Relativity and Cosmology

Testing Special Relativity With an Infinite Arm Interferometer

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper I propose an equivalent relativistic experiment involving a single-source interferometer having infinite arms. Further,we debate the possible outcomes from such an experiment and in doing so uncover a conflict between special relativity and the symmetry of nature. I demonstrate this conflict by the method of reductio ad absurdum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Birth Mechanism of the Universe from Nothing and New Inflation Mechanism

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 29 Pages.

There was a model claiming the birth of the universe from nothing, but the specific mechanism for the birth and expansion of the universe was very poor. According to the energy-time uncertainty principle, during Δt, an energy fluctuation of ΔE is possible, but this energy fluctuation should have reverted back to nothing. By the way, there is also a gravitational interaction during the time of Δt, and if the negative gravitational self-energy exceeds the positive mass-energy during this Δt, the total energy of the corresponding mass distribution becomes negative energy, that is, the negative mass state. Because there is a repulsive gravitational effect between negative masses, this mass distribution expands. Thus, it is possible to create an expansion that does not go back to nothing. Calculations show that if the quantum fluctuation occur for a time less than Δt=(3/10)^(1/2)t_p ~ 0.77t_p, then an energy fluctuation of ΔE > (5/6)^(1/2)m_pc^2 ~ 0.65m_pc^2 must occur. But in this case, because of the negative gravitational self-energy, ΔE will enter the negative energy (mass) state before the time of Δt. Because there is a repulsive gravitational effect between negative masses, ΔE cannot contract, but expands. Thus, the universe does not return to nothing, but can exist. Gravitational Potential Energy Model provides a means of distinguishing whether the existence of the present universe is an inevitable event or an event with a very low probability. And, it presents a new model for the process of inflation, the accelerating expansion of the early universe. This paper also provides an explanation for why the early universe started in a dense state and solves the vacuum catastrophe problem. Additionally, when the negative gravitational potential energy exceeds the positive energy, it can produce an accelerated expansion of the universe. Through this mechanism, inflation, which is the accelerated expansion of the early universe, and dark energy, which is the cause of the accelerated expansion of the recent universe, can be explained at the same time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uncovering the Principle Behind All Methods for Measuring Time to Recognise What Dilates is not Time But Timer

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 8 Pages.

Today, the scientific community comprehensively accepts the viewpoint of time dilation. Here, we argue that any method for measuring time relies on an equivalence between time and some phenomena for reference as a timer, e.g. swing of pendulum, fall of sands in sand clock or electron jumping between two states in atomic clock. We propose what really dilates is not time but timer because the equivalence in time measure only holds true within a limited phenomena range and the clock in either variant gravity or speed exceeds its application range, just like the equivalence in inertia mass that cannot apply to those phenomena that exceeds the application range of 'macro, low-speed, inertia-system'.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Model Free of Singularity and Inflation Based on the Large Numbers Hypothesis

Authors: Dimitar Valev
Comments: 10 Pages. Added addendum regarding quantum vacuum energy related to zero-point energy

It is shown that the new precise formulation of the Large Number Hypothesis (LNH), relating by means of the large number N = 5.73x10^60 the modern cosmological parameters (age, size, mass, average density, and minimum temperature of the universe) with the corresponding Planck units, allows to determine the time course of these cosmological parameters during the expansion. It was found that the dimensions and mass of the universe increase linearly with time, from Planck time to the present day, starting from Planck values and increasing 5.73x10^60 times to now. The amazing result was found that for each discrete time step (beat) with a unit Planck time, the size of the universe increases by one Planck length and its mass increases by one Planck mass. It is shown that the average density of the universe decreases proportionally to the square of time, and starting from the Planck density ~ 10^96 kg m^(-3) decreases N^2 = 3.28x10^121 times to 9.46x10^(-27) kg m^(-3) in the current epoch. The minimum measurable temperature, which is equal to the Hawking temperature for the universe decreases linearly with time 5.73x10^60 times, and starting from the Planck temperature ~ 10^32 K, it falls to 1.75x10^(-29) K at the present time. It is shown that the found time course of cosmological parameters and the Planck values of the size, mass, average density, and temperature of the universe at the initial moment of the expansion (Planck time) follow from the requirement to preserve the Euclidean geometry of space throughout the time of the cosmological expansion. Therefore, the suggested cosmological model based on the new formulation of LNH is free of singularity because the size and density of the universe remain finite/Planckian in the initial moments of its emergence. Besides, this model conserves the flatness and homogeneity of the universe during cosmological expansion and does not need an inflationary epoch in the early universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Adapted Metrics for a Modified Coulomb/newton's Potential

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu, G.T. Pripoae, C.L. Pripoae
Comments: 42 Pages.

Modified Theories of Gravity include spin dependence in General Relativity, to account for additional sources of gravity instead of dark matter/energy approach.The spin-spin interaction is already included in the effective nuclear force potential, and theoretical considerations and experimental evidence hint to the hypothesis that Gravity originates from such an interaction, under an averaging process over spin directions.This invites to continue the line of theory initiated by Einstein and Cartan, based on tetrads and spin effects modeled by connections with torsion. As a first step in this direction, the article considers a new modified Coulomb/Newton Law accounting for the spin-spin interaction. The physical potential is geometrized through specific affine connections and specific semi-Riemannian metrics, canonically associated to it, acting on a manifold or at the level of its tangent bundle. Freely falling particles in these "toy Universes" are determined, showing an interesting behavior and unexpected patterns.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Symmetry Groups in Quantum Relativistic Dynamics.

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 9 Pages.

The transformations of relativistic dynamics in the Special Theory of Relativity and quantum relativistic dynamics (it's fashionable to say Quantum Theory of Relativity) are presented in "Unified Theory 2" in one mathematical truth. We are talking about dynamic space-matter, a special case of a zero or fixed angle of parallelism, there is the Euclidean axiomatics of space-time. The Special Theory of Relativity cannot describe space-time in quantum fields with their uncertainty principle. It is impossible to fix both the time and the coordinate at the same time. And there is no quantum relativistic dynamics in the gauge fields that follow from the Dirac equation. We will consider the conditions: a(X)=f(x)≠const, and substantiation of symmetries in quantum relativistic dynamics (in the Quantum Theory of Relativity).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higgs Boson and the Evolution of the Universe Derived from Einstein’s Equation with a Fourdimensional Sphere as the Metric

Authors: Kay Zum Felde
Comments: 15 Pages.

We critically review the inflational Big Bang theory, which is the favorite model of the origin of the Universe. It has been the result of this model, that the Universe is expanding by a huge boost. The Standard Model is proposing a homogenous isotropic initial state of the Universe. The inflation model is avoiding the flatness and the horizon problem. The horizon proplem has been identified as disconnected regions of particles, that were the result of a non-causal connected initiation of the Big Bang. The second problem is flatness.That means the Universe shows what is called the cosmological principle. It is looking everywhere the same. A problem is the critical mass. If the critical mass needed to become the known Universe’s initial state is close to the actual mass density, it is not stable. We use Einstein’s equation to formulate a new interpretation of the evolution of the Universe. We invent a szenario of the origin of the Universe based on Einstein’s equation, by means of the metric being a four dimensional sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter Particles

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 12 Pages.

Researchers have been able to infer the existence of Dark Matter (DM) only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. DM seems to outweigh visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27% of the universe. Here's a sobering fact: The matter we know and that makes up all stars and galaxies only accounts for 5% of the content of universe! But what is DM? [1]. Many experiments to detect and study Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) directly are being actively undertaken, but none have yet succeeded. Indirect detection experiments search for the products of the self-annihilation or decay of DMPs in outer space [2].In this paper, we discuss the main ideas of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) and introduce an additional new DMP "XION" (boson) with the rest energy 10.6 μeV that is an analog of Axion. On June 28, 2023, it was announced the existence of Cosmic Gravitational Background. In frames of WUM, we give an explanation of this discovery based on the analysis of "Gravitoplasma" composed of objects with Planck mass, which were created as the result of Weak Interaction between XIONs and other particles in the Medium.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Dimensionless Equations of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 50 Pages.

In this paper in an elegant way will be present the Dimensionless Equations of the Universe. All these equations are simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. We will propose the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions and the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics with cosmology. We find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Entropy Passage Through the Black Hole Singularity in Active Galaxies

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 13 Pages.

The "big bang" hypothesis was based on three assumptions. First, Einstein in 1917 in Cosmological considerations on the general theory of relativity assumed that all mass of the world is the mass of our Galaxy, therefore unique one, since all mutual velocities in it are negligibly small compared to the speed of light. Then in 1927, Lemaître, doctor of physics and otherwise theologian, already in the title of his article assumed that all the mass of the world is constant, a Homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius, taking into account the radial speed of extragalactic nebulae. And when Hubble 1929 published the article Relation between distance and radial velocity in extragalactic nebulae, according to which they are receding faster the farther away they are; it was enough for Lemaître to assume that the whole world originated from a single point, from the Primordial Atom, The Expanding Universe, 1931.None of these assumptions are correct.The paper proposes the method of a schematic representation of zero uncertainty vacuum symmetry as proof that every active galaxy could be a "big bang."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Estimating the Age of the Universe Using the Second Friedmann Equation

Authors: Samuel Meng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The surprising discovery of much earlier and bigger galaxies by James Webb space telescope indicates the inadequacy of our understanding on cosmology. Although it is commonly believed that the age of the newly discovered galaxies are only a few million years old based on the current estimate of the age of the universe, it is possible that the age of the universe is an underestimation. Adopting a new approach, the paper estimates the age of the universe based on the turning point embedded in the second Friedmann equation, namely, the point the universe transits from decelerating to accelerating. By ignoring the weaker force in both decelerating and accelerating phases, the paper provides the most conservative estimate of the age of universe to be 14.7 billion years, which is about 1 billion years greater than the existing estimate. When the weaker force is included in the accelerating phase, the age of the universe is estimated at 16.5 billion years. It is expected that if the weaker force is also included in the decelerating phase, the estimate should be even higher. In order to estimate the age of universe more accurately and directly from the cosmological survey data, the paper suggests to construct the current cosmological model mainly based on the second Friedmann equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Graviton Momentum — a Natural Source of Dark Energy

Authors: Samuel Meng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The dark energy concept in the standard cosmological model can explain the expansion of the universe. However, the mysteries surrounding dark energy remain, such as its source, its unusual negative pressure, its long-range force, and its unchanged density as the universe expands. In this paper, we propose a graviton momentum hypothesis, develop a semiclassical model of gravitons, and explain the pervasive dark matter and accelerating universe. The graviton momentum hypothesis is incorporated into the standard model and explains well the mysteries related to dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment [on] Bhandari and Bhandari['s Paper "[fundamental Forces Are not Fundamental [..."]

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.

The new gravity approach of Bhandari and Bhandari was examined and a simplified formula is presented to describe quite well the results of the Newtonian gravity formula. We got for the gravitational force the relation F=16∙G〖∙M〗_1∙M_2∙R^2/(r_1^2∙r_2^2 ) (N) , where G is the established Newtonian gravity constant, R is the distance between two bodies of radii r1 respectively r2, and M1 respectively M2 are the masses of spherical cutouts as external energy shadow regions (vacuum of energy lines of an external energy source assumed to power our universe).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Energy Near the Earth's Surface. 5.8.10^10 J/m^3

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 6 Pages.

Gravitational energy is localized. The problem, from which Einstein, Eddington, and other classics have distanced themselves, has been solved. It is shown that the gravitational energy that, for example, a falling apple receives, is released by space during its additional curvature caused by the fall of this apple. The local density of gravitational energy is determined by the characteristics of the space-time curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

3D-Brane Gravity Without Equidistance Postulate

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 14 Pages. 2 figures

The 3D-brane universe model is an alternative non-Einsteinian theory of gravity. It was initially built using the so-called equidistance postulate. In this paper we consider a version of the theory without this equidistance postulate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 18 Pages.

I have been working on the fundamental laws of physics for a long time. During this time, I realized that gravity does not work like Newtonian and this misleads us into Dark Matter. The relationship between distance and gravitational force varies with distance. Gravitational properties vary for every point in empty space and have some limits. The gravity equation varies with some value between $1/r$ and $1/r^2$ for the farthest or closest available distance. However, empty space also has a gravitational and expansion effect. This study aims to analyze and discuss these two phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of the Horizon Problem in the Alcubierre Warp Drive: Computation I

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy density and energy by an arbitrary value, and eliminating the event horizon, for superluminal motions,which would have otherwise led to explosion of the spaceship (instability of the warp bubble ).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of the Horizon Problem in the Alcubierre Warp Drive: Computation II

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 8 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system in which it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the energy density and energy by an arbitrary value, and eliminating the event horizon, for superluminal motions,which would have otherwise led to explosion of the spaceship (instability of the warp bubble).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Kara Madde ve Kara Enerji (Dark Matter and Dark Energy)

Authors: Mesut Kavak
Comments: 18 Pages. In Turkish

Uzun zamandır fiziğin temel kanunları üzerine çalışıyorum. Bu süre zarfında, yerçekiminin Newtoncu gibi çalışmadığını fark ettim ve bu durum bizi Kara Madde olarak yanıltmaktadır.. Mesafe ve yerçekimi kuvveti ilişkisi mesafeye göre değişir. Çekim özellikleri boş uzayın her noktası için değişir ve bazı sınırları vardır. Çekim denklemi, mevcut en uzak ya da yakın mesafe için 1/r ile 1/r^2 arasındaki bazı değerlerle değişir. Bununla birlikte boş uzayın da çekim ve genişletme etkisi mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, bu iki olguyu analiz etmeyi ve tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

I have been working on the fundamental laws of physics for a long time. During this time, I realized that gravity does not work like Newtonian and this misleads us into Dark Matter. The relationship between distance and gravitational force varies with distance. Gravitational properties vary for every point in empty space and have some limits. The gravity equation varies with some value between $1/r$ and $1/r^2$ for the farthest or closest available distance. However, empty space also has a gravitational and expansion effect. This study aims to analyze and discuss these two phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Singularities as Ontological Limits of the General Relativity

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 33 Pages.

The singularities from the general relativity resulting by solving Einstein's equations were and still are the subject of many scientific debates: Are there singularities in spacetime, or not? Big Bang was an initial singularity? If singularities exist, what is their ontology? Is the general theory of relativity a theory that has shown its limits in this case?In this essay I argue that there are singularities, and the general theory of relativity, as any other scientific theory at present, is not valid for singularities. But that does not mean, as some scientists think, that it must be regarded as being obsolete.After a brief presentation of the specific aspects of Newtonian classical theory and the special theory of relativity, and a brief presentation of the general theory of relativity, the chapter Ontology of General Relativity presents the ontological aspects of general relativity. The next chapter, Singularities, is dedicated to the presentation of the singularities resulting in general relativity, the specific aspects of the black holes and the event horizon, including the Big Bang debate as original singularity, and arguments for the existence of the singularities. In Singularity Ontology, I am talking about the possibilities of ontological framing of singularities in general and black holes in particular, about the hole argument highlighted by Einstein, and the arguments presented by scientists that there are no singularities and therefore that the general theory of relativity is in deadlock. In Conclusions I outline and summarize briefly the arguments that support my above views.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Interferometry Using Aqueous Waves

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we investigate the geometry and sequence of events within a Michelson-Morley interferometer and generalise our findings into the aqueous domain. In doing so we uncover a conflict between the predictions of special relativity and the symmetry of nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Wave Colliding with a Small Mass Having Path Not Approximately a Geodesic

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 2 Pages.

We consider a system of a gravitational plane wave pulse colliding with a point mass of small mass. The path of the mass is shown not to be approximately a geodesic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanismus Der Gravitation (Mechanism of Gravity)

Authors: Fuad Shalabi
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

Mit diesem Paper möchte ich Sie an meiner Erkenntnis über den Grund der Gravitation teilhaben lassen. Am Ende dieser Abhandlung werden sie sehen wie alles in wunderschöner Weiseund komplett physikalisch ineinander greift. Ich werde viele Ungereimtheiten und Unendlichkeiten im derzeitigen Verständnis bereinigen. Es bleibenkeinerlei Unklarheiten oder Verständnislücken übrig, nachdem man die Zusammenhänge wie in der folgenden Erklärung zusammenführt.m Im Paper dreht es sich darum, was die Ursache der aumzeitkrümmung ist. Ich fange also nicht wie üblich bei der Raumzeitkrümmung als Ursache an (Einsteins ART),sondern erkläre komplett konsistent mit allen Beobachtungen und Formeln den MECHANISMUS der Gravitation.

In this paper I would like to share with you my knowledge of the reason for gravity....
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Illustrative Axiomatic Derivation of the Special Lorentz Transformation from Merely the Properties of Empty Space and Inertial Systems

Authors: Peter M. Enders, Romano Rupp
Comments: 35 Pages.

The Lorentz transformation is derived merely from the properties of space and time when spaceis empty and Galileo relativity. Additional postulates about the speed of light, reciprocity, and other ones are not necessary. Straight world lines are bijectively mapped onto straight world lines. This known fact is exploited in an illustrative manner. This is extremely useful for teaching special relativity, in particular, at an elementary level. Moreover, the approach described here, (i), provides an example of strict physical thinking, (ii), corrects a widespread erroneous belief, see over-next paragraph, and, (iii), presents an elementary introduction to the largely unknown hyperbolic rotations (the common rotations are circular). The transformation to be found is represented as a kind of rotation times a Lorentzian ‘scale factor’. This crucially simplifies the calculations and is much easier to grasp than a rather abstract ansatz with unknown coefficients. The rotation is proven to be hyperbolic rather than circular. After that, the scale factor turns out to equal unity in a most direct manner. The reciprocity property of the transformation is obtained as a by-product. Not special relativity makes an additional assumption for justifying the appearance of a seemingly additional natural constant, the speed of light in vacuum c, but classical mechanics does whence c disappears. Two common basic assumptions of classical mechanics lead not to the Galileo but to the Lorentz transformation. The existence of a maximum speed of bodies is shown to be a purely kinematic effect, too. Einstein’s second postulate is obtained as a by-product.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Black Holes of Intermediate Mass as Sources of Short Gamma-Bursts

Authors: Oleg Avramenko
Comments: 2 Pages. In Russian

This article complements my hypothesis that black holes, having reached the limiting intermediate mass, not only emit a gamma-ray burst, but also, possibly, dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redshift Distances in Curved Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Spacetime

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 66 Pages.

n the present paper we use the curved Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature. Using the curved Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)χ(r) with χ(r) = arcsin(r) for the curvature parameter ε = (+1) and χ(r) = arsinh(r) for ε = (-1), respectively. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and a(t) means the time-depending scale parameter. We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)χ(r_a) - a(t_e)χ(r_e) ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from an origin of coordinates being on r = 0. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on the co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right physical distance D we calculate the redshift distance and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) for both possible values of ε = (±1) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and galaxy containing a black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a,ε=(+1) ≈ 65.117 km/(s Mpc) for ε = (+1) and H_0a,ε=(-1) ≈ 65.189 km/(s Mpc) for ε = (-1), respectively, as a main result. This values are a little smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck data 2018. (Truncated by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Stars, Supermassive and Ultramassive Dark Macroobjects: Review Article

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.

R. Genzel and A. Ghez were awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that Sgr A* is a supermassive compact object, for which Supermassive Black Hole (SBH) was the only accepted explanation. In 2013, we proposed a principally different explanation of supermassive compact objects: "Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores " [1]. According to the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), the World consists of Dark Matter (about 92.8% of the total Matter) and Ordinary matter (about 7.2%). It means that Dark Matter (DM) should play the main role in any Cosmological model. It is the case in WUM, and Ordinary matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter Particles self-annihilation. In present paper, we discuss Dark Stars, Supermassive and Ultramassive Dark Macroobjects in frames of WUM.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Way to Write The Newtonian Gravitational Equation Resolves What The Cosmological Constant Truly Is

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 26 Pages.

We demonstrate that there is a way to represent Newtonian gravity in a form that strongly resembles Einstein’s field equation, but it is still a fundamentally different type of equation. In the non-relativistic regime, it becomes necessary to ad hoc introduce a cosmological constant in order to align it with observations, similar to Einstein’s field equation. Interestingly, in 1917, Einstein also ad hoc inserted a cosmological constant in the Newtonian equation during his discussion on incorporating it into his own field equation. At that time, the cosmological constant was added to maintain consensus, which favored a steady-state universe.However, with the discovery of cosmological redshift and the shift in consensus towards an expanding universe, Einstein abandoned the cosmological constant. Then, around 1999, the cosmological constant was reintroduced to explain recent observations of distant supernovae. Currently, the cosmological constant is once again a topic of great interest and significance.Nevertheless, we will demonstrate that the cosmological constant is likely an ad hoc adjustment resulting from a failure to properly account for relativistic effects in strong gravitational fields. We are able to derive the cosmological constant and show that it is linked to corrections for relativistic effects in strong gravitational fields. In our model, this constant holds true for any strong field but naturally assumes different values, indicating that it is not truly a constant. Its value is constant only for the mass under consideration; for example, for the Hubble sphere, it always has the same value.Additionally, we will demonstrate how relativistic modified Newtonian theory also seems to resolves the black hole information paradox by simply removing it. This theory also leads to the conservation of spacetime. In general relativity theory, there are several significant challenges. One of them is how spacetime can change over time, transitioning from infinite curvature just at the beginning of the assumed Big Bang to essentially flat spacetime when the universe end up in cold death, while still maintaining conservation of energy all the way from the Big Bang to the assumed cold death of the universe. Can one really get something from nothing?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Wave Parapsychology

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 7 Pages. (Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

After analyzing the assumptions about the propagation of strong non-linear gravitational waves (GWs),...it is concluded beyond any doubt that the alleged "first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger" are absurd....
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time Travel

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 7 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29776.76804/1

Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and science, but whose scope is highly disputed, giving rise to numerous paradoxes in both philosophy and science. Time travel is considered by some accepted both in general relativity and quantum mechanics, but there is a unanimous consensus that it is not feasible with current technology. (Hawkins 2010) The raised issues are different for the time travel in the past compared to the time travel in the future.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology