Relativity and Cosmology

Elements of Cosmology, Astronomy and Astrophysics — Perspectives from Kinetic Theory and Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 7 Pages.

In any proposed thermodynamic mathematical relation two fundamental conditions must be satisfied: (a) the units on each side must be the same and (b) the thermodynamic character on each side must also be the same. If either of these conditions is not satisfied then the proposed equation or inequality is invalid. Temperature is always an intensive thermodynamic coordinate; mass is always an extensive thermodynamic coordinate. The thermodynamic mathematical relations of the kinetic theory of an ideal gas satisfy these two conditions. Despite invoking the laws of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases, cosmology, astronomy and astrophysics violate the laws of thermodynamics by making temperature nonintensive and mass non-extensive, and also violate the kinetic theory of an ideal gas by applying gravitational and Coulomb forces between the particles of an ideal gas when, by definition, there are no forces between the particles of an ideal gas except when they collide elastically with one another and the walls of their container. Consequently, the gaseous theory of the stars is certainly false, and, inter alia, so too the theory of black hole thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mechanism of Gravity is the Flow of Spacetime

Authors: Kurt L. Becker, Kurt J. Becker
Comments: 20 Pages. Experiment being designed to distinguish whether gravity is a push or pull.

This paper posits that the mechanism of gravity is the flow of spacetime. It also posits that spacetime is actually created in the vast voids between galaxy clusters. Spacetime flows into galaxies and bends the straight inertial paths of stars into curves, resulting in circular, elliptical, or parabolic orbits. It shows mathematically how the flat rotation curve of outer galactic stars results.Six quantum properties of spacetime are described: Spacetime is digital and consists of incredibly small particles. Spacetime is constantly being created in the vast voids of the universe. Spacetime is constantly being absorbed inside stars, planets, black holes, and by gases. Spacetime flows. Spacetime is incompressible at low speeds. Neutrinos and gravitons are emitted by stars.Six observable properties are described: The universe is expanding. The flow of spacetime will actually displace or move galaxies, stars, and planets. The flow of spacetime will bend starlight. The flow of spacetime is in constant flux. The flow of spacetime is without limit in distance. The effect of the flow of spacetime on the early clumping of matter after recombination.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Vacuum Theory: A Unified Conformal Galileon Model

Authors: Andrey Bulgakov
Comments: 7 Pages. 3 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a modification of General Relativity within the framework of Horndeski scalar-tensor theories. We postulate the existence of a scalar field that is universally coupled to the matter metric via a conformal factor. This approach ensures the strict equality of the propagation speeds of gravitational and electromagnetic waves (cg = c_gamma), satisfying the stringent constraints from the GW170817 event. To reconcile the theory with Solar System tests, a Cubic Galileon term is introduced in the Lagrangian, implementing the Vainshtein screening mechanism. We show that by selecting the energy scale of the theory as Lambda ~ 10^-13 eV, the scalar field is screened within planetary systems but generates an effective "fifth force" on galactic scales, mimicking a Dark Matter halo and leading to flat rotation curves. On cosmological scales, the field dynamics reproduce the accelerated expansion of the Universe (attractor w approx -1), offering a unified solution to the Dark Matter and Dark Energy problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Topological Geometrodynamics in Rotating Spacetime: Emergence of Elementary Charge from Einstein-Cartan-Born-Infeld Gravity

Authors: Dapeng Zhu
Comments: 3 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17650976 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Standard Model of particle physics relies on the point-particle hypothesis, which inherentlyleads to renormalization divergences and fails to derive the elementary charge e from first principles. In this article, we propose a non-perturbative geometric unification model where the electron is reconstructed as a toroidal photon soliton confined within a Kerr-Newman vacuum background. By unifying Einstein-Cartan gravity with Born-Infeld electrodynamics, we demonstrate that the stability of such solitons arises from the dynamical equilibrium between torsion-induced gravitational attraction and non-linear electromagnetic repulsion at the Schwinger limit. We rigorously derive theelementary charge as a topological winding number, corrected by a metric coupling factor χ ≈ 1.092 which arises from the frame-dragging effect of the rotating vacuum. This geometric correction successfully resolves the long-standing 8.5% discrepancy in the semi-classical Williamson-van der Mark model. Furthermore, we discuss the phenomenological consistency of this extended structure with high-energy scattering experiments via Bjorken scaling. The model suggests that the Higgs field is the order parameter of a torsion condensate, providing a unified geometric origin for mass, charge, and the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Simultaneity Must be Absolute Inconsistency in the Theory of Special Relativity

Authors: Bhagat Singh Rajawat
Comments: 11 Pages.

[A]n attempt is made here in the form of a thought experiment to prove that the theory of special relativity is logically inconsistent. It is also attempted to locate precisely what was wrong in his 1905 paper. The entire theory is pivoted on Einstein’s conclusion that simultaneity is relative, not absolute. From this notion only he derives the Lorentz transformation equations, from which emerge the ideas of time dilation and length contraction - which automatically stand invalid if the absoluteness of simultaneity is proved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review of Minkowski Space and Lorentz Transformation: a New Theory of Relativity Based on Universal Quantum

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 76 Pages.

The theory of relativity is an important pillar supporting modern physics along with quantum theory, but the open questions present in this theory require revolutionizing the perspective on relativity and mathematical foundations of relativity. We present a generalized theory of relativity, which becomes a consequence of a unified mechanics based on the universal quantum postulated as a primitive elementary particle constituting physical vacuum and matter. Our theory does not require the fun-damental postulates of the theory of relativity, such as the principle of relativity, the principle of the constancy of the speed of light, and the principle of equivalence, and needs only the universal quantum to formulate a new theory of relativity, but explains relativistic effects successfully. Our work shows that the idea for the unified space-time which gives the Lorentz transformation is not mathematically and physically justified. We first analyze from a new angle the concepts, principles and results of the special theory of relativity and prove that it is impossible to construct a theory of relativity using geometry in the Minkowski space. We introduce the concept of the universal quantum concretizing the concept of the ether and construct a consistent theory of relativity based on the concept of the density of universal quanta and of effective time of interaction, without recourse of Einstein’s relativity theory. We construct new relativistic dynamics and electrodynamics based on the effective time of interaction. We formulate a new theory of gravity able to explain relativistic effects, based on the concept of the universal quantum without using the concept of space-time. Thus, our work achieves the aim of constructing a consistent theory of relativity by means of a single mechanism based on the concept of the universal quantum in a unified way to include inertial frames and noninertial frames altogether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classic Tests of Einstein's Theory-the Shapiro Radar Echo Delay Calculated With the Snell’s Law

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 32 Pages.

The Shapiro radar echo delay [is] calculated with the Snell’s Law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time-Partition Model of the Cosmos Reveals Helical Momentum as Fifth Fundamental Force

Authors: Robert B. Pendleton
Comments: 19 Pages. CC BY 4.0. Orcid ID: 0009-0004-6348-0678

Hubble tension, together with results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument showing time-dependence of dark energy, indicate that the standard model of the universe is inadequate, and the list of unsolved problems in cosmology and physics is uncomfortably long. Here I introduce a theoretical description of a simple geometric model that offers intuitive solutions to these problems and a broad range of unexplained natural phenomena. The Time-Partition Model of the Cosmos is based upon the assumption that the initial singularity was spinning at high angular velocity prior to the Big Bang, resulting in extremely high angular momentum. Big-Bang expansion converts angular momentum into Universal Helical Momentum (UHM), the fifth fundamental force, and dark energy is revealed as a fictitious centrifugal force that we perceive in our spiraling, non-inertial frame of reference. The model conforms to known physical laws, unites the fundamental forces as either centripetal or centrifugal forces of helical motion, and reveals the physical reality of dark energy, dark matter, zero-point energy, and time. UHM acting together with the force of gravitational attraction is the kinetic force that drives matter into helices and continuously higher levels of complexity at every scale, and as such, is the counterbalance to Brownian motion and entropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

In a Universe with Zero Spatial Curvature, Dark Energy Cannot Exist [:] One Result Proves It.

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

We have obtained a theoretical result that leads us to believe that a universe with zero spatial curvature is incompatible with the results corresponding to the acceleration of our universe over the last 6 billion years, a phenomenon attributed in the ΛCDM model to the existence of dark energy. To this end, we calculated the scale factor of a universe with zero spatial curvature in the FLRW metric and found that this factor is always linear, thus invalidating the possibility of a positive acceleration of the universe such as that attributed to dark energy. We have demonstrated the linearity of the scale factor in spatially flat universes (k=0) through a mathematical development based on the Friedmann equations and conformally flat metrics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Generalized Equations of Thermodynamics with Nonspecific Hidden Variables

Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 21 Pages.

For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of four hidden wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The possibility of obtaining the known equations of thermodynamic state of real gases is shown based on the use of both their the limit velocities of individual (separate) motion and the mathematicalexpectations precisely of these four nonspecific hidden parameters (wave functions) and functions of them. It is substantiated that in a quasi-equilibrium state, a real gas has spatial homogeneity not only of its entropy but also of the resulting extensive parameter (an indicator the compressibility coefficient). But the radial values of resulting intensive parameter (an indicator of hierarchical complexity and of quasi-equilibrium of cooling down) of a real gas are invariant in time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Dissipation of Photon: an Alternative Theoretical Model of Cosmological Redshift Based on Quantum Optics

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present an alternative theoretical model andinterpretation of the cosmological redshift based on quantumoptical theory. Our model shows that the energy dissipation of photon due to the interaction of photon with the cosmic matter, electromagnetic vacuum and gravitational field is the main cause of the redshift. Based on the new perspective, the general formula of the cosmological redshift is derived and it is shown that the Hubble law is a special case of this formula. Moreover, the speeding up of the expansion of the universe that the standard cosmological model describes is newly interpreted as a natural result that the newmodel of the redshift provides. Our interpretation of Hubble’s law based on quantum optics is distinguished from the conventional theory in that the theory does not require assumptions such as mysterious dark matter and dark energy that, despite long-term efforts, have not passed experimental test in laboratories at all. Furthermore, our interpretation is free of paradoxical problems associated with dynamic description of the expansion of the universe. Conclusively, it isdemonstrated satisfactorily that the Hubble law is irrelevant to a whole evolution of the universe and instead is due to the energy dissipation of photon interacting with the cosmic matter, electromagnetic vacuum and gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Dissipation of Photon: an Alternative Theoretical Model of Cosmological Redshift Based on Quantum Optics

Authors: Chol Jong, Un Chol Han
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present a new approach to the quantization offree electromagnetic fields without the infinity problem. Our work shows that from the physical viewpoint, the energy of a free electromagnetic field in a finite volume should be represented necessarily by a finite series, since fields consist of a finite number of photon. From the mathematical viewpoint, it is explained that the quantization of electromagnetic field reduces the infinite Fourier series to a finite series andpreserve the relativistic invariance. It is demonstrated that the cut-off of series for the energy of photons is uniquely and objectively determined based on the assumption aboutphoton. Based on this perspective, the interaction between free electromagnetic field and matter is described in terms of an integral in a finite interval which does not comprisezero and infinity. Our methodology always gives finite results and thus does not need renormalization. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that it is possible to construct a new quantization theory of electromagnetic field without infinity and renormalization thereof.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Stability of Globular Clusters

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that an isolated star cluster is a stable configuration. Separation of a single star from all the others would cost an amount of energy, that grows with the logarithm of its distance from the remaining rest. This is in contrast to the general opinion that such a cluster would eventually decay into small units. However, this conventional view is hardly ever mentioned, considering the fact that clusters have been found that are older than the (awkwardly supposed) age of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Modification of the Quantum Eraser Experiment, the Results of Which May Disprove the Absoluteness of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics.

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the hypothesis that the quantum "measurement" of polarizations in a quantum eraser experiment occurs at the moment the entangled pair is created. According to this hypothesis, introducing a polarizer into the path of one photon at a later time will not affect the polarization of the second photon. The consequences of this hypothesis differ from those of quantum mechanics, where the key element is the measurement process that occurs when a photon passes through a polarizer. Such "absurd" assumptions are typically dismissed outright as violations of Special Relativity (SR), although experiments on nonlocality may be precisely the domain where SR violations occur. To test this hypothesis, a modified quantum eraser experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Conservation in General Relativity

Authors: Stefan Bernhard Ruester, Antonino Del Popolo
Comments: 10 Pages. 1 figure, 1 table, Parana J. Sci. Educ., v.11, n.6, (1-10), December 1, 2025

This article shows that the vanishing covariant divergence of the energy-momentum tensor of the matter is a conservation law. Furthermore, it is explained why energy-momentum pseudotensors of the gravitational field cannot represent its energy density, but this is described up to a factor by the Einstein tensor. The necessarily existing conservation law of total energy, momentum, and stress in general relativity is derived, thereby explaining the phenomena of dark energy and dark matter and solving the cosmological constant problem and the cuspy halo problem. In Newton's theory of gravity, it is the modified Poisson equation that fulfills the requirement of conservation of total energy. Using a model that solves the modified Poisson equation, it turns out that dark matter in modified Newtonian cosmology is nothing other than a central point-like mass, probably a supermassive primordial black hole, thus refuting the cosmological principle and explaining both the Hubble and S_8 tensions. A simple but fairly accurate model is presented that solves the modified Poisson equation to fit the calculated rotation curves to the observed speeds in spiral galaxies, which consist of several components: the central black hole, the bulge, the disk, and the dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole Magnet Theory by Wilmar Marin Moreno

Authors: Wilmar Marin Moreno
Comments: 3 Pages. In Spanish (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Black holes are permanent magnetic dipoles with a double charge: positive pole, negative pole. Their field never reaches zero; it extends in a gradient, connecting the entire cosmos like a live wire. When one absorbs mass, it expels it through the opposite pole, generating electromagnetic repulsion that pushes the next black hole. This push is not the Big Bang; it is expansion. Equation: ∇ × B = μu2080 εu2080 v × B. The universe did not begin: it spins like an eternal solenoid. Author: Wilmar Marín Moreno, Colombian mathematician, independent researcher.

Los agujeros negros son dipolos magnéticos permanentes de doble carga: polo positivo, polo negativo. Su campo nunca se hace cero; se extiende en degradé, conecta todo el cosmos como un cable vivo. Cuando uno absorbe masa, la expulsa por el polo opuesto, genera repulsión electromagnética que empuja al siguiente agujero. Ese empuje no el Big Bang es la expansión. Ecuación: ∇ × B = μu2080 εu2080 v × B. El universo no empezó: gira como solenoide eterno. Autor: Wilmar Marín Moreno, matemático colombiano, investigador independiente. Palabras clave: imanes cósmicos, expansión magnética, cero vacío.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Propulsion by Electromagnetic Induction of Black Hole

Authors: Wilmar Marin Moreno
Comments: 8 Pages. In Spanish (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

I propose a propulsion system for spacecraft that extracts rotational energy from Kerr black holes by induction in their ergosphere magnetosphere, without penetrating the event horizon. Eight magnetically confined beams of charged plasma are anchored to the far B field (r > 100 r_s), inducing torque via frame-dragging. Key equation: F = q (v × B) + τ = r × (Φ I), where Φ = B · A generates Lorentz thrust with no ejected mass. The spacecraft accelerates at ~0.3c per hop, dilating proper time. Inspired by Blandford-Znajek, but scaled for interstellar travel.

Propongo un sistema de propulsión para naves espaciales que extrae energía rotacional de agujeros negros Kerr mediante inducción en su magnetosfera ergósfera, sin penetrar el horizonte. Ocho haces de plasma cargado, confinados magnéticamente, se anclan al campo B lejano (r > 100 r_s), induciendo torque vía frame-dragging. Ecuación clave: F = q (v × B) + τ = r × (Φ I), donde Φ = B · A genera empuje Lorentz sin masa expulsada. La nave acelera a ~0.3c por salto, dilatando tiempo propio. Inspirado en Blandford-Znajek, pero escalado para viajes interestelares.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes and Gravitational Waves in Light of the New Physical Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 12 Pages.

The theory of general relativity (GR) has been very successful in predicting many cosmic phenomena. However, the GR theory was derived from mathematical considerations; thus, the limitations under which this theory is valid are unknown. In particular, in the case of black holes, the solution to Einstein's equations leads to a singularity, which is physically impossible. Here, we consider the new physical paradigm, based on a physical concept, that solves the problem of the black hole singularity and 22 other unsolved problems in physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology