High Energy Particle Physics

Superluminal Neutrino Phenomenon as a Result of the Equivalence Principle Violation

Authors: Oleksandr F. Batsevych, Roman B. Kapustiy
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper it is shown that recently detected superluminal neutrino motion can be explained by the absence of gravitational mass of neutrino, and as a result, an absence of its interaction with a gravitational field. The results theoretically predicted in this paper are in full agreement with the experimental data obtained by OPERA collaboration. The conducted calculations also predict significant anisotropy of the neutrino velocity measurement depending on the direction of the Earth's motion relative to the Galaxy, which allows validation of the obtained results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD and TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 16 Pages.

The inspiration for this article came from listening some very inspiring Harward lectures relating to QCD, jets, gauge-gravity correspondence, and quark gluon plasma. Matthew Schwartz gave a talk titled The Emergence of Jets at the Large Hadron Collider. Dam Thanh Son's talk had the title Viscosity, Quark Gluon Plasma, and String Theory. Factorization theorems of jet QCD discussed in very clear manner by Ian Stewart in this talk titled Mastering Jets: New Windows into Strong Interaction and Beyond. These lecture inspired several blog postings and also the idea about a systematical comparison of QCD and TGD. This kind of comparisons are always very useful - at least to me - since they make it easier to see why the cherished beliefs- now the belief that QCD is the theory of strong interactions - might be wrong
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs or M_{89} Hadron Physics?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 13 Pages.

The newest results about Higgs search using 4.9/fb of data have published and there are many articles in arXiv. The overall view is that there is evidence for something around 125 GeV. Whether this something is Higgs or some other particle decaying to Higgs remains to my opinion an open question. The evidence comes basically from Higgs to γγ decays. The signal is however too larger so that something else than Higgs might be in question. There are some ZZ and WW events. CMS represented also data for more rare events. There are also indications about something at higher masses. In TGD framework Higgs is not needed for the massivation and the simplest option is that Higgs does not exist. Higgs is effectively replaced with a scaled up copy of hadron physics with mass scale 512 times higher than that for ordinary hadron physics. In this article this option will be discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explaining the Variation of the Proton Radius in Experiments with Muonic Hydrogen

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages.

In experiments for proton radius measurement that use muonic hydrogen, the value obtained was four percent below the expected standard value, which is not explained by quantum electrodynamics. This article theoretically explains this results and presents an equation that calculates the proton radius, which coincides with the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments, with a difference of only 0.07 percent. These results are based on Ulianov String Theory (UST), a new String Theory, which is able to model the most important particles in our universe as photons, protons, electrons, neutrons, muons and positrons. The author believes that the experiment with Muonic Hydrogen represents a breakthrough in modern physics, because it points out flaws in the standard model and opens space for new theories that model the electron and proton as strings. The experience with muonic hydrogen may lead to a model in which the electron is no longer a "small ball" orbiting the nucleus and it turns into a two-dimensional brane surrounding the nucleus. Thus, this experiment has the potential to be so important, such as the historical experience of the Michelson interferometer, which marked the end of the preponderance of the Newtonian mechanics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Virtual Speed of Neutrino

Authors: Arnab Shome
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently opera researchers found neutrino is travelling faster than light thus violating special theory of relativity.Here I have tried to show that it can also be explained without violating special theory of relativity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Model of Superluminal Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present a simple quantum relativistic model of neutrino oscillations and propagation in space. Matrix elements of the neutrino Hamiltonian depend on momentum and this dependence is responsible for the observed neutrino speed. On average neutrino travels with the speed of light, but instantaneous speed oscillates around $c$ in a pattern synchronized with flavor oscillations. Due to low masses of the familiar electron, muon and tau neutrino species the predicted effect is extremely small. However, if one assumes the existence of a fourth supermassive (m > 0.3 GeV/c^2) neutrino flavor, then this theory can explain the superluminal propagation of muon neutrinos seen in the MINOS and OPERA experiments. Based on this assumption we provide specific predictions for future neutrino velocity measurements. The consistence of our approach with fundamental principles of relativity and causality is discussed as well.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chirality and Symmetry Breaking in a Discrete Internal Space

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 42 Pages.

In previous papers the permutation group S_4 has been suggested as an ordering scheme for elementary particles, and the appearance of this finite symmetry group was taken as indication for the existence of a discrete inner symmetry space underlying elementary particle interactions. Here it is pointed out that a more suitable choice than the tetrahedral group S_4 is the pyritohedral group A_4 x Z_2 because its vibrational spectrum exhibits exactly the mass multiplet structure of the 3 fermion generations. Furthermore it is noted that the same structure can also be obtained from a primordial symmetry breaking S_4 --> A_4. Since A_4 is a chiral group, while S_4 is achiral, an argument can be given why the chirality of the inner pyritohedral symmetry leads to parity violation of the weak interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hunting the Higgs Boson Using the Cholesky Decomposition of an Indefinite Matrix

Authors: John R. Smith, Milan Nikolic, Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 27 pages, 3 Figures & 3 Tables

Linear models have found widespread use in statistical investigations. For every linear model there exists a matrix representation for which the ReML (Restricted Maximum Likelihood) can be constructed from the elements of the corresponding matrix. This method works in the standard manner when the covariance structure is non-singular. It can also be used in the case where the covariance structure is singular, because the method identifies particular non-stochastic linear combinations of the observations which must be constrained to zero.In order to use this method, the Cholesky decomposition has to be generalized to symmetric and indefinite matrices using complex arithmetic methods. This method is applied to the problem of determining the spatial size (vertex) for the Higgs Boson decay in the Higgs -> 4 lepton channel. A comparison based on the chi^2 variable from the vertex fit for Higgs signal and t-tbar background is presented and shows that the background can be greatly suppressed using the chi^2 variable. One of the major advantages of this method over the currently adopted technique of b-tagging is that it is not affected by multiple interactions (pile up).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy Effect Rotating the Einstein’s Light Clock, to Show that the Neutrinos Travel at the Light Speed in Opera and Minos Experiments

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explains why the neutrinos apparently are travel faster than light in the OPERA and MINOS experiments. This will be do with base in the Coriolis effect, Witte effect and some relativistic effects observed by rotating the light clock proposed by Einstein. These factors combined make the WURA effect (Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy effect) that generates a phase error between two clocks perfectly synchronized, due to rotation of the earth and its movement in space, during the travel time of a light signal between the clocks. For the OPERA experiment, the WURA effect describe a systematic timer error, that generate a theoretical time reduction of about 77.2ns, a value very close to the neutrino anticipation that was observed experimentally in the OPERA. This result indicates that in OPERA and MINOS the neutrinos are actually moving at the light speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Witte Effect: the Neutrino Speed and the Anisotropy of the Light Speed, as Defined in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 1991, R. D. Witte performed an experiment to observe phase drift between two clusters of atomic clocks linked by a coaxial cable. Surprisingly, data from Witte observations showed cyclical phase drift variation with a periodicity very close to one sidereal day, in a phenomenon which along the present paper will be called “Witte effect”. Witte’s data were not accepted for publication, because they seemed to contradict the Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory. The Witte effect was thus ignored by the prevailing scientific paradigm until 2006, when R. T. Cahill found that the results by the Witte experiment were correct and could be explainable in the context of general relativity, due to an anisotropy in the speed of light that arises from the interaction between gravitational fields. Initially, Witte effect happens regardless the kind of signal is used to link the atomic clocks, be it RF (as used by Witte himself), light pulses or even bursts of neutrinos. Associating the OPERA experiment to the one by Witte (theoretically or linking the OPERA clocks with a coaxial cable), initially it will be observed phase drifts that vary according to the sidereal time when the experiment is being performed, a concern that is not known to have been regarded by the physicists designing the OPERA experiment. In the light of such facts, there are reasons to believe that the Witte effect explains why OPERA’s neutrinos seem to move at speeds above the light speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explaining How and Why the Muon Neutrinos Flow Faster Than the Speed of Light in the Opera Neutrino Experiment

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper an attempt is made to explain how and why the muon neutrinos flow faster than the speed of light in the OPERA neutrino experiment by using the theory of quantized space and time and internal structure of elementary particles derived from a new model of mine [1]. Also this paper shows that: 1-This motion is achieved by two velocities. The first is a speed of in the time and length quanta. Then there is a velocity greater than that of light in the super dimension. 2-In these tests, muon neutrinos move with a velocity . Only 23.98 m of this happens in the super dimension [2].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of the Elementary Particle Mass

Authors: N. Murata, YojaPanchan
Comments: 23 Pages. The language of this article is Japanese.

We derived various kinds of mass from g equation. We assume these mass to be mass of the quark-lepton. We calculate the mass of the main elementary particle from the mass of the quark-lepton. The difference between calculation result and observed value are within 2%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Moriond 2012 Theory Proposal: 3-Mass-State SM Higgs Preserves Consistency up to Planck Scale

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 5 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 5/fb of data collected by the LHC by Halloween 2011 will be discussed at the Moriond 2012 Theory Conference in March 2012. A Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 145, 180-200, and 240 GeV will stabilize the Standard Model up to the Planck Scale and is consistent with the gamma-gamma and ZZ-4l data from the LHC. This paper is a proposal that the 3-mass-state SM Higgs should be discussed at the Moriond 2012 Theory Conference. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Opera, Icarus and Sn1987a Interpretations According to the Modified Special Relativity Theory

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami
Comments: 8 Pages.

The OPERA experiment [1] at the Gran Sasso laboratory south of Rome, said they recorded neutrinos beamed to them from the CERN research center in Switzerland as arriving 60 nanoseconds before light would have done. But ICARUS [2], another experiment at Gran Sasso - which is deep under mountains and run by Italy's National Institute of National Physics - now argues that their measurements of the neutrinos energy on arrival contradict that reading. In their paper, the ICARUS [2] team says their findings "refute a superluminal (faster than light) interpretation of the OPERA [1] result." They argue, on the basis of the published studies by two top U.S. physicists, that the neutrinos pumped down from CERN, near Geneva, should have lost most of their energy if they had travelled at even a tiny fraction faster than light. But in fact, the ICARUS scientists say, the neutrino beam as tested in their equipment registered an energy spectrum fully corresponding with what it should be for particles traveling at the speed of light and no more. Neutrinos scarcely interact with matter, which means they escape an exploding star more quickly than photons, something the SN 1987A measurements confirmed. But SN 1987A is 170,000 light years away. If neutrinos moved slightly faster than the speed of light, they would have arrived at the Earth years - not hours - before the detected photons from the supernova. According to my modified special relativity theory (MSRT) [3], I’ll give an interpretation for the OPERA experiment, ICARUS and the SN 1987A, and how they are related with the same theory. The previous experiments are considered as a confirmation for my proposed modified special relativity theory, which is formulated in 1996 in order to unify between quantum theory (Copenhagen school) and relativity theory in concepts, principles and laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

LHC Signals Between 121-130 Gev Interpreted with Quantum-FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 23 Pages. 23

Abstract, In Quantum Function Follows Form theory, (Q-FFF) the Higgs particle is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transforming its shape after real mechanical collision and able to merge with other shaped particles into composite geometrical knots called Quarks and some Leptons (Muons and Tauons). Singular particles are; the two leptons: the electron and positron, different shaped photons, gluons and neutrinos all originated out of one single transformed Higgs. As a result, Q-FFF theory leads to a NON Standard Model of elementary particles, also described in this paper. As a consequence the recent Large Hadron Collider (LHC) results, showing special values between 121-130 GeV for the predicted signal of the massive Standard Model (SM) Higgs, should be interpreted as the result of one or more different composite particle decay- and collision processes and not as the result of Higgs decay. In this paper I present some possible transformations after the collision of (Non- SM) Proton particles interpreted as Quark- Gluon cloud collisions, into the observed production and decay results such as, gg into Di-photons, ZZ into 4 Lepton or WW into LvLv .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

126 Gev Boson Constitutes Higgs Charged Boson and W Boson

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 9 Pages. SUSY and strong nuclear gravity in (120-160) GeV mass range. Hadronic journal, Vol-34, No 3, 2011 June, p277-300

It is suggested that, in super symmetry, the fermion and boson mass ratio is equal to 2.62218404 but not unity. Based on strong nuclear gravity and super symmetry it is suggested that: there exists a charged Higgs fermion of rest energy 103125 MeV. Its charged susy boson rest energy is 45586 MeV. The charged Higgs fermion and nuclear charge radius play a crucial role in the emission of the electron in Beta decay. The recently discovered neutral boson of rest energy 123 to 127 MeV seems to be composed of a Higgs charged boson and a W boson. Its obtained rest energy is 126 GeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

LHC Higgs: 140 Gev or 125 Gev ?

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 8 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 2/fb of data collected by the LHC in the first part of 2011 shows two likely possibilities for Higgs with the expected total cross section: Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 140 and 200 and 240 GeV and SuperString Higgs with 1 Mass State at 125 GeV. By Halloween 2011 the LHC had collected 5/fb of data that may indicate which is correct. Despite a preponderance of rumors in favor of a SuperString Higgs at 125 GeV my view is in favor of a Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States including 140 GeV. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Theory of the Elementary Particles

Authors: Michael P. Dotson
Comments: 64 Pages.

A new formulation of particle physics is developed in which the fermion field amplitudes are constructed directly as functionals of boson fields. The properties of conventional field theory are established through a system of definitions for the state function and for the field operators, demonstrating the origin and essential purpose of the commutation rules for fields, and providing an explanation for the role of probability in quantum field theory. This theory is predicated on the fundamental conjecture that the universe has an intrinsic cardinality that is some very large but finite number. The theory makes specific predictions for the kinds of interactions and field equations that can exist. These restrictions are severe, and the field equations are dissimilar from common expectations. However, corrections using perturbative expansion show that, for energies much less than the Planck energy, the fields behave as gauge fields. We discover that the fields specifically allowed in this theory correspond to the fields found in a simple extension of the Standard Model, giving a deeper understanding for various aspects of its structure: the left-handed coupling of the weak bosons; the existence of the four forces; the necessity for three generations of fermions; and also some details of the fermion mass spectrum, such as the large mass of the top quark and zero mass for neutrinos. Relationships between the various parameters of the theory allow semi-empirical calculations of the fermion masses and the coupling constants of the fields. KEY WORDS: gauge invariance, commutation rules, renormalization, quantum gravity, quantization, probability, particle models
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Does the Opera Experiment Reveal a Systematic Error in the Satellite Ephemeris of the Global Positioning System ?

Authors: Yves-Henri Sanejouand
Comments: 3 pages.

When the difference between the speed of neutrinos measured in the OPERA experiment and the speed of light is assumed to be the error made on the GPS-based measurement of the distance between the source of neutrinos and the detector, the magnitude of this error is, within error bars, found to be equal to twice the ratio of the orbital velocity of the GPS satellites and the speed of light. So, it seems likely that the OPERA experiment, instead of revealing a new, unexpected and challenging aspect of the physics of neutrinos, has demonstrated that the Global Positioning System still suffers from a rather important error, which remained unoticed until now, probably as a consequence of its systematic nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Koide and the Mass of the Proton

Authors: A. Rivero
Comments: 3 pages

We look at the quark spectrum using as unique inputs the mass of the top and bottom quarks, plus Koide sum rule. We get the mass of the nucleon, which was already known to appear (as constituient quark mass) in the charged lepton formula.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explanation of Apparent Superluminal Neutrino Velocity in the Cern-Opera Experiment

Authors: Tim Joslin
Comments: 10 pages

The CERN-OPERA neutrino experiment at the Gran Sasso Laboratory obtained a measurement, v_n, of the muon neutrino velocity with respect to the speed of light, c, of (v_n-c)/c = (2.48 ± 0.28 (stat.) ± 0.30 (sys.)) x10^-5. The neutrino flight path from CERN to OPERA was established using distances and timings based on "round-trip" light speed signals. These are incommensurate with the reference frame dependent "one-way" flight times of neutrinos over the same path. We perform a Lorentz transformation to demonstrate the frame-dependence of the result. We conclude that an Earth system (ES) reference frame defined by a timing system which assumes isotropic light speed, such as the UTC, is not able to support experiments requiring accurate one-way light speed measurement. We hypothesise that v_n = c and consider the 2.7K CMB as a possible candidate for the isotropic frame of reference where round-trip and one-way light speeds are equal. On this basis we find that the CERN-OPERA experiment would be expected to measure deviations in neutrino arrival times compared to the expected light speed transmission of up to ±~2ns/km of neutrino flight path, but usually of less magnitude and with a bias towards early arrival. Only the N-S component (relative to the Earth's axis) of the motion of the neutrino flight path relative to the isotropic frame would be statistically significant in the CERN-OPERA experiment. Assuming no bias in the mean of the other components of the experiment's motion against the isotropic frame in the neutrino timing, because of the Earth's rotation and orbit, we find a mean early neutrino arrival time of ~113ns would be expected were the CMB the isotropic frame. That is, the potential error is of the same order as the early arrival time of the neutrinos of (60.7 ± 6.9 (stat.) ± 7.4 (sys.)) ns, suggesting further analysis of possible sources of deviation from our theoretical estimate may be worthwhile. We propose further statistical methods to test the hypotheses that v_n = c and that the CMB represents the isotropic frame, using the existing OPERA neutrino velocity measurement data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Velocity of Neutrino in the 4D Medium Model

Authors: V. Skorobogatov
Comments: 3 Pages.

The simple explanation of the neutrino's velocity anomaly is presented in the frame of the 4D medium model. It is shown that there is no the faster then light motion in our Unverse. The effect of neutrino detection before the light with supernova SN1987A is also discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Do X and Y Mesons Provide Evidence for Color Excited Quarks or Squarks?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article was motivated by a blog posting in Quantum Diaries with the title "Who ordered that?! An X-traordinary particle?". The learned that in the spectroscopy of ccbar type mesons is understood except for some troublesome mesons christened with letters X and Y. X(3872) is the firstly discovered troublemaker and what is known about it can be found in the blog posting and also in Particle Data Tables. The problems are following.

1. These mesons should not be there.
2. Their decay widths seem to be narrow taking into account their mass.
3. Their decay characteristics are strange: in particular the kinematically allow decays to DDbar dominating the decays of Ψ(3770) with branching ratio 93 per cent has not been observed whereas the decay to DDbarπ⁰ occurs with a branching fraction >3.2× 10^-3. Why the pion is needed?
4. X(3872) should decay to photon and charmonium state in a predictable way but it does not.

1. The first basic objection is that the decay widths of intermediate gauge bosons do not allow new light particles. This objection is encountered already in the model of leptohadrons. The solution is that the light exotic states are possible only if they are dark in TGD sense having therefore non-standard value of Planck constant and behaving as dark matter. The value of Planck constant is only effective and has purely geometric interpretation in TGD framework.
2. Second basic objection is that light quarks do not seem to have such excitations. The answer is that gluon exchange transforms the exotic quark pair to ordinary one and vice versa and considerable mixing of the ordinary and exotic mesons takes place. At low energies where color coupling strength becomes very large this gives rise to mass squared matrix with very large non-diagonal component and the second eigenstate of mass squared is tachyon and therefore drops from the spectrum. For heavy quarks situation is different and one expects that charmonium states have also exotic counterparts.
3. The selection rules can be also understood. The decays to DDbar involve at least two gluon emissions decaying to quark pairs and producing additional pion unlikes the decays of ordinary charmonium state involving only the emission of single gluon decaying to quark pair so that DDbar results.
The decay of the lightest X to photon and charmonium is not possible in the lowest order since at least one gluon exchange is needed to transform exotic quark pair to ordinary one. Exotic charmonia can however transform to exotic charmonia. Therefore the basic constraints seem to be satisfied.

Are Neutrinos Superluminal?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 8 Pages.

OPERA collaboration in CERN has reported that the neutrinos travelling from CERN to Gran Sasso in Italy move with a super-luminal speed. There exists also earlier evidence for the super-luminality of neutrinos: for instance, the neutrinos from SN1987A arrived for few hours earlier than photons. The standard model based on tachyonic neutrinos is formally possible but breaks causality and is unable to explain all results. TGD based explanation relies on sub-manifold geometry replacing abstract manifold geometry as the space-time geometry. The notion of many- sheeted space-time predicts this kind of effects plus many other effects for which evidence exists as various anomalies which have not taken seriously by the main stream theorists. In this article the TGD based model is discussed in some detail.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Is the New Boson Reported by CDF Pion of Scaled up Variant of Hadron Physics?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 18 Pages.

p-Adic length scale hypothesis strongly suggests a fractal hierarchy of copies of hadron physics labelled by Mersenne primes. M₈₉ hadron physics whose mass scales relates by a factor 512 to that of ordinary M₁₀₇ hadron physics was predicted already for 15 years ago but only now the TeV energy region has been reached at LHC making possible to test the prediction. Pions of any hadron physics are produced copiously in hadronic reactions and their detection is the most probable manner how the new hadron physics will be discovered if Nature has realized them. Neutral pions produce monochromatic gamma pairs whereas heavy charged pions decay to W boson and gluon pair or quark pair. The first evidence -or should we say indication- for the existence of M₈₉ hadron physics has now emerged from CDF which for more than two years ago provided evidence also for the colored excitations of tau lepton and for leptohadron physics. What CDF has observed is evidence for the production of quark antiquark pairs in association with W bosons and the following arguments demonstrate that the interpretation in terms of M₈₉ hadron physics might make sense.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explanation for the Soft Photon Excess in Hadron Production

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is quite a recent article entitled "Study of the Dependence of Direct Soft Photon Production on the Jet Characteristics in Hadronic Z⁰ Decays" discussing one particular manifestation of an anomaly of hadron physics known for two decades: the soft photon production rate in hadronic reactions is by an averge factor of about four higher than expected. In the article soft photons assignable to the decays of Z⁰ to quark-antiquark pairs. This anomaly has not reached the attention of particle physics which seems to be the fate of anomalies quite generally nowadays: large extra dimensions and blackholes at LHC are much more sexy topics of study than the anomalies about which both existing and speculative theories must remain silent.
TGD leads to an explanation of anomaly in terms of the basic differences between TGD and QCD.

1. The first difference is due to induced gauge field concept: both classical color gauge fields and the U(1) part of electromagnetic field are proportional to induced Kähler form. Second difference is topological field quantization meaning that electric and magnetic fluxes are associated with flux tubes. Taken together this means that for neutral hadrons color flux tubes and electric flux tubes can be and will be assumed to be one and same thing. In the case of charged hadrons the em flux tubes must connect different hadrons: this is essential for understanding why neutral hadrons seem to contribute much more effectively to the brehmstrahlung than charged hadrons- which is just the opposite for the prediction of hadronic inner bremsstrahlung model in which only charged hadrons contribute. Now all both sea and valence quarks of neutral hadrons contribute but in the case of charged hadrons only valence quarks do so.
2. Sea quarks of neutral hadrons seem to give the largest contribution to bremsstrahlung. p-Adic length scale hypothesis predicting that quarks can appear in several mass scales represents the third difference and the experimental findings suggest that sea quarks are by a factor of 1/2 lighter than valence quarks implying that brehmstrahlung for given sea quark is by a factor 4 more intense than for corresponding valence quark.

The Incredibly Shrinking Proton

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 13 Pages.

The recent discovery that the charge radius of proton deduced from quantum average of nuclear charge density from the muonic version of hydrogen atom is 4 per cent smaller than the radius deduced from hydrogen atom challenges either QED or the view about proton or both. In TGD framework topological quantization leads to the notion of field body as a characteristic of any system. Field body is expected to contain substructures with sizes given by the primary and secondary p-adic length scales at at least. u and d quarks would have field bodies with size much larger than proton itself. In muonic atom the p-adic size scale of the field body of u quark having mass of 2 MeV according to the last estimates would be roughly twice the Boh radius so that the anomaly might be understood as a signature of field body.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Could Neutrinos Appear in Several Mass Scales?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are some indications that neutrinos can appear in several mass scales from neutrino oscillations. These oscillations can be classified to vacuum oscillations and to solar neutrino oscillations believed to be due to the so called MSW effect in the dense matter of Sun. There are also indications that the mixing is different for neutrinos and antineutrinos. In the following the possibility that padic length scale hypothesis might explain these findings is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Photon-Neutrino Symmetry and the Opera Anomaly

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The OPERA collaboration has recently claimed discovery of superluminal propagation of neutrino beams. Excluding the possibility of unaccounted measurement errors, the most natural interpretation of OPERA anomaly is that, sufficiently far from the source, long-range neutrinos and photons may be regarded as components of the same field. In particular, we suggest that it is possible to construct a neutrino-photon doublet where the two components behave as dual entities. We examine conditions that enable the symmetry between neutrinos and photons to be unbroken. The benefit of this interpretation is that Lorentz invariance stays valid regardless of the relative velocity of neutrinos and their mean energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Why there is no Symmetry in Physical Vacuum Between the Overall Number of Particles and Twin Antiparticles

Authors: Valery P. Dmitriyev
Comments: 6 pages

        Physical vacuum can be seen as a turbulent ideal fluid. Particles of matter originate from primordial inclusion in the fluid of the empty space. The proton is modeled by a hollow bubble stabilized due to positive perturbation of the averaged turbulence energy and accompanying drop of the pressure on the wall of the cavity.
        The antiproton can be created only in the pair with the proton: extracting from the medium a ball V of the fluid and inserting it into another place of the medium. The intrusion into the medium of the redundant void thus performed is concerned with a huge amount of the energy p₀V needed in order to expand the fluid by the volume V against the background pressure p₀. Still, because of the free energy of the system tendency to decrease, the redundant void will be shortly canceled to the continuum.
        Creation of the electron–positron pair requires a relatively small energy ~p₀ΔV, where ΔV << V, which is the work of the elastic deformation of the turbulent medium. The resulting radial stress arising in the turbulent fluid corresponds to the electric field of the elementary charge. The system can be stabilized merging the small cavity ΔV of the positron with the large bubble V of a neutron.
        Thus, the total number of protons turns out to be equal to total number of electrons, where, being a void, the proton should be classified as particle, and, being an islet of the fluid, the electron should be classified as antiparticle.

Key words: physical vacuum, turbulent fluid, cavities, particles, antiparticles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Opera Experiment: Superluminals Muonic Neutrinos and ?erenkov Radiation

Authors: Angel G. Doz
Comments: 3 pages

In the paper recently published by the OPERA experiment team on the observation of a possible measurement of neutrinos nuonicos overlighting, seems to be a lack of radiation Cherenkov, which theoretically should show whether these neutrinos were moving at a speed higher than light. But it is possible that the absence of Cherenkov radiation is explained with the same mathematical apparatus of the experimentally satisfactory formulation of the same radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Graviton-Graviton Scattering Near a Weakly Coupled String Theory

Authors: Thomas Evans
Comments: 14 pages

Graviton-graviton scattering near a weakly coupled string theory
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Superluminal Effect with Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 20 pages

A simple quantum relativistic model of ν_μ - ν_τ neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment is presented. This model suggests that the two components in the neutrino beam are separated in space. After being created in a meson decay, the μ-neutrino moves 18 meters ahead of the beam's center of energy, while the τ-neutrino is behind. Both neutrinos have subluminal speeds, however the advanced start of the ν_μ explains why it arrives in the detector 60 ns earlier than expected. Our model does violate the special-relativistic ban on superluminal signals. However, usual arguments about violation of causality are not applicable here. The invalidity of standard special-relativistic arguments is related to the interaction-dependence of the boost operator, which implies that boost-transformed space-time coordinates of events with interacting particles do not obey linear and universal Lorentz formulas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comment on Arxiv:1110.2685

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 1 pages.

This brief paper traces comments on the article arXiv:1110.2685. It seems there is an intrinsical misconception within its claimed solution, since an intrinsical proper time reasoning leads to the assumption the OPERA collaboration interprets a time variation as a proper time when correcting time intervals between a GPS frame and the grounded baseline frame.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fermion-Antifermion Asymmetry

Authors: G. Quznetsov
Comments: 8 pages. Progress in Physics, v.4, 2011, pp.13-16

An event with positive energy transfers this energy photons which carries it on recorders observers. Observers know that this event occurs, not before it happens. But event with negative energy should absorb this energy from observers. Consequently, observers know that this event happens before it happens. Since time is irreversible then only the events with positive energy can occur. In single-particle states events with a fermion have positive energy and occurences with an antifermion have negative energy. In double-particle states events with pair of antifermions have negative energy and events with pair of fermions and with fermion-antifermion pair have positive energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of Baryons

Authors: R Wayte
Comments: 20 pages

Baryons are considered to be intricate particles having real geometrical structure, based on our previous proton design. Inherent baryon spin is proportional to mass and radius. The well-known octets and decuplets fit into groups where masssquared and quantised-action are related. Magnetic moments are described in terms of a positive spin-loop and orbiting temporary electron(s). Lifetime of a baryon is governed by action of guidewave coherence around these structures.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Great Pumpkin and Golden Channel Higgs: 3 Higgs States Consistent with Electroweak Gfitter

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 4 pages

The Great Pumpkin by Halloween 2011 should give 5/fb of data to the LHC. That data may support or reject my E8 Physics model with 3 Higgs-Tquark states: low mass state (Higgs mass around 145 GeV) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 180 GeV) high mass state (Higgs mass around 240 GeV) In my E8 Physics model, the Higgs is not a simple single particle but is related to the Primitive Idempotents of the real Clifford algebra Cl(8) ( see vixra 1109.0037 and tony5m17h.net/ClCl4Cl16.pdf ). Such a Higgs is part of a 3-state Higgs-Tquark system based on Higgs as a Tquark condensate similar to descriptions in the works of Yamawaki, Hashimoto, et al in hep-ph/9603293, hep-ph0311165, etc. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Two Charged Scalar Field-Based Mass Generation Mechanisms

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 21 pages

Despite consistency of the Higgs mechanism, experimental data have not revealed existence of the Higgs particle. Moreover, the Higgs mechanism explains why photon is massless, while another experimental data reveal very small but detectable photon mass. In this manner the crucial problem is to combine abstract ideas of the Standard Model with the verified experimental data to obtain constructive physical picture. In this paper we discuss two alternative consistent mass generation mechanisms which are based on charged scalar field and the O(2) symmetric Higgs potential. Both the mechanisms for abelian fields of the Standard Model lead to nonzero photon mass, but predict distinguishable mass of the new neutral scalar boson. Both the models are similar to the Higgs mechanism. The scenarios base on existence of a new scalar neutral boson c and an auxiliary scalar neutral field j which can be interpreted as a dilaton. In the first model a new scalar particle is massive, and the value of its mass can be estimated by the present day experimental limits on the photon mass. In the second model dilaton is massless and a new scalar particle has a mass which can be determined only by experimental data. The mass of a photon in this model does not depend on the mass of a Higgs-like particle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complement to Special Relativity at Superluminal Speeds: Cern Neutrinos Explained

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 29 pages

The most recent notifications from OPERA Collaboration of CERN Geneva report highly probable existence of faster-than-light neutrinos. Such a state of affairs has been also detected earlier in radio galaxies, quasars and recently in microquasars. The usual scenario explaining superluminal speeds is based on a black hole contained in these sources producing the high speed mass ejection. Superluminal speeds are, however, plainly and efficiently explainable within the framework of Special Relativity, in which the Einstein postulates, the Minkowski energy-momentum space, and both the Poincaré and the Lorentz symmetries remain unchanged, but the energy-momentum relation is deformed. In this paper superluminal deformations of Special Relativity, complementing the Einstein theory at faster-than-light speeds, are studied in the context of CERN neutrinos. For full consistency we propose to apply the non-parallelism hypothesis, the deformation derived ab initio, and the concept of measured speed of light which can be higher than c. We show that such a theory is able to explain both superluminal speed as well as mass of neutrino.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comment on the Neutrino Opera in the CNGS Beam

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 7 pages

Related to my previous paper (see the appendix) On the Neutrino Opera in the CNGS Beam, entirely reproduced here throughout the appendix in its revised version, I provide here the calculation for the discrepancy between a correct measure for the experiment and the measure arising due to the effect I derived in my previous paper.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tevatron Wij Anomaly for a Model with Two Different Mechanisms for Mass Generation of Gauge Fields

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 11 pages with 1 table, submited to Journal of Physics G, comments and criticism are welcome

The latest Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) anomaly, the excess of dijet events in the invariant-mass window 120-160 GeV in associated production with a W boson, can be explained by a new neutral vector C-boson of mass (145 GeV) that is predicted by the Wu mechanisms for mass generation of gauge field. The Standard Model (SM) W, Z-bosons normally get its masses through the coupling with the SM Higgs of mass 114-200 GeV. Here, the C boson has negligible couplings to leptons, and so is not affected by the dilepton C constraints.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Neutrino, Flying from Cern to LNGS, and Brachistochrone

Authors: G. Quznetsov
Comments: 2 pages

The result of the OPERA neutrino experiment [1] at the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) is explained by the brachistochrone effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Scientist Deduced the Existence of Particles with Faster-Than-Light Speeds Recently Discovered by Cern

Authors: Ion Patrascu
Comments: 2 pages, v1 in Romanian, v2 in English

Physicists at CERN have recently experimentally discovered particles traveling faster than light: the neutrinos! The OPERA experiment, which sent sprays of neutrinos from CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, to INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory, Italy, found that neutrinos traveled underground 730 km faster than light could do. Dr. Antonio Ereditato of University of Bern, leader of the OPERA scientist team, made the results public and invited scientists all over the world to discuss these astonishing results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Tunneling and Time Contraction, According to the New Relativity Theory

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 8 pages

In this paper we shall introduce the concept of time contraction that is produced by the New Relativity theory of AlMosallami (NRM)[10]. When this concept is interpreted physically, quantum tunneling exceeds the speed of light in the vacuum as proven by experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of Mesons

Authors: R Wayte
Comments: 48 pages

Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of real structured particles, in order to replace the formless quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, and a Yukawa potential is calculated for the hadronic field. A charged pion is produced by adding a heavyelectron or positron in a tight orbit around the neutral core. Other mesons are found to be ordered assemblies of pionic-size masses, travelling in bound epicyclical orbits, with real intrinsic spin and angular momentum. These orbit dimensions are related to the mean lifetimes of the mesons through action integrals. Decay products resemble parts of their parent mesons, as expected for a relaxation process with traceability of particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs as Primitive Idempotents

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 3 pages

By identifying the Higgs with Primitive Idempotents of the Cl(8) real Clifford algebra, the Higgs is not seen as a simple-minded fundamental scalar particle, but rather the Higgs is seen as a quantum process that creates a fermionic condensate with which it interacts to make the fermions appear massive. The Primitive Idempotent Higgs is part of my E8 Physics model in terms of which the Primitive Idempotent Higgs is seen to do all the nice things that the fundamental scalar particle Higgs needs to do, and to be effectively a Higgs-Tquark system with 3 mass states (i.e., the LHC should see events that look like 3 standard model Higgs mass states at around 140 GeV and 200 GeV and 250 GeV with the total standard model cross section being divided up among those three states. In particular, the LHC should see a Higgs around 140 GeV but with a lower cross section than expected.) (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Noncommutative Complex Scalar Field and Casimir Effect

Authors: Farid Khelili
Comments: 23 pages

Using noncommutative deformed canonical commutation relations, a model describing a non-commutative complex scalar field theory is proposed. The noncommutative field equations are solved, and the vacuum energy is calculated to the second order in the parameter of noncommutativity. As an application to this model, the Casimir effect, due to the zero point fluctuations of the noncommutative complex scalar field, is considered. It turns out that in spite of its smallness, the noncommutativity gives rise to a repulsive force at the microscopic level, leading to a modified Casimr potential with a minimum at the point ...
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum of Matter (According to 'hypothesis on Matter')

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 21 pages

Matter is the only substance that can provide real existence to a body in nature. Since matter is the constituent of all real objects, it has to exist in a form much smaller than the smallest real physical object in nature. 'Hypothesis on MATTER', an alternative concept that logically explains all physical phenomena, envisages that matter exists in nature in the form of tiny bits, called 'quanta of matter'. A quantum of matter is the only postulated particle in this concept. Diverse matter bodies (including an all-encompassing universal medium) with assorted properties and their interactions are results of various combinations of 'quanta of matter'. This article gives a brief description of 'quantum of matter', as postulated in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs-Less Symmetry Breaking from Renormalization Group Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages

We develop here a Higgs-less model of electroweak symmetry breaking using critical behavior of infrared Yang-Mills theory. Gauge bosons and fermions acquire mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The entire family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of "epsilon expansion". We also find that dimensional regularization offers a straightforward solution to the cosmological constant problem. A brief discussion on how our Higgs-less model could preserve unitarity of high-energy di-boson scattering is also included.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Golden Channel Higgs from 2/fb at LHC: 3 Higgs States Consistent with Electroweak Gfitter

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 9 pages.

2/fb of LHC data presented at Lepton-Photon 2011 indicates 3 Higgs state peaks: low mass state (Higgs mass around 145 GeV) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 180 GeV) high mass state (Higgs mass around 240 GeV) so the Higgs is not a simple single particle but is part of a 3-state Higgs-Tquark system based on Higgs as a Tquark condensate similar to descriptions in the works of Yamawaki, Hashimoto, et al in hep-ph/9603293, hep-ph0311165, etc. The 3 Higgs-Tquark state system is not only consistent with my E8 Physics model but also are consistent with Gfitter ElectroWeak plots from Higgs Hunting 2011. Appendix 1 contains some images of candidate Higgs events. Appendix 2 discusses claims of exclusion of Higgs mass ranges.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to E8 Physics

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 143 pages

An E8 Physics model based on Nested Real Clifford Algebras is described.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Looking for Chinese Einstein

Authors: Chun-Xuan. Jiang
Comments: 9 pages, In Chinese

Using the tachyonic theory we find the new gravitational formula (16) and establish the expansion theory of the Universe see Fig. 2, (22)-(25). We show that gravitons can be converted into the rest mass, see Fig. 2, m-bar → m, (24) and (27). We point out that Newtonian gravitational theory is approximate and the general theory of relativity is wrong. We suggest a new universe. The universe is infinite,but it has a centre consisting of the tachyonic matter, which operates motion of the entire universe. Therefore the universe is stable.In the sun there is a centre consisting of the tachyonic matter, which operates motion of the sun system.....In atomic nucleus there is a centre consisting of the tachyonic matter, which operates motion of the nuclaus. Therefore atomic nuclei are stable.The conclusion:an analogue between the universe and the atomic nucleus. Quantum tachyon teleportation,quantum tachyon computation and quantum tachyon information do not exist,because they are action-at-a-distance and unobservable.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass Gap Problem in the wu Gauge Model Framework

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 10 pages,submitted to Commum.Theor.Phys,comments and criticisms are welcome

We demonstrate that Wu's version of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts mass gap (Δ > 0) for the compact simple gauge group SU (3). This provides a solution to the second part of the Yang-Mills problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Random Numbers Generated by Orbifold Fixed Points

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 8 pages with 2 tables,submitted to Physics.Essays,comments and criticisms are welcome

Taking an orbifold with one compact extra dimension as a starting point, we show that random numbers are generated by recurrence modulo 2 over the Galois field of orbifold fixed points. Our suggestion may open a window for extra dimensions predicted by experiments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

A revolution in particles physics that's propelled by new Hep experiments is closing. A stringent demands for new physics is obvious now. In seeking the so-called new physics some still try on revising String theory instead of re-checking the fundamental of QCD or even perturbation reasonings. I guess this revolution would not be satisfied with any repairs on surface of physics. My article here is a try on changing fundamental concepts about matters, Which is of course be admitted by tempered ones indulging in their hap-hap playing. The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs 2011: Will LEE Hide the Higgs ?

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 5 pages

An ATLAS plot at EPS HEP 2011 showed 3 Higgs state peaks: low mass state (Higgs mass around 150 GeV) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 200 GeV) high mass state (Higgs mass around 250 GeV) A preliminary CMS plot for EPS HEP 2011 showed the same 3 Higgs state peaks but for the plot shown at EPS HEP 2011CMS used a Look Elsewhere Effect (LEE) that flattened the 200 GeV and 250 GeV peaks into insignificance. Since the same location of the 3 peaks was independently shown by ATLAS the CMS use of LEE was improper so CMS should remove the LEE processing from its plot. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

EPS HEP 2011 and E8 Physics

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 17 pages

Experimental results announced at EPS HEP 2011 are compared with some predictions of my E8 Physics model, including 3 Higgs states: low mass state (Higgs mass around 145 GeV/c2) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 180 GeV/c2) high mass state (Higgs mass around 240 GeV/c2) My view is that the EPS HEP 2011 results support my E8 Physics model. Some prospects for the future exploration by the LHC are briefly discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-State Higgs-Tquark System

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 15 pages. Details of material in the paper can be found on my web site and in my long E8 physics paper. The paper contains links to both. There is also a link to a cartoon (click on the hat on the last page).

The 8-dimensional Kaluza-Klein spacetime of my E8 physics model, with the Higgs as a Tquark condensate, produces a Higgs-Tquark system with 3 states: low mass (Tquark mass consistent with the 120-160 GeV/c2 CDF Wjj 2011 bump) mid mass (Tquark mass consistent with conventional Tquark mass) high mass (Tquark mass around 218 GeV/c2) The three predicted Higgs mass states (around 146, 182 and 239 GeV/c2) should be verified or refuted by LHC by the end of 2012, if not earlier. Some implications for the future of large-collaboration physics beyond 2012 are briefly discussed, inevitably intermeshed with the future of the global financial/ political system.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Particle Masses Without Higgs Mechanism and Supersymmetry

Authors: F. Winterberg
Comments: 10 pages

The non-observation of the Higgs boson and supersymmetry in the most recent high energy physics data, suggests to consider the conjectured Planck mass plasma as a potential alternative. In it supersymmetry is replaced by the assumption that the vacuum of space is densely filled in equal numbers with positive and negative Planck mass particles, and the Higgs field by the gravitational field of interacting large positive with likewise large negative mass quasiparticles of the Planck mass plasma, giving these positive-negative mass configurations a small positive gravitational field mass. From this configuration the Dirac equation can be derived, with the fermions of the standard model composed of large positive and negative masses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Compactly Reproducing the Fine Structure Constant Inverse and the Muon-, Neutron-, and Proton-Electron Mass Ratios

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 2 pages.

Compact equations are introduced that reproduce the fine structure constant inverse and the muon-, neutron-, and proton-electron mass ratios near their experimental limits.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Correlation of Nucleon Mass with Lepton Mass

Authors: Christoph Caesar
Comments: 11 pages.

One of the key questions of elementary particles physics is the mass relation between leptons and nucleons or quarks. Leptons in many hadron decays and interactions show a typical energy of 53 MeV. Explicit numbers of these electrons accommodated in a quark fit the observed mass and charges of quarks and nucleons. The model further is shown to have exactly and only three different variations for quarks, the colors.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Model for Understanding the Substructure of the Electron

Authors: Christoph Caesar
Comments: 18 pages. This article has been submitted to Nature Physics on July 13. 2009.

Using a simple electromagnetic model, the electron is described as circulating electromagnetic wave with an internal twist as Moebius ribbon. Mathematically, the Moebius loop is required for the spin 1/2, as the model requires two revolutions to fulfill one phase. The positive half wave stays on the inside and partly compensates itself in a way that the negative field of the wave always is on the outside. The ratio of the field energy responsible for the charge to the total particle rest energy is the dimensionless figure 1/137, which is the fine structure constant. The model of the rotating photon does not contradict current models and offers a great simplification by using a deterministic mind set.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum FFF Theory in Posters.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 6 pages

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM in Quantum FFF THEORY. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a NEW splitting, accelerating and pairing MASSLESS BLACK HOLE, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real energy by entropy decrease, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation, down to Sunspots, (Micro) Comets, Lightning bolts, Sprite Fireballs and Ball Lightning.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs-Free Symmetry Breaking from Critical Behavior Near Dimension Four

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 pages.

Starting from the infrared limit of Yang-Mills theory, we introduce here a Higgs-free model in which dynamical symmetry breaking arises from critical behavior near dimension four. Gauge bosons develop mass as a result of condensation at the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. We recover the family structure of Standard Model using the technique of "epsilon expansion". Our approach also suggests a straightforward solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modeling the Electron as a Stable Quantum Wave-Vortex: Interpretation α ~1/137 as a Wave Constant

Authors: George Kirakosyan
Comments: 15 pages - intended for journal publication.

The connection of α (alpha) to redistribution of intensities in interference of circularly polarized waves is shown. Obtained number coincides to known one in reached accuracy; 10-10. The photon is represented as a quantum wave packet. The electron's model is proposed as Compton's circularly polarized standing wave. The origins of the mass and static fields interpreted as a relativistic mass and pseudo static electromagnetic fields arising in interference of quanta. Electron's magnetic moment and g value are obtained with 10-10 accuracy. Physical interpretation of de Broglie's wave is proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

NTEP: Chapter 9. Physical Vacuum and Its Effect on Elementary Particles and Their Interactions

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 23 pages.

The first purpose of this chapter is to describe the influence of physical vacuum (PV) on the characteristics of particles (e.g. electron) and their interactions. Our second purpose is to show that all methods of calculation of this influence, which are used in quantum field theory (QFT), can be represented in electromagnetic (EM) form within the framework of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Empirical Data of Nuclear Reactions that Take Place in Conditions of Cold Fusion

Authors: Giancarlo Gazzoni
Comments: 54 pages.

Classical semi-empirical analysis of beta decay, decays to electron capture and the phenomena of "cold fusion" This article dealt with a statistical empirical decays b + b -., with empirical formulas semiclassical. derivate da semplici osservabili macroscopiche. derived from simple macroscopic observables. In this way, we can find and "isolate" sensitive variables which determine the rate of decay of nuclei." and we can begin to understand how to intervene "to artificially change the natural rate of decay, and find ways to invalidate, fission and fuse nuclei in terms of energy" cool " We can identify the underlying mechanism that allows this type of decays, and we can understand why the decay times, for b + , electron capture and decay a are the same when the decay modes occur simultaneously. We can understand the mechanisms of the mysterious so-called Cold Fusion. and explain how weak mergers occur in environments with very low energy density.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Possible Nonstandard Effects in Z-Gamma Events at Lep2

Authors: K.J. Abraham, Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 pages.

We point out that the so-called 'radiative return' events e+e- → Z are suited to the study of nonstandard physics, particularly if the vector bosons are emitted into the central detector region. An effective vertex is constructed which contains the most general gauge invariant e+e-Z interaction and its phenomenolgocial consequences are examined. Low Energy Constraints on the effective vertex are discussed as well.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complete Helicity Decomposition of the B-T-Tbar Vertex Including Higher Order QCD Corrections and Applications to E+e → T+tbar

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 20 pages.

The complete density matrix for all polarization configurations in the process B* → t+tbar, where B* is an off-shell Z or photon and t is the top quark, is calculated numerically including oneloop QCD corrections. The analysis is done in the framework of the helicity formalism. The results are particularly suited for top quark production at the Linear Collider, but may be useful in other circumstances as well. Relations to LEP and Tevatron physics are pointed out.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Interactions in Top Quark Production and Decay at the Tevatron Upgrade

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 10 pages.

New interactions in top-quark production and decay are studied under the conditions of the Tevatron upgrade. Studying the process q+qbar → t+tbar → b+mu+nu+tbar it is shown how the lepton rapidity and transverse energy distribution are modified by nonstandard modifications of the g-t-tbar- and the t-b-W-vertex.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nlo QCD Corrections and Triple Gauge Boson Vertices at the NLC

Authors: K.J. Abraham, Bodo Lampe
Comments: 14 pages.

We study NLO QCD corrections as relevant to hadronic W decay in W pair production at a future 500 GeV e+e- linac, with particular emphasis on the determination of triple gauge boson vertices. We find that hard gluon bremstrahlung may mimic signatures of anomalous triple gauge boson vertices in certain distributions. The size of these effects can strongly depend on the polarisation of the initial e+e- beams.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Low-energy Compatible Su(4)-type Model for Vector Leptoquarks of Mass ≤ 1 Tev

Authors: Andreas Blumhofer, Bodo Lampe
Comments: 24 pages.

The Standard Model is extended by a SU(2)L singlet of vector leptoquarks. An additional SU(4) gauge symmetry between right-handed up quarks and right-handed leptons is introduced to render the model renormalizable. The arrangement is made in such a way that no conflict with low energy restrictions is encountered. The SU(2)L singlet mediates interactions between the right-handed leptons and up type quarks for which only moderate low energy restrictions exist.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Note on QCD Corrections to A_b(fb) Using Thrust to Determine the B-Quark Direction

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 7 pages.

I discuss one-loop QCD corrections to the forward backward asymmetry of the bquark in a way appropriate to the present experimental procedure. I try to give insight into the structure of the corrections and elucidate some questions which have been raised by experimental experts. Furthermore, I complete and comment on results given in the literature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complete Description of Polarization Effects in Top Quark Decays Including Higher Order QCD Corrections

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 26 pages.

The complete set of matrix elements for all polarization configurations in top quark decays is presented including higher order QCD corrections. The analysis is done in the framework of the helicity formalism. The results can be used in a variety of circumstances, e.g. in the experimental analysis of top quark production and decay at Tevatron, LHC and NLC. Relations to LEP1 and LEP2 physics are pointed out.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Directions in High Energy Physics

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 22 pages.

The future goals of particle physics are classified from a theorist's point of view. The prospects of mass and mixing angle determination and of the top quark and Higgs boson discovery are discussed. It is shown that the most important progress will come from LHC and NLC. These machines should be planned and developed as quickly as possible.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The First Moment of δg(x) - a Comparative Study

Authors: Bodo Lampe, Andreas Ruffing
Comments: 22 pages.

The sensititivity of various future polarization experiments to the first moment Δg of the polarized gluon density is elucidated in detail. It is shown to what extent the first moment can be extracted from the future data as compared to the higher moments. We concentrate on two processes which in the near future will become an important source of information on the polarized gluon density, namely the photoproduction of open charm to be studied at CERN (COMPASS) and SLAC and the production of direct photons at RHIC.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD Corrections to W Pair Production at Lep200

Authors: K.J. Abraham, Bodo Lampe
Comments: 20 pages

One loop QCD corrections to hadronic W decay are calculated for arbitrary W polarizations . The results are applied to W pair production and decay at LEP200. We focus on the corrections to angular distributions with particular emphasis on azimuthal distributions and correlations. The relevance of our results to the experimental determination of possible nonstandard triple gauge bosons interactions is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Symmetric Equations that Reproduce the Fine Structure Constant and the Muon-, Neutron-, and Proton-Electron Mass Ratios

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 2 pages.

Symmetric equations are introduced that reproduce the fine structure constant inverse and the muon-, neutron-, and proton-electron mass ratios near their experimental limits.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Wavefunction Collapse and Human Choice-Making Inside an Entangled Mirror Symmetrical Multiverse.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 8 pages.

If the process of wave function collapse of two entangled particles into mirror symmetrical states, is the basic process for all created particles, then we should live inside one part of a mirror symmetrical entangled copy MULTIVERSE with one central origin. We will give it the name: Raspberry Multiverse. Even human choice making should be subjected to this mirror symmetrical process. Benjamin Libet described a choice experiment, which we could use to measure how many copy universes there should be.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Alternative Black Hole, Provided with Entropy Decrease and Plasma Creation.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 pages.

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In our former paper "3-Dimensional String based alternative particle model." we presented a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles. We will give it the name: FFF Theory. (Function Follows Form Theory) Now this paper presents the possible consequences of such a 3-D string particle system for Black holes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On a Natural Solution for the Hierarchy Problem Using Dimensional Regularization

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 pages.

This brief report suggests a straightforward solution for the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model using dimensional regularization of quantum field theory (QFT). Our viewpoint breaks away from traditional approaches to the hierarchy problem based on supersymmetry (SUSY), technicolor, extra-dimensions, anthropic arguments, fine-tuning or gauge unification near the Planck scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-Dimensional String Based Alternative Particle Model.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 10 pages.

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the "Virgin Mother" of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

NTEP: Chapter 8. Nonlinear Quantum Electron Equation

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 pages.

The derivation of nonlinear quantum electron equation in the framework of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP) is presented. It can help to understand many aspects of the quantum description of elementary particles. In particular, it is shown that the fields self-action is "the mechanism", which introduces the mass into the quantum electron equation. This mechanism has a similarities with the Higgs mechanism of mass generation, however it is not needed a Higgs boson. The results of the experiments, which were set until now, to find the Higgs's boson, are negative. At the same time the NTEP has not difficulties, which will appear in Standard Model theory, if Higgs's boson is not discovered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

NTEP: Chapter 7. Classical Nonlinear Electron Theories and Their Connection with Qed

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 18 pages.

In this chapter of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP) a review of the nonlinear field theories in the framework of classical electrodynamics is presented. It is shown that the results found within these theories can be transferred to quantum theory. These results can also help us to understand many aspects of the quantum description of elementary particles. In particular, they explain why electron can be interpreted as a point and non-point particle simultaneously.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

No Elementary Scalars in Experimental Supersymmetry

Authors: Alejandro Rivero
Comments: 2 Pages.

This sheet presents an extreme interpretation of the global SU(5) symmetry that has been gradually discovered in the spectrum of scalar particles of the Supersymmetric Standard Model. It postulates that such scalars are actually the different aspects of the QCD string. If so, only the gauginos and perhaps two neutral higgs particles are candidates for discovery in the LHC.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles (2011 Update)

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 14 pages.

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3 × 3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic φ₂₃ equal 45^°, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from an equation that reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which possesses no constants adjusted to fit experiment, has mixing angles of θ₂₃ = 2.367445^°, θ₁₃ = 0.190987^°, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^°, φ₂₃ = 45^°, φ₁₃ = 0.013665^°, and φ₁₂ = 33.210911^°. A fourth, newly-introduced constraint of the type described above produces a Jarlskog invariant for the quark matirx of 2.758 ×10⁻⁵. Collectively these achieve a good fit with the experimental quark and lepton mixing data. The model predicts the following CKM matrix elements: |V_us| = √0.05 = 2.236 × 10⁻¹, |V_ub| = 3.333 × 10⁻³, and |V_cb| = 4.131 × 10⁻². For leptonic mixing the model predicts sin²φ₁₂ = 0.3, sin²φ₂₃ = 0.5, and sin²φ₁₃ = 5.688 × 10⁻⁸. At the time of its 2007 introduction the model's values for |V_us| and |V_ub| had disagreements with experiment of an improbable 3.6σ and 7.0σ, respectively, but 2010 values from the same source now produce disagreements of just 2.4σ and 1.1σ, the absolute error for |V_us| having been reduced by 53%, and that for |V_ub| by 78%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant Derived from the Broken Symmetry of Two Simple Algebraic Identities

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 10 pages.

The fine structure constant is shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity M² = M² is "broken" by making the substitution M → M − y on its left side, and the substitution Mⁿ → Mⁿ − x^p on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation (M − y)² = M² − x². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (M / N)³ + M² = (M / N)³ + M² to produce this second equation (M − y)³ / N³ + (M − y)² = (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³. These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dy/dx, where, on the second equation's right side this property helps define the special case (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³ = (10³ − 0.1³) / 3³ + 10² − 0.1³ = 137.036, which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Schrödinger-Equation Presentation of Any Oscillatory Classical Linear System that is Homogeneous and Conservative

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 9 pages

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation with time-independent Hamiltonian operator is a linear homogeneous system that is conservative and purely oscillatory. We investigate whether a classical system that is itself linear, homogeneous, conservative and purely oscillatory is assured to have a one-to-one linear mapping into some Schrödinger-format equation. Schrödinger equations are first order in time and have an even number of real-valued variables because they are complex-valued. Any first-order in time classical system as well has an even number of real-valued variables. Its Hermitian aspect gives a Schrödinger equation a more restricted presentation than that of an arbitrary linear, homogeneous, conservative, purely oscillatory classical system, but general one-to-one linear mappings have enough parameters to bridge this presentation gap. As two illustrative examples of mapping amenable classical systems into Schrödinger-format equations, we derive the detailed mapping of the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon equation into the nonzero-mass free particle's relativistic scalar Schrödinger equation, and also the mapping of the source-free Maxwell electric and magnetic field equations into the free photon's transverse-vector Schrödinger equation. Once an amenable classical system has been mapped into a Schrödinger-format equation, that classical system is automatically in canonical Hamiltonian form, and second quantization of the Schrödinger equation is always the physically most transparent and technically simplest way to quantize the original classical system.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Equivalence of Classical Klein-Gordon Field Theory to Correspondence-Principle First Quantization of the Spinless Relativistic Free Particle

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 8 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1012.5120 [physics.gen-ph].

It has recently been shown that the classical electric and magnetic fields which satisfy the sourcefree Maxwell equations can be linearly mapped into the real and imaginary parts of a transverse-vector wave function which in consequence satisfies the time-dependent Schrödinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator is physically appropriate to the free photon. The free-particle Klein-Gordon equation for scalar fields modestly extends the classical wave equation via a mass term. It is physically untenable for complexvalued wave functions, but has a sound nonnegative conserved-energy functional when it is restricted to real-valued classical fields. Canonical Hamiltonization and a further canonical transformation maps the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon field and its canonical conjugate into the real and imaginary parts of a scalar wave function (within a constant factor) which in consequence satisfies the time-dependent Schrödinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator has the natural correspondence-principle relativistic square-root form for a free particle, with a mass that matches the Klein-Gordon field theory's mass term. Quantization of the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon field is thus second quantization of this natural correspondence-principle first-quantized relativistic Schrödinger equation. Source-free electromagnetism is treated in a parallel manner, but with the classical scalar Klein-Gordon field replaced by a transverse vector potential that satisfies the classical wave equation. This reproduces the previous first-quantized results that were based on Maxwell's source-free electric and magnetic field equations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Discussion on Gauge Symmetry and Charge Conservation

Authors: Gabriel Di Lemos Santiago Lima
Comments: 16 pages

This work is intended to rediscuss the relation between gauge symmetry and current conservation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Equivalence Between Gauge and Non-Gauge Abelian Models

Authors: Gabriel Di Lemos Santiago Lima
Comments: 17 pages

This work is intended to estabilish the equivalence between gauge and non-gauge abelian models.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Path-Integral Gauge Invariant Mapping: from Abelian Gauge Anomalies to the Generalized Stueckelberg Mechanism

Authors: Gabriel Di Lemos Santiago Lima
Comments: 16 pages

By a path-integral procedure of recovering gauge invariance from anomalous effective actions, it is shown that the abelian gauge anomaly disappears in an enhanced invariant formulation. It is also shown that the same procedure can be generalized to other models that do not, in principle, exhibit gauge invariance. A correspondence between the enhanced formulation of Proca model and the Stueckelberg mechanism is shown, leading to the interpretation of the enhanced mapping as a generalization of Stueckelberg mechanism.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Failure of Particle Dark Matter Experiments to Yield Positive Results

Authors: Joseph F. Messina
Comments: 2 pages

It is argued that the failure of particle dark matter experiments to verify its existence may be attributable to a non-Planckian 'action,' which renders dark matter's behavior contradictory to the consequences of quantum mechanics as it applies to luminous matter. It is pointed out that such a possibility cannot be convincingly dismissed in the absence of a physical law that prohibits an elementary 'action' smaller than Planck's. It is further noted that no purely dark matter measurement of Planck's constant exists. Finally, the possibility of a non-Planckian cold dark matter particle is explored, and found to be consistent with recent astronomical observations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles: 6.electrodynamic Sense of the Quantum Forms of Dirac Electron Theory

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 15 pages

In the present paper it is shown that a fully correspondence between the quantum and the electromagnetic forms of the Dirac electron theory exists, so that each element of the Dirac theory has the known electrodynamics meaning and vice-versa.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Source-Free Electromagnetism's Canonical Fields Reveal the Free-Photon Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1011.6578 [physics.gen-ph].

Classical equations of motion that are first-order in time and conserve energy can only be quantized after their variables have been transformed to canonical ones, i.e., variables in which the energy is the system's Hamiltonian. The source-free version of Maxwell's equations is purely dynamical, first-order in time and has a well-defined nonnegative conserved field energy, but is decidedly noncanonical. That should long ago have made source-free Maxwell equation canonical Hamiltonization a research priority, and afterward, standard textbook fare, but textbooks seem unaware of the issue. The opposite parities of the electric and magnetic fields and consequent curl operations that typify Maxwell's equations are especially at odds with their being canonical fields. Transformation of the magnetic field into the transverse part of the vector potential helps but is not sufficient; further simple nonnegative symmetric integral transforms, which commute with all differential operators, are needed for both fields; such transforms also supplant the curls in the equations of motion. The canonical replacements of the source-free electromagnetic fields remain transverse-vector fields, but are more diffuse than their predecessors, albeit less diffuse than the transverse vector potential. Combined as the real and imaginary parts of a complex field, the canonical fields prove to be the transverse-vector wave function of a time-dependent Schrödinger equation whose Hamiltonian operator is the quantization of the free photon's square-root relativistic energy. Thus proper quantization of the source-free Maxwell equations is identical to second quantization of free photons that have normal square-root energy. There is no physical reason why first and second quantization of any relativistic free particle ought not to proceed in precise parallel, utilizing the square-root Hamiltonian operator. This natural procedure leaves no role for the completely artificial Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, as accords with their grossly unphysical properties.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Reflections on the Future of Particle Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 33 pages

Experimental observations of recent years suggest that developing the theory beyond the Standard Model (SM) may require a careful revision of conceptual foundations of quantum field theory (QFT) and its consistency conditions. As it is known, QFT describes interaction of stable or quasi-stable fields whose evolution is deterministic and time-reversible. By contrast, behavior of strongly coupled fields or nonlinear dynamics of the Terascale sector is prone to become unstable and chaotic. A specific signature of this transient regime is the onset of long-range dynamic correlations in space-time, the emergence of strange attractors in phase space and transition from smooth to fractal topology. In this report we explore the impact of fractal topology on physics unfolding above the electroweak (EW) scale. Arguments are given for perturbative renormalization of field theory on fractal space-time, breaking of discrete symmetries, hierarchical generation of parameters as well as the potential for exotic phases of matter that are ultra-weakly coupled to SM. A surprising implication of this approach is that classical gravity emerges as dual description of field theory on fractal space-time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force Mechanism and the "W" IVB (Intermediate Vector Boson): a Bridge Between Symmetric (2-D) and Asymmetric (4-D) Reality

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 3 pages

The weak force, the "W" particle, and the IVBs generally (Intermediate Vector Bosons), are the connecting link between the symmetric (2-D) and asymmetric (4-D) particle realms, between the "virtual" (atemporal, non-local) realm of particle-antiparticle pairs, and the "real" (temporal, local) realm of material (matter) particles. These realms were both born in the "Big Bang", originating in the primordial interaction (mediated by the weak force) between high-energy light and a very dense, compacted spacetime metric. They were separated by "symmetry-breaking", due to the asymmetric interaction of the weak force with matter vs antimatter, probably via the leptonic decays of electrically neutral "leptoquarks" (see: "The Origin of Matter and Information".)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles: 5.the Electron and Positron Equations (Linear Approach)

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 18 pages.

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mechanism of generation of massive fermions - electron and positron. The presented below theory describes the electron and positron mass production by means of breakdown of massive intermediate boson without the presence of Higgs's boson. It is shown that nonlinearity is critical for the appearance of fermions' currents and masses. Here is considered only the linear form of equations. The analysis of nonlinear forms will be making in the following chapter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Economical Expression of the Muon-, Neutron-, and Proton-Electron Mass Ratios

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 6 pages

It is demonstrated that the proton-, neutron-, and muon-electron mass ratios may be expressed precisely and economically with the aid of two constants that derive from twin approximations of the fine structure constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Koide's Formula Follows from Nonlinear Dynamics of Quantum Fields

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 2 pages

In this brief report we argue that Koide's formula arises from universal attributes of nonlinear dynamics in field theory. Feigenbaum scaling not only provides a natural paradigm for generating particle masses and coupling charges, but also a basis for understanding the family structure of fermions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Running of Electromagnetic and Strong Coupling Constants

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 10 pages

The observed variation of the electromagnetic coupling constant α, seen in high energy e⁺e^- → e⁺e^- collisions, has been explained in terms of work done compressing the energetic electron. A simple monotonic law has been found, which describes how the electron tries to resist compression, without transmutation. Variation of the strong coupling constant α_s has also been analysed in terms of effective work done compressing the gluon field within a proton's component parts.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant and the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 23 pages

The fine structure constant and the quark and lepton mixing angles are shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity x² = x² is "broken" by making the substitution xⁿ → xⁿ - y^p on its left side, and the substitution x &rarr x - z on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation x² - y² = (x - z)². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (x/a)³ + x² = (x/a)³ + x² to produce this second equation (x³ - y³) / a³ + x² - y³ = (x - z)³ / a³ + (x - z)². These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dz/dy, where, on the second equation's left side, this property helps define the special case (x³ - y³)/a³ + x² - y³ = (10³ - 0.1³)/3³ + 10² - 0.1³ = 137.036, an equation which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse. Moreover, on the second equation's right side, this same special case simultaneously produces values for the sines squared of the mixing angles. Specifically, the sines squared of the leptonic angles φ₁₂, φ₂₃, and φ₁₃ appear as 0.3, 0.5, and close to 0, respectively; and the sines squared of the quark mixing angles θ₁₂ and θ₁₃ appear as 0.05, and close to 1/90 000, respectively. Despite closely mirroring so many experimental values, including the precisely-known fine structure constant, the above mathematical model requires no free parameters adjusted to fit experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Symmetrically Reproducing Quark and Lepton Mass, Charge, and Generation

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 4 pages

It is shown that a particle set possessing electric charges, masses, and weak couplings that coincide with those of the quarks and leptons can be produced with the aid of the symmetry of the cuboctahedron. Specifically, it is shown that small powers of 4.1, in combination with the constants 0.1 and 3, are useful in economically reproducing the quark and lepton masses, and that these small powers-and thereby the masses they represent-can be joined automatically with their correct values for charge and generation with the aid of cuboctahedral symmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass of the Higgs Boson Should be Zero

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 3 pages

If the Higgs boson does mediate a vacuum coupling which gives all particles mass, then it should not itself be massive.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elliptic Curves and Hyperdeterminants in Quantum Gravity

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 7 pages. Published in Prespacetime Journal, Vol. 1, Issue 8, pp. 1218-1224 (2010)

Hyperdeterminants are generalizations of determinants from matrices to multi-dimensional hypermatrices. They were discovered in the 19th century by Arthur Cayley but were largely ignored over a period of 100 years before once again being recognised as important in algebraic geometry, physics and number theory. It is shown that a cubic elliptic curve whose Mordell-Weil group contains a Z₂ x Z₂ x Z subgroup can be transformed into the degree four hyperdeterminant on a 2x2x2 hypermatrix comprising its variables and coefficients. Furthermore, a multilinear problem defined on a 2x2x2x2 hypermatrix of coefficients can be reduced to a quartic elliptic curve whose J-invariant is expressed in terms of the hypermatrix and related invariants including the degree 24 hyperdeterminant. These connections between elliptic curves and hyperdeterminants may have applications in other areas including physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles: 4.the Intermediate Bosons and Mass Generation Theory

Authors: Alexander G. Kyriakos
Comments: 13 pages

The purpose of this chapter of nonlinear theory of elementary particles (NTEP) is to describe the mechanism of generation of massive elementary particles. The theory, presented below, indicates the possibility of the particle mass production by means of massive intermediate boson, but without the presence of Higgs's boson. It is shown that nonlinearity is critical for the appearance of particles' masses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Do Experiment and the Correspondence Principle Oblige Revision of Relativistic Quantum Theory?

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 15 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1009.3584 [physics.gen-ph].

