Relativity and Cosmology

Revisiting Hawking Radiation: Gravity Decoupled from Mass and the Nature of Black Holes

Authors: David E. Jacob
Comments: 6 Pages. © 2025 David E. Jacob

Hawking radiation is traditionally understood as a quantum process near a black hole’s event horizon that leads to gradual mass—energy loss. In this work, we present a unified interpretation that bridges conceptual and technical perspectives: once an event horizon forms, the external gravitational field decouples from its interior—transforming from a dynamically "anchored" field (as seen in normal massed objects) to a self-sustaining "unanchored" or fossil imprint. This decoupling permits the slow reduction of the black hole’s energy via Hawking radiation without invoking superluminal updates, thereby preserving causality, energy conservation, and the equivalence principle. Complementing the standard ADM formulation, we incorporate insights from quasilocal energy methods, isolated horizon frameworks, and quantum field theory in curved spacetime to further support our view. In contrast, for ordinary astrophysical bodies (e.g., planets and stars) where the gravitational field remains causally connected to the source mass, any analogous process would violate these fundamental principles. We also discuss observational prospects and numerical simulations that may eventually reveal signatures of this decoupled evolution
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Scale Invariant Fully Conformal Cosmological Model and Its Support by Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 21 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift may be caused by other mechanisms than the source moving away from the observer. It can occur on a global scale, similar to the gravitational redshift near massive stars. In principle, these are differences in the time-dependent global metric field between the source in the past and the observer in the present. In this paper we attempt a new interpretation of the simple solution of Einstein’s equations within a fully conformal metric for the case of a time-independent energy-momentum tensor. The scaling factor here acts identically on all four space-time coordinates and the speed of light is independent of the conformal time. The fully conformal metric is interpreted here as a universal geometric background which is scale invariant and acts universally on all objects, including gauges and clocks, regardless of their dimensions and internal interactions. The associated scale invariant exponential expansion is thus only relative and all observers at different times are completely equal. The model introduces the concept of the appearent age of the universe, which is the limiting consequence of time dilation into the past, and corresponds to the present value of the age of the universe H —1 according to the standard model. This appearent age is the same for all observers, and the Hubble constant is thus a true universal constant, invariant to time translations. The motivation of this work was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c − 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for the most distant supernovae. Confronting the conformal metric model with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the above fully conformal metric naturally determines the global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers’ paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Natario Warp Drive Vector $ny$ in $2D$ Polar Coordinates with the Hodge Star Over the Y-Axis and a Constant Speed $vs$

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 23 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2000.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector nX=vs*(dx) where vs is the constant speed of the warp bubble and *(dx) is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion in Polar coordinates.In this work we present a new warp drive vector nY=vs*(dy) where vs is the constant speed of the warp bubble and *(dy) is the Hodge Star taken over the y-axis of motion in Polar Coordinates.Our new proposed warp drive vectoralso satisfies the Natario requirements for a warp drive spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Traversability and Energy Constraints of a Traversable Wormhole in f(R) Gravity

Authors: Raghav Krishna
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper investigates the traversability and energy constraints of wormholes under f(R) gravity, an alternative to Einstein's General Relativity. By numerically solving the modified Einstein field equations, we demonstrate that the required exotic matter can be significantly reduced through curvature modifications. The study analyzes tidal forces, showing that human traversability is possible with accelerations below 50 m/s² at a distance of 1000 km from the throat. Energy requirements are estimated at 3.77 × 10¹u2076 J (equivalent to 9 megatons of TNT), far lower than previous classical models. The findings suggest that f(R) gravity provides a more feasible framework for future wormhole research, with possible stabilization via Casimir effects. This work contributes to the theoretical groundwork for constructing traversable wormholes in modified gravity theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Orbital Decay Process by Deviation of Geodesic Trajectory in Normalized Regular Metric Tensor

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 54 Pages. In Portuguese

Orbital decay and gravitational radiation are energetic correlates, however the correspondence between the quantities in an energy balance by the field equations is challenging under nonlinearity conditions. Analytically formulating the decay due to orbital imbalance and mechanical prediction of the deviation of the geodetic trajectory requires a natural cause for the occurrence of instability. Once all the conditions for an orbit to be circular are in place, stability is tested by predicting aberration in the movement of the metric in space, which determines the emissivity that the body has measured by the relationship to the natural frequency of its mass. The equation is tested in the prediction of the decay of the orbital period of the pulsar PSR J0737-3039, and the verification shows the gravitational emissivity by the natural frequency of the body.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fractal Holographic Lattice Cosmology: A Λ-Free Resolution of the Hubble Tension

Authors: Joshua D. Smith
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references; AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

Fractal Holographic Lattice (FHL) Cosmology resolves the Hubble tension without a cosmological constant, achieving H(0) = 73.2 km/s/Mpc locally and H(z = 1100) = 67.4 km/s/Mpc at the CMB epoch, matching SH0ES and Planck constraints. It reproduces intermediate expansion and growth rates (H(z = 0.51) = 74.7 km/s/Mpc, f(z = 0.51) ≈ 0.71) per DESI BAO, validated across z = 0 to z ≈ 1100against supernovae, cosmic chronometers, Lyman-alpha forest, and clustering data. FHL eliminates dark energy, leveraging a fractal lattice geometry, and aligns with gravitational wave dispersion, shortdistance gravity tests, and black hole entropy corrections.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity and Light Speed Novel Concept for Stellar Aberration

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 22 Pages.

This work presents, for the first time in history, a coherent and correct concept for stellar aberration based on the wave nature of light and classical physics. Considering the spherical propagation of the light wavefront and the motion of the observer relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) leads to a physically meaningful formula that, unlike the classical formulas, relates to the squares of the velocities for light and the CMB. Moreover, stellar aberration is explained by the entire light path from the star to the observer, with significant consequences for the concept of a dragged ether and the reinterpretation of a large number of experiments. It is demonstrated that all relevant experiments can be consistently explained within the framework of an ether fully dragged by gravity. The anisotropy of light is presented from a new perspective, and time dilation and length contraction become obsolete.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Space-Time Equation for Electromagnetic Interaction.

Authors: Davide Cericola
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Authors' names should be listed right after the title)

In the present work is explored the profound symmetry between the theories of gravity and electromagnetism, with particular attention to the similarity between the fundamental forces of nature: the weight force and the electric Lorentz force, Newton's law and Coulomb's law, as well as Maxwell's equations and the equations of gravitational electromagnetism. There are papers that explain how to obtain the gravitational electromagnetism equations by applying the weak field approximation to the Einstein field equations. Precisely in honour of this symmetry, this work aims to obtain Einstein field equations valid for electromagnetism, i.e. field equations from which to derive, under weak field approximation, Maxwell's equations. This research suggests a parallel vision between electromagnetism and gravity, suggesting that perhaps there could be a curved electromagnetic field in 4 dimensions alongside the curved gravitational field (Einstein's space-time).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Thermodynamics and the Source of Dark Matter

Authors: Robert Street
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Friedmann equations and the ΛCDM model describe the adiabatic expansion of the universe. The model explains the red-shift and decrease in total energy of the photons but the equations also require energy conservation according to the first law of thermodynamics, an apparent contradiction that has proved hard to understand. Further consideration of the thermodynamics of adiabatic expansion demonstrates how to reconcile the loss of energy of the photons with overall conservation of energy, and points to the source of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Informational Physical Model: Detection of Dark Matter Particles

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the paper dark matter particles detection problem is considered in framework of the Planck scale informational physical model. It is shown that the detection practically for sure is impossible.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanical Transcription of Canonical Geodesics of the Regular Metric Tensor

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 27 Pages. In Portuguese

Geodesics of a metric tensor describes the motion of a test particle in the gravitational field of a central mass by a second-order differential equation. A resolution gives the trajectory the shortest distance, demonstrated by variational principles, and carries out parallel transport of the velocity tensor, according to the covariant derivative. The characterization by geometric principles makes the kinematic effect resolvable, but untangling the dynamic cause in Christoffel's symbol remains intricate. The canonical representation of the equation in its geometric purpose introduces terms that disturb mechanical understanding. Geodesics also appears in the derivative of the Lorentz invariant, which conditions parallel transport to the conservation of the invariant velocity modulus. The vectorial elaboration of this equation involving geodesics reduces the tensor system to a closed scalar sentence. The correspondence between terms can be inferred from the reciprocity between space and time in the metric tensor by the variational pattern.Considering the covariance isometry property, we establish equivalences between the terms of the geodetic equation and expose the dynamics of geodetic acceleration in a concise equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does the Red Shift Contradict GR and SRT?

Authors: Vladislav Mirkin
Comments: 16 Pages.

The contradiction between the provisions of the general and special theories of relativity and the spectral characteristics of radiation from distant galaxies has been identified and explained within the framework of the unipolar ether paradigm. It has been established that space within atoms has nonlinear properties caused by fluctuations in the density of the ethereal medium.

Выявлено и объяснено в рамках парадигмы униполярного эфира противоречие между положениями общей и специальной теорий относительности и спектральными характеристиками излучений отдаленных галактик. Установлено, что пространство в пределах атомов обладает нелинейными свойствами, обусловленными колебаниями плотности эфирной среды.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Once More About G. Gamow’s "fireball"

Authors: Samvel Srapioni Poghosyan
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A labeled abstract in the article is required)

The article presents a new hypothesis that the theory of Gamow’s "Fireball’’ does not refer to our universe or the Metagalaxy, it refers to the main structural unit (component) of the Metagalaxy - superclusters of galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Armon Structure of Metauniverse

Authors: Samvel Srapioni Poghosyan
Comments: 335 Pages.

In Chapter 1 the author sets forth his philosophical concept of matter, where he justifies the existence of two opposite forms (sides) of matter: positive and negative pra-matters. Chapter 2 recounts the physical theory of matter: the physical essence and nature of matter, as well as the types of fundamental components of non-free physical systems is explained. In Chapter 3 Samvel Pogosyan represents his approaches to the solution of Einstein’s Great Dream. He uncovers the physical nature of inertia, ideally flat space, its structure and regularities of its formation, as well as physical consequences. The basics of GchԱ - physical theory are developed. It is a general physical theory that describes free and non-free local (finite) physical systems and their types. A new cosmic model is created, within the framework of which the physical nature and micro-structure of Dark energy, as well as the direct physical reason of accelerated expansion of the Universe is brought to light. It is to be mentioned that many observable phenomena, which do not go into the frames of ΛСDМ — cosmic model, receive natural explanation within the GchԱ-cosmic model. Chapter 4 is devoted to Armons — fundamental components of the Metauniverse, to these peculiar "pumps", thanks to which the eternal circulation of matter takes place, providing the eternal existence of the Metauniverse. Here the author continues the development of Cosmology, setting forth his views on the structure of our Universe, evolution of Primary black holes, the Universe, D bodies, etc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Signal Transmission in the Schwarzschild Metric: The Case of Forced Motion at a Constant Fraction of the Speed of Light

Authors: Miquel Piñol
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article, we examine the case of a body following a nongeodesic centripetal trajectory in the Schwarzschild metric while maintaining a constant fraction of the speed of light. At any moment, light signals can be sent to the body and recovered after reflecting off its surface. Nevertheless, in its own comoving reference frame, the body would require only a finite amount of proper time to reach the Schwarzschild radius. This raises a paradox: the ability to send and recover signals implies that the body remains outside the event horizon, contradicting the usual interpretation of gravitational collapse based on finite proper time. As the body follows a nongeodesic trajectory, we compute the four-force necessary to sustain its motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time as an Imaginary Space: A New Framework for a Predetermined Universe

Authors: Sardar Dilbag Singh Khalsa
Comments: 28 Pages.

Interpreting spacetime as a 4-dimensional manifold, an entity that locally resembles $mathbb{R}^4$ but may possess global geometric or topological characteristics, leads to asymmetry when time is treated differently from space. We propose a manifold having three spatial dimensions $mathbb{R}^3$ and time as three spacelike imaginary construct where every spatial dimension associated as $t = itau quad text{with} quad tau in mathbb{R}$ treated as an imaginary space $iotamathbb{R}$. It preserves the Minkowski interval $Delta s^2$ without explicit time requirement for lorentz boost along (x). Conventionally, time is treated as an entity passing from one time $t_1 text{ to } t_2$, and all the objects observed at a single instance are called $t_{now}$. Contrary to this, objects that are in two distinct times called $t_{now}^{1}$ and $t_{now}^{2}$ can exist simultaneously! We can explain this perspective of reality by viewing time as an imaginary space within the 6-dimensional Space-Imaginary Space manifold. We will raise the conjecture that the 6-dimensional volume ( for simplicity, we take it for the cubic object) $V =[ (text{length}),(text{breadth}),(text{height}),bigl(i,c_xbigr)Delta T_x bigl(i,c_ybigr) Delta T_y bigl(i,c_zbigr) Delta T_z$] of the object is independent of the observer in a frame. Where $Delta T_x$, $Delta T_y$ and $Delta T_z$ are the time intervals along the length, breadth and height, respectively. We also postulate that the now-frame of time isn't a single specific time but an interval $iotadelta$.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Alternative Special Theory of Relativity Applicable to Physical Theorems of Rotation in the Uniform Rotating Frames

Authors: Guangyi Pu
Comments: 11 Pages. Thanks to Chengxi Pu for her assistance.

Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 based on the principles of relativity and constancy of light velocity principles. The Lorentz transformation, applicable to inertial frames, ensures the form of physical laws remains the same when transformed between them. It should be noted that the viewpoints expressed in this paper are merely the personal insights of the authors and do not necessarily represent absolute correctness. This paper notes that physical rotation theorems have the same form in uniform rotating frames (Alternative Principle of Relativity). Relativity states no object can exceed light speed. Similarly, this paper postulates that the rotational angular speed of a "structural body" in nature has a maximum limit. Photons in vacuum are the "structural body" with the fastest rotational angular velocity (Ωmax = c/2π, unit: rad/s), called the principle of constancy of light angular velocity. Using analogy, the paper obtains the Alternative Lorentz Transformation for rotational physics in uniform rotating frames and derives the Alternative Special Theory of Relativity within angular displacement space - time. Photons thus have dual properties: the fastest - moving "particles" and the "structural body" with the fastest rotational angular velocity. This theory may offer new insights into rotational physical phenomena in uniform rotating frames and photon behavior. It could bridge the gap between the special theory of relativity for linear motion and the field of rotational motion. Future research should focus on experimentally validating predicted phenomena, like the maximum angular velocity limit and the effects of the Alternative Lorentz Transformation. Exploring its application in other physics areas, such as rotating celestial bodies in astrophysics, could also bring new understandings. Although this work is just a start with many uncertainties, the authors hope to contribute to scientific progress.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (Narrative) Part X: Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 78 Pages.

Four Spatial Dimension World-Universe Cosmology presents a fresh approach to understanding the Observable World and the science of Cosmology. It builds on the foundations of Classical Physics and has the potential to challenge core assumptions in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Rather than claiming to explain all existing cosmological data or presenting a fully developed theory, WUC serves as a starting point for a New Cosmology envisioned by Paul Dirac in 1937. While further refinement by the global physics community is essential, World-Universe Cosmology’s insights, combined with the groundbreaking discoveries of the JWST and the legacy of Dirac's ideas over 87 years, underscore the need for a Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to the Dark Energy Conundrum

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 20 Pages.

This study examined a hitherto untested theoretical model as a solution to the longstanding conundrum of dark energy. We demonstrated in a quantitative manner how a cosmic scale factor-dependent evolution of the Rydberg constant has yielded the illusions that our detectable matter density drives the universe to expand as if there exists a critical density and that the expansion even seems to be accelerating. As a natural conclusion from the mathematics of the Bernoulli trials and spatial symmetry breaking, the characteristics of the universe, more specifically the value of the Planck constant and the elementary charge and the mass of elementary particles, should evolve in accordance with the size of the universe. The cosmic scale factor-dependent increase of the Rydberg constant is a culmination of such an evolution of fundamental physical constants, which implies that we have doubly overestimated the Hubble's constant and that our redshift data needs a non-linear reinterpretation. We also demonstrated how such a cosmic scale factor-dependent evolution of physical constants solves the hierarchy problems in fundamental physics. We presented implications of our hypothesis to particle physics as well. By showcasing its capability to purely mathematically explain the mass and electric charge of quarks and exotic baryons without a single God-given parameter, and to provide vivid explanations for the underlying mechanism of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, we provided evidence that underpins our newly proposed model as a promising paradigm for theoretical physics. Finally, as a responsible scientific theory, we predicted a detectable decrease over an annual span in both the mass of electron and the elementary charge in the 9th digit of their significant figures, which serves as a test for falsification of our hypothesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Localized Structures: Revisiting the Dark Matter Paradigm

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 10 Pages. Correction of previous work and new equation of state of the vacuum.

This study presents the mathematical derivation of Vacuum Localized Strctures (VLS), gravitationally stable spacetime structures, as an alternative to dark matter. Assuming galaxies are embedded in galactic-sized VLS, the observed flat galaxy rotation curves can be explained without requiring the standard dark matter halo. This concept has been applied to the case of the Milky Way and profiles of density, pressure and rotation velocity have been derived, demonstrating a close correspondence with the observations. The VLS Gaussian density profile naturally explains the flat central density cores observed in dwarf galaxies, providing a compelling solution to the core-cusp problem. Furthermore, the early formation of VLS shortly after the Big Bang offers a framework for understanding the rapid emergence of massive galaxies, addressing the challenges posed by recent James Webb Space Telescope observations. These findings suggest that VLS could serve as both the gravitational scaffolding for galaxy formation and a replacement for cold dark matter, unifying multiple cosmological phenomena under a single theoretical framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Extremely Slow Expansion in the Early Universe

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 3 Pages.

300,000 years after the Big Bang, the first atoms formed. Subsequently, matter began to clump together, giving rise to stars and galaxies. As matter accumulated, its mass increased while its motion velocity decreased significantly. Simultaneously, under the influence of gravity, the expansion rate of the universe was substantially reduced, leading to a period of extremely slow expansion. During this period, stars and galaxies developed, grew, and matured. Subsequently, as temperatures continued to drop, dark energy came into play, and the universe entered a phase of slow expansion, gradually accelerating to reach the Hubble velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Sources, Dynamic Multi-Folds, and General Relativity Lense-Thirring and Frame Dragging Effects

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 25 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they are real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, which is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity, as well as to open issues with the Standard Cosmological Model The paper discusses how multi-folds apply when sources of gravity, or the center of mass of entangled systems, are dynamically moving: multi-folds mechanisms remain the same but using the evolving center of mass. As a result gravity, or gravity-like, contributions are to be vectorially integrated over the retarded multi-fold spacetime location that can contribute to a point at a certain time (spacetime location), instead of all the multi-folds for all directions. It is illustrated in the case of a rotating sphere as source of gravity: we recover the Lense-Thirring results with its centripetal, Coriolis and axial contributions. The analysis allows us to settle contradictory, and incorrect, results encountered in the literature. It also shows how non-linearity of General Relativity (GR) appears in the multi-fold mechanisms, something that may not have been obvious to all in the original papers. The ability for the multi-fold mechanisms to explain such GR effects help better understand these effects, but more importantly, it is another way to illustrate and validate that multi-folds recover GR and GR recovers the multi-folds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology