Relativity and Cosmology

A “cosmic Billiard” Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 8 Pages.

We discovered an unexpected paradox of Special Relativity. If a relativistic impact is observed in both inertial frames it leads to a contradicting existing of two different event realities. When a feather and a glass vase do impact relativistically, then in one observation case the glass will be broken by a relativistically very heavy feather and in other observation it stays unbroken. It could not be explained neither in Special or General Relativity and we invite every one to find a solution of this problem. We refer to our solution too, which was in developing a new relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Atom-Photon Energy Paradox and a de Broglie Wave Length Energy Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 2 Pages.

We discovered a relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox of Special Relativity and a de Broglie wavelengths energy paradox of Special Relativity, which are two different problems, but assumed to be of same reason. Any try to explain using Special or General Relativity failed till now. We invite every one to get involved in our discovery and to try to solve this problems, which seems to be of a very deeply principle. Also we cite our unite solution of both paradoxes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time Matters

Authors: Osvaldo Duilio Rossi
Comments: 14 Pages.

Time matters means "issues about time": philosophers (Bergson and Husserl among the most appreciated) delved into our relation with past and future, thus with memory and semantics. That is one of my concerns in this paper, framing time in epistemology, developing ideas I approached from different perspectives in the last ten years. That remark implies time matters means also "time is important" for life: our cognitive perceptions are central in analyzing our relation with time (neuroscientists like Eagleman reckon it) and perceptions play a key role (even) in analyzing our scientific understanding of time. The cognitive relevance of experience is another concern of this paper, suggesting how theories rely on experience, as Rovelli noted, bounding perception of one-way direction of time to entropy, and bounding entropy to cognitive perceptions (a vicious circle). Last, but not least, time matters means "substance or mass defines time": Bergson stated a seminal idea on that topic, and physicists (from Minkowski to Feynman to Rovelli) keep delving into chronotope paradoxes, but paradoxes keep rising in theoretical physics. That is the third concern of this paper, for I (re)frame the one-way direction of time (just like Fantappié suggested to do) on the basis of the seminal idea of Bohm, for events could be thought of as portions of a complex unified field-a lattice, in simplified geometric terms, for the sake of representation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Energy of the Static Gravitational Field

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.

By adopting the assumption of elastic space-time, we can derive the wave equation of gravitational waves. Inspired by this, this article attempts to discuss the bending of spacetime by static mass. Because mass is also a form of energy, mass can also have a bending effect on spacetime. This article assumes that space-time is an elastic substance, so the existence of mass will squeeze space-time and cause the phenomenon of space-time bending. This article believes that the existence of mass will result in a Schwarzschild radius hole in spacetime. The void will squeeze the surrounding spacetime. Considering that mass squeezing spacetime requires "force", therefore, to squeeze out a Schwarzschild radius cavity in spacetime, work is required. This article believes that the energy required to squeeze out this cavity is equal to the energy corresponding to the mass. This is the energy possessed by the static gravitational field. After analyzing this squeezing effect with the knowledge of elasticity, it can be found that the existence of space-time is related to mass. Only the location where mass or energy exists can form space-time, and the radius of this space-time is proportional to the third power of mass. However, the analysis in this article also has shortcomings, including whether the space-time radius exists or not. It is just a conjecture at present, which directly affects the calculation of the space-time elastic modulus and other constants involved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discovered 2nd Triplet Paradox of Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 3 Pages.

We discovered a second triplet paradox of dynamic relativity such as Special Relativity after we discussed a first triplet paradox, which was known and solved as being just double of two twin paradoxes, who both after a relativistically trip will be just equally younger then the earths person. The second paradox is if one asks about the relation between the two antiparallel moved astronauts themselves as they do have even a bigger speed difference and a Lorentz factor between them, but nevertheless having same time dilation in relation to the earth. How to explain that switched of time dilation? What is about the other relativistic attributes length contraction and mass enlargement? And same would be to ask if the moving directions of two astronauts do have any another angle to each other. It was concluded that in SRT and no other known theory no solution is available to this new paradox. All are invited to find a solution and we offer by citation our solution too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Existence of a Universal Frame of Reference, in Which it Propagates Light, is Still an Unresolved Problem of Physics

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 15 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether.

The article shows that the existence of a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates, is still an unresolved problem of physics. The analyzed articles show that rejection of the idea of ether due to Michelson-Morley’s and Kennedy-Thorndike’s experiments was too hasty. These experiments can be explained by the theory with a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Istnienie Uniwersalnego Układu Odniesienia, W Którym Propaguje światło Jest Ciągle Nierozstrzygniętym Problemem Fizyki (In Polish)
The Existence of a Universal Frame of Reference, in Which it Propagates Light, is Still an Unresolved Problem of Physics

Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 16 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).

W artykule pokazane zostało, że istnienie uniwersalnego układu odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło jest ciągle nierozstrzygniętym problemem fizyki. Z przeanalizowanych artykułów wynika, że odrzucenie idei eteru z powodu eksperymentów Michelson’a-Morley’a oraz Kennedy’ego-Thorndike’a było pochopne. Eksperymenty te można bowiem wyjaśnić przy pomocy teorii z uniwersalnym układem odniesienia, w którym propaguje światło.

The article shows that the existence of a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates, is still an unresolved problem of physics. The analyzed articles show that rejection of the idea of ether due to Michelson-Morley’s and Kennedy-Thorndike’s experiments was too hasty. These experiments can be explained by the theory with a universal frame of reference, in which light propagates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Curvature of Motion in a Gravitational Field

Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: 154 Pages.

MatLab script, with example files, for numerically integrating: Orbital motion; Orbital Precession; Natural Frequency Shift; Light and Cosmic Ray Deflection; Shapiro Time Delay; Apparent Black Hole Emissivity and Shadow Diameter in a Gravitational Field. This is accomplished by applying a simple and efficient curvature of motion method (based on wave-particle duality) to calculate the influence of a static gravitational field on the path of motion and the natural frequency of matter. The associated math is easy to understand and is limited to basic geometry, vector algebra, and simple calculus. This enables advanced high school and undergraduate college students to understand and solve these examples on a mobile phone or tablet with an app capable of running MatLab script files. Comparisons with data illustrate excellent agreement for both week and strong gravitational fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Possible Proof that Negative Ageing Doesn't Occur in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 2 Pages.

The CMIF (Co-Moving-Inertial-Frames) simultaneity method is the most commonly-used way in special relativity of determining the current age of a distant person, according to an accelerated observer. CMIF says that, when an observer accelerates in the direction AWAY from a distant person, the observer will conclude that the distant person gets YOUNGER. But the proof described herein shows that such negative aging, according to the observer, doesn’t occur.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Simultaneity Method for Accelerated Observers in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper, I have defined and explained a new simultaneity method for accelerated observers in special relativity, which I call Fontenot's simultaneity method. And I have derived an equation I call Fontenot's equation, which makes it easy to determine current age at a distance. My method focuses on determining by how much a distant person (she) ages during the transit of images (which show her age) that she transmits to an observer who sometimes accelerates. Unlike in the well-known "co-moving inertial frames" (CMIF) simultaneity method, in my simultaneity method, the accelerating traveler (he) in the twin paradox does not conclude that the home twin (she) instantaneously gets older (or younger) during the traveler's instantaneous turnaround. Instead, he concludes that, after his instantaneous turnaround, she ages faster than he does, at a linear finite rate, for a well-defined number of years, and then she ages more slowly than he does for the last portion of the return trip.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expandierende Und Kollabierende Räume (Expanding and Collapsing Spaces)

Authors: Zafer Sah
Comments: 120 Pages. Deutsch [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Diese Arbeit handelt von einer neuen Gravitationstheorie, die eine 5. Wechselwirkung voraussagt, und dabei die Einsteins Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie mit einschließt. Ferner Wird der Ufo-Antrieb vorausgesagt.

This work is about a new theory of gravity that predicts a 5th interaction, including Einstein's general theory of relativity. Furthermore, the UFO drive is predicted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Minkowski Diagram with Unit Hyperbola Contradicts the SRT and a Gravitational Level Relativity is Born

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 29 Pages. in English, last edition

A late discovery was made that the Minkowski theory and special relativity theory clearly contradict each other, namely in the treatment of the units of length. Minkowski stretches it indefinitely and SRT cuts it down to zero with a Lorentz factor. Thus, Minkowski's theory is not a description in 4D for the SRT as intended since 1908. It was further investigated which of the two theories should be the correct one and another discovery was made that the speed of light in SRT, if one considers the inversely proportional relativistic length and uses the time unit for this, no longer remains invariant and thus SRT violates its own 2nd postulate, whereby the decision is clear. Subsequently, a modification of the interpretation of the Minkowski theory was proposed to the extent that the relativity principle of the SRT has to be modified and the inertial frames no longer have to be completely rigorously “equal”. They form relativistic levels, which was already given in SRT through time dilation, but was never admitted. Now the length, together with time, is an asymmetrical relativistic property and is subject to a completely identical procedure as the time dilation. There is an equally effective length dilatation and a level relativity was designed and confirmed with other results, which satisfies both postulates. Further relativistic theories provide further arguments. A Gravitational-Doppler-Relativistic explains new discovered impulse and 2nd triplet paradoxes and also makes mass an asymmetrical relativistic attribute. A discovered length “Motirz calculation” reveals the same length measurement error in a direct, very simple and clear way. A new Gravitational Level Relativity GLR is born.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The CADO Reference Frame for an Accelerating Observer

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 33 Pages.

The CADO reference frame is defined for an observer who accelerates in any manner whatsoever. Specifically, the observer's acceleration a(t), where t is any instant in the observer's life, can be whatever the accelerating observer wants it to be, without restriction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Straightforward and Lagrangian Proof of the Einsteinian Equivalence Between the Mass and the Internal Energy (I.e. Rest Energy) V2 :Additional Analysis

Authors: Özgür Berké
Comments: 30 Pages. The model of electron is corrected (equations and interpretations), printing problems corrected and a little erratum is added

This article contains additional analysis to my article viXra: 2006.0022 “A straightforward and Lagrangian proof of the Einsteinian equivalence between the mass and the internal energy V2."
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sur Les Lois Renversées de Maxwell Comme Source de Monopôles Magnétiques Dans la Matière Noire
On Maxwell's Reverse Laws as a Source of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 66 Pages. « Sur les lois renversées de maxwell comme source de monopôles magnétiques dans la matière noire » is the French version of «On Maxwell’s Reversed Laws as Root of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter» on viXra.org/abs/2106.0092v2

Nous proposons le neutrino stérile magnétique comme candidat possible pour la matière noire. Après un bref rappel sur le rôle de la matière noire en cosmologie et du neutrino dans la physique des particules, nous apportons l’idée que la matière noire serait constituée de substances provenant de trous noirs, notamment les neutrinos stériles associés à une charge magnétique. Ceux-ci ne seraient pas sensibles uniquement à la force gravitationnelle. Premièrement, nous avons conjecturé pour expliquer la matière noire qu’elle est composé de particules du type neutrinos et antineutrinos associés à une charge magnétique et que ces neutrinos proviennent des trous noirs primordiaux et classiques. Nous avons supposé que lorsque la matière baryonique franchit l’horizon des événements, les lois de Maxwell s’inversent, la charge électrique se transforme en une charge magnétique. Des neutrinos magnétiques stériles seraient créés et émis, véritable monopôles magnétiques. Deuxièmement, nous discutons de la matière noire constituée de neutrinos stériles associés à la charge magnétique, du fond diffus cosmologique qui atteste une matière noire non baryonique, des mini trous noirs primordiaux, et de la formation de trous noirs primordiaux de masse intermédiaire liés à la matière noire et à la formation des galaxies. Troisièmement, nous passons en revue différents mécanismes de la façon dont le neutrino magnétique stérile aurait pu s'échapper du trou noir pour devenir de la matière noire. Quatrièmement, nous étudions la possibilité que des neutrinos ordinaires puissent être produits par l’interaction faible si les neutrinos magnétiques stériles de la matière noire interagissent avec des neutrinos actifs de la matière ordinaires. Cinquièmement, après avoir examiné des interactions entre neutrinos magnétiques stériles et neutrinos standards, ainsi que des équations de production possible de rayons gamma à partir de l’annihilation des neutrinos-antineutrinos, nous proposons que les neutrinos magnétiques stériles puissent présenter une configuration de courant non rayonnant dans la matière noire, l’« anapole », qui serait faiblement sensibles aux forces électromagnétiques. Avant de conclure, nous déplorons la méconnaissance de la masse absolue du neutrino régulier, nous soulignons la relation entre la distribution des champs magnétiques provenant de la matière baryonique et celle de la matière noire. Et nous faisons ressortir les lueurs des rayons gamma dans le noir pouvant être attribué à l’annihilation de la matière noire avec elle-même.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Minkowski-Diagramm Mit Einheitshyperbel Widerspricht Der SRT Und Eine Gravitations-Level-Relativistik Ist Geboren
Minkowski Diagram with Unitary Hyperbole Contradicts the SRT and a Gravitational Level Relativity is Born

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 24 Pages. In German language