Recent preliminary data gathered by the Fermilab MINOS Collaboration suggest with 95% confidence that the mass of the muon neutrino differs from that of its antineutrino partner, which contradicts the entrenched relativistic quantum theory notion that a free antiparticle is a negative-energy free particle compelled to travel backwards in time. Also a discrepancy of about five standard deviations in the value of the proton charge radius recently obtained from muonic hydrogen versus that previously obtained from electronic hydrogen casts doubt on the calculation of the dominant relativistic QED contributions to the effects that are actually measured (e.g., the Lamb shift): these QED contributions dominate proton charge radius contributions less in muonic hydrogen than in electronic hydrogen. The negative-energy "free particles" of entrenched relativistic quantum theory are well-known features of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, which are shown to have many other unphysical features as well. The correspondence principle for relativistic particles is incompatible with these two equations, produces no unphysical features and implies only positive energies for free particles, which eliminates the very basis of the entrenched notion of antiparticles, as well as of the CPT theorem. This principle thus requires antiparticles to arise from charge conjugation (or more generally CP) invariance, whose known breaking is naturally expected to produce mass splitting between particle and antiparticle, in consonance with the preliminary MINOS data. It also requires revamping of relativistic QED, which is in accord with the doubt cast on it by the proton charge radius results, and implies that QED is nonlocal, i.e. has no Hamiltonian density.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

7.0 Gev Dark Matter Candidate Could be the Missing Particle in Planck Framework

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 6 pages, including 3 figures.

In a recent paper, Hooper et al. have shown that the excess of low energy events observed by the CoGeNT collaboration and the annual modulation observed for some years by the DAMA and DAMA/LIBRA collaborations could be explained by a dark matter particle with a mass of approximately 7.0 GeV. Such a dark matter candidate could be the missing particle within a framework that relates particle masses to the Planck Mass. Massive particles occupy coincident levels and sublevels within three sequences that descend in geometric progression, with common ratios 1/π, 2/π and 1/e, from the Planck Mass. The putative fundamental particles are arranged precisely upon or, in partnership, about mass superlevels and their coincidences within sequences with common ratios (1/π)³, (2/π)³ and (1/e)³. Four close superlevel coincidences, of which three are occupied, occur within the range of mass scales from that of the electron to that of the top quark. The fourth and uniquely precise superlevel coincidence occurs at 7.0 GeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Approximations of the Fine Structure Constant Reciprocal

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 2 Pages

A "brute force" computer search was made for the most accurate approximations of the experimental fine structure constant reciprocal in the form (A^a - D^d)/B^b + C^c - E^e, where A, B, C, D, and E were integers ranging from 0 to 30, while the exponents a, b, and c, were integers ranging from 0 to 3, and d and e were integers ranging from 0 to -3. Within these restrictions, and ignoring all trivial variants, a fit better than or equal to 137.036 was achieved only twice, by (10^3 - 10^-3)/3^3 + 10^2 - 10^-3 = 137.036 and (22^3 - 2^-1)/25^2 + 11^2 - 1^-1 = 137.036, where the search employed a fine structure constant inverse equaling its 2006 CODATA value of 137.035999679. The comparative simplicity of the first of these approximations, its symmetrical reuse of the constant 10, and the small size of its integers, together suggest its origin may be physical, and that the integers 10 and 3 may be important physical constants.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Temperature of the Sn1987a Supernova Provides an Estimate of the Electron Neutrino Mass

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 13 pages

Numerous upper bounds on the (anti)neutrino rest mass have been published based on the SN1987A observations. Here, we use a nonkinematic (thermal) time extent to provide a rest-mass estimate of a few eV (as mc2 energy), if not zero. In the solution, we find that a typical upper-bound formula for the mass implies that this thermal extent was attributable to about 10% of the particle energy measured on Earth. The present approach yields an expected value for the mass, given any theoretical or model-dependent estimate of the fraction of the detected neutrino energy attributable to the supernova temperature. This is a reposting of an old paper which describes an analysis protocol which can be applied for any supernova for which a population of neutrinos is observed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 3. the Mass Origin Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 30 Pages.

Two hypotheses of the mass origin are examined: 1) the theory of mass, developed within the framework of electron theory, and 2) Higgs's mechanism of the mass generation of Standard Model. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are shown. The connections between these two approaches and nonlinear theory of elementary particles are also noted.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of the Proton

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 27 Pages.

AA geometrical/mechanical model of the proton is developed which satisfies general empirical features. A Yukawa / Paris-type potential due to a mesonic field is incorporated into Einstein's equations of general relativity to predict a hadronic force constant, stronger than the fine structure constant by (137/√3) times Proton mass is expressed in terms of muonic mass building-blocks. Analysis of the magnetic moment allows substructure modelling, incorporating 2 grades of triplets. Creation of these component parts is described in terms of action-integrals. The gluon field energy holding the triplets together is related to total energy. Uniqueness of electromagnetic charge is attributed to a governing action principle. Finally, a neutron model has been proposed, consisting of a proton core orbited by a heavy-electron.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of the Muon

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 17 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of the muon has been developed based on a previous detailed model of the electron and the fine structure constant. The anomalous magnetic moment and lifetime have been calculated in terms of muon component parts. Known features of the tauon have also been related to the muon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of Charmonium

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 7 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their gluon and colour fields contained within a torus structure of characteristic radius.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Symmetrically Reproducing Quark and Lepton Mass and Charge

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that a particle set possessing electric charges and masses that coincide with those of the quarks and leptons can be produced with the aid of the symmetry of the cuboctahedron. Specifically, it is shown that small powers of 4.1 are useful in economically reproducing the quark and lepton masses, and that these powers - and thereby the masses they represent - can be joined automatically with their correct values for electric charge with the aid of cuboctahedral symmetry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Determination of Proton and Neutron Radii

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 2 Pages.

In note we calculate Proton and Neutron radii
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of the Electron

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 47 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of the electron has been developed based on the measured fine structure constant, anomalous magnetic moment, and a solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity applied to electromagnetism. Properties such as charge, mass and spin have been explained from a classical viewpoint, and then α and μ calculated in agreement with experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 15 pages

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3×3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic ϕ₂₃ be maximal, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from the solution to a simple equation, where this solution also accurately reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which is entirely free from parameters adjusted to fit the mixing data, possesses the following angles θ₂₃ = 2.367442^◦, θ₁₃ = 0.190986^◦, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^◦, ϕ₂₃ = maximal, ϕ₁₃ = 0.013665^◦, and ϕ₁₂ = 33.210911^◦, which fit the experimental quark and lepton mixing angles. At the time of its introduction in 2007, this model had a 7.0σ disagreement with the value for |V_ub|, whereas a revised value for |V_ub| from the same source now yields a disagreement of just 1.6σ.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Promise We Make to the Dead: a Comment on Arxiv:1006.2312

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 Pages.

The authors of Arxiv:1006.2312 study the effect of mentors on their protégés. The study is quantitative, resting its conclusions on measurable outcomes, such as professorships, publications, etc. But what about the mentor who is a paradigm shifter? The paradigm shifter maybe has one protégé, if that. The paradigm shifter does not get published in the mainstream publications, nor does his or her protégé. But the paradigm shifter and his or her protégé cause revolutions, which are what determine directions and the future course of physics. How do we find those mentors and their protégés? Shouldn't that relationship be one we foster and encourage rather than stifle?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 2. the Photon Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the proposed article the photon theory is examined from the point of view of the nonlinear theory of elementary particles ( http://vixra.org/abs/1005.0019 ).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fractal Operators in Non-Equilibrium Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 19 pages, This contribution represents a sequel to CSF 28, (2006), 913-922.

Relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) describes fundamental interactions between elementary particles occurring in an energy range up to several hundreds GeV. Extending QFT beyond this range needs to account for the imbalance produced by unsuppressed quantum fluctuations and for the emergence of non-equilibrium phase transitions. Our underlying premise is that fractal operators become mandatory tools when exploring evolution from low-energy physics to the non-equilibrium regime of QFT. Canonical quantization using fractal operators leads to the concept of "complexon", a fractional extension of quantum excitations and a likely candidate for non-baryonic Dark Matter. A discussion on the duality between this new field-theoretic framework and General Relativity is included.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 13 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.2641 [physics.gen-ph].

Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tetron Model Building

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure

Spin models are considered on a discretized inner symmetry space with tetrahedral symmetry as possible dynamical schemes for the tetron model. Parity violation, which corresponds to a change of sign for odd permutations, is shown to dictate the form of the Hamiltonian. It is further argued that such spin models can be obtained from more fundamental principles by considering a (7+1)-dimensional spacetime with octonion multiplication.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 1. Choice of Axiomatics and Mathematical Apparatus of Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the previous paper (http://vixra.org/abs/1003.0169), which can be considered as an introduction to the nonlinear theory, we have shown that the Standard Model (S?) is not an axiomatic, but an algorithmic theory. In the proposed article the simplest (minimum) axiomatics is examined from the point of view of the possible forms of its mathematical representation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Meaning of the Singularity: 1. a Single Particle Universe

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 6 pages.

We examine the basic term 'particle'. We start by exploring a universe that contains a single particle. In such a universe there is no meaning for motion, energy, space and time. Only for a two particles universe the physical quantities can be measured. However, the determination of the physical quantities implies that the particles are not separated from each other! We thus propose that all particles are interconnected. This novel perception naturally explains the two well known paradoxes: the twin-electrons experiment and Schrödinger's cat. In fact, we argue that the twinelectrons experiment is an actual proof for global non-detachment. We state that it cannot be shown that a particle is elementary. If one is divided by two numerous times, zero is never reached. There must be a jump into zero - the singularity. The sought Higgs particle is simply the singularity itself, which cannot be found, having no properties.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Signs of Supersymmetry

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 10 pages

Particles resulting from the breaking of symmetries are arranged symmetrically about mass levels that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass within three sequences, of common ratio 1/π, 2/π and 1/e. Particles arranged in this way include the weak gauge bosons W^± and Z⁰, the quark weak isospin doublets u-d, s-c and b-t, and all hadronic isospin doublets. Many pairs of hadrons with some common quark content also form symmetric partnerships. Often, the mass difference characterising a partnership is precisely equal to the mass of a level. The spin-0 partners of the quarks and charged leptons are identified. The mass sequences may derive from the geometry of compact extra spaces of Planck scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Bifurcations and Pattern Formation in Particle Physics: a Model Study

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 pages, This contribution is a sequel to EPL, 82 (2008), 11001. Its content has been updated and expanded with research findings from 2008 up to the present.

Quantum field theories, regardless of their content, lead to a finite or infinite number of coupled nonlinear field equations. In general, solving these equations in analytic form or managing them through lattice-based computations has been met with limited success. We argue that the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems offers a fresh approach to this challenge. Working from the universal route to chaos in coupled systems of differential equations, we find that: a) particles acquire mass as plane wave solutions of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE), without any reference to the hypothetical Higgs scalar; b) the U(1) x SU(2) and SU(3) gauge groups, as well as leptons and quarks, are sequentially generated
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Root Cause of Some Anomalies in Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 pages, This contribution is a sequel to a paper published in Hadronic Journal, Vol. 31(6), p.179, 2008.

Despite its remarkable predictive power, the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) leaves out many open questions. Two representative examples are the issue of CP violation and the anomalous magnetic moment of leptons (AMM). Our work develops from the premise that the postulate of unitary evolution no longer holds near or above the scale of electroweak interaction or near the "new physics" sector of SM. Results suggest that CP violation in kaon physics and the AMM problem are manifestations of nonequilibrium dynamics. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nom Associative SU(3)_L X U(1)_N Gauge Model and Predictions

Authors: N. Mebarki, M. Boussahel
Comments: 38 pages

A classical gauge model based on the Lie group SU(3)_L X U(1)_N with exotic quarks is reformulated within the formalism of non-associative geometry associated to an L-cycle. The N charges of the fermionic particles and the related parameters constraints are uniquely determinedalgebraic consequences. Moreover, the number of scalar particles are dictated by the non-associativity of the geometry. As a byproduct of this formalism, the scalar, charged and neutral gauge bosons masses as well as the mixing angles are derived. Furthermore, various expressions of the vector and axial couplings of the quarks and leptons with the neutral gauge bosons and lower bounds of the very heavy gauge bosons are also obtained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson/Quantum Gravity/Cosmological Constant Connections

Authors: James R. Bogan
Comments: 7 pages

We suggest discovery targets for the Higgs boson and a Tev mass scale for quantum gravity, in terms of the cosmological constant, and ultimately, the electron.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Brief Note on "Un-Particle" Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 1 page, Published in "Progress in Physics" vol. 3 (2008).

The possibility of a hidden sector of particle physics that lies beyond the energy range of the Standard Model has been recently advocated by many authors. A bizarre implication of this conjecture is the emergence of a continuous spectrum of massless fields with non-integral scaling dimensions called "un-particles". The purpose of this Letter is to show that the idea of "un-particles" was considered in at least two previous independent publications, prior to its first claimed disclosure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Comparison of the Algorithmic and Axiomatic Approaches to the Construction of Quantum Field Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 12 Pages.

Two possibilities of the quantum theory construction, indicated by Feynman, are examined. The special features of the structure of the Standard Model (SM) are enumerated, which attest to the fact that SM is not an axiomatic, but an algorithmic theory. Deficiencies of SM and possibilities of overcoming these deficiencies are indicated. The structure of the nonlinear quantum field theory (NQFT) as an axiomatic theory, which makes it possible to overcome deficiencies in the Standard Model, is presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 22 pages, This submission is preliminary. References and additional corrections will be included in the final submission.

Understanding the origin of certain symmetry breaking scenarios in high-energy physics remains an open challenge. Here we argue that, at least in some cases, symmetry violation is an effect of non-equilibrium dynamics that is likely to develop somewhere above the energy scale of electroweak interaction. We also find that, imposing Poincare symmetry in non-equilibrium field theory, leads to fractalization of the underlying space-time continuum.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Seiberg-Witten Fields Maps Through Weyl Symmetrization and the Pure Geometric Extension of the Standard Model

Authors: N. Mebarki, F. Khelili, O. Benabbes
Comments: 20 pages, Published in EJTP No22 (2009)5-28

A unified description of a symmetrized and anti-symmetrized Moyal star product of the non-commutative infinitesimal gauge transformations is presented and the corresponding Seiberg-Witten maps are derived. Moreover, the noncommutative covariant derivative, field strenght tensor as well as gauge transformations are shown to be consistently constructed not on the enveloping but on the Lie and/or Poisson algebra. As an application, a pure geometric extension of the standard model is shown explicitly.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nonlinear Dynamics, Field Theory and Collider Phenomenology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 pages, This paper is a condensed version of an article published in a nonlinear dynamics journal in 2009

Both theory and experiment strongly suggest that new phenomena await discovery above the energy range of the standard model for particle physics (SM). We argue that a correct description of physics in the Terascale sector needs to account for the unquenched randomness induced by short-distance fluctuations. The existence of unparticles, alleged to emerge at the next-generation colliders, is motivated by a dynamic setting that is far-of-equilibrium and able to sustain a rich spectrum of complex phenomena.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complex Dynamics and the High-Energy Regime of Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 pages, This paper was published in IJNSNS 6(3), pp. 223-234, 2005

The standard model embodies our current knowledge of elementary particle physics and represents a well-tested framework for the study of non-gravitational phenomena at low energies. It is built on the foundations of relativistic quantum field theory (QFT), which provides the correct description of electroweak and strong interactions involving leptons and quarks. It is generally believed that, extending the validity of QFT to energies on or beyond the TeV range must include the unavoidable signature of vacuum fluctuations and strong-field gravity. We argue that an effective approach to the high-energy regime of QFT demands the tools of complex dynamics and fractal operators. The unexpected consequences of using fractal operators to model complexity beyond the current range of QFT are outlined and discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On PT-Symmetric Periodic Potential, Quark Confinement, and Other Impossible Pursuits

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

As we know, it has been quite common nowadays for particle physicists to think of six impossible things before breakfast, just like what their cosmology fellows used to do. In the present paper, we discuss a number of those impossible things, including PT-symmetric periodic potential, its link with condensed matter nuclear science, and possible neat link with Quark confinement theory. In recent years, the PT-symmetry and its related periodic potential have gained considerable interests among physicists. We begin with a review of some results from a preceding paper discussing derivation of PT-symmetric periodic potential from biquaternion Klein-Gordon equation and proceed further with the remaining issues. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Thirty Unsolved Problems in the Physics of Elementary Particles

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

Unlike what some physicists and graduate students used to think, that physics science has come to the point that the only improvement needed is merely like adding more numbers in decimal place for the masses of elementary particles or gravitational constant, there is a number of unsolved problems in this field that may require that the whole theory shall be reassessed. In the present article we discuss thirty of those unsolved problems and their likely implications. In the first section we will discuss some well-known problems in cosmology and particle physics, and then other unsolved problems will be discussed in next section.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Verifying Unmatter by Experiments, More Types of Unmatter, and a Quantum Chromodynamics Formula

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

As shown, experiments registered unmatter: a new kind of matter whose atoms include both nucleons and anti-nucleons, while their life span was very short, no more than 10^-20sec. Stable states of unmatter can be built on quarks and anti-quarks: applying the unmatter principle here it is obtained a quantum chromodynamics formula that gives many combinations of unmatter built on quarks and anti-quarks.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Some New Ideas in Hadron Physics

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 3 pages

We shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons and nuclear matter. Despite being vastly different in scope and content, these models share a common attribute, in that they offer unconventional viewpoints on infrared QCD and nuclear phenomena. In a sense, they are reminiscent of the plethora of formulations that have been developed over the years on classical gravitation: many seemingly disparate approaches can be effectively used to describe and explore the same physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Some Novel Ideas in Hadron Physics. Part II

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

As a continuation of the preceding section, we shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons. In the present paper, emphasis is given on some different approaches to the hadron physics, which may be called as "programs" in the sense of Lakatos. For clarity, we only discuss geometrization program, symmetries/unification program, and phenomenology of inter-quark potential program.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Preon Model from Manasson's Theory

Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 9 pages.

V. Manasson has applied dissipative chaos theory to particle physics, deriving a simple relation between the fine structure constant and Feigenbaum delta constant. It is presented a preon model based on Manasson's theory. The model is intended as a naive toy one, as it makes use of unjustified assumptions, as e.g. the possibility of the existence of neither fermionic nor bosonic particles in 3+1 spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving the Fermion Flavor Problem Using Renormalization Group Flow

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 pages. This is a sequel to a paper published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1845-1850.

A long-standing puzzle of the current Standard Model for particle physics is that both leptons and quarks arise in replicated patterns. Our work suggests that the number of fermion flavors may be directly derived from the dynamics of Renormalization Group (RG) equations. Specifically, we argue that the number of flavors results from demanding stability of the RG flow about its fixed-point solution.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Scalar-Energy Field that Predicts the Mass of the Electron-Neutrino

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 pages.

Using Wolff's model of spherical-wave centers, a scalar energy field is derived between rest-energy of a particle and potential energy of a hypothetical space fabric. The simple formula of mc² = .5kx² that results reveals a different elasticity constant k for each particle, and based on the knowledge of electro-weak unification which requires the constants k for the electron and neutrino to be the same, a mass for the electron-neutrino is predicted to be 0.065 eV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Universal Transition to Chaos and the Family Structure of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 pages

The standard model for high-energy physics (SM) describes fundamental interactions between subatomic particles down to a distance scale on the order of 10^-18 m. Despite its widespread acceptance, SM operates with a large number of arbitrary parameters whose physical origin is presently unknown. Our work suggests that the generation structure of at least some SM parameters stems from the chaotic regime of renormalization group flow. Invoking the universal route to chaos in systems of nonlinear differential equations, we argue that the hierarchical pattern of parameters amounts to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant. Leading order predictions are shown to agree reasonably well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Mass of a Photon

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

In the article is shown, as the photons will be formed and the physical sense of a ratio between mass and energy is uncovered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Understanding the Cause of Electric Charge in Electrons and Quarks

Authors: Colin James
Comments: 7 pages

I suggest that the electron is an electron neutrino with a unique frequency ( ~ 2.47 x 10²⁰s^-1). The unique frequency is identified by the vacuum s virtual photons and the electron is contained by elastic collisions in an approximately circular orbit (hence the diffuse nature of the electron). The containment redistributes the vacuum energy by redirecting one handedness of virtual photons outwards. The loss of homogeneity in the vacuum is counteracted by an inflow of oppositely handed virtual photons. The outward and inward flows account for electric charge. The electron s spin (h/4π) is the spin of its orbit relative to a moving observer. The diameter of the free electron s containment orbit equals the reduced Compton wavelength and its circumference is half the Compton wavelength. A similar structure within hadrons shows the 2:1 charge ratio for quarks. A search for intermittent e^2-, e^3- and e²⁺, e³⁺ with masses /2m_e, /3m_e may provide support for the theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Short-Range or "Particle" Forces

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The strong force is responsible for the binding of compound atomic nuclei and the binding of quarks in the class of heavy composite particles, the hadrons. Hadrons consist of baryons (containing 3 quarks) and mesons (containing quark-antiquark pairs). The weak force is responsible for the creation, destruction, and transformation of single, unpaired elementary particles (quarks and leptons). Both forces are to be understood in terms of energy, charge, and especially symmetry conservation. The strong force conserves whole quantum units of charge and achieves "least bound energy" nuclear configurations; the weak force ensures the invariance of all conserved parameters in elementary particles during the creation, destruction, or transformation of single, unpaired particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Multiverse": Non-dimensional "vacuum" source of undefined symmetric energy and creative potential - produces our 4-D universe as a quantum fluctuation of no net energy or charge, conserving energy, with "life-friendly" physical constants ("Anthropic Principle"). Balanced pos-neg (gravitational) energy and matter-antimatter charge symmetry. (Cosmos, Multiverse united). "Big Bang": Cosmos evolves from "Multiverse".
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Particle Table

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

A table of elementary particles, including the weak force Intermediate Vector Bosons and Higgs particles is presented and discussed. The field vectors (force carriers) are discussed and examples of several types of particle decay are given. A list of technical terms is appended.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fractional Dynamics and the Standard Model for Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1397-1404. Also published in "Hadron Models and New Energy Issues" InfoLearn Quest (2007), ISBN 978-1-59973-042-4.

Fractional dynamics is an attractive framework for understanding the complex phenomena that are likely to emerge beyond the energy range of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM). using fractional dynamics and complex-scalar field theory as a baseline, our work explores how physics on the high-energy scale may help solve some of the open questions surrounding SM. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" (apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs), and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks; leptoquarks; primordial leptons) were originally created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation class. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Origin of Matter and Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The creation of matter during the "Big Bang" is apparently due to the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, in which the antileptoquarks decay at a slightly faster rate than the leptoquarks. The leptoquarks in these decays (which are electrically neutral due to the fractionally charged quarks) are also colorless (in the limit of "asymptotic freedom"), due to the great compressive force exerted by the "X" IVB. A leptoquark antineutrino is also produced in this decay, balancing the baryon number charge of the eventual proton. This neutrino is a "dark matter" candidate. The interaction is the initiating example of a general class of reactions between symmetric primary energy fields and asymmetric secondary or "alternative" information fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics and Physics of the Terascale Sector

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 pages, This paper is a sequel to "Non-unitary evolution in particle physics – a brief overview", Hadronics Mechanics Journal, 31(3), (2008), 571.

Unitarity and locality are fundamental postulates of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). By construction, QFT is a replica of equilibrium thermodynamics, where evolution settles down to a steady state after all transients have vanished. Events unfolding in the TeV sector of particle physics are prone to slide outside equilibrium under the combined action of new fields and unsuppressed quantum corrections. In this region, the likely occurrence of critical behavior and the approach to scale invariance blur the distinction between "locality" and "non-locality". We argue that a correct description of this far from equilibrium setting cannot be done outside nonlinear dynamics and complexity theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The "W" Intermediate Vector Boson and the Weak Force Mechanism

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Elementary particles created today must be the same in every respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang". The conservation requirement of elementary particle invariance constrains the mechanism of weak force particle creation and transformation. Weak force transformations recreate primordial symmetric energy states of the "Big Bang" force-unification eras (in the case of the "W", the electroweak force unification era) to accomplish the invariant creation and transformation of "singlet" elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Partners of the Su(3) Hadrons

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 18 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The hadrons of the SU(3) J^P= 0^-, ½⁺ and 1^- multiplets are shown to have partners of the same spin or of spin difference ½. Partnerships occur between hadrons with some quark content in common, there being no distinction between quarks and antiquarks. The partnerships are centred upon particle mass levels that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass. The mass differences characterising partnerships are equal to the masses of levels. Isospin doublets behave as single particles, represented by the geometric mean of the hadron masses. The K-meson isospin doublets and the electron are arranged as partnerships, as are the π⁺ and π^- isospin triplet states and the muon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Derivation of Gauge Boson Masses from the Dynamics of Levy Flows

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 pages, Published in Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 8:4 (2005), 366-372.

Gauge bosons are fundamental fields that mediate the electroweak interaction of leptons and quarks. The underlying mechanism explaining how gauge bosons acquire mass is neither definitively settled nor universally accepted and several competing theories coexist. The prevailing paradigm is that boson masses arise as a result of coupling to a hypothetical scalar field called the Higgs boson. Within the current range of accelerator technology, compelling evidence for the Higgs boson is missing. We discuss in this paper a derivation of boson masses that bypasses the Higgs mechanism and is formulated on the basis of complexity theory. The key premise of our work is that the dynamics of the gauge field may be described as a stochastic process caused by the short range of electroweak interaction. It is found that, if this process is driven by Levy statistics, mass generation in the electroweak sector can be naturally accounted for. Theoretical predictions are shown to agree well with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chaotic Dynamics of the Renormalization Group Flow and Standard Model Parameters

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 pages, Published in Intl. Journal for Nonlinear Science 3 (2007), 170-180

Bringing closure to the host of open questions posed by the current Standard Model for particle physics (SM) continues to be a major challenge for theoretical physics community. Motivated by recent advances in the study of complex systems, our work suggests that the pattern of particle masses and gauge couplings emerges from the critical dynamics of renormalization group equations. Using the ε-expansion method along with the universal path to chaos in unimodal maps, we find that the observed hierarchies of SM parameters amount to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): a General Systems Perspective (Part i)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 17 pages

There is a very good reason why the field vectors of the weak force involve the hugely massive Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs) and the associated Higgs boson (while the field vectors of the other forces, the photon, gluon, and graviton, are simple massless energy forms): the weak force is the only force that creates and/or transforms "singlet" elementary particles (single particles without antimatter partners). Single particles cannot be directly produced from the vacuum "zoo" of virtual (and symmetric) particle-antiparticle pairs, as in the case of electromagnetic or strong force particle-pair production (in collisions, for example). Hence some other mechanism for producing the original conserved parameters of elementary particles must be employed. Single elementary particles created today must be the same in all respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang", and the massive and elaborate mechanism of the weak force is the only way to accomplish this imperative of energy and symmetry conservation - the invariance of the mass and charge of all elementary particles, wherever and whenever they may be created. It is also for this reason that the whole mechanism is quantized in terms of invariant Higgs boson and IVB mass. The large mass of the Higgs and IVBs actually recreates the energy-density of the primordial environment in which the elementary particles whose transformations they now mediate were originally created. A weak force transformation is in effect a mimi- "Big Bang" which reproduces the conditions of the macro- "Big Bang" so that the elementary particles produced by each are the same in every respect. This is the only way such a replication could be accomplished after eons of entropic evolution by the Cosmos. The role of the Higgs is to select the appropriate unified force symmetric energy-density state (usually the electroweak force unification energy-density level) for the transformation at hand; the IVBs associated with that particular symmetric energy state (the "W" family of IVBs in the electroweak case) then perform the transformation. The Higgs is the mass scalar of the process, the IVBs are the actual transformation mechanism. (See: "The 'W' IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism".) Within a particular unified force symmetric energy state, transformations appropriate to that state are but the natural course of events. At the electroweak level, all quark "flavors" are equivalent (and hence readily swapped or transformed), and all lepton flavors are likewise equivalent, but the quark and lepton families do not intermingle. At the next higher "G.U.T." energy level, quark and lepton families also exchange flavors. In addition to our electromagnetic "ground state", there may be three higher unified force energy-density levels - the electroweak, the "G.U.T." and the "T.O.E.", each with its own Higgs boson and IVB "family". (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".) Perhaps a more familiar analogy from the hierarchy of biological classification will be helpful (species/genus/family/order). At the ground state electromagnetic level we find completely separate and stable elementary particle species. At the electroweak level we find the several quark species joined together in their own genus (quarks), and likewise the several electron and neutrino species joined together in another genus (the leptons). At this electroweak energy level, transformations may occur within genera but not between genera. At the G.U.T. level we find the quark and lepton genera joined together in a family (the fermions), and the field vectors (except gravity) joined together in another family (the bosons). Now transformations may occur within the family level but not between families (creating leptoquarks but not yet bound energy itself). At the final level of force unity, the T.O.E. level, we find the fermion and boson families (plus gravity) joined into an order (free and bound electromagnetic energy) in which transformations between all types of particles are allowed, creating primordial forms of bound electromagnetic energy (primordial leptonic elementary particles split into three components - Gamow's "Ylem").
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chaos in Quantum Chromodynamics and the Hadron Spectrum

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 pages, To be published in the Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics.

We present analytic evidence that the distribution of hadron masses follows from the universal transition to chaos in non-equilibrium field theory. It is shown that meson and baryon spectra obey a scaling hierarchy with critical exponents ordered in natural progression. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complex Dynamics and the Terascale Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 pages, To be published in Nonlinear Science Letters A.

In this report we argue that complex dynamics has the potential of becoming a key tool for the ?new physics? sector of particle theory. The report includes a list of candidate signals for "new physics" that were recently recorded above the scale of electroweak interaction. Some of the pioneering efforts directed towards application of complex dynamics in high-energy physics are briefly surveyed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 25 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Inductive implications of characteristics established from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using a cross disciplinary methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and certain astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The dynamic conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design tasks, with links to Goethe - Zwicky morphology. Analysis of the likely effect of current data on previous historic pathways to current physics was made and alternative models evaluated. A model arose which matched a full observational profile, removed paradox and explained anomalies. It uses only existing maths and dimensions, is logical, intuitive and testable. An insight into the quantum phase shift mechanism gives a new perspective on SR and QFT, and allows unification. Consequences are identified allowing progress in related research areas including quantum gravity. Future papers on these areas are proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Coupling Constants, Geometric Probability and Complex Domains

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol. 2 April (2006) 46-53

By recurring to Geometric Probability methods it is shown that the coupling constants, α_EM, α_W, α_C, associated with the electromagnetic, weak and strong (color) force are given by the ratios of measures of the sphere S² and the Shilov boundaries Q₃ = S² x RP¹, squashed S⁵, respectively, with respect to the Wyler measure Ω_Wyler[Q₄] of the Shilov boundary Q₄ = S³ x RP¹ of the poly-disc D₄ (8 real dimensions). The latter measure Ω_Wyler[Q₄] is linked to the geometric coupling strength α_G associated to the gravitational force. In the conclusion we discuss briefly other approaches to the determination of the physical constants, in particular, a program based on the Mersenne primes p-adic hierarchy. The most important conclusion of this work is the role played by higher dimensions in the determination of the coupling constants from pure geometry and topology alone and which does not require to invoke the anthropic principle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Charge-Mass-Spin Relation of Clifford Polyparticles, Kerr-Newman Black Holes and the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 21 pages, This article appeared in Foundations of Physics vol 34, no. 7 ( 2004 ) 107.

A Clifford-algebraic interpretation is proposed of the charge, mass, spin relationship found recently by Cooperstock and Faraoini which was based on the Kerr-Newman metric solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations. The components of the polymomentum associated with a Clifford polyparticle in four dimensions provide for such a charge, mass, spin relationship without the problems encountered in Kaluza-Klein compactifications which furnish an unphysically large value for the electron charge. A physical reasoning behind such charge, mass, spin relationship is provided, followed by a discussion on the geometrical derivation of the fine structure constant by Wyler, Smith, Gonzalez-Martin and Smilga. To finalize, the renormalization of electric charge is discussed and some remarks are made pertaining the modifications of the charge-scale relationship, when the spin of the polyparticle changes with scale, that may cast some light into the alleged Astrophysical variations of the fine structure constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Particle Mass Levels

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 10 pages

Particles occupy mass levels and sublevels within two sequences that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass. The common ratios of the sequences are r₁=1/π and r₂=2/π. Sublevels are arranged in subsequences of common ratio r^1/p, where p is a power of 2. Concise graphical evidence is provided for the sequences. Atomic nuclei with 2≤A≤10, α-particle nuclei with A≤20, all nuclei of double magic number, many ground state hadrons, the weak gauge bosons and the charged leptons are shown to occupy mass levels and sublevels characterised by small p. The mass levels and sublevels constitute a framework upon which broken symmetries are displayed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Creates Particles, the Particles Creates Fields, and the Fields Creates Interplay

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages

Energy creates particles, the particles creates fields, and the fields creates interplay
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unified Theory's New Principle of Null Action

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 6 pages

Quantum Theory's Uncertainty Principle violates conservation of energy & momentum and invokes matter's unrealistic creation from, and dissolution into, nothing. In Unified Theory action is an evolute of sharmon with Planck constant h as its quantum. The inviolable conservations of energy and momentum ordain conservation of action, invalidation of the Uncertainty Principle and introduction of the new Principle of Null Action. It has universal applications and is conceptually superior to the old Hamilton's Principle of Least Action as the latter unrealistically associates turnover of action NOT with variations in but with constant energy & momentum. In Nature, the path chosen by an isolated closed system during a real physical change through a succession of intermediate states from the initial equilibrium state 'a' to the final equilibrium state 'b' is such that the summation or integration of action covering all variations of energy or momentum is zero or null. Hence the name: "Principle of Null Action". The new principle has successfully derived the generally accepted equations for the following: Schwinger's Quantum Dynamical Principle, Klein-Gorden Field Equations, Schrodinger Wave Equation, Special and General Relativity, Euler's Equations, Lagrange's Equations, Maxwell Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation, Newton's laws of motion, Thermodynamic Equation of State, Discharge of Capacitance through Inductance & Resistance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unified Theory's Elements, Basic Substance & Absolute Reference Frame

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 8 pages

An element composes other particles but it itself is non-composite. The basic substance composes all and it itself is composed by the basic element(s). The Modern Standard Model with Supersymmetry has over 200 basic particles but none of them satisfies the definition of 'element'. Inter-conversions of various forms of energies and/or with mass and the equation E=mc² compellingly needs a 'basic substance' composing all forms of E & m, otherwise E & m could not interconvert. Real Sharmon Medium propagating light as wave-quantum UNITY at constant velocity invariant to source-observer motion is the 'absolute reference frame' and all-composing and all-pervading 'basic substance' composed by the new particle 'sharmon', which comprises a positive positrino & a negative negatrino, the two basic elements named cosminos. They compose all forms of energy & mass, material particles and energy-quanta in the Cosmos. Their electric charge is ± 1.37x 10^-30 esu; mass 2.596x10^-48 gm & spin ½. Sharmon's mass is 5.192x10-48 gm, spin 0 & 1. As a kinetic gas, the sharmon medium is irremovable by any means since the ~10^-33 cm Sharmon can pass thru interatomic spaces and between orbital electrons. Its number density is ~10¹⁵ sharmons per cm³, mass density 0.519x10^-33 gm.cm^-3. Its inter-sharmon distance of ~ 10,sup>-5 cm compares with Mean Free Path for real gasses e.g. 1.12x 10^-5 cm for Hydrogen. An element is singly charged since multiple charges imply that many constituents. Cosmino's single unified charge manifests as mass & electric charge via the mediation of gravitational and electromagnetic fields/forces, which also unify into a single gravitoelectromagnetic field/force. No particle is massless or sizeless point; neutrinos have mass, size & electric charge. Cosmino compositions of quarks, leptons, neutrinos and photon are worked out.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 788 pages

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy.

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p ≅ 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p ≅ 2^k- and 2-fractality.
2. In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large.

Composition-Structure of Electron, Proton & Neutron

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 8 pages

An element is non-composite but composes other particles. The elementary quarks & leptons of the Modern Standard Model are found to be compressible and assembleable, hence having composition. These in Unified Theory are composed by two elementary cosminos, positrino & negatrino. The cosmino-sharmon composition-structures of electron, proton and neutron presented for the first time are defined by Form Factors and concentric regions. It is shown that no ½-spin Fermion can be neutral. Electric Dipole Moment of neutron calculated from Unified Theory agrees with observations. An almost neutral neutron emits electron, never positron, because its outer region is negative. Hofstadter's positive outer region in neutron is inconsistent with negatron decay. Effect of superimposed magnetic field on neutron's negatron decay is explained without Electroweak Theory's weak charge and W^± & Z⁰ particles. A new Hook's law mediated short-range nuclear force is suggested.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 33 pages.

The theory of elementary particles permitting to explain their constitution, sizes, bond energy, possible channels of decay, spectrum of weights and other properties is offered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

About "Elementary" Particles

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 41 pages

In the article the general approach to the theory of fundamental particles is described
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

What Wolfgang Pauli Did Mean?

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

An attempt of interpretation and application in modern physics "recipe" of Pauli: "Division and reduction of symmetry this then is the kernel of the brut!"
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Maximum Number 12 on the Spectrum of Mass of Elementary Particles

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 2 pages

Some logarithmic transformations of values of mass of elementary particles (one way or another) uncover enigmatic limiting number N=12.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Field Equations for Localized Individual Photons and Relativistic Field Equations for Localized Moving Massive Particles

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 21 pages

Calculation of the energy of localized electromagnetic particles by integration of energy fields mathematically deemed spherically isotropic and whose density is radialy decreasing from a lower limit of λα/2π to an infinite upper limit (∞), allowing the definition of discrete local electromagnetic fields coherent with permanently localized moving particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Phenomenon of 18 Degrees for Pseudoscalar Mesons

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

If trigonometric tangent covered interval (0 to 1 to infinity) I try count the proton mass as imaginative unit of the Universe? Then reveal where to go other particles. Result-interesting phenomenon 18 degrees for pseudoscalar mesons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 11 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl (16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything."
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Physics of E8 and Cl(16) = Cl(8) (X) Cl(8)

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 473 pages, web book

A physics model based on E8 constructed from the Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford algebra is described including: History of the Concepts; Technical Introduction; Description of the Structure of the Model; Summary of Calculations of Force Strengths, Particle Masses, Kobayahi- Maskaw Parameters, and the ratio Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter; Details of Calculations and of Structures of the Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

U(1) Axial as a Force Between Neturinos

Authors: Barry D. O. Adams
Comments: 51 pages

We show that when left and right handed neutrinos a have majorana mass matrix, local guage invariance produces a fifth force acting between chiral charges on neutrinos and quarks. The force is a carried by a massless (or low mass) 1-spin guage boson, we call an axiphoton. The force is caused by a U(1) axial guage symmetry in the way as the electromagnetic force. We expect from renormalisation that the force constant, α_a is about 1/60 of the electromagnetic force constant α. We show that this force can explain dark energy. Our model predicts decaying right handed neutrinos in the eV-MeV range, and explain the heating of the solar corona. Finally we show that the Tajmar experiment detecting a force due to a rotating superconductor, may be detection of our force.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Koide Mass Equations for Hadrons

Authors: C. A. Brannen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Koide's mass formula relates the masses of the charged leptons. It is related to the discrete Fourier transform. We analyze bound states of colored particles and show that they come in triplets also related by the discrete Fourier transform. Mutually unbiased bases are used in quantum information theory to generalize the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to finite Hilbert spaces. The simplest complete set of mutually unbiased bases is that of 2 dimensional Hilbert space. This set is compactly described using the Pauli SU(2) spin matrices. We propose that the six mutually unbiased basis states be used to represent the six color states R, G, B, R-bar, G-bar, and B-bar. Interactions between the colors are defined by the transition amplitudes between the corresponding Pauli spin states. We solve this model and show that we obtain two different results depending on the Berry-Pancharatnam (topological) phase that, in turn, depends on whether the states involved are singlets or doublets under SU(2). A postdiction of the lepton masses is not convincing, so we apply the same method to hadron excitations and find that their discrete Fourier transforms follow similar mass relations. We give 39 mass fits for 137 hadrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Evidence for Colored Leptons

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The recent discovery of CDF anomaly suggest the existence of a new long-lived particle which means a dramatic deviation from standard model. This article summarizes the quantum model of CDF anomaly. The anomaly is interpreted in terms of production of τ-pions which can be regarded as pion like bound states of color octet excitations of τ-leptons and corresponding neutrinos. Colored leptons are one of the basic predictions of TGD distinguishing it from standard model and for 18 years ago were applied to explain the anomalous production of electron-positron pairs in heavy ion collisions near Coulomb wall. First it is shown that the model explains the basic characteristics of the anomaly. Then various alternatives generalizing the earlier model for electro-pion production are discussed and a general formula for differential cross section is deduced. Three alternatives inspired by eikonal approximation generalizing the earlier model inspired by Born approximation to a perturbation series in the Coulomb interaction potential of the colliding charges. The requirement of manifest relativistic invariance for the formula of differential cross section leaves only two options, call them I and II. The production cross section for τ-pion is estimated and found to be consistent with the reported cross section of order 100 pb for option I using same energy cutoff for lepto-pions as in the model for electro-pion production. For option II the production cross section is by several orders of magnitude too small under these assumptions. Since the model involves only fundamental coupling constants, the result can be regarded as a further success of the τ-pion model of CDF anomaly. Analytic expressions for the production amplitude are deduced in the Appendix as a Fourier transform for the inner product of the non-orthogonal magnetic and electric fields of the colliding charges in various kinematical situations. This allows to reduce numerical integrations to an integral over the phase space of lepto-pion and gives a tight analytic control over the numerics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unification of the Gravitational, Strong, Weak and Inertial Forces

Authors: Maurizio Michelini
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Particles moving within the flux of micro-quanta filling the space have been shown to obey the Relativistic Mechanics and to undergo a gravitational "pushing" force with G depending locally on the quantum flux constants. Due to the very little quantum energy E_o , the ratio E_o/mc² equals about 10^-50 so the collisions with particles follow the optical reflection accurately. The simultaneous micro-quanta hitting upon a nucleon are about 10⁵⁰, a high number due to the small wavelength which results close to Planck's length. Along the joining line between two particles there is a lack of incident quanta (missing beam) which determines unbalanced collisions generating drawing forces between particles by mutual screening. These forces increment the particle energy, as shown for instance by the heating during the gravitational contraction of the galactic gas globules leading to protostars. This mechanism allows to predict that observations of the thermal emission from major solar planets may exceed the power received from solar light. When two particles are very close, the mutual screening highly increments the missing beam, giving rise to a short-range strong force which is of the right strength to hold protons and neutrons within the atomic nuclei. The belief that nuclear forces are "self-produced" by nucleons is disproved. Proof is given for the structure of the simple Deuterium nucleus. The same process originates also a short-range "weak" force on the electron closely orbiting a proton, giving rise to the neutron structure which undergoes β^- decay. The mutual strong forces on a nucleon pair are equal, but the weak force on the bound electron differs largely from the force on the proton (breakdown of Newton's action and reaction symmetry).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Common Physical Origin of the Gravitational, Strong and Weak Forces

Authors: Maurizio Michelini
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Particles moving within the flux of micro-quanta filling the space have been shown to obey the Relativistic Mechanics and to undergo a gravitational "pushing" force with G depending locally on the quantum flux constants. Due to the very little quantum energy E_o , the ratio E_o/mc² equals about 10^-50 so the collisions with particles follow the optical reflection accurately. The simultaneous micro-quanta hitting upon a nucleon are about 10⁵⁰, a high number due to the small wavelength which results close to Planck's length. Along the joining line between two particles there is a lack of incident quanta (missing beam) which determines unbalanced collisions generating drawing forces between particles by mutual screening. These forces increment the particle energy, as shown for instance by the heating during the gravitational contraction of the galactic gas globules leading to protostars. This mechanism allows to predict that observations of the thermal emission from major solar planets may exceed the power received from solar light. When two particles are very close, the mutual screening highly increments the missing beam, giving rise to a short-range strong force which is of the right strength to hold protons and neutrons within the atomic nuclei. The belief that nuclear forces are "self-produced" by nucleons is disproved. Proof is given for the structure of the simple Deuterium nucleus. The same process originates also a short-range "weak" force on the electron closely orbiting a proton, giving rise to the neutron structure which undergoes β^- decay. The mutual strong forces on a nucleon pair are equal, but the weak force on the bound electron differs largely from the force on the proton (breakdown of Newton's action and reaction symmetry).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Unitary Evolution in High Energy Physics: a Brief Overview

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Unitarity and locality are fundamental postulates of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). By construction, QFT is a replica of equilibrium thermodynamics, where evolution settles down to a steady state after all transients have vanished. Events unfolding in the TeV sector of particle physics are prone to slide outside equilibrium under the combined action of new fields and un-suppressed quantum corrections. In this region, the likely occurrence of critical behavior and the approach to scale invariance blur the distinction between "locality" and 2non-locality". We argue that a correct description of this far-from-equilibrium setting cannot be done outside nonlinear dynamics and complexity theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Stochastic Field Theory and Terascale Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Both theory and experiment strongly suggest that new phenomena await discovery above the energy range of the standard model for particle physics (SM). In this brief study we argue that a correct description of physics in the Terascale sector needs to account for the inherent randomness induced by short-distance fluctuations. The alleged existence of "un-particles" beyond SM is motivated by a dynamic setting that is far-of-equilibrium and able to sustain a rich spectrum of complex phenomena.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Absolute Planck Values: Moving Beyond the Arbitrary Assignment of Unity

Authors: John R. Laubenstein
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Planck Values provide a valuable tool in our efforts to understand the basic fabric of nature; however, they fall short of having any truly intrinsic value. Planck Values come with the assumption that unity can be assigned to up to five of the fundamental universal constants. While constraining these values to unity may be convenient, it by no means ensures that intelligent life anywhere in the universe would make the same assumption. Further, the peculiar value of the inverse fine structure constant of 137 would suggest that it is naïve to assume that any of the physical constants are equal to unity or some other simplistic value. The IWPD Research Center has derived absolute values of the universal constants that suggest that all constants and measurements can be expressed with true universal significance. As such, any value and/or measurement can be expressed as a dimensionless number without the need for relative scales that are established through the use of units of measurement. This finding provides intrinsic meaning to all physical constants, it opens up a new avenue for the exploration of the universe and it provides new information in the search for the unification of General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complex Dynamics as Source of Anomalous Behavior in Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Despite its remarkable predictive power, the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) leaves out many open questions. Two representative examples are the issue of CP violation and the anomalous magnetic moment of leptons (AMM). Our work develops from the premise that the postulate of unitary evolution no longer holds near the scale of electroweak interaction or near the "new physics" sector of SM. Results suggest that CP violation in kaon physics and the AMM problem are direct manifestations of fractional dynamics. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy Effect.rotating the Einstein’s Light Clock, to Show that the Neutrinos Travel at the Light Speed in Opera and Minos Experiments.

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 14 Pages.

This article explains why the neutrinos apparently are travel faster than light in the OPERA and MINOS experiments. This will be do with base in the Coriolis effect, Witte effect and some relativistic effects observed by rotating the light clock proposed by Einstein. These factors combined make the WURA effect (Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy effect) that generates a phase error between two clocks perfectly synchronized, due to rotation of the earth and its movement in space, during the travel time of a light signal between the clocks. For the OPERA experiment, the WURA effect describe a systematic timer error, that generate a theoretical time reduction of about 77.2ns, a value very close to the neutrino anticipation that was observed experimentally in the OPERA. This result indicates that in OPERA and MINOS the neutrinos are actually moving at the light speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Anisotropic to Isotropic Phase Transitions in the Early Universe

Authors: Muhammad Adeel Ajaib
Comments: 6 Pages.

We attempt to develop a minimal formalism to describe an anisotropic to isotropic transition in the early Universe. Assuming an underlying theory that violates Lorentz invariance, we start with a Dirac like equation which does not exhibit Lorentz invariance and write down transformations that restore it to its covariant form. It is proposed that these transformations can be visualized as waves traveling in an anisotropic media. The transformation $it/ \hbar \rightarrow \beta$ is then utilized to transit to a statistical thermodynamics system and the partition function then gives a better insight into the character of this transition. The statistical system hence realized is a two level system with each state doubly degenerate. We propose that modeling the transition this way can help explain matter antimatter asymmetry of the Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

LHC Signals Between 121-130 Gev Interpreted with Quantum-FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 24 Pages. 24

In Quantum Function Follows Form theory, (Q-FFF) the Higgs particle is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transforming its shape after real mechanical collision and able to merge with other shaped particles into composite geometrical knots called Quarks and some Leptons (Muons and Tauons). Singular particles are; the two Leptons: the Electron and Positron, different shaped Photons, Gluons and neutrinos all originated out of one single transformed Higgs. As a result, Q-FFF theory leads to a NON Standard Model of elementary particles, also described in this paper. As a consequence the recent Large Hadron Collider (LHC) results, showing special values between 121-130 GeV for the predicted signal of the massive Standard Model (SM) Higgs, should be interpreted as the result of one or more different composite particle decay- and collision processes and not as the result of Higgs decay. In this paper I present some possible transformations after the collision of (Non- SM) Proton particles interpreted as Quark- Gluon cloud collisions, into the observed production and decay results such as, gg into Di-Photons, ZZ into 4 Lepton or WW into LvLv .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

LHC Higgs: 145 Gev or 126 Gev ?

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 18 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 5/fb of data collected by the LHC by Halloween 2011 led to announcement on 13 Dec 2011 of CERN's Consensus View: Exclusion of Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 145, 180, and 240 GeV and Observation of Excesses compatible with 1 SuperString Higgs Mass State at 126 GeV.Despite a CERN Consensus View Against a SM Higgs with those 3 Mass States I remain in favor of a Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States including 145 GeV. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

LHC Higgs: 145 Gev or 126 Gev ?

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 19 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 5/fb of data collected by the LHC by Halloween 2011 led to announcement on 13 Dec 2011 of CERN's Consensus View: Exclusion of Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 145, 180, and 240 GeV and Observation of Excesses compatible with 1 SuperString Higgs Mass State at 126 GeV.Despite a CERN Consensus View Against a SM Higgs with those 3 Mass States I remain in favor of a Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States including 145 GeV. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Does the Opera Experiment Reveal a Systematic Error in the Satellite Ephemeris of the Global Positioning System ?

Authors: Yves-Henri Sanejouand
Comments: 3 Pages.

With respect to the speed of light, the speed excess of the neutrinos (7.2 ± 0.6 km.s−1 ) measured in the OPERA experiment is observed to be close, if not exactly equal, to two times the orbital velocity of the GPS satellites (≈ 3.9 km.s−1 ), strongly suggesting that this anomaly is due to an error made on some of the GPS-based measurements involved in the OPERA experiment. Moreover, when this error is assumed to arise from a systematic error made on the measurements of GPS satellite velocities, the origin of the factor two becomes obvious. So, it seems likely that the OPERA experiment, instead of revealing a new, unexpected and challenging aspect of the physics of neutrinos, has demonstrated that the Global Positioning System still suffers from a rather important error, which remained unoticed until now, probably as a consequence of its systematic nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Koide Triplet: Strange, Charm, Bottom.

Authors: Alejandro Rivero
Comments: 5 Pages.

With the negative sign for $\sqrt m_s$, the quarks strange, charm and bottom make a Koide tuple. It continues the c-b-t tuple recently found by Rodejohann and Zhang and, more peculiar, it is quasi-orthogonal to the original charged lepton triplet.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Do X and Y Mesons Provide Evidence for Color Excited Quarks or Squarks?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 12 Pages.

This article was motivated by a blog posting in Quantum Diaries with the title "Who ordered that?! An X-traordinary particle?". The learned that in the spectroscopy of ccbar type mesons is understood except for some troublesome mesons christened with letters X and Y. X(3872) is the firstly discovered troublemaker and what is known about it can be found in the blog posting and also in Particle Data Tables. The problems are following.

1. These mesons should not be there.
2. Their decay widths seem to be narrow taking into account their mass.
3. Their decay characteristics are strange: in particular the kinematically allow decays to DDbar dominating the decays of Ψ(3770) with branching ratio 93 per cent has not been observed whereas the decay to DDbarπ⁰ occurs with a branching fraction >3.2× 10^-3. Why the pion is needed?
4. X(3872) should decay to photon and charmonium state in a predictable way but it does not.

1. The first basic objection is that the decay widths of intermediate gauge bosons do not allow new light particles. This objection is encountered already in the model of leptohadrons. The solution is that the light exotic states are possible only if they are dark in TGD sense having therefore non-standard value of Planck constant and behaving as dark matter. The value of Planck constant is only effective and has purely geometric interpretation in TGD framework.
2. Second basic objection is that light quarks do not seem to have such excitations. The answer is that gluon exchange transforms the exotic quark pair to ordinary one and vice versa and considerable mixing of the ordinary and exotic mesons takes place. At low energies where color coupling strength becomes very large this gives rise to mass squared matrix with very large non-diagonal component and the second eigenstate of mass squared is tachyon and therefore drops from the spectrum. For heavy quarks situation is different and one expects that charmonium states have also exotic counterparts.
3. The selection rules can be also understood. The decays to DDbar involve at least two gluon emissions decaying to quark pairs and producing additional pion unlikes the decays of ordinary charmonium state involving only the emission of single gluon decaying to quark pair so that DDbar results.
The decay of the lightest X to photon and charmonium is not possible in the lowest order since at least one gluon exchange is needed to transform exotic quark pair to ordinary one. Exotic charmonia can however transform to exotic charmonia. Therefore the basic constraints seem to be satisfied.

Are Neutrinos Superluminal?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 9 Pages.

OPERA collaboration in CERN has reported that the neutrinos travelling from CERN to Gran Sasso in Italy move with a super-luminal speed. There exists also earlier evidence for the super-luminality of neutrinos: for instance, the neutrinos from SN1987A arrived for few hours earlier than photons. The standard model based on tachyonic neutrinos is formally possible but breaks causality and is unable to explain all results. TGD based explanation relies on sub-manifold geometry replacing abstract manifold geometry as the space-time geometry. The notion of many- sheeted space-time predicts this kind of effects plus many other effects for which evidence exists as various anomalies which have not taken seriously by the main stream theorists. In this article the TGD based model is discussed in some detail.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

First Evidence for M_89 Hadron Physics

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 19 Pages.

p-Adic length scale hypothesis strongly suggests a fractal hierarchy of copies of hadron physics labelled by Mersenne primes. M₈₉ hadron physics whose mass scales relates by a factor 512 to that of ordinary M₁₀₇ hadron physics was predicted already for 15 years ago but only now the TeV energy region has been reached at LHC making possible to test the prediction. Pions of any hadron physics are produced copiously in hadronic reactions and their detection is the most probable manner how the new hadron physics will be discovered if Nature has realized them. Neutral pions produce monochromatic gamma pairs whereas heavy charged pions decay to W boson and gluon pair or quark pair. The first evidence -or should we say indication- for the existence of M₈₉ hadron physics has now emerged from CDF which for more than two years ago provided evidence also for the colored excitations of tau lepton and for leptohadron physics. What CDF has observed is evidence for the production of quark antiquark pairs in association with W bosons and the following arguments demonstrate that the interpretation in terms of M₈₉ hadron physics might make sense.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explanation for the Soft Photon Excess in Hadron Production

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 Pages.

There is quite a recent article entitled "Study of the Dependence of Direct Soft Photon Production on the Jet Characteristics in Hadronic Z⁰ Decays" discussing one particular manifestation of an anomaly of hadron physics known for two decades: the soft photon production rate in hadronic reactions is by an averge factor of about four higher than expected. In the article soft photons assignable to the decays of Z⁰ to quark-antiquark pairs. This anomaly has not reached the attention of particle physics which seems to be the fate of anomalies quite generally nowadays: large extra dimensions and blackholes at LHC are much more sexy topics of study than the anomalies about which both existing and speculative theories must remain silent.
TGD leads to an explanation of anomaly in terms of the basic differences between TGD and QCD.

1. The first difference is due to induced gauge field concept: both classical color gauge fields and the U(1) part of electromagnetic field are proportional to induced Kähler form. Second difference is topological field quantization meaning that electric and magnetic fluxes are associated with flux tubes. Taken together this means that for neutral hadrons color flux tubes and electric flux tubes can be and will be assumed to be one and same thing. In the case of charged hadrons the em flux tubes must connect different hadrons: this is essential for understanding why neutral hadrons seem to contribute much more effectively to the brehmstrahlung than charged hadrons- which is just the opposite for the prediction of hadronic inner bremsstrahlung model in which only charged hadrons contribute. Now all both sea and valence quarks of neutral hadrons contribute but in the case of charged hadrons only valence quarks do so.
2. Sea quarks of neutral hadrons seem to give the largest contribution to bremsstrahlung. p-Adic length scale hypothesis predicting that quarks can appear in several mass scales represents the third difference and the experimental findings suggest that sea quarks are by a factor of 1/2 lighter than valence quarks implying that brehmstrahlung for given sea quark is by a factor 4 more intense than for corresponding valence quark.

The Incredibly Shrinking Proton

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 13 Pages.

The recent discovery that the charge radius of proton deduced from quantum average of nuclear charge density from the muonic version of hydrogen atom is 4 per cent smaller than the radius deduced from hydrogen atom challenges either QED or the view about proton or both. In TGD framework topological quantization leads to the notion of field body as a characteristic of any system. Field body is expected to contain substructures with sizes given by the primary and secondary p-adic length scales at at least. u and d quarks would have field bodies with size much larger than proton itself. In muonic atom the p-adic size scale of the field body of u quark having mass of 2 MeV according to the last estimates would be roughly twice the Boh radius so that the anomaly might be understood as a signature of field body.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Could Neutrinos Appear in Several Mass Scales?

Authors: Matti
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are some indications that neutrinos can appear in several mass scales from neutrino oscillations. These oscillations can be classified to vacuum oscillations and to solar neutrino oscillations believed to be due to the so called MSW effect in the dense matter of Sun. There are also indications that the mixing is different for neutrinos and antineutrinos. In the following the possibility that padic length scale hypothesis might explain these findings is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Photon-Neutrino Symmetry and the Opera Anomaly

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

The OPERA collaboration has recently claimed discovery of superluminal propagation of neutrino beams. Excluding the possibility of unaccounted measurement errors, the most natural interpretation of OPERA anomaly is that, sufficiently far from the source of electroweak interactions, single-flavor ultra-relativistic neutrinos and photons may be regarded as components of the same field. In particular, we suggest that it is possible to construct a neutrinophoton doublet where the two components behave as dual entities. We examine conditions that enable the symmetry between neutrinos and photons to be unbroken. The benefit of this interpretation is that Lorentz invariance stays valid regardless of the relative velocity of neutrinos and their mean energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Superluminal Effect with Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 10 Pages.

A simple quantum relativistic model of muon-tau neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment is presented. This model suggests that the two components in the neutrino beam are separated in space. Being created in a meson decay, the muon neutrino emerges 18 meters ahead of the beam's center of energy, while the tau neutrino is behind. Both neutrinos have subluminal speeds, however the advanced start of the muon neutrino explains why it arrives in the detector 60 ns earlier than expected. Our model does violate the special-relativistic ban on superluminal signals. However, usual arguments about violation of causality in moving reference frames are not applicable here. The invalidity of standard special-relativistic arguments is related to the inevitable interaction-dependence of the boost operator, which implies that boost-transformed space-time coordinates of events with interacting particles do not obey linear and universal Lorentz formulas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Superluminal Effect with Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 9 Pages.

A simple quantum relativistic model of muon-tau neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment is presented. This model suggests that the two components in the neutrino beam are separated in space. Being created in a meson decay, the muon neutrino emerges 18 meters ahead of the beam's center of energy, while the tau neutrino is behind. Both neutrinos have subluminal speeds, however the advanced start of the muon neutrino explains why it arrives in the detector 60 ns earlier than expected. Our model does violate the special-relativistic ban on superluminal signals. However, usual arguments about violation of causality in moving reference frames are not applicable here. The invalidity of standard special-relativistic arguments is related to the inevitable interaction-dependence of the boost operator, which implies that boost-transformed space-time coordinates of events with interacting particles do not obey linear and universal Lorentz formulas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Superluminal Effect with Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 9 pages

A simple quantum relativistic model of ν_μ - ν_τ neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment is presented. This model suggests that the two components in the neutrino beam are separated in space. After being created in a meson decay, the μ-neutrino moves 18 meters ahead of the beam's center of energy, while the τ-neutrino is behind. Both neutrinos have subluminal speeds, however the advanced start of the ν_μ explains why it arrives in the detector 60 ns earlier than expected. Our model does violate the special-relativistic ban on superluminal signals. However, usual arguments about violation of causality are not applicable here. The invalidity of standard special-relativistic arguments is related to the interaction-dependence of the boost operator, which implies that boost-transformed space-time coordinates of events with interacting particles do not obey linear and universal Lorentz formulas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Superluminal Effect with Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 20 pages

A simple quantum relativistic model of ν_μ - ν_τ neutrino oscillations in the OPERA experiment is presented. This model suggests that the two components in the neutrino beam are separated in space. After being created in a meson decay, the μ-neutrino moves 18 meters ahead of the beam's center of energy, while the τ-neutrino is behind. Both neutrinos have subluminal speeds, however the advanced start of the ν_μ explains why it arrives in the detector 60 ns earlier than expected. Our model does violate the special-relativistic ban on superluminal signals. However, usual arguments about violation of causality are not applicable here. The invalidity of standard special-relativistic arguments is related to the interaction-dependence of the boost operator, which implies that boost-transformed space-time coordinates of events with interacting particles do not obey linear and universal Lorentz formulas.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comment on Arxiv:1110.2685

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages. This paper is published in the Journal Progress in Physics.

This brief paper traces comments on the article [2]. This article, a preprint, has recently received an attention, raising errors related to the timing process within the OPERA Collaboration results in [1], that turns out to be a wrong route by which serious science should not be accomplished. A peer-reviewed status should be previously considered to assert that [2] claims a solution for the superluminal results in [1]. Within [2], it seems there is an intrinsical misconception within its claimed solution, since an intrinsical proper time reasoning leads to the assumption the OPERA collaboration interprets a time variation as a proper time when correcting time intervals between a GPS frame and the grounded baseline frame. Furthermore, the author of [2] seems to double radio signals, doubling the alleged half of the truly observed time of flight, since the Lorentz transformations do consider radio signals intrinsically by construction.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comment on Arxiv:1110.2685

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 2 pages.

This brief paper traces comments on the article arXiv:1110.2685. It seems there is an intrinsical misconception within its claimed solution, since an intrinsical proper time reasoning leads to the assumption the OPERA collaboration interprets a time variation as a proper time when correcting time intervals between a GPS frame and the grounded baseline frame.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comment on Arxiv:1110.2685

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 2 pages.

This brief paper traces comments on the article arXiv:1110.2685. It seems there is an intrinsical misconception within its claimed solution, since an intrinsical proper time reasoning leads to the assumption the OPERA collaboration interprets a time variation as a proper time when correcting time intervals between a GPS frame and the grounded baseline frame.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Great Pumpkin and Golden Channel Higgs: 3 Higgs States Consistent with Electroweak Gfitter

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 7 pages

The Great Pumpkin by Halloween 2011 should give 5/fb of data to the LHC. That data may support or reject my E8 Physics model with 3 Higgs-Tquark states: low mass state (Higgs mass around 145 GeV) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 180 GeV) high mass state (Higgs mass around 240 GeV) In my E8 Physics model, the Higgs is not a simple single particle but is related to the Primitive Idempotents of the real Clifford algebra Cl(8) ( see vixra 1109.0037 and tony5m17h.net/ClCl4Cl16.pdf ). Such a Higgs is part of a 3-state Higgs-Tquark system based on Higgs as a Tquark condensate similar to descriptions in the works of Yamawaki, Hashimoto, et al in hep-ph/9603293, hep-ph0311165, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Scientist Deduced the Existence of Particles with Faster-Than-Light Speeds Recently Discovered by Cern

Authors: Ion Patrascu
Comments: 2 pages, v1 in Romanian, v3 in English

Physicists at CERN have recently experimentally discovered particles traveling faster than light: the neutrinos! The OPERA experiment, which sent sprays of neutrinos from CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, to INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory, Italy, found that neutrinos traveled underground 730 km faster than light could do. Dr. Antonio Ereditato of University of Bern, leader of the OPERA scientist team, made the results public and invited scientists all over the world to discuss these astonishing results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Scientist Deduced the Existence of Particles with Faster-Than-Light Speeds Recently Discovered by Cern

Authors: Ion Patrascu
Comments: 2 pages, v1 in Romanian, v2 in English

Physicists at CERN have recently experimentally discovered particles traveling faster than light: the neutrinos! The OPERA experiment, which sent sprays of neutrinos from CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, to INFN Gran Sasso Laboratory, Italy, found that neutrinos traveled underground 730 km faster than light could do. Dr. Antonio Ereditato of University of Bern, leader of the OPERA scientist team, made the results public and invited scientists all over the world to discuss these astonishing results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgsless Symmetry Breaking from Renormalization Group Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages. Published in PSTJ December 2011 | Vol. 2 | Issue 12 | pp. 1917-1932

We develop a Higgsless model of electroweak symmetry breaking using critical behavior of infrared Yang-Mills theory. Gauge bosons and fermions acquire mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The entire family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of “epsilon expansion”. A brief discussion on how our Higgsless model could preserve unitarity of high-energy di-boson scattering is also included.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs-Less Symmetry Breaking from Renormalization Group Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 Pages

We develop here a Higgsless model of electroweak symmetry breaking using critical behavior of infrared Yang-Mills theory. Gauge bosons and fermions acquire mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The entire family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of "epsilon expansion". We also find that dimensional regularization offers a straightforward solution to the cosmological constant problem. A brief discussion on how our Higgsless model could preserve unitarity of high-energy di-boson scattering is also included.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Golden Channel Higgs from 2/fb at LHC: 3 Higgs States Consistent with Electroweak Gfitter

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 10 pages.

2/fb of LHC data presented at Lepton-Photon 2011 indicates 3 Higgs state peaks: low mass state (Higgs mass around 145 GeV) middle mass state (Higgs mass around 180 GeV) high mass state (Higgs mass around 240 GeV) so the Higgs is not a simple single particle but is part of a 3-state Higgs-Tquark system based on Higgs as a Tquark condensate similar to descriptions in the works of Yamawaki, Hashimoto, et al in hep-ph/9603293, hep-ph0311165, etc. The 3 Higgs-Tquark state system is not only consistent with my E8 Physics model but also are consistent with Gfitter ElectroWeak plots from Higgs Hunting 2011. Appendix 1 contains some images of candidate Higgs events. Appendix 2 discusses claims of exclusion of Higgs mass ranges. Appendix 3 discusses how the single Standard Model Higgs splits into 3 mass states. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to E8 Physics

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 228 Pages. Version 4 adds material about relationship between Hamiltonian Heisenberg structure and Lagrangian structure within Cl(16).

An E8 Physics model based on Nested Real Clifford Algebras is described.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to E8 Physics

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 224 Pages.

An E98 Physics model based on Nested Real Clifford Algebras is described.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to E8 Physics

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 209 Pages.

An E8 Physics model based on Nested Real Clifford Algebras is described.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass Gap Problem in the wu Gauge Model Framework

Authors: E. Koorambas
Comments: 12 pages,submitted to Commum.Theor.Phys,comments and criticisms are welcome

We demonstrate that Wu's version of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts mass gap (Δ > 0) for the compact simple gauge group SU (3). This provides a solution to the second part of the Yang-Mills problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 Pages.

The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

A revolution in particles physics that's propelled by new Hep experiments is closing. A stringent demands for new physics is obvious now. In seeking the so-called new physics some still try on revising String theory instead of re-checking the fundamental of QCD or even perturbation reasonings. I guess this revolution would not be satisfied with any repairs on surface of physics. My article here is a try on changing fundamental concepts about matters, Which is of course not admitted by tempered ones indulging in their hap-hap playing. The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

A revolution in particles physics that's propelled by new Hep experiments is closing. A stringent demands for new physics is obvious now. In seeking the so-called new physics some still try on revising String theory instead of re-checking the fundamental of QCD or even perturbation reasonings. I guess this revolution would not be satisfied with any repairs on surface of physics. My article here is a try on changing fundamental concepts about matters, Which is of course not admitted by tempered ones indulging in their hap-hap playing. The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

A revolution in particles physics that's propelled by new Hep experiments is closing. A stringent demands for new physics is obvious now. In seeking the so-called new physics some still try on revising String theory instead of re-checking the fundamental of QCD or even perturbation reasonings. I guess this revolution would not be satisfied with any repairs on surface of physics. My article here is a try on changing fundamental concepts about matters, Which is of course not admitted by tempered ones indulging in their hap-hap playing. The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electron

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 15 pages

A revolution in particles physics that's propelled by new Hep experiments is closing. A stringent demands for new physics is obvious now. In seeking the so-called new physics some still try on revising String theory instead of re-checking the fundamental of QCD or even perturbation reasonings. I guess this revolution would not be satisfied with any repairs on surface of physics. My article here is a try on changing fundamental concepts about matters, Which is of course be admitted by tempered ones indulging in their hap-hap playing. The solution with no singularity of wave equation for E-M fields is solved not to Bessel function, which's geometrical size is little enough to explain all effects in matter's structure: strong, weak effect or even other new ones. The mathematic calculation leaded by quantum theory reveals the quantization of charge for electron at first, then the reason and calculation of weak or strong decay and static properties of elementary particles, all coincide with experimental data, and a covariant equation comprising bent space is proposed to explain mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs-Free Symmetry Breaking from Critical Behavior Near Dimension Four

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 pages.

Starting from the infrared limit of Yang-Mills theory, we introduce here a Higgs-free model in which symmetry breaking arises from critical behavior near dimension four. Electroweak bosons develop mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of "epsilon expansion". We also find that dimensional regularization offers a straightforward solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs-Free Symmetry Breaking from Critical Behavior Near Dimension Four

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 pages.

Starting from the infrared limit of Yang-Mills theory, we introduce here a Higgs-free model in which symmetry breaking arises from critical behavior near dimension four. Electroweak bosons develop mass near the Wilson-Fisher point of Renormalization Group flow. The family structure of Standard Model is recovered using the technique of "epsilon expansion". We also find that dimensional regularization offers a straightforward solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modeling the Electron as a Stable Quantum Wave-Vortex: Interpretation α ~1/137 as a Wave Constant

Authors: George Kirakosyan
Comments: 15 pages - intended for journal publication.

The connection of a (alpha) to redistribution of intensities in interference of circularly polarized waves is shown. Obtained number coincides to known one in reached accuracy; 10^(-10). The photon is represented as a quantum wave packet. The electron's model is proposed as Compton's circularly polarized standing wave. The origins of the mass and static fields interpreted as a relativistic mass and pseudo static electromagnetic fields arising in interference of quanta. Electron's magnetic moment and g value are obtained with 10^(-10) accuracy. Physical interpretation of de Broglie's wave is proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3 Dimensional String Based Alternative Particles Model

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 20 Pages. 20

Abstract, In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the “Virgin Mother” of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after some sort of mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in this Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transform its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into complex and compound knots.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-Dimensional String Based Alternative Particle Model.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 13 pages.

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the "Virgin Mother" of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after some sort of mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in this Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transform its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into complex and compound knots.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-Dimensional String Based Alternative Particle Model.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 12 pages.

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the "Virgin Mother" of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after some sort of mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in this Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transform its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into complex and compound knots..
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles (2011 Update)

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 18 Pages.

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3 × 3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic φ₂₃ equal 45^°, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from an equation that reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which possesses no constants adjusted to fit experiment, has mixing angles of θ₂₃ = 2.367445^°, θ₁₃ = 0.190987^°, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^°, φ₂₃ = 45^°, φ₁₃ = 0.013665^°, and φ₁₂ = 33.210911^°. A fourth, newly-introduced constraint of the type described above produces a Jarlskog invariant for the quark matirx of 2.758 ×10⁻⁵. Collectively these achieve a good fit with the experimental quark and lepton mixing data. The model predicts the following CKM matrix elements: |V_us| = √0.05 = 2.236 × 10⁻¹, |V_ub| = 3.333 × 10⁻³, and |V_cb| = 4.131 × 10⁻². For leptonic mixing the model predicts sin²φ₁₂ = 0.3, sin²φ₂₃ = 0.5, and sin²φ₁₃ = 5.688 × 10⁻⁸. At the time of its 2007 introduction the model's values for |V_us| and |V_ub| had disagreements with experiment of an improbable 3.6σ and 7.0σ, respectively, but 2010 values from the same source now produce disagreements of just 2.4σ and 1.1σ, the absolute error for |V_us| having been reduced by 53%, and that for |V_ub| by 78%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles (2011 Update)

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 14 pages.

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3 × 3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic φ₂₃ equal 45^°, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from an equation that reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which possesses no constants adjusted to fit experiment, has mixing angles of θ₂₃ = 2.367445^°, θ₁₃ = 0.190987^°, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^°, φ₂₃ = 45^°, φ₁₃ = 0.013665^°, and φ₁₂ = 33.210911^°. A fourth, newly-introduced constraint of the type described above produces a Jarlskog invariant for the quark matirx of 2.758 ×10⁻⁵. Collectively these achieve a good fit with the experimental quark and lepton mixing data. The model predicts the following CKM matrix elements: |V_us| = √0.05 = 2.236 × 10⁻¹, |V_ub| = 3.333 × 10⁻³, and |V_cb| = 4.131 × 10⁻². For leptonic mixing the model predicts sin²φ₁₂ = 0.3, sin²φ₂₃ = 0.5, and sin²φ₁₃ = 5.688 × 10⁻⁸. At the time of its 2007 introduction the model's values for |V_us| and |V_ub| had disagreements with experiment of an improbable 3.6σ and 7.0σ, respectively, but 2010 values from the same source now produce disagreements of just 2.4σ and 1.1σ, the absolute error for |V_us| having been reduced by 53%, and that for |V_ub| by 78%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant Derived from the Broken Symmetry of Two Simple Algebraic Identities

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 3 pages.

The fine structure constant is shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity M² = M² is "broken" by making the substitution M → M − y on its left side, and the substitution Mⁿ → Mⁿ − x^p on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation (M − y)² = M² − x². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (M / N)³ + M² = (M / N)³ + M² to produce this second equation (M − y)³ / N³ + (M − y)² = (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³. These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dy/dx, where, on the second equation's right side this property helps define the special case (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³ = (10³ − 0.1³) / 3³ + 10² − 0.1³ = 137.036, which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant Derived from the Broken Symmetry of Two Simple Algebraic Identities

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 3 pages.

The fine structure constant is shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity M² = M² is "broken" by making the substitution M → M − y on its left side, and the substitution Mⁿ → Mⁿ − x^p on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation (M − y)² = M² − x². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (M / N)³ + M² = (M / N)³ + M² to produce this second equation (M − y)³ / N³ + (M − y)² = (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³. These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dy/dx, where, on the second equation's right side this property helps define the special case (M³ − x³) / N³ + M² − x³ = (10³ − 0.1³) / 3³ + 10² − 0.1³ = 137.036, which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Schrödinger-Equation Presentation of Any Oscillatory Classical Linear System that is Homogeneous and Conservative

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 pages, The physically most appropriate linear mapping into a Schroedinger equation of such an oscillatory classical system that has a symmetric, positive-definite coupling-strength matrix is given in general closed form. Also archived as arXiv:1101.0168 [physics.gen-ph].

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation with time-independent Hamiltonian matrix is a homogeneous linear oscillatory system in canonical form. We investigate whether any classical system that itself is linear, homogeneous, oscillatory and conservative is guaranteed to linearly map into a Schrödinger equation. Such oscillatory classical systems can be analyzed into their normal modes, which are mutually independent, uncoupled simple harmonic oscillators, and the equation of motion of such a system linearly maps into a Schrödinger equation whose Hamiltonian matrix is diagonal, with h times the individual simple harmonic oscillator frequencies as its diagonal entries. Therefore if the coupling-strength matrix of such an oscillatory system is presented in symmetric, positive-definite form, the Hamiltonian matrix of the Schrödinger equation it maps into is h-bar times the square root of that coupling-strength matrix. We obtain a general expression for mapping this type of oscillatory classical equation of motion into a Schrödinger equation, and apply it to the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon equation and the source-free Maxwell equations, which results in relativistic Hamiltonian operators that are strictly compatible with the correspondence principle. Once such an oscillatory classical system has been mapped into a Schrödinger equation, it is automatically in canonical form, making second quantization of that Schrödinger equation a technically simple as well as a physically very interpretable way to quantize the original classical system.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Schrödinger-Equation Presentation of Any Oscillatory Classical Linear System that is Homogeneous and Conservative

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1101.0168 [physics.gen-ph].

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation with time-independent Hamiltonian operator is a linear homogeneous system that is conservative and purely oscillatory. We investigate whether a classical system that is itself linear, homogeneous, conservative and purely oscillatory is assured to have a oneto-one linear mapping into some Schrödinger-format equation. Schrödinger equations are first order in time and have an even number of real-valued variables because they are complex-valued. Any first-order in time classical system as well has an even number of real-valued variables. Its Hermitian aspect gives a Schrödinger equation a more restricted presentation than that of an arbitrary linear, homogeneous, conservative, purely oscillatory classical system, but general one-to-one linear mappings have enough parameters to bridge this presentation gap. As two illustrative examples of mapping amenable classical systems into Schrödinger-format equations, we derive the detailed mapping of the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon equation into the nonzero-mass free particle's relativistic scalar Schrödinger equation, and also the mapping of the source-free Maxwell electric and magnetic field equations into the free photon's transverse-vector Schrödinger equation. Once an amenable classical system has been mapped into a Schrödinger-format equation, that classical system is automatically in canonical Hamiltonian form, and second quantization of the Schrödinger equation is always the physically most transparent and technically simplest way to quantize the original classical system.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Schrödinger-Equation Presentation of Any Oscillatory Classical Linear System that is Homogeneous and Conservative

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 9 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1101.0168 [physics.gen-ph].

The time-dependent Schrödinger equation with time-independent Hamiltonian operator is a linear homogeneous system that is conservative and purely oscillatory. We investigate whether a classical system that is itself linear, homogeneous, conservative and purely oscillatory is assured to have a oneto-one linear mapping into some Schrödinger-format equation. Schrödinger equations are first order in time and have an even number of real-valued variables because they are complex-valued. Any first-order in time classical system as well has an even number of real-valued variables. Its Hermitian aspect gives a Schrödinger equation a more restricted presentation than that of an arbitrary linear, homogeneous, conservative, purely oscillatory classical system, but general one-to-one linear mappings have enough parameters to bridge this presentation gap. As two illustrative examples of mapping amenable classical systems into Schrödinger-format equations, we derive the detailed mapping of the real-valued classical Klein-Gordon equation into the nonzero-mass free particle's relativistic scalar Schrödinger equation, and also the mapping of the source-free Maxwell electric and magnetic field equations into the free photon's transverse-vector Schrödinger equation. Once an amenable classical system has been mapped into a Schrödinger-format equation, that classical system is automatically in canonical Hamiltonian form, and second quantization of the Schrödinger equation is always the physically most transparent and technically simplest way to quantize the original classical system.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Equivalence Between Gauge and Non-Gauge Abelian Models

Authors: Gabriel Di Lemos Santiago Lima
Comments: 19 pages

This work is intended to estabilish the equivalence between gauge and non-gauge abelian models. Following a technique proposed by Harada and Tsutsui, it is shown that the Proca and chiral Schwinger models may be equivalent to correspondent gauge invariant ones. Finally, it is shown that a gauge invariant version of the chiral Schwinger model, after integrated out the fermions, can be identified with the 2-D Stueckelberg model without the gauge fixing term.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Path-Integral Gauge Invariant Mapping: from Abelian Gauge Anomalies to the Generalized Stueckelberg Mechanism

Authors: Gabriel Di Lemos Santiago Lima
Comments: 16 pages

Reviewing a path-integral procedure of recovering gauge invariance from anomalous effective actions developed by Harada and Tsutsui in the 80's, it is shown that there is another way to achieve gauge symmetry, besides the one presented by the authors, which may be anomaly-free, preserving current conservation. It is also shown that the generalization of Harada-Tsutsui technique to other models which are not anomalous but do not exhibit gauge invariance allows the identification of the gauge invariant formulation of the Proca model with the Stueckelberg model, leading to the interpretation of the gauge invariant mapping as a generalization of the Stueckelberg mechanism.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Reflections on the Future of Particle Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 50 pages

Quantum Field Theory (QFT) lies at the foundation of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) and is built in compliance with a number of postulates called consistency conditions. The remarkable success of SM can be traced back to a unitary, local, renormalizable, gauge invariant and anomaly-free formulation of QFT. Experimental observations of recent years suggest that developing the theory beyond SM may require a careful revision of conceptual foundations of QFT. As it is known, QFT describes interaction of stable or quasi-stable fields whose evolution is deterministic and time-reversible. By contrast, behavior of strongly coupled fields or dynamics in the Terascale sector is prone to become unstable and chaotic. Nonrenormalizable interactions are likely to proliferate and prevent full cancellation of ultraviolet divergences. A specific signature of this transient regime is the onset of long-range dynamic correlations in space-time, the emergence of strange attractors in phase space and transition from smooth to fractal topology. Our focus here is the impact of fractal topology on physics unfolding above the electroweak scale. Arguments are given for perturbative renormalization of field theory on fractal space-time, breaking of discrete symmetries, hierarchical generation of particle masses and couplings as well as the potential for highly unusual phases of matter which are ultra-weakly coupled to SM. A surprising implication of this approach is that classical gravity emerges as a dual description of field theory on fractal space-time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Reflections on the Future of Particle Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 49 pages

Quantum Field Theory (QFT) lies at the foundation of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) and is built in compliance with a number of postulates called consistency conditions. The remarkable success of SM can be traced back to a unitary, local, renormalizable, gauge invariant and anomaly-free formulation of QFT. Experimental observations of recent years suggest that developing the theory beyond SM may require a careful revision of conceptual foundations of QFT. As it is known, QFT describes interaction of stable or quasi-stable fields whose evolution is deterministic and time-reversible. By contrast, behavior of strongly coupled fields or dynamics in the Terascale sector is prone to become unstable and chaotic. Nonrenormalizable interactions are likely to proliferate and prevent full cancellation of ultraviolet divergences. A specific signature of this transient regime is the onset of long-range dynamic correlations in space-time, the emergence of strange attractors in phase space and transition from smooth to fractal topology. Our focus here is the impact of fractal topology on physics unfolding above the electroweak scale. Arguments are given for perturbative renormalization of field theory on fractal space-time, breaking of discrete symmetries, hierarchical generation of particle masses and couplings as well as the potential for highly unusual phases of matter which are ultra-weakly coupled to SM. A surprising implication of this approach is that classical gravity emerges as a dual description of field theory on fractal space-time.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the Higgs Boson Papers

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Although I had heard about, read about, and wondered about the "Higgs boson" for years, I simply couldn't get a "feel" for this particle, mostly because I was unable to place it within any overall, coherent scheme of physical phenomena. I didn't want to believe in its reality, but I hadn't wanted to believe in the reality of the "W" and "Z" IVBs, either. Having eaten a large serving of humble pie with the discovery of these particles in the early 1980s at CERN, I was not eager for second helpings from the Higgs, so I kept searching for its conservation role. What finally broke the impasse for me was the article by Gordon Kane in Scientific American (and there is much else in this article I don't agree with), which mentioned there could be more than one Higgs boson. (See: "The Mysteries of Mass" by Gordon Kane, Scientific American, July 2005, pp. 41-48.) That idea allowed me almost immediately to "do my thing", which is the construction of General Systems hierarchies, using the "phase transition" energy levels, or force unification symmetry states, as benchmarks for the four sequential steps of a weak force decay "cascade" from the "Multiverse" to "ground state" atomic matter in our universe, with one step allotted to each of the four forces as they joined (or separated from) the unification hierarchy. (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant and the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 23 pages

The fine structure constant and the quark and lepton mixing angles are shown to arise naturally in the course of altering the symmetry of two algebraic identities. Specifically, the symmetry of the identity x² = x² is "broken" by making the substitution xⁿ → xⁿ - y^p on its left side, and the substitution x → x - z on its right side, where p equals the order of the identity; these substitutions convert the above identity into the equation x² - y² = (x - z)². These same substitutions are also applied to the only slightly more complicated identity (x/a)³ + x² = (x/a)³ + x² to produce this second equation (x³ - y³) / a³ + x² - y³ = (x - z)³ / a³ + (x - z)². These two equations are then shown to share a mathematical property relating to dz/dy, where, on the second equation's left side, this property helps define the special case (x³ - y³) / a³ + x² - y³ = (10³ - 0.1³) / 3³ + 10² - 0.1³ = 137.036, an equation which incorporates a value close to the experimental fine structure constant inverse. Moreover, on the second equation's right side, this same special case simultaneously produces values for the sines squared of the mixing angles. Specifically, the sines squared of the leptonic angles φ₁₂, φ₂₃, and φ₁₃ appear as 0.3, 0.5, and not larger than roughly 1/30 000, respectively; and the sines squared of the quark mixing angles θ₁₂ and θ₁₃ appear as 0.05, and close to 1/90 000, respectively. Despite closely mirroring so many experimental values, including the precisely-known fine structure constant, the above mathematical model requires no free parameters adjusted to fit experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass of the Higgs Boson Should be Zero

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 3 pages

If the Higgs boson does mediate a vacuum coupling which gives all particles mass, then it should not itself be massive.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 14 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.2641 [physics.gen-ph].

Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tetron Model Building

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 pages, 1 table, 1 figure

Spin models are considered on a discretized inner symmetry space with tetrahedral symmetry as possible dynamical schemes for the tetron model. Parity violation, which corresponds to a change of sign for odd permutations, is shown to dictate the form of the Hamiltonian. It is further argued that such spin models can be obtained from more fundamental principles by considering a (6+1)- or (7+1)-dimensional spacetime with octonion multiplication.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 pages, Paper published in Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics. EJTP 7, No. 24 (2010) 219–234

Understanding the origin of certain symmetry breaking scenarios in high-energy physics remains an open challenge. Here we argue that, at least in some cases, symmetry violation is an effect of non-equilibrium dynamics that is likely to develop somewhere above the energy scale of electroweak interaction. We also find that, imposing Poincare symmetry in non-equilibrium field theory, leads to fractalization of space-time continuum via period-doubling transition to chaos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 pages, Submitted for publication in a nonlinear dynamics journal.

Understanding the origin of certain symmetry breaking scenarios in high-energy physics remains an open challenge. Here we argue that, at least in some cases, symmetry violation is an effect of non-equilibrium dynamics that is likely to develop somewhere above the energy scale of electroweak interaction. We also find that, imposing Poincare symmetry in non-equilibrium field theory, leads to fractalization of space-time continuum via period-doubling transition to chaos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Some Novel Ideas in Hadron Physics. Part II

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

As a continuation of the preceding section, we shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons. In the present paper, emphasis is given on some different approaches to the hadron physics, which may be called as 'programs' in the sense of Lakatos. For clarity, we only discuss geometrization program, symmetries/ unification program, and phenomenology of inter-quark potential program.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Higgsless Mass Generation in the Nonlinear Generalization of Standard Model

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 Pages.

The results of the experiments, which were set until now for confirmation of Higgs's mechanism, are negative. In connection with the difficulties, which will appear if Higgs's bosons is not discovered, an interest arises in other possible variations of the field theory, which can be accessible for experimental check. Below we will examine the nonlinear quantum field theory (NQFT), which is the generalization of Standard Model and which solves the problem of particle masses without the Higgs mechanism.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Short-Range or "Particle" Forces

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The strong force is responsible for the binding of compound atomic nuclei and the binding of quarks in the class of heavy composite particles, the hadrons. Hadrons consist of baryons (containing 3 quarks) and mesons (containing quark-antiquark pairs). The weak force is responsible for the creation, destruction, and transformation of single, unpaired elementary particles (quarks and leptons). Both forces are to be understood in terms of energy, charge, and especially symmetry conservation. The strong force conserves whole quantum units of charge and achieves "least bound energy" nuclear configurations; the weak force ensures the invariance of all conserved parameters in elementary particles during the creation, destruction, or transformation of single, unpaired particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Table of the "Higgs Cascade"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 Pages.

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 "families" or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. With its origin in the "Multiverse", our Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) downward in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by negentropic gravity and symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem) toward the Multiverse or a state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs Table No. I: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Particle Table

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 Pages.

A table of elementary particles, including the weak force Intermediate Vector Bosons and Higgs particles is presented and discussed. The field vectors (force carriers) are discussed and examples of several types of particle decay are given. A list of technical terms is appended.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Particle Table

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

A table of elementary particles, including the weak force Intermediate Vector Bosons and Higgs particles is presented and discussed. The field vectors (force carriers) are discussed and examples of several types of particle decay are given. A list of technical terms is appended.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fractional Dynamics and the Standard Model for Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1397-1404. Also published in "Hadron Models and New Energy Issues" InfoLearn Quest (2007), ISBN 978-1-59973-042-4.

Fractional dynamics is an attractive framework for understanding the complex phenomena that are likely to emerge beyond the energy range of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM). using fractional dynamics and complex-scalar field theory as a baseline, our work explores how physics on the high-energy scale may help solve some of the open questions surrounding SM. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks) were first created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation at hand. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs (plus virtual particles drawn from the global "vacuum sea") that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 Pages.

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks) were first created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation at hand. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs (plus virtual particles drawn from the global "vacuum sea") that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks) were first created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation at hand. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs (plus virtual particles drawn from the global "vacuum sea") that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks) were first created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation at hand. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs (plus virtual particles drawn from the global "vacuum sea") that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" (apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs), and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks; leptoquarks; primordial leptons) were originally created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation class. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: "Identity" or "Number" Charge

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 Pages.

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a continuous multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's "anonymity". The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: "Identity" or Number Charge

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 Pages.

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's "anonymity". The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: "Identity" or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: "Identity" or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 11 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: "Identity" or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson vs the Spacetime Metric

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Currently, there seems to be (at least) two interpretations of the activity of the Higgs boson: 1) the older, original interpretation of the Higgs as the scalar or gauge boson which determines the rest masses of the IVBs and elementary particles (which I can understand and endorse); 2) a newer (additional? alternative?) interpretation consisting of a "Higgs ether" which acts as the source of particle mass in the sense of inertial resistance to acceleration. In this latter interpretation, all massive particles interact with a universal Higgs field in proportion to their bound energy content, and it is this interaction or "Higgs ether drag" which causes the inertial resistance to acceleration we characterize as mass. It is this latter interpretation which I cannot understand or endorse, as it seems to force a distinction between rest mass and inertial mass, and has no power at all to explain Einstein's relativistic mass. However, replacing the "Higgs ether drag" hypothesis (but retaining the Higgs scalar hypothesis) with a "gravitational field drag" hypothesis does allow us to understand the mechanism of relativistic variability in the metric and energetic parameters of mass, and crucially preserves the necessary equivalence between inertial and rest mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson vs the Spacetime Metric

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Currently, there seems to be (at least) two interpretations of the activity of the Higgs boson: 1) the older, original interpretation of the Higgs as the scalar or gauge boson which determines the rest masses of the IVBs and elementary particles (which I can understand and endorse); 2) a newer (additional? alternative?) interpretation consisting of a "Higgs ether" which acts as the source of particle mass in the sense of inertial resistance to acceleration. In this latter interpretation, all massive particles interact with a universal Higgs field in proportion to their bound energy content, and it is this interaction or "Higgs ether drag" which causes the inertial resistance to acceleration we characterize as mass. It is this latter interpretation which I cannot understand or endorse, as it seems to force a distinction between rest mass and inertial mass, and has no power at all to explain Einstein's relativistic mass. However, replacing the "Higgs ether drag" hypothesis (but retaining the Higgs scalar hypothesis) with a "gravitational field drag" hypothesis does allow us to understand the mechanism of relativistic variability in the metric and energetic parameters of mass, and crucially preserves the necessary equivalence between inertial and rest mass.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Origin of Matter and Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 Pages.

The creation of matter during the "Big Bang" is apparently due to the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquarks and antileptoquarks, in which the antileptoquarks decay at a slightly faster rate than the leptoquarks. The leptoquarks in these decays (which are electrically neutral due to the fractionally charged quarks) are also colorless (in the limit of "asymptotic freedom"), due to the great compressive force exerted by the "X" IVB. A leptoquark antineutrino is produced in this decay, balancing the baryon "number" charge of the eventual proton. This neutrino is a "dark matter" candidate. The interaction is the initiating example of a general class of reactions between symmetric primary energy fields and asymmetric secondary or "alternative" information fields or charge carriers.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Origin of Matter and Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The creation of matter during the "Big Bang" is apparently due to the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, in which the antileptoquarks decay at a slightly faster rate than the leptoquarks. The leptoquarks in these decays (which are electrically neutral due to the fractionally charged quarks) are also colorless (in the limit of "asymptotic freedom"), due to the great compressive force exerted by the "X" IVB. A leptoquark antineutrino is also produced in this decay, balancing the baryon number charge of the eventual proton. This neutrino is a "dark matter" candidate. The interaction is the initiating example of a general class of reactions between symmetric primary energy fields and asymmetric secondary or "alternative" information fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The "W" Intermediate Vector Boson and the Weak Force Mechanism

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 17 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Elementary particles created today must be the same in every respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang". The conservation requirement of elementary particle invariance constrains the mechanism of weak force particle creation and transformation. Weak force transformations recreate primordial symmetric energy states of the "Big Bang" force-unification eras (in the case of the "W", the electroweak force unification era) to accomplish the invariant creation and transformation of "singlet" elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proton Decay and the "Heat Death" of the Cosmos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 Pages.

The significance of proton decay is that it is the end-point of time and temporal entropy for matter, in much the same way we might say the black hole is the end-point of space and spatial entropy for light. Again we find that "the extremes meet": proton decay is surely commonplace inside black holes, while Hawking's "quantum radiance" returns bound energy to free energy and temporal entropy to spatial entropy. The notion that the ratio of force strengths relates the "heat death" and the "information death" of the Cosmos via proton decay suggests that if we knew one we would know the other; unfortunately, we know neither, and our force ratio is a pure number, without units. Nevertheless, I will use it to make a naive guess at the proton's lifetime. The lower experimental bound on proton decay is currently 10(35) years. According to the hypothesis advanced here, that the proton lifetime reflects the force ratio, in 2.5 x 10(41) seconds all protons will have decayed, which, curiously enough, yields an observational expectation (8 x 10(33) years) not far off the current lower experimental bound.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proton Decay and the "Heat Death" of the Universe

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 Pages.

The significance of proton decay is that it is the end-point of time and temporal entropy for matter, in much the same way we might say the black hole is the end-point of space and spatial entropy for light. Again we find that "the extremes meet": proton decay is surely commonplace inside black holes, while Hawking's "quantum radiance" returns bound energy to free energy and temporal entropy to spatial entropy. The notion that the ratio of force strengths relates the "heat death" and the "information death" of the Cosmos via proton decay suggests that if we knew one we would know the other; unfortunately, we know neither, and our force ratio is a pure number, without units. Nevertheless, I will use it to make a naive guess at the proton's lifetime. The lower experimental bound on proton decay is currently 10(35) years. According to the hypothesis advanced here, that the proton lifetime reflects the force ratio, in 2.5 x 10(41) seconds all protons will have decayed, which, curiously enough, yields an observational expectation (8 x 10(33) years) not far off the current lower experimental bound.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 Pages.

There is a very good reason why the field vectors of the weak force involve the hugely massive Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs) and the associated Higgs boson (while the field vectors of the other forces, the photon, gluon, and graviton, are simple massless energy forms): the weak force is the only force that creates and/or transforms "singlet" elementary particles (single particles without antimatter partners). Single particles cannot be directly produced from the vacuum "zoo" of virtual (and symmetric) particle-antiparticle pairs, as in the case of electromagnetic or strong force particle-pair production (in collisions, for example). Hence some other mechanism for reproducing the original conserved parameters of elementary particles must be employed. Single elementary particles created today must be the same in all respects as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang", and the massive and elaborate mechanism of the weak force is the only way to accomplish this imperative of energy and symmetry conservation - the invariance of the mass and charge of all elementary particles, wherever and whenever they may be created. It is also for this reason that the whole mechanism is quantized in terms of invariant Higgs boson and IVB mass. The large mass of the Higgs and IVBs actually recreates the energy-density of the primordial environment in which the elementary particles whose transformations they now mediate were originally created. A weak force transformation is in effect a mimi- "Big Bang", reproduceing the conditions of the macro- "Big Bang", so that the elementary particles produced by each are the same in every respect. This is the only way such a replication could be accomplished after eons of entropic evolution by the Cosmos. The role of the Higgs is to select the appropriate unified force symmetric energy-density state (usually the electroweak force unification energy level) for the transformation at hand; the IVBs associated with that particular symmetric energy state (the "W" family of IVBs in the electroweak case) then perform the transformation. The Higgs provides the mass scalar for the process, the IVBs provide the actual transformation mechanism. (See: "The 'W' IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism".) Within a particular unified force symmetric energy state, transformations appropriate to that state are but the natural course of events. At the electroweak energy level, all quark "flavors" are equivalent (and hence readily swapped or transformed), and all lepton flavors are likewise equivalent, but the quark and lepton families do not intermingle. At the next higher "G.U.T." energy level, quark and lepton families also merge their separate identities and exchange flavors. In addition to our electromagnetic "ground state", there may be three higher unified force energy-density levels - the electroweak, the "G.U.T." and the "T.O.E.", each with its own Higgs boson ("H1", "H2", "H3") and associated IVB "family" ("W", "X", "Y"). (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): a General Systems Perspective (Part i)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages

There is a very good reason why the field vectors of the weak force involve the hugely massive Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs) and the associated Higgs boson (while the field vectors of the other forces, the photon, gluon, and graviton, are simple massless energy forms): the weak force is the only force that creates and/or transforms "singlet" elementary particles (single particles without antimatter partners). Single particles cannot be directly produced from the vacuum "zoo" of virtual (and symmetric) particle-antiparticle pairs, as in the case of electromagnetic or strong force particle-pair production (in collisions, for example). Hence some other mechanism for producing the original conserved parameters of elementary particles must be employed. Single elementary particles created today must be the same in all respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang", and the massive and elaborate mechanism of the weak force is the only way to accomplish this imperative of energy and symmetry conservation - the invariance of the mass and charge of all elementary particles, wherever and whenever they may be created. It is also for this reason that the whole mechanism is quantized in terms of invariant Higgs boson and IVB mass. The large mass of the Higgs and IVBs actually recreates the energy-density of the primordial environment in which the elementary particles whose transformations they now mediate were originally created. A weak force transformation is in effect a mimi- "Big Bang" which reproduces the conditions of the macro- "Big Bang" so that the elementary particles produced by each are the same in every respect. This is the only way such a replication could be accomplished after eons of entropic evolution by the Cosmos. The role of the Higgs is to select the appropriate unified force symmetric energy-density state (usually the electroweak force unification energy-density level) for the transformation at hand; the IVBs associated with that particular symmetric energy state (the "W" family of IVBs in the electroweak case) then perform the transformation. The Higgs is the mass scalar of the process, the IVBs are the actual transformation mechanism. (See: "The 'W' IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism".) Within a particular unified force symmetric energy state, transformations appropriate to that state are but the natural course of events. At the electroweak level, all quark "flavors" are equivalent (and hence readily swapped or transformed), and all lepton flavors are likewise equivalent, but the quark and lepton families do not intermingle. At the next higher "G.U.T." energy level, quark and lepton families also exchange flavors. In addition to our electromagnetic "ground state", there may be three higher unified force energy-density levels - the electroweak, the "G.U.T." and the "T.O.E.", each with its own Higgs boson and IVB "family". (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".) Perhaps a more familiar analogy from the hierarchy of biological classification will be helpful (species/genus/family/order). At the ground state electromagnetic level we find completely separate and stable elementary particle species. At the electroweak level we find the several quark species joined together in their own genus (quarks), and likewise the several electron and neutrino species joined together in another genus (the leptons). At this electroweak energy level, transformations may occur within genera but not between genera. At the G.U.T. level we find the quark and lepton genera joined together in a family (the fermions), and the field vectors (except gravity) joined together in another family (the bosons). Now transformations may occur within the family level but not between families (creating leptoquarks but not yet bound energy itself). At the final level of force unity, the T.O.E. level, we find the fermion and boson families (plus gravity) joined into an order (free and bound electromagnetic energy) in which transformations between all types of particles are allowed, creating primordial forms of bound electromagnetic energy (primordial leptonic elementary particles split into three components - Gamow's "Ylem").
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): a General Systems Perspective (Part i)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages

There is a very good reason why the field vectors of the weak force involve the hugely massive Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs) and the associated Higgs boson (while the field vectors of the other forces, the photon, gluon, and graviton, are simple massless energy forms): the weak force is the only force that creates and/or transforms "singlet" elementary particles (single particles without antimatter partners). Single particles cannot be directly produced from the vacuum "zoo" of virtual (and symmetric) particle-antiparticle pairs, as in the case of electromagnetic or strong force particle-pair production (in collisions, for example). Hence some other mechanism for producing the original conserved parameters of elementary particles must be employed. Single elementary particles created today must be the same in all respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang", and the massive and elaborate mechanism of the weak force is the only way to accomplish this imperative of energy and symmetry conservation - the invariance of the mass and charge of all elementary particles, wherever and whenever they may be created. It is also for this reason that the whole mechanism is quantized in terms of invariant Higgs boson and IVB mass. The large mass of the Higgs and IVBs actually recreates the energy-density of the primordial environment in which the elementary particles whose transformations they now mediate were originally created. A weak force transformation is in effect a mimi- "Big Bang" which reproduces the conditions of the macro- "Big Bang" so that the elementary particles produced by each are the same in every respect. This is the only way such a replication could be accomplished after eons of entropic evolution by the Cosmos. The role of the Higgs is to select the appropriate unified force symmetric energy-density state (usually the electroweak force unification energy-density level) for the transformation at hand; the IVBs associated with that particular symmetric energy state (the "W" family of IVBs in the electroweak case) then perform the transformation. The Higgs is the mass scalar of the process, the IVBs are the actual transformation mechanism. (See: "The 'W' IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism".) Within a particular unified force symmetric energy state, transformations appropriate to that state are but the natural course of events. At the electroweak level, all quark "flavors" are equivalent (and hence readily swapped or transformed), and all lepton flavors are likewise equivalent, but the quark and lepton families do not intermingle. At the next higher "G.U.T." energy level, quark and lepton families also exchange flavors. In addition to our electromagnetic "ground state", there may be three higher unified force energy-density levels - the electroweak, the "G.U.T." and the "T.O.E.", each with its own Higgs boson and IVB "family". (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".) Perhaps a more familiar analogy from the hierarchy of biological classification will be helpful (species/genus/family/order). At the ground state electromagnetic level we find completely separate and stable elementary particle species. At the electroweak level we find the several quark species joined together in their own genus (quarks), and likewise the several electron and neutrino species joined together in another genus (the leptons). At this electroweak energy level, transformations may occur within genera but not between genera. At the G.U.T. level we find the quark and lepton genera joined together in a family (the fermions), and the field vectors (except gravity) joined together in another family (the bosons). Now transformations may occur within the family level but not between families (creating leptoquarks but not yet bound energy itself). At the final level of force unity, the T.O.E. level, we find the fermion and boson families (plus gravity) joined into an order (free and bound electromagnetic energy) in which transformations between all types of particles are allowed, creating primordial forms of bound electromagnetic energy (primordial leptonic elementary particles split into three components - Gamow's "Ylem").
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chaos in Quantum Chromodynamics and the Hadron Spectrum

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 pages, Published in the Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics, EJTP 7, No. 23 (2010) 75–84.

We present analytic evidence that the distribution of hadron masses follows from the universal transition to chaos in non-equilibrium field theory. It is shown that meson and baryon spectra obey a scaling hierarchy with critical exponents ordered in natural progression. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Complex Dynamics and the Future of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 pages, Paper published in Nonl. Sci. Lett. A, vol.1, No.1, 39-42, 2010.

In this report we argue that complex dynamics has the potential of becoming a key tool for the "new physics" sector of particle theory. The report includes a list of candidate signals for "new physics" that were recently recorded above the scale of electroweak interaction. Some of the pioneering efforts directed towards application of complex dynamics in high-energy physics are briefly surveyed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 29 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered, including its relationship to quantum fields, E.M. wave propagation and particle non - conservation. Related implications from cross discipline experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed. Correlations between this, the standard model, field theory, cosmological shocks and halos, dark matter and astrophysical anomalies are drawn and a new model is derived and tested to explore its ability to remove anomalies and paradox. The conceptual model utilises Einstein's postulates of Special Relativity, and constancy of 'c', and his opinion that "We can't solve problems using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them." also the conclusions of his 1952 paper[1] that inertial reference frames in space are actually "an infinite number of spaces...in motion with respect to each other." The historic pathway to, and assumptions following, the S.T.R. are reviewed against current data and an adjustment derived. A quantum mechanism for Doppler shifting emerges via 'Discrete Fields' which appears to allow Locality with the Reality Einstein sought from a Unified Field Theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 28 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 26 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 28 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 27 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Inductive implications of characteristics established from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using a cross disciplinary methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and certain astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The dynamic conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design tasks, with links to Goethe - Zwicky morphology. Analysis of the likely effect of current data on previous historic pathways to current physics was made and alternative models evaluated. A model arose which matched a full observational profile, removed paradox and explained anomalies. It uses only existing maths and dimensions, is logical, intuitive and testable. An insight into the quantum phase shift mechanism gives a new perspective on SR and QFT, and allows unification. Consequences are identified allowing progress in related research areas including quantum gravity. Future papers on these areas are proposed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 1204 Pages.

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy. </p><p> <OL> <LI> p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p&asymp; 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p&asymp; 2^k- and 2-fractality. <LI> In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large. <LI> The weak form of electric-magnetic duality is the newest building brick of the vision and leads to a detailed view about electro-weak screening and color confinement and predicts new physics below weak scales. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality allows to identify Higgs bosons and to understand how they provide the longitudinal polarizations of gauge bosons. The most natural option is that photon eats the remaining Higgs scalar and receives a small mass. This true for all bosons regarded as massless and allows to have exact Yangian symmetry requiring the vanishing of IR divergences. Higgs potential and vacuum expectation of Higgs are not needed in the model. <LI> Twistors emerge naturally in TGD framework and several proposal for twistorialization of TGD is discussed in two chapters devoted to the topic. Twistorial approach combined with zero energy ontology, bosonic emergence, and the properties of the Chern-Simons Dirac operator leads to the conjecture that all particles -also string like objects- can be regarded as bound states of massless particles identifiable as wormhole throats. Also virtual particles would consist of massles wormhole throats but bound state property is not assumed anymore and the energies of wormhole throats can have opposite signs so that space-like momentum exchanges become possible. This implies extremely strong constraints on loop momenta and manifest finiteness of loop integrals. </OL> </p><p> The first part of the book is about the description of elementary particle massivation in terms of p-adic thermodynamics and Higgsy contribution affecting the vacuum conformal weight. In the first chapter the view about quantum TGD from particle physics perspective is discussed and the remaining chapters are devoted to the detailed calculation of masses of elementary particles and hadrons, and to various new physics suggested or predicted by the resulting scenario. </p><p> Second part of the book is devoted to the application of p-adic length scale hypothesis above elementary particle length scales. The so called leptohadron physics, originally developed on basis of experimental anomalies, is discussed as a particular instance of an infinite fractal hierarchy of copies of standard model physics, predicted by TGD and consistent with what is known about ordinary elementary particle physics. TGD based view about nuclear physics involves light exotic quarks as a essential element, and dark nuclear physics could have implications also at the level of condensed matter physics and biology. TGD based view about high T_c superconductors involves also in an essential manner dark matter and is summarized in the closing chapter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 1136 Pages.

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy. </p><p> <OL> <LI> p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p&asymp; 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p&asymp; 2^k- and 2-fractality. <LI> In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large. <LI> The weak form of electric-magnetic duality is the newest building brick of the vision and leads to a detailed view about electro-weak screening and color confinement and predicts new physics below weak scales. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality allows to identify Higgs bosons and to understand how they provide the longitudinal polarizations of gauge bosons. The most natural option is that photon eats the remaining Higgs scalar and receives a small mass. This true for all bosons regarded as massless and allows to have exact Yangian symmetry requiring the vanishing of IR divergences. Higgs potential and vacuum expectation of Higgs are not needed in the model. <LI> Twistors emerge naturally in TGD framework and several proposal for twistorialization of TGD is discussed in two chapters devoted to the topic. Twistorial approach combined with zero energy ontology, bosonic emergence, and the properties of the Chern-Simons Dirac operator leads to the conjecture that all particles -also string like objects- can be regarded as bound states of massless particles identifiable as wormhole throats. Also virtual particles would consist of massles wormhole throats but bound state property is not assumed anymore and the energies of wormhole throats can have opposite signs so that space-like momentum exchanges become possible. This implies extremely strong constraints on loop momenta and manifest finiteness of loop integrals. </OL> </p><p> The first part of the book is about the description of elementary particle massivation in terms of p-adic thermodynamics and Higgsy contribution affecting the vacuum conformal weight. In the first chapter the view about quantum TGD from particle physics perspective is discussed and the remaining chapters are devoted to the detailed calculation of masses of elementary particles and hadrons, and to various new physics suggested or predicted by the resulting scenario. </p><p> Second part of the book is devoted to the application of p-adic length scale hypothesis above elementary particle length scales. The so called leptohadron physics, originally developed on basis of experimental anomalies, is discussed as a particular instance of an infinite fractal hierarchy of copies of standard model physics, predicted by TGD and consistent with what is known about ordinary elementary particle physics. TGD based view about nuclear physics involves light exotic quarks as a essential element, and dark nuclear physics could have implications also at the level of condensed matter physics and biology. TGD based view about high T_c superconductors involves also in an essential manner dark matter and is summarized in the closing chapter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 756 pages

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy.

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p≈ 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p≈ 2^k- and 2-fractality.
2. In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large.
3. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality is the newest building brick of the vision and leads to a detailed view about electro-weak screening and color confinement and predicts new physics below weak scales. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality allows to identify Higgs bosons and to understand how they provide the longitudinal polarizations of gauge bosons. The most natural option is that photon eats the remaining Higgs scalar and receives a small mass. This true for all bosons regarded as massless and allows to have exact Yangian symmetry requiring the vanishing of IR divergences. Higgs potential and vacuum expectation of Higgs are not needed in the model.
4. Twistors emerge naturally in TGD framework and several proposal for twistorialization of TGD is discussed in two chapters devoted to the topic. Twistorial approach combined with zero energy ontology, bosonic emergence, and the properties of the Chern-Simons Dirac operator leads to the conjecture that all particles -also string like objects- can be regarded as bound states of massless particles identifiable as wormhole throats. Also virtual particles would consist of massles wormhole throats but bound state property is not assumed anymore and the energies of wormhole throats can have opposite signs so that space-like momentum exchanges become possible. This implies extremely strong constraints on loop momenta and manifest finiteness of loop integrals.

The first part of the book is about the description of elementary particle massivation in terms of p-adic thermodynamics and Higgsy contribution affecting the vacuum conformal weight. In the first chapter the view about quantum TGD from particle physics perspective is discussed and the remaining four chapters are devoted to the detailed calculation of masses of elementary particles and hadrons, and to various new physics suggested or predicted by the resulting scenario.

Second part of the book is devoted to the application of p-adic length scale hypothesis above elementary particle length scales. The so called leptohadron physics, originally developed on basis of experimental anomalies, is discussed as a particular instance of an infinite fractal hierarchy of copies of standard model physics, predicted by TGD and consistent with what is known about ordinary elementary particle physics. TGD based view about nuclear physics involves light exotic quarks as a essential element, and dark nuclear physics could have implications also at the level of condensed matter physics and biology. TGD based view about high T_c superconductors involves also in an essential manner dark matter and is summarized in the closing chapter.

Category: High Energy Particle Physics

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 790 pages

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy.

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p ≅ 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p ≅ 2^k- and 2-fractality.
2. In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large.

Phenomenon of 18 Degrees for Pseudoscalar Mesons

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

If trigonometric tangent covered interval (0 to 1 to infinity) I try count the proton mass as imaginative unit of the Universe? Then reveal where to go other particles. Result-interesting phenomenon 18 degrees for pseudoscalar mesons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Is Ratio 3:1 a Comprehensive Principle of the Universe?

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 5 pages

Examples of physical evidencies supporting the Ratio 3:1 are given. Concept of Metasymmetry and Broken Metasymmetry is introduced. The 3:1 Ratio has been found as a numerical measure of Broken Metasymmetry(BM). An attempt have been made for explanation of BM as total effect Bose-Fermi mixture.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 32 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything." The v2 update adds material about Gradings and Triality (pdf pages 12-19) and about E8 lattices (pdf pages 20-32).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 32 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything." The v2 update adds material about Gradings and Triality (pdf pages 12-19) and about E8 lattices (pdf pages 20-32).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics