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[23] viXra:2409.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-30 20:38:33
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.
This article critically examines the commonly overlooked gaps and errors in the interpretations of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), particularly in the treatment of the external and internal observers, the role of the Lorentz transformation, and the misapplication of moving reference frames. The core argument revolves around the objective versus subjective observations within STR, emphasizing the pivotal role of an external observer who perceives spacetime as a whole, in contrast to the limited perspective of internal observers. The discussion further extends to mathematical misinterpretations, such as the dimensional alignment of time and space, the improper handling of inertial frames, and inconsistencies in the application of Newtonian mechanics within relativistic contexts. These gaps underscore the needfor a refined conceptual framework in interpreting STR, paving the way for a more rigorous understanding of relativistic dynamics and its implications for modern physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2409.0154 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-14 21:40:49
Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 27 Pages, 0 Diagrams
Relativity has little practical relevance in our real nontheoretical environment. Its founding premise, light's (presumed) constancy, is conceptually impossible. It only works theoretically in the one dimension of linear motion and only in one direction. In three dimensions it's inherently conflicted. In reality, its velocity can only compound mechanically with the motion of its source. This is what all of the Michelson-Morley type experiments actually show. And that's in addition to its factual variability that Einstein also asserts despite the invalidating contradiction. With an underlying premise that's altogether unworkable, relativity becomes untenable as well. Its other components that aren't necessarily dependent on light's (presumed) invariance are just as conflicted and innately unworkable. Its four-dimensional "space-time" is inconceivable, and it impossibly curves two-dimensionally underneath three-dimensional massive bodies to facilitate their "attraction." Its "principle of equivalence" impossibly has acceleration's one-dimensional uniform reaction and rotation's two-dimensional dispersive reaction equal to gravity's three-dimensional runaway coalescing/condensing. Its "finite and yet unbounded" universe, that with expansion has become the big bang, is strictly theoretical as well. To maintain its observed uniformity, it expresses two-dimensionally, like the surface of a sphere. So it's also not real. With relativity's manifest impracticality and the purely theoretical nature of its fundamental constituents, nearly all of it can be factually qualified as useless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2409.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-27 03:36:08
Authors: Jameel Chamberlain
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Bubble Theory proposes a higher-dimensional framework in which the fourth spatial dimension hosts multiple energy-matter structures, or "bubbles," coexisting within the same spatiotemporalcoordinates. Central to this theory is the ’S’ Energy Field, a higher-dimensional field through whichunique ’S’ Energy wavelengths propagate, binding matter and maintaining bubble integrity. This paper extends the Bubble Theory to explore its implications for black holes, dark matter, dark energy,and quantum phenomena. By modeling these cosmic phenomena through the lens of the BubbleTheory, we aim to provide new insights and propose potential avenues for experimental validation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2409.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-26 02:45:46
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 13 Pages.
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetimedistortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or togenerate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drivevector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates and PolarCoordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a realspaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside atridimensional 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3DSpherical Coordinates.The "ex-libris" of the Natario 2001original paper was the so-called "zero-expansion" behavior in theexpansion of the normal volume elements that occurs only in 2DPolar Coordinates but not in tridimensional $3D$ SphericalCoordinates.We demonstrate this affirmation in the present work.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2409.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-25 03:05:49
Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 48 Pages. In French
The **Universal Resonance Theory (URT)** proposes a new approach to explaining gravitation by unifying the principles of quantum physics and general relativity through the concept of resonance in a fundamental quantum field, analogous to space-time. According to this theory, the universe is structured by a vibrating web, where each matter particle generates resonant waves proportional to its mass.Particle Resonance: Massive particles generate specific frequencies in a universal resonance field. These frequencies interact to create resonances that can be interpreted as attractive forces between particles, thereby replacing the traditional concept of gravitation.Space-Time Structure: Space-time is perceived as a dynamic matrix of resonances. Masses cause distortions in this matrix, creating paths of lower resonance, analogous to geodesics in general relativity.Unification of Forces: URT suggests that gravity could be an electromagnetic phenomenon on a cosmic scale, thereby linking gravity and electromagnetism. This could provide a new understanding of the fundamental forces, including dark matter and dark energy.Predictions and ImplicationsURT proposes that gravitational interactions are emergent effects of quantum resonances between particles, which could explain previously unexplained gravitational phenomena. The theory also predicts that the speed of light and other fundamental constants can be reinterpreted in terms of resonance.Technological Perspectives:Understanding and manipulating these resonances at the quantum scale could lead to major technological innovations, such as gravity control, new propulsion methods, and advanced communication systems.In summary, URT offers a new perspective to unify quantum physics and general relativity, opening potential avenues for solving cosmological mysteries and developing revolutionary technologies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[18] viXra:2409.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-25 02:00:02
Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 13 Pages.
The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a large population of bright compact galaxies in the early universe. Their abundance suggests that the early universe may not have expanded as explosively as Big Bang cosmology implies, that it may have been relatively more compact for a longer period of time. It is plausible that the physical issue with the Robertson-Walker metric form in this regard is Friedmann's 1922 coordinate condition, which makes gravity effectively Newtonian, devoid of gravitational time dilation. Einstein's successful 1915 coordinate condition in contrast permits the metric to be Lorentz covariant and compels it to always have a matrix inverse, a constraint which the Big Bang flouts. We exhibit a transformation of the Robertson-Walker metric form to Einstein coordinates, and we study in detail the radial evolution, in respectively Friedmann and Einstein coordinates, of the very simplest expanding-dust-sphere cosmology model. The deceleration of cosmic expansion in Friedmann coordinates is changed in Einstein coordinates to its acceleration, and the Big Bang in Friedmann coordinates is swapped in Einstein coordinates for a peak in that inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[17] viXra:2409.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-19 02:48:55
Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2409.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-18 13:54:08
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-39 and Italian, pages 40-79
In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e., the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be truly isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, an apparent but not real phenomenon. But later he considered this isotropy as real. And this is how relativists still consider it, overbearingly, since they do not accept discussions on this statement.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because considering it as real has allowed the development of the law of gravitation of General Relativity (which is also apparent) and, above all, to make the GPS system work. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But, as I will demonstrate in this article, this appearance does not allow us to calculate the speeds and distances of celestial objects, too. So, using it anyway, relativists have obtained a complicated and incompatible with observation model of Universe, whose expansion is accelerating.So I developed a theory, which I called Space Quanta in Expansion, which considers the appearance useful for gravitation and GPS, but not for calculating distances and velocities of distant celestial objects, where it uses its own formulas. And so I obtained a model of Universe that is reasonable and compatible with observations and quantum mechanics, whose expansion results in deceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2409.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-15 23:46:29
Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages.
Dark matter remains a conundrum within the field of cosmology. While the behavior is wellunderstood, the underlying cause remains mysterious. Many models have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, whether it be new particles or modifications to the law of gravity. This document attempts to explain dark matter through the effect of relativistic mass and the effect of a relativistic gravitational field. The goal is that this model might be able to fit with observations of dark matter as well as Modified Newtonian Gravity (MOND) within galactic orbits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2409.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 01:36:47
Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper presents a novel interpretation of cosmological redshift within the framework of the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH). We revisit the concept of "tired light" in the context of a superfluid spacetime, proposing a mechanism for photon energy loss during propagation through the cosmic medium. Our model provides a physical basis for redshift without invoking universal expansion, potentially offering new insights into longstanding cosmological puzzles. We derive the fundamental equations governing light propagation in superfluid spacetime, present predictions for observational tests, and discuss the implications for our understanding of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[13] viXra:2409.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-17 00:10:46
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
A recent paper suggests that MOND would better explain the difference in the distribution of rotation curves inside versus at the outer edges of galaxies. It would be due to the External Field Effect (EFE) encounter with MOND for galaxies in a uniform external field due to surrounding systems. ΛCDM, based on General Relativity (GR), respects the (strong) equivalence principle. Accordingly, for ΛCDM, such differences are not directly explainable. As the observed difference is argued to be statistically significant, something still to be confirmed, it could be a convincing argument in favor of MOND.The paper explains how the multi-fold dark matter effects explain qualitatively the observed differences: inner entanglement is more disrupted by the rest of the galaxy content, before creating a halo effect. With this we can argue that MOND is not necessarily the only answer to the observations. In previous papers, we argued that the multi-fold theory at large enough scale recovers GR, and that it is compatible with the equivalence principle. The paper therefore explains that these can be multi-fold gravity results. The multi-fold dark matter effects result from entangled real systems, which are extra contribution to gravity, which results only from virtual particles. There are therefore no inconsistencies: the equivalence principle can be respected while rotation differences may exist. To that effect, we show that while multi-fold gravity follows the (strong) equivalence principle, multi-fold dark matter effects can bring in an EFE effect without any contradiction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2409.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 15:39:05
Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 4 Pages.
For a system of a static charged sphere we make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has a unit time component and zero space components. Beginning with a spherically symmetric metric in standard form and electromagnetic vector potential having this special form we solve the Einstein field equations outside the sphere. We show the solution has charge outside the sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[11] viXra:2409.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 23:53:08
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.
Light trajectories near a static point mass have been calculated for two cases: the first is the usual black-hole solution in general relativitythat results from using Schwarzschild coordinates to determine the curvature of spacetime, and the second is for a model described in a previous paper, viXra:2409.0030, in which spacetime is completely regular with no event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2409.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-15 04:45:38
Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 11 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment, foundational in challenging classical understandings of light propagation, played a crucial role in the development of special relativity. This paper re-examines this pivotal experiment from a new perspective, investigating the equivalence between optical and audio interferometry. By generalising the events within a MM interferometer, the study proposes a method to test if audio waves exhibit relativistic properties or not. This exploration of optical and acoustic analogy aims to deepen our understanding of wave mechanics and relativity, offering novel insights into relativistic experimental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2409.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-14 02:16:24
Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 5 Pages. Edits were made to add citations and conform with format guidelines given by admin
Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2409.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-13 20:57:39
Authors: Jeffrey P. Baugher
Comments: 35 Pages.
The conundrum of Dark Matter coupled with the discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli, a protege of Galileo, elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of segments and not points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument allowing me to falsify the relationship between infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, resolve L'Hopital's paradox, rewrite the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and derive Gaussian curvature. I hypothesize that the intractability of Dark Energy and Dark Matter is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation with basis vectors as a stand-in for the properties of homogeneous infinitesimals. I propose a novel but geometrically logical model for gravity based on the changing area of ``surfaces" that suffers from no Cosmological Constant but can model red-shift of light. I present hypothetical arguments to demonstrate that there is sufficient compelling similarities to support the investigation of rewriting Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry, the Calculus and all the laws of physics with axiomatic homogeneous infinitesimals of three components that each follow the theory of proportionality. They are relative cardinality, homogeneous infinitesimal and lastly their sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[7] viXra:2409.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 18:27:28
Authors: Andrey Smirnov
Comments: 35 Pages.
An axiomatic deterministic theory of physics based on a unified field is proposed.In the model of the theory, time is absent and dynamics are absent at the fundamental level. It is shown how space-time with matter and fields arise in such a model. It is shown that the anthropic principle arises as a consequence of the theory. The principle of causality is derived. Mass, energy and other concepts of mechanics are obtained. The Schrödinger equation is derived. Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are obtained without using the postulates of STR. It is shown that the speed of light and the maximum speed of interactions are exactly equal. The special theory of relativity with all its equations is obtained. It is shown that the standard model does not contradict the proposed theory. The nature of gravity is considered. The principle of equivalence of gravity and acceleration is proved, all the assumptions on which the general theory of relativity is based are proven. Based on this, it can be argued that the equations of the general theory of relativity satisfy the theory of emergent space-time-matter. It is shown that gravity cannot have quanta. Thus, this theory states that no theory of quantum gravity can exist. An explanation of the origin of the Universe is proposed. An explanation of the nature of dark energy and dark matter is proposed. The physical foundations of mathematics are considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2409.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:40:17
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.
This paper contains reflections on how Newton's classical inverse-square law of gravitation corresponds to both Einstein's theory of special relativity adapted for an accelerated object, as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity for the free-fall of an object in a curved spacetime. Using a model described in detail in a related paper, viXra:2409.0004, it is shown that space and time are regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematicalartefacts. In addition, since gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, there is no singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[5] viXra:2409.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:39:31
Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 4: JPA-4-151.
This brief paper demonstrates that a mathematical solution to Einstein's field equations exists that features a sign change in what proves to be the analog to the Friedmann 2 (acceleration) equation. The purpose here is not to physically challenge the FLRW (Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson-Walker) solution, but to demonstrate that this sign change is mathematically possible. In order to achieve this result, the metric is modified so that the temporal increment is affected by the expansion in the same manner as the spatial increments. Unlike the Schwarzschild, there is no theorem that states that the R-W is mathematically unique. Therefore, from a purely mathematical perspective there is no prohibition on the exploration of other alternatives to the R-W. In this particular instance the four principal equations of cosmology reduce to two mathematically consistent equations and total energy is conserved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2409.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:38:06
Authors: G. V. Sharlanov
Comments: 29 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics: 2024; 7(1):1-29.
This article reveals the essence of the special theory of relativity. To date, there have been no scientific arguments against the proofs presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics in 2015 in Athens, Greece. The "Introduction" presents the foundation of the real explanation of all "unexpected" and "inexplicable" results of the experiments related to the measurement of the speed of light in our time-spatial region "near the Earth’s surface". Subsequent factual analyses of the most famousexperiments related to the velocity of light behaviour prove that the speed of light differs in different directions from the local constant "speed of light in vacuum". The exception is only the experiments that use the "Michelson-type" interferometer. These interferometers use perfectly the same paths in two opposite directions for each light beam, which is why the difference between the speeds of light in the two opposite directionsof each light beam is completely compensated. The analysis of the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" shows exactly where and how the claim "the speed of light is the same for all inertial frames of reference" is applied. Einstein’s conclusion that "we cannot give anyabsolute meaning to the concept of simultaneous" is unfounded and absurd and is shown to be based solely on this erroneous claim. At the end of the article, the essence of the so-called "fundamental tests" of the special theory of relativity is presented too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2409.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:33:49
Authors: S. G. Sharlanov
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics, 2024; 7(1):1-8.
The cause of the hypotheses of the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" is a consequence of the second biggest blunder in physics of the 20th century: "the accelerating expansion of the Universe". This is undoubtedly a big problem in physics because it is illogical for the Universe to expand, despite the existing and undeniably proven universal attraction (Newton’s law of universal gravitation). Modern physics tries to explain this delusion by the existence of an illogically high percentage of some unknown type of "dark matter" in the Universe (which, if it existed, should have been discovered by now), as well as by the inexplicable myth of "dark energy" (the nature of which is inexplicable even to modern cosmologists themselves)!The root cause of this delusion is based mainly on the unproven claim that the redshift of the spectral lines of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from remote galaxies is due to the Doppler Effect. Throughout his life, Hubble did not support Vesto Slipher’s supposition that the"redshift" is a "velocity-like displacement" (as a result of the Doppler Effect). The Doppler Effect is an effect of the mechanical waves, but not of the electromagnetic waves. The real explanation of the incorrectly called "Doppler radar" with Schrödinger’s dynamic interpretation is presented in the article.According to the assistant and successor of Hubble, Allan Sandage, Hubble believed that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature".The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of this "unrecognized principle of nature"— that is the "energy-spatial relationship" existing in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe, that the so-called "empty space" between the celestial bodies and between the particles of matter is actually a "soup" of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2409.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-04 20:03:35
Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 32 Pages.
In the paper, with the help of various models, the thesis on the fundamental nature of the field form of matter in physics is considered. In the first chapter a model of special relativity is constructed, on the basis of which the priority of the massless form of matter is revealed. In the second chapter, a field model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of weighty bodies is revealed. In the third chapter, the example of geons shows the fundamental nature of a massless form of matter on the Planck scale. The three-dimensionality of the observable space is substantiated. In the fourth chapter, we consider a variant of solving the problem of singularities in general relativity using the example of multidimensional spaces. The last chapter examines the author's approach to quantum gravity, and establishes the basic equation of quantum gravity. The conclusions do not contradict the main thesis of the paper on the fundamental nature of the massless form of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[1] viXra:2409.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-05 20:38:57
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.
By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold such asin Einstein's general theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and therefore a black hole and event horizon are just mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur in reality and that gravity does notdiverge to infinity as masses approach each other, which also removes the non-physical singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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