Es wurde eine späte Entdeckung gemacht, dass die Minkowski Theorie und Spezielle Relativitätstheorie einander deutlich widersprechen, und zwar in der Behandlung der Längeneinheiten. Minkowski streckt sie unbegrenzt und SRT kürzt mit Lorentzfaktor bis zu null. Somit ist Minkowski's Theorie keine Beschreibung in 4D für die SRT wie gedacht seit 1908. Weiter wurde untersucht, welche der beiden Theorien die richtige sein soll und noch ein Fund gemacht, darüber, dass die Lichtgeschwindigkeit in SRT, wenn man die umgekehrt proportional relativistischen Längen- und Zeiteinheit dazu heranzieht, nicht mehr invariant bleibt und somit SRT das eigene 2-te Postulat verletzt, wodurch die Entscheidung deutlich ausfällt. Es wurde in der Folge eine Modifikation der Deutung der Minkowski Theorie vorgeschlagen, soweit, dass das Relativitätsprinzip der SRT zu modifizieren ist und die Inertialsysteme müssen nicht mehr völlig rigoros „gleichberechtigt“ sein. Sie bilden relativistische Level, was in SRT bereits durch Zeitdilatation gegeben, aber nie zugegeben war. Nun ist auch die Länge zusammen mit Zeit eine asymmetrische relativistische Eigenschaft und ist einem völlig gleichen Verfahren unterliegend, wie die Zeitdilatation. Eine gleich wirkende Längendilatation liegt vor und eine Level-Relativistik wurde entworfen und mit anderen Ergebnissen bekräftigt, die beiden Postulaten genügt. Weitere relativistische Theorien liefern weitere Argumente dazu. Eine Gravitations-Doppler-Relativistik erklärt entdeckte Impuls- und 2tes Drillings-Paradoxa und macht auch die Masse zu asymmetrischem relativistischen Attribut. Eine entdeckte Längenrechnung offenbart den selben Längenmessfehler auf einem direkten sehr einfachen und anschaulichen Wege. Es ist eine neue Gravitations-Level-Relativistik geboren.

A late discovery was made that the Minkowski theory and Special Theories of Relativity clearly contradict each other in the treatment of the Units of length. Minkowski stretches it indefinitely and SRT cuts it down to zero with a Lorentz factor. Thus Minkowski's theory is not a description in 4D for the SRT as intended since 1908. Next it was investigated which of the two theories should be the right one and another find was made, about that the speed of light in SRT if one considers the inversely proportional uses relativistic units of length and time, no longer remains invariant and thus SRT violates own 2nd postulate, making the decision clear. It was in the result a modification of the interpretation of the Minkowski theory proposed to the extent that the SRT's relativity principle needs to be modified and the inertial systems no longer have to be completely to be rigorously “equal”. They form relativistic levels, which is already done in SRT time dilation level was given, but was never admitted. Now length and time are also one asymmetrical relativistic property and is subject to a completely identical procedure as the time dilation. There is an equally effective length dilation and a level relativity was drafted and confirmed with other results, where the two postulates are sufficient. Further relativistic theories provide further arguments. A gravitational Doppler relativistic explains discovered impulse and 2nd triplet paradoxes and also is making the mass an asymmetrical relativistic attribute. A discovered length calculation reveals the same thing length measurement failure of SRT in a direct, very simple and clear vividly way. A new Gravitational Level Relativity was born.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Maxwell’s Reversed Laws as Root of Magnetic Monopoles in Dark Matter

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 61 Pages.

We propose the magnetic sterile neutrino as a possible candidate for dark matter. After a short summary on the role of dark matter in cosmology and the neutrino in particle physics, we bring the idea that dark matter would be made up of substances originating from black holes, in particular sterile neutrinos associated with a magnetic charge. These would not be sensitive only to the gravitational force. First, we conjectured to explain dark matter that it is composed of particles of the neutrino and antineutrino type associated with a magnetic charge and that these neutrinos come from primordial and classical black holes. We assumed that when baryonic matter crosses the event horizon, Maxwell's laws are reversed, the electric charge turns into a magnetic charge. Sterile magnetic neutrinos would be created and emitted, true magnetic monopoles. Second, we discuss dark matter consisting of sterile neutrinos associated with magnetic charge, the cosmic microwave background that displays non-baryonic dark matter, mini primordial black holes, and the formation of intermediate mass primordial black holes linked to dark matter and the formation of galaxies. Third, we review different mechanisms of how sterile magnetic neutrino could have escaped from the black hole to become dark matter. Fourth, we investigate the possibility that ordinary neutrinos could be produced by the weak interaction if sterile magnetic neutrinos from dark matter interact with active neutrinos from ordinary matter. Fifth, after examining some interactions between sterile magnetic neutrinos and standard neutrinos, as well as equations of possible production of gamma rays from the annihilation of neutrinos-antineutrinos, we propose that sterile magnetic neutrinos may exhibit a nonradiating current configuration in dark matter called "anapole", which would be weakly sensitive to electromagnetic forces. Before concluding, we deplore the ignorance of the absolute mass of the regular neutrino, we underline the relation between the distribution of the magnetic fields coming from the baryonic matter and that from the dark matter, which could potentially make it possible to detect in the cosmos the trace of this dark matter beyond its mere gravitational presence. And we bring out the gamma ray glows in the dark that can be attributed to the annihilation of dark matter with itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Uniform Length Measurement Method Corrected a Failure Caused a Violation of 2-D Postulate in Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 20 Pages.

A logical reasoning problem in the Special Relativity interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was discovered and corrected by introducing an alternative interpretation of Lorentz transformations with a relativistic measuring process based on both, stretched time and length units, whereby the measurements as a consequence measure a shortened distance and time lines as variables due to used units. The space shuttles are getting longer instead of shorter and a barn-pole paradox does not occur. The failure is that by contracting both units and distance the Lorentz factor is eliminated and relativity was vanished. This leads to a discovered invariance of speed of light contradicting 2-d postulate. The elementary particles have their own measuring devices for time and length in the form of wavelengths and frequencies and they read distances and durations of different lengths from space using their own relativistically different units. This is an astonishing result too in view of all dramatic and romantic history as there is really a failure discovered. The new theory and the discovered problems of logical failures are explained vividly in the same manner as Special Relativity was using in easy be thought samples. Reader do not need a high level of mathematics to be fit for as it is a more qualitatively philosophical thematic for every one who is interested in relativity matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Universe Can Be an Elementary Particle?

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

The dimension of our space outside the boundaries of the atom - the Solar System, gradually decreases to unity. But, the Universe is an n-dimensional continuum filled with a specific form of matter. Consequently, the space-time continuum is closed at the micro and macro levels, since in both cases it is a one-dimensional world. Given the one-electron model of the Universe, we conclude that the Universe is an elementary particle: an electron.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Did Einstein Avoid The Definition of Covariant Tensor?

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 3 Pages.

The aim of this article is to draw the attention of readers in basic tensor algebra and its applications to a strange method used by Einstein to introduce one of the basic identities of tensor algebra in one of his most important written work. A general probable reason is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Method to Obtain the Gravitational Wave Equations

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cause of gravitational waves is that time and space can be bent. Because the curvature of space-time is closely related to the change of gravitational field energy. Therefore, this article attempts to explore the causes of gravitational waves from the change and propagation process of gravitational field energy. Such an analysis method can make the physical image of gravitational waves clearer, and it is believed that it can also solve more complicated gravitational problems in addition to the gravitational problem of symmetry. The analysis results of this article also show that apart from transverse waves, gravitational waves may also have longitudinal waves. This article gives a method to detect the presence or absence of longitudinal waves of gravitational waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion, Topology and Entropy

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 45 Pages.

Object of this work is, to determine, if objects observed more distantare moving away faster than less distant ones. The escape velocity Hr is defined by the HUBBLE-Parameter H, locally H0, which is proportional to the reciprocal of the age T. The calculations are based on the model primarily published in viXra:1310.0189. The idea stems from Cornelius LANCZOS, outlined at a lecture on the occasion of the Einstein-Symposium 1965 in Berlin. The model defines the expansion of the universe as a consequence of the existence of a metric wave field. That field also should be the reason for all relativistic effects, both SR and GR. In the context of this work the propagation function of that wave field is determined. Its phase rate is equal to the reciprocal of PLANCK's smallest increment r0. Even the other PLANCK-units set up the basis of the model being functions of space and time. With it, the model leads to a quantization of the universe into single line-elements with the size of r0. Thus, a kind of finite-element-method becomes possible, at which point the single elements are explicitly defined by the wave function. As per definition, objects in the free fall, aren't moving with respect to the metrics and are carried with during expansion. With the help of the propagation function it's possible to calculate the HUBBLE-Parameter H even for greater distances. Furthermore the entropy of the universe as a whole is determined considering the special topology of the universe. German version see viXra:2106.0062.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion, Topologie und Entropie

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 45 Pages. German version

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, festzustellen, ob sich Objekte, die weiterentfernt beobachtet werden, schneller von uns fortbewegen, als naeher liegende. Die Fluchtgeschwindigkeit Hr ist durch den HUBBLE-Parameter H, lokal H0, definiert, der proportional zum Kehrwert des Weltalters T ist. Die Berechnungen basieren auf einem von mir ursprünglich in viXra:1906.0321 veroeffentlichten Modell. Die Idee dafuer stammt von Cornelius LANCZOS, die er auf einem Vortrag anlaesslich des Einstein-Symposiums 1965 in Berlin umrissen hatte. Das Modell definiert die Expansion des Universums als Folge der Existenz eines metrischen Wellenfelds, das gleichzeitig Ursache fuer alle relativistischen Effekte, sowohl SR, als auch GR, sein soll. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Ausbreitungsfunktion dieses Wellenfelds bestimmt. Das Phasenmass ist gleich dem Kehrwert derPLANCKschen Elementarlaenge r0. Auch die anderen PLANCKschen Einheiten bilden die Basis dieses Modells und sind Funktionen von Raum und Zeit.Das Modell fuehrt damit zu einer Quantisierung des Universums in einzelne Linienelemente mit der Abmessung r0. Damit ist eine ArtFinite-Elemente-Methode moeglich, wobei die einzelnen Elemente durch die Wellenfunktion eindeutig definiert sind. Objekte, die sich im Freien Fall befinden, bewegen sich laut Definition nicht gegenueber der Metrik und werden damit bei Expansion mitgefuehrt. Damit ist es moeglich, mit Hilfe der Ausbreitungsfunktion den HUBBLE-Parameter H auch fuer groessere Abstaende zu berechnen. Weiterhin wird noch die Entropie des Universums als ganzes bestimmt unter Beruecksichtigung der besonderen Topologie des Universums. English version see viXra:2106.0063.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Weak Metric Fields in the Galilean Space Слабые метрические поля в АСО галилеева пространства

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 25 Pages. 25 p on Russian

(Supplemented by the practical part). In addition to the force fields defined by the scalar and vector potential fields and their strengths, it is possible to have force fields defined by rank 2 tensors, in particular, through the metric tensor gij (r,t). The role of the metric tensor in the motion of a material point is that it determines the shortest trajectory between any two points of space-time along the geodesic "straight line" as a line of the shortest length. The length of the" straight line "corresponds to the length of the shortest "interval" between these points. The differential equation of this "shortest" condition is expressed in terms of the Christoffel symbols ijk. In this paper, we consider the case of weak "metric" fields and velocities of motion of a material point in the Galilean metric space. The Christoffel symbols themselves and the metric field are defined as corresponding fields in the Galilean space. In this paper, we consider the law of motion of material points in a weak metric field in the Galilean wave space. (Дополнен практической частью). Кроме силовых полей, задаваемых скалярным и векторным потенциальным полями и их напряженностями, возможно существование силовых полей, определяющихся тензорами ранга 2, в частности – через метрический тензор gij(r,t). Роль метрического тензора в движении материальной точки заключается в том, что через него определяется кратчайшая траектория между любыми двумя точками пространства–времени по геодезической "прямой" как линии наименьшей длины. Длина "прямой" при этом соответствует длине наикратчайшего "интервала" между этими точками. Дифференциальное уравнение этого "наикратчайшего" условия выражается через символы Кристоффеля ijk. В данной работе рассмотрен случай слабых "метрических" полей и скоростей движения материальной точки в галилеевом волновом пространстве. Сами символы Кристоффеля и метрическое поле определены как соответствующие поля в галилеевом пространстве. В данной работе рассматривается закон движения материальных точек в слабом метрическом поле в галилеевом волновом пространств.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory Towards the Truth About How the Universe Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-48 and Italian, pages 49-96

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the so-called ether wind, which would be due to the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e. to the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only relative to which its speed would be isotropic.But the experiment revealed that the speed of light result also isotropic relative to the Earth and, therefore, did not reveal any aether wind.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the aether, undergo a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light result isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead Einstein stated that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all celestial objects, whatever the motion between them, considering it as a postulate of his theory of Special Relativity. Furthermore he stated that space integrates with time, to become a 4-dimensional space-time that is curved by matter. Which are all unreasonable and even impossible to imagine hypothesis.Towards the end of the 1900s, analyzing data relating to CMB obtained through space stations, it was found that the Earth is moving at a speed of about 400 km/s relative to a reference system, which could very well be the much sought after ether.So I, after having ascertained that this observation proves Lorenz right, thus in-validating the second postulate of Special Relativity and, consequently, also the theory itself, and after having also ascertained that, based on Einstein's theories, the scientific community had to accept that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, although in contrast with the law of conservation of energy, I de-veloped, always trying to provide explanations at least reasonable of the various physical phenomena, an alternative theory, which I have called the Space Quanta in Expansion which, among other things, hypothesizes a quantum gravity.On the basis of this theory, I carried out simulations of the journey of photons of a distant galaxy and of the CMBR, from which it results that the expansion of the Universe is decelerating, which is reasonably compatible with observations and with the laws of nature.Finally I made a comparison between it and Einstein's theories of relativity, demonstrating its greater compatibility with cosmological observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Constant Discovered Being Relativistic and SRT Violets Own Postulate

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 9 Pages.

A discovered relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox led to a solution, according to which the Planck constant is to be treated relativistic, whereby a new relativistic effect and a fourth relativistic attribute was discovered. Nevertheless it stays invariant in Lorentz transformations. The same result was derived in another way and motivation using same new method. A second problem was discovered by analysing Planck mass, length and time relativistically. This does lead to a discovery of 4 more paradoxes of Special Relativity, which were solved by same relativistic Planck Constant. Testing new method on speed of light we discovered that in SRT it is not kept invariant but depends on Lorentz factor, so it contradicts own 2-d postulate. This is a logical failure in SRT due to inconsistent using length units and measurements and is irreparable. To solve that was necessary to assume that length too as time has to be stretched or dilated in its length unit. Longer length units as longer time units allow to measure contracted distances and time lines due to viewer number of longer units fitting between two space locations. At the end all now 4 relativistic attributes length, time, mass and Planck constant are asymmetrically between the Inertial Frames and do build an unified Level Relativity. All dispute is very vividly and easy for understanding without high mathematics. If we decline the square relativistic Planck constant then all 5 discovered paradoxes would stay irreparable in Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Myths About White Hole
Мифы космологии Белая дыра

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 24 Pages. In Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Темы о параллельных и многомерных пространствах давно уже стали невероятно популярными не только в научной фантастике, но и в реальной науке, физике. Однако наука, в отличие от художественных вымыслов, неизбежно сталкивается с противоречиями таких пространств. Попытки втиснуть их свойства в рамки логики, физического и математического формализма всегда приводят к необходимости объяснить необъяснимое – петли времени, нарушение причинности, появление различных нефизичных и прямо алогичных свойств у этих пространств и порождаемых ими фантомов. Многие объяснения, как обнаруживается при детальном рассмотрении, сопровождаются "заметанием под ковер" неудобных выводов, следствий, неожиданных противоречивых, абсурдных предсказаний. Но теория, предсказывающая абсурд, не может считаться научной. В предлагаемой статье рассмотрены некоторые из таких выкладок, идей, гипотез, и показана их ошибочность.
Данная статья является фрагментом книги и рекомендуется ведущим специалистам и преподавателям в областях физики, космологии, математики. От чтения статьи и её осмысления следует воздержаться студентам и аспирантам при подготовке к экзаменам по соответствующим предметам, чтобы случайно не высказать изложенные в ней мысли, определённо противоречащие официальной науке.

Themes about parallel and multidimensional spaces have long been incredibly popular not only in science fiction, but also in real science and physics. However, science, in contrast to fiction, inevitably collides with the contradictions of such spaces. Attempts to squeeze their properties into the framework of logic, physical and mathematical formalism always lead to the need to explain the inexplicable - time loops, violation of causality, the appearance of various non-physical and directly illogical properties in these spaces and the phantoms they generate. Many explanations, as it turns out upon detailed examination, are accompanied by "sweeping under the rug" of inconvenient conclusions, consequences, unexpected contradictory, absurd predictions. But a theory that predicts absurdity cannot be considered scientific. This article discusses some of these calculations, ideas, hypotheses, and shows their fallacy.
This article is recommended for leading experts and teachers in the fields of physics, cosmology, mathematics. Students and graduate students should refrain from reading the article and interpreting it when preparing for exams in relevant subjects, so as not to accidentally express the thoughts expressed in it, which definitely contradict official science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Constant Discovered to be 4-th Relativistic Attribute

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 8 Pages.

A never before disclosed discovered relativistic Photon-Atom-Energy paradox led to a solution, according to which the Planck Constant is to be treated relativistic by h' = h γ2, whereby a new relativistic effect and a fourth relativistic attribute was discovered. Nevertheless it stays invariant in Lorentz transformations. The same result was derived in another way and motivation while the main was a discovering an energy problem in relativistic dynamics when a relativistically heavier atom is emitting due to time dilation a red shifted low energy photon. A second problem was discovered by analysing Planck mass, length and time relativistically. This does lead to a discovery of 4 more paradoxes of actual version of Special Relativity, which were solved by same relativistic Planck Constant. While the 4 of 5 paradoxes are solved so within the Special Relativity, the Planck length paradox cannot be repaired in SRT and therefore we cite our another work about a new interpretation of length contraction in Lorentz transformations, using stretched length units as it was done with time units to measure contracted distances with them. At the end all now 4 relativistic attributes length, time, mass and Planck constant are asymmetrically between the Inertial Frames then it was the time dilation in Special Relativity alone. All dispute is very vividly and easy for understanding without high mathematics. If we decline the square relativistic Planck constant h then all 4 discovered paradoxes would stay irreparable in Special Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Physics of Life

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 32 Pages. Sec. Q&A updated (p. iv).

The first off question in the physics of Life is the following: given the fact that the human brain is equipped with mind, consciousness, volition, and memory, what could be the physics of this chunk of wet warm matter? The two have nothing in common, yet they are perfectly correlated. The solution is based on the Platonic world and the global Heraclitean Time. It leads to a new pre-geometric theory of spacetime, called Platonic theory of spacetime. The latter is suggested as the only possible conceptual solution to the problems in quantum gravity and cosmology. As a corollary, the possibilities for physical theology and spacetime engineering are briefly explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Measurement Method Corrected a Failure in Special Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 19 Pages.

A logical reasoning problem in the Special Relativity interpretation of the Lorentz transformation was discovered and corrected by introducing an alternative interpretation of Lorentz transformations with a relativistic measuring process based on both, stretched time and length units, whereby the measurements as a consequence measure a shortened distance and time lines as variables due to used units. The space shuttles are getting longer instead of shorter and a barn-pole paradox does not occur. The spatial locations remain in their locations and space is not contracted and not changed. The failure is that by contracting both units and distance the Lorentz factor is eliminated and relativity was vanished. This leads to a discovered invariance of speed of light contradicting 2-d postulate. The elementary particles have their own measuring devices for time and length in the form of wavelengths and frequencies and they read distances and durations of different lengths from space using their own relativistically different units. The new interpretation is covered by the two postulates of Einstein. This is a sensational result too in view of all dramatic and romantic history as there is really a failure discovered. The Lorentz transformations remain being in use with another method. The new theory and the discovered problems of logical failures are explained vividly in the same manner as Special Relativity was using easy be thought samples. Reader do not need a high level of mathematics to be fit for as it is a more qualitatively thematic for every one who is interested in relativity matters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Cosmology Model Apart From Space Expansion And Dark Energy: A New Gravitational-Relativistic Effect Of A Primary Gravitational Flooding From A Distant Universe And A Linear Volume-Gravitational Effect

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 12 Pages.

An alternative model explanation for the “faster than light” redshift of the spectrum of distant cosmic objects is presented. It says that from even more distant masses for the first time after their formation, particles of gravitational force mediator arrived quickly and gradually for the first time and formed an increasing gravitational background field in contemporary history. As a result, a background gravitational field of different strength over time is superimposed and consequently, relativistically comparative redshift measurements on old spectra compared to locally newly generated spectra are explained gravitative relativistically. The result is that no space expansion hypothesis and no dark energy are required. A super-light hypothesis due to an expansion of space is omitted. Furthermore, the hyperdistant masses cause a volumetric-gravitational attraction effect that increases linearly with distance, which conforms to the classical law of gravitation, whereby space expansion through dark energy is also not required to explain the diverging cosmic mass objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Schrodinger Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Schrodinger equation is a wave equation. Wave function uses as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Schrodinger from Klein-Gordon free particle’s wave function in cosmological special theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Doppler and Level Relativity Solved a Discovered Momentum Paradox and Identified the Cause of Relativity

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 19 Pages.

We discovered how an inertial frame can be identified to be preferred over the other of being higher relativistic with respective to time dilation. Gravitons were identified as underlying a postulated Gravitational Doppler effect. It was found that a gravitational field of Gravitons is dynamically Doppler shifted. This enabled a generalization to identify static and dynamic gravitational fields to be equally responsible for all relativistic effects and therefore to be added by Gravitons in a proposed Gravitational Level model, a G-level, where every Inertial Frame does have its own summarized Gravitation Level and all relativistic effects are described by comparing them in the height of this level. This explains why it was true in Special Relativity the “moved clocks are slower” as a moved inertial frame has always a higher G-level by additionally Doppler shifting the resting one. A new discovered Momentum Paradox of Special Relativity, which contradicts irreparably the symmetric mass transformation, explained vividly in a be thought cosmic billiard game, was discovered and solved under Gravitational Level Model and a method to calculate the relativistic momentum using Lorentz transformations correctly only in a relativistically limited asymmetric way was introduced. Models of gravitative nature of the acceleration of solar wind particles and of the hot suns corona could be based on present hypothesis and an experiment was introduced to prove it. The dispute is guided in a vividly manner under using relativistic classic thought experiments and can be understood by anyone with an interest in relativistic physic science.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Orbital Frequency of Coalescing Stars

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 2 pages

Simple estimates, utilizing Newton’s theory of gravitation, for the limiting orbital frequencies of merging high-density stars reveal, that a interpretation in terms of constant average density of the stars yields much more satisfactory agreement with experimental results than does a interpretation in terms of black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Uniformly Accelerated String and the Bell Paradox

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages. The original ideas

We consider the string with the length l, the left end and the right end of which is non-relativistically and then relativistically accelerated by the constant acceleration a. We calculate the motion of the string with no intercalation of the Fitzgerald contraction of the string. We consider also the Bell spaceship paradox. The Bell paradox and our problem is in the relation with the Lorentz contraction in the Cherenkov effect (Pardy, 1997) realized by the carbon dumbbell moving in the LHC or ILC (Pardy, 2008). The Lorentz contraction and Langevin twin paradox (Pardy, 1969) is interpreted as the Fock measurement procedure (Fock, 1964;).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology