Relativity and Cosmology

Ether Was Proved Based on the Sagnac Effect

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages.

In fact, the ether can be proven from the deformation of the Sagnac effect formula, but relativity gives different explanations, so the author did a new experiment "The Discovery of a New Photoelectric Medium Based on Experiments" published in the Thermodynamics and Energy section of this website.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Mass and Equivalence Principle in General Relativity

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 19 Pages.

We formulate the equivalence principle in Newtonian mechanics and General Relativity. We distinguish seven formulations of the equivalence principle, but not all are equivalent. We summarize the methods used in General Relativity to calculate the inertial mass. His examinationleads us to consider two total energy-momentum tensors: calculated from gravitational mass andusing inertial mass. The first is the one that appears in the gravitational field equation, and the second is the one that allows us to determine the system's energy and, therefore, its inertial mass.We conclude that the theory of General Relativity does not explain the equality of inertial andgravitational mass, although it is a result derivable from Newtonian mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: William D. Walker, Dag Stranneby
Comments: 10 Pages.

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that both gravitational and electromagnetic fields (light) propagate instantaneously in the nearfield of a source and, within a wavelength, reduces to the speed of light c in the farfield. Relativity is shown to yield Galilean transformations when using instantaneous nearfield light, and yield Lorentz transformations when using farfield speed c light. Since time and space are real and can not depend on the frequency of light used to measure time and space of moving bodies, then it is concluded that Relativity is an optical illusion. Space and time are absolute and not flexible. Space can appear to contract, and time appear to dilate, when using farfield light to measure the effects of time and space of moving bodies. But the observed effects are not real and are an optical illusion, since using nearfield light will show that time and space have not changed. Since General Relativity is based on Special Relativity, then its effects on time and space are also an optical illusion. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM), based on an equivalent set of Maxwell equations for gravity, is known to be a weak field limit of General Relativity, which is all that we observe, and therefore predicts all the known gravitational observations. It is shown to also predict superluminal nearfield and farfield speed c propagating fields. GEM is concluded to be a better theory of gravity. Lastly it should be mentioned that this research shows that the Pilot Wave interpretation of Quantum Mechanics can no longer be criticized for requiring instantaneous interaction of the pilot wave with particles, thereby violating Relativity. Consequently the Pilot wave interpretation should become the preferred interpretation of Quantum Mechanics due to its deterministic simplicity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Speed of Light Cannot Be Really Isotropic Relative to the Earth

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-5 and Italian, pages 6-10

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether (which corresponds to the space), i.e. the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be really the same in all directions, and that is, really isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, not a real phenomenon, so the isotropy can only be apparent. But Einstein later considered this isotropy as real and the scientific community still considers it this way, overbearingly, since it does not accept to question this thesis of his.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter, that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because based on it you can operate the GPS system. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But this appearance does not allow for the correct calculation of the speed and distances of celestial objects, so, by using it anyway, the scientific community has obtained a complicated model of the Universe that is incompatible with observations, and whose expansion results in acceleration, rather than deceleration, as it should be according to reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Application of the Theory of Variable Speed of Light on the Universe

Authors: Markus Schönlinner
Comments: 25 Pages.

The Friedman-Lemaître-equations describe the expansion of the universe in the StandardModel. Thereby, the observed red-shift of the galaxies is interpreted as escape velocity. Byapplying the theory of variable speed of light, however, the galactic red-shift can be describedas a phenomenon, which only seems to be a movement and can be explained by the variation ofthe cosmic gravitational potential. The space itself varies its properties, the objects in the spacedo not change their movement. With only very general assumptions about the properties of theuniverse an alternative concept of the universe is developed, which is significantly less complexthan the Standard Model. Nonetheless, it is possible to describe consistently the fundamentalobservations with a minimum number of parameters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: (1) Time Flow

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper marks the beginning of a series of papers dedicated to establishing the theoretical foundations of a novel theory of relativity called the Theory of Time Frames. Due to the extensive nature of the topic, the theoretical basis of time frames will be divided into multiple papers, each addressing a specific aspect. This initial work focuses on developing a deeper understanding of the flow of time, which serves as a fundamental concept for the theory of time frames. Examining time dilation through the prism of the flow of time revealed a unique opportunity to introduce novel concepts: the background time flow, the gravitational time flow, and the kinetic time flow. Moreover, this exploration allowed for the establishment of the unit of time flow. These pivotal investigations laid a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the impact of the flow of time on various physical phenomena, offering a promising direction for further research in this domain.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Jacobi and Lagrangian Formulation of the Classical Cosmological Equations

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 24 Pages. 150 Equations, 19 References

Classical mechanics has been a well-established field for many years, but there are still some challenges that can be addressed using modern techniques. When dealing with classical mechanics problems, the first step is usually to create amathematical expression called the Hamiltonian based on a known function called the Lagrangian. This involves using standard procedures to establish relationships like the Poisson bracket, canonical momenta, Euler-Lagrange equations, andHamilton-Jacobi relations. In this paper, we focus on a specific problem related to the calculus of variations, which deals with finding the Lagrangian function that, when used in the Euler-Lagrange equation, produces a given differentialequation. To tackle this problem, we employ two distinct methods to determine the Lagrangian and, subsequently, the Hamiltonian for the cosmological equations derived from General Relativity. These equations describe the motion of celestial objects in the universe and are of second-order in nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometry, Symmetries, and Quantization of Scalar Fields in de-Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Arpan Dey, Riddhiman Bhattacharya, Sanchari Sen
Comments: 28 Pages. 3 Figures:3; 22References

The paper commences by examining the geometric properties of de-Sitter space-time,with a specific focus on the isometries generated by Killing vectors. It also investigatesvarious metrics that are applicable to specific regions of space-time, revealing that in thedistant future, the symmetries exhibit a similar local structure to that of $R^3$.Furthermore,the classical Klein-Gordon equation is solved within this space-time, leading to the discoverythat energy is not conserved. The solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation yield intriguing outcomes that have the potential to enable observations from the early inflationary era.Finally, the primary objective of the paper is to comprehensively examine a quantized scalarfield in the de-Sitter background, exploring the solutions for the two-point function andanalyzing their behavior during both early and late time periods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solving Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 11 Pages.

Physicists usually believe that physics cannot (and should not) derive the values of c and ћ but should derive the value of the cosmological constant Λ. This problem is considered fundamental after the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) was discovered in 1998. This phenomenon is usually considered in the framework of General Relativity (GR) and here the main uncertainty is how the background space is treated. If it is flat, PCA is usually treated as a manifestation of dark energy and (as acknowledged in the literature) currently its nature is a mystery. On the other hand, if it is curved then a problem arises why the value of Λ is as is. However, in our approach based only on universally recognized results of physics, the solution of the problem does not contain uncertainties because PCA is an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. Since the de Sitter (dS) algebra is semisimple, it is the most general ten-dimensional Lie algebra because it cannot be obtained by contraction from other ten-dimensional Lie algebras. Let R be the parameter of contraction from the dS algebra to the Poincare one. Then the problem why the quantities (c,ћ,R) are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used but, in semiclassical approximation, the result for PCA is the same as in GR if Λ=3/R^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Standard Model, there is a lack of discourse on the effects of particles with negative masses to be taken into consideration to attempt solutions of outstanding problems such as Dark Matter, Dark Energy and other experimentally observed phenomena for which no exhaustive data and therefore no suitable explanations exist. Also, it was while deriving the equation, R = GM/c², in which the restrictive condition for creation of a Black Hole at the end of a stellar collapse is totally removed, similar to the Schwarzschild’s Radius R☉ for a Black Hole resulting from a stellar collapse, R☉ = 2GM☉/c², very uncomfortable questions arose that are yet to be addressed. Moreover, the asymmetry between the ubiquitous presence of particles and the relative scarcity of antiparticles in the observable universe also isn’t explainable. The present article continues to probe the untouched areas of inferable possibilities, not yet arrived at by peers in peer-reviewed materials, and touch upon some of the yet unsolved questions by probing aspects of matter-energy relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Correct Way to Calculate the Rapidity in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

Taylor and Wheeler, in their SPACETIME PHYSICS book (1966 edition), give the "rapidity" (or "velocity parameter") as theta = A * tau, where "A" is the acceleration in ly/y/y, and "tau" is the age in years of the person on the trailing rocket (assuming that the rocket fires when that person has just been born, and is at the origin of the chart at birth). The chart’s vertical axis gives the distance "X" from the starting point, and the horizontal axis gives the age "tau" of the person on the trailing rocket. The velocity, according to that person, is then v = tanh(theta) ly/y, and the distance traveled from X = 0 by that person is just the integral of "v" with respect to "tau". If desired, OTHER rockets can start from positions farther up the "X" axis, at positions D = D1, D = 2*D1, etc. The curve of the second-lowest curve, starting at X = D1 and tau = 0, is exactly the same shape as the lowest curve, just shifted upward by the amount D1. It is possible to have any number of such rockets, each with a curve shifted upward by some distance "D" above the immediately lower curve, and having exactly the same shape as the lowest curve. The result is the view according to the people in the lowest rocket.NOW, one can use the length contraction equation (LCE) to get the corresponding chart according to the initial inertial observer (IIO), with time variable "t" and position "x": one just divides each point of each curve by the factor gamma, wheregamma = 1 / { 1 - sqrt [ (v * v ) ] }.But when one does that, the results are ABSURD. If there is just a single rocket, starting fromx = 0 at t = 0,then according to the IIO, that rocket will first move a large distance away from x = 0, but will eventually start to move back toward the IIO (even though its rocket is always pointing away from x = 0, and is still producing the same thrust). Ultimately, that rocket gets arbitrarily close to the IIO, as "t" goes to infinity. Clearly, that is absurd, and it can’t be true. So we must reject Taylor and Wheeler’s scenario and their equation for the rapidity.IS there an alternative scenario and rapidity equation which DOESN’T have an absurd outcome? YES! We use the viewpoint of the IIO who is present (and stationary) at the launch. According to that IIO, at time "t" in the IIO’s life, the trailing rocket is moving at the speedv = tanh(theta),where theta is NOW given by theta = A * t, not theta = A * tau. And a rocket starting at distance D1 above the origin is vertically separated from the lowest curve by the amount D1 / gamma. Likewise, another rocket starting at a distance D2 will be vertically separated from the lowest curve by amount D2 / gamma, etc. For this alternative scenario, there are no absurdities like there were in the first scenario.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes and the Expansion of Space

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 1 Page.

This Essay suggests a way to prove that curved space-time guides photonic light how to move, but unlike matter, photonic light will not guide space-time how to curve. This will lead to the conclusion that photonic light has no direct gravitational effect on space-time. This conclusion leads to the source of dark energy which accelerates the expansion of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Birth of the Universe

Authors: Teguh Waluyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

The universe is created from nothing. Before the birth of the universe, matter, space, and time were not yet created. The mass of universe before the birth is zero. Space and time are something unknown. Calculation using the relative density of space-time, the universe gets mass from its birth at the birth time and the process is instantaneous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bi-Verse Theory Visualizing Universe as One Side of a Thread

Authors: Sreeram Pozhat Menon
Comments: 21 Pages. CC-BY Sreeram

In this theorem titled bi-verse, we aim to provide a unique mathematical explanation for the current nature of the universe. By conceptualizing the world as a thread, we introduce a novel approach where particles are generated due to the oscillations of this thread. This paper sets our work apart by offering a new framework that diverges from traditional theories about the nature of universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spacetime Dipole Wave Pressure and Black Holes

Authors: Policarpo Batista Uliana
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper is based on John A. Macken's proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed. From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole). Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge. This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain the mass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model. The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough to avoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holes that reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attraction force (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Torsion [] May Permit Cosmological Constant and [Serve] Baseline as to Dark Energy

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

Based on the idea of cyclic conformal cosmology, we discuss how torsion may allow for a cosmological constant, which links the ideas given by Beckwith and QaZi 2023 to a presentation as far as Torsion as given by de Sabbata and Sirvaram, Erice 1990 . The 1990 article claims that Torsion cancels Cosmological vacuum energy whereas our formulation leads to a left over cosmological constant 10^-121 times vacuum energy . Meantime speculation as to how all this relates to black hole physics and speculation given by Corda which replaces traditional firewalls with a different formulation are included as that presentation by Corda uses the idea of a quantum number n, which ties into our own Cosmological constant presentation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Causal Loops in Time Travel

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 19 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable and all future non-compliant submission will be rejected!)

About the possibility of time traveling based on several specialized works, including those of Nicholas J. J. Smith ("Time Travel"), William Grey ("Troubles with Time Travel"), Ulrich Meyer ("Explaining causal loops"), Simon Keller and Michael Nelson ("Presentists should believe in time-travel"), Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin ("Time Travel and Modern Physics"), and David Lewis ("The Paradoxes of Time Travel"). The article begins with an Introduction in which I make a short presentation of the time travel, and continues with a History of the concept of time travel, main physical aspects of time travel, including backward time travel in the past in general relativity and quantum physics, and time travel in the future, then a presentation of the Grandfather paradox that is approached in almost all specialized works, followed by a section dedicated to the Philosophy of time travel, and a section in which I analyze Causal loops for time travel. I finish my work with Conclusions, in which I sustain my personal opinions on the time travel, and the Bibliography on which the work is based.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Critical Analysis of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In this study, the theory of special relativity is critically analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[t]he Steady State Qubit Universes

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 12 Pages.

Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. The age of our cosmos seems to be 13.7 billion years as a representation of the omega condition breaks down in: (243 x √2 x6)2 = (1.173005 105)2 = 1.375941 1010 /1.0024532 = 1.3692 1010 yrs Or as observed in: 1.375941 1010 x 1.0024532 = 1.383 1010 yrs The cubic power of 24 hrs represents two dark matter black holes accelerated in opposing direction to an end velocity of ½√2 c in a time sequence cycle of six of those cubes. The ratio 1.002453 is a genuine deviation derived from the symmetry number of the Monster. The time sequence cycle is repeated till the overall mass of the universes has been reached.The day of rest represents the formation of a super massive white radiator, black hole as remnant in present-day galaxies. Given by:24 x 6 = 144 x √4/3 =166.2768 hrs or 7 x 24 = 168 hrs. The 24 x √4/3 = 27.7128 hrs is the expansion time needed for the formation of the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium having an maximum momentum of (½ c) effective due to acceleration to the end velocity to ½ √2 c. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos, the onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the initial state of the Big Bang for the group symmetry Monster number, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The so called inflationary period, alpha initial condition, lasted for 768 yrs times 2 due to the fast mediation medium. All massive white radiators as macro quantum states were released during that period.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Particle-Wave Duality in Light Propagation

Authors: Fang Zhou
Comments: 56 Pages. In Chinese

An important and crucial Law —‘Law of Light Propagation’— is firstly put forward by author, and a relevant Law —‘Law of Motion Observation’— is revealed. They are fundamental laws in Relativistic Theory for Motion Observation. Minkowski Space-time is the space-time where there is only one ‘Observer’, and could be imagined to be a ‘Single-Observer’s World’, and its ‘World-line’ is represented by a ‘single curve’ . The proposed equations for deriving Lorentz Transformation are defined in Minkowski Space-time, which makes Lorentz Transformation being ‘Identical Transformation’ i.e. ‘Null Transformation’. Lorentz Transformation describes observation process of either one single observer or two relatively rest observers. But, on the contrary, Galilean Space-time is the space-time where there are more than one ‘Observers’, and could be imagined to be a ‘Multi-Observer’s World’, and its ‘World-line’ is represented by a branch of similar curves. The logical relationship for Space-time and Transformation is as follows: Minkowski Space-time, which is the "Set of Identical Transformation", is subset of Galilean Space-time, and Galilean Space-time, which is the "Set of Galilean-Zhou Transformation", is subset of the "Newtonian Space-time" (the ‘Universe Space-time’). Lorentz Transformation in Minkowski Space-time is actually ‘Identical Transformation’ which is only fit for fibre-glass and wiring propagation without Doppler’s Effect, and Galilean-Zhou Transformation in Galilean Space-time is fit for all around wireless propagation with Doppler’s Effect. It is necessary to give crucial physical verification and evidence for predictions and mathematical conclusions made by STR and GTR, deduced in Minkowski Space-time (‘Single-Observer’s World’) by means of Galilean-Zhou Transformation in Galilean Space-time (‘Multi-Observer’s World’ ), otherwise any mathematical conclusion deduced in Minkowski Space-time won’t acquire real physical interpretation and, consequently, will not but just only be mathematical conjecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein’s Clock Observation While Riding a Train

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this note, we revisit Einstein’s thought experiment for viewing Bern’s clock tower with riding on a train. Einstein imagined observing Bern’s clock tower while travelling on a train at the speed of light away from the clock. He concluded that he would not see the clock hands move. As the story goes, this inspired Einstein’s work on Special Relativity, where he used an assumed constant speed of light, c, to show that time dilation and length contraction must occur for different observers moving at uniform velocity (greater than 0) relative to each other. This is a different interpretation of Lorentz’s equation, where the formulas still hold.Typically, time dilation is discussed in terms of considering the clocks for each of the two inertially moving observers. However, in the one-page paper that follows, we shall consider what a clock would show at different distances to the clock. Here, we will only consider the observations of the observer (us) stationary to the clock, and still show that the other observer would see a different time according to the light from the clock. We will observe that the moving observer will see the time on the clock slow down when moving away from the clock at a constant speed of 0.5c (for example) and that this observer would see time on the clock speed up when returning to the clock at the same speed. Everything works out so that both observers see the same time on the clock at the beginning and end of the trip (at the clock’s location).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mathematical Foundations of the Dark Energy Ether Hypothesis

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 60 Pages.

This paper develops mathematical models to describe the hypothetical dark energy ether. By formalizing theoretical principles, it aims to facilitate quantitative analysis and empirical examination of this proposed cosmic medium. The framework translates conceptual constructs into equations encoding ether dynamics, displacement by matter, resulting pressure gradients, and emergent gravitational effects.

Beginning with foundational relationships like E_d = ∫ ρ_m dV linking matter density to displaced ether volume, the study progressively builds formalisms capturing localized displacement fields, permeability of matter, propagation of pressure variations, and connections to spacetime curvature. Governing equations resemble fluid dynamics, relating pressure, density, and displacement. Concepts from quantum mechanics are integrated to account for inherent uncertainties.

Extending analysis to complex systems involves approximation techniques and N-body simulations to model intricate multi-body interactions under ether's influence. Proposed experiments leverage particle colliders, galaxy observations, and other astrophysical phenomena to scrutinize predictions. Evaluating concordance with empirical data can ascertain viability across galactic dynamics, gravitational lensing, and cosmological expansion.

By deriving precise mathematical representations, this undertaking transforms an imaginative conjecture into scientifically testable models. Developed formalisms lay groundwork for simulations, experiments, and observational analyses while maintaining adherence to established physical laws. The ultimate worth relies on surviving rigorous empirical falsification. Regardless of outcome, constructing these foundations enables evidence-based assessment, propelling ether hypothesis towards maturity.

The additional sections after the conclusion provide balanced analysis of limitations, challenges, philosophical criticisms, ethical considerations, and potential impacts if validated. This supplements the core mathematical development with critical examination from multiple vantage points.

In summary, by bridging conceptual ether models with quantitative formalism and examining implications thoroughly, this work aims to catalyze scientific discourse and exploration into the deeper fabric of our universe. The lure of discovery beckons us to embark on the difficult yet rewarding path towards illumination.

Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem by Extending General Relativity Into Subquantum Domains to Extract an Exact Classical Solution to Dark Energy in General Relativity

Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 11 Pages. Discovered a 'transposition' error, which made the original paper incorrect.

The Cosmological Constant Problem has long been recognized as one of the most significant challenges in modern physics. The problem arises from the very large discrepancy between the predicted value by Quantum Field Theory and observed values of the cosmological constant. Recent observations by the European Space Agency and the Integral Space Telescope appear to provide a solution to the dark energy component of the ΛCDM model. This paper proposes to supply that much-needed correction to that model. The boldness of this claim to have solved the problem comes directly from the equations,calculations, and solutions that we provide below. The calculations suggested that only one equation,(vacuum energy density), to correct for the discrepancy of QFT and observations. That modification solves the discrepancy with a high degree of confidence. Since that correction follows classical field theory, renormalization and UV cut-offs are avoided. This correction introduces a scaling factor, derived from the granularity of spacetime as revised to 10−45,which aligns theoretical predictions with observed values of the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology