided an explanation of the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies.However, although the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, do provide the significant explanation of the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies, via Einstein’s General Relativity theory, the notions of Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, are not sufficient for providing explanations to an additional similar unanswered question: what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies?This paper presents the following prediction: Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are forms of Accelerations, like the Gravitational Field, which is already recognized as a form of Acceleration. This prediction also leads to the following thesis: Changes and Movements are the result of Interactions between Energies, and the entities of Space and Time are not entities that exist. The entities of Space and Time are notions (or entities), invented by Humans, because Humans need such notions to perceive Changes and Motions.For some Interactions between Energies, which result in Changes or Motions, Humans can attribute, to these Interactions, attributes of Space and Time, which will assist in providingexplanations to why these Changes or Motions are the result of these Energies Interactions.However, this paper predicts, that different sets of Interactions between Energies, should be assigned separate and independent attributes of Space and Time, different and independent from the Space and the Time attributes, assigned to other sets of Interactions between Energies, to provide an explanation for the origin of motions which are yet unexplained, such as: what is the origin of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies?Because different and independent Space and Time attributes should be assigned to different sets of Interactions between Energies, then, Space and Time, as Humans perceive these notions, cannot exist, because the above implies, that there should be multiple, independent notions of Space, and multiple, independent notions of Time, and not just one universal Space entity, and just one universal Time entity, as Humans perceive the Space and the Time entities.By abandoning the conclusion that the entities of Space and Time exist, and by concluding that Changes and Motions are only the results of Interactions between Energies, the origin of attraction or repulsion between Electrically Charged bodies can be explained, in addition to the explanation, already provided by Einstein’s General Relativity theory, relating to the origin of the attraction between Massive Bodies.The prediction that the entities of Space and Time do not really exist sounds as an extraordinary, unbelievable, and out of line statement, at first. This is because, as presented above, the notions of Space and Time are crucial notions, which Humans need them, to perceive, understand and calculate Motions and Changes.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, as this paper predicts, this will either validate or disprove, what is presented in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology