All Submission Categories

Metaheuristic Solutions for Tackling Big Data Challenges: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Koffka Khan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the era of big data, the exponential growth in data volume, velocity, variety, and veracity has presented unprecedented challenges for traditional data processing and analytics techniques. In response to these challenges, metaheuristic algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for solving optimization problems in large-scale datasets. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the applications of metaheuristics in addressing various challenges posed by big data. We begin with an overview of big data challenges and the characteristics of metaheuristic algorithms. We then survey the literature on the application of metaheuristics in key areas such as data preprocessing, clustering, classification, association rule mining, and optimization. Furthermore, we discuss the scalability, efficiency, adaptability, and ethical considerations associated with the use of metaheuristic algorithms in big data analytics. Finally, we outline potential directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers interested in leveraging metaheuristic approaches to extract actionable insights from big data.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Rotations of Electromagnetic Waves for Novel Chemical Dynamics: Decomposition of PAFS and Synthesis of BC8 Super-Diamond

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 5 Pages.

A new theory is given for the decomposition of PFAS and the formation of BC8 Super-diamond by application of RBL’s rotating magnetic field and static magnetic field for stimulating nuclei having nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs). The induced NMMs are proposed more readily in the 19F of PFAS due to large mass defect of 19F and the many C-F bonds per molecule. The superdiamond is reasoned to form with its body center cubic lattice with central carbon atom per cube due to the rotating magnetic field and resulting internal induced sp3 hybridization with more efficiency for the applied external pressure to be better used to compress the resulting sp3 carbon atoms to BC8 super-diamond.
Category: Physics of Biology

On a Combinatorial Problem of Existing Matchings

Authors: Wladislaw Zlatjkovic Petrovescu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform)

In this paper we prove a classic combinatorial result on matchings.
Category: General Mathematics

Quantum Fantasies [?] and Molecular Realities

Authors: Mark C. Marson
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum computing is criticized as obfuscatory. The problem of an excessive number of continuous parameters is explained by Dyakonov. The origin of the idea of quantum computing (courtesy of Feynman) is described - as a desperate attempt to circumvent the limitations of computers in the early 1980s. His scepticism is noted as is the astonishing processing power of modern computers. The fundamental problems of quantum computing are set out: it defies basic physics by implicitly requiring sub-atomic control; it cannot be categorized within formal logic; it does not offer true general purpose computing; and, over four decades of work in the field has been fruitless. An alternative research and development objective (again courtesy of Feynman), namely molecular nanotechnology (MNT), is set out. The extreme shortcomings of the synthetic techniques of today’s material science are described. A brief background to MNT is given, including a summary of the debate between Smalley and Drexler. The simple theoretical resolution to the debate (multitasking) is given and contrasted with single purpose synthetic techniques. The remaining ‘causality dilemma’ is mentioned. The preferred materials of MNT (diamond and maybe silicon) are contrasted with the molecules of organic chemistry. A novel alternative (by Marson) to self or positional assembly for material synthesis is summarized - namely the directed evolution of mineral nanocrystals by utilizing affinity chromatography and microED technology (in preference to X-ray crystallography). The greater possibilities for self-assembly engendered by tailored nanocrystals are mentioned, as is the most obvious first use of mineral nanocrystals, namely dynamic catalysis.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Preliminary Investigation of Open-Ended Evolution in Two-Dimensional Discrete Dynamical Systems

Authors: Perry W. Swanborough
Comments: 15 Pages.

Open-ended evolution (OEE) of interacting elementary cellular automata (ECA) was studied by Alyssa Adams et al. (2017). Some instances of composite ECA systems incorporating state-dependent dynamics were shown to satisfy definitions of unbounded evolution (UE) and innovation (INN), facilitating OEE. As an exercise in the rigorous analysis of systems not larger than sufficient to establish universal requirements for OEE, the scope of the study was restricted to small one-dimensional systems (ECAs) in which the perturbation of one subsystem by one other was one-way only (from "environment", e to "organism", o), but the authors recognized that their conclusions should also be relevant to the richer dynamics of large systems of mutually interacting subsystems. In this study, I explore the potential of three mutually interacting hodge podge machines for OEE and recognize that study of OEE in such comparatively large systems is provisionally tractable only by assessment of INN, considered as a reliable UE/OEE indicator.
Category: Physics of Biology

Description of the Hidden State of the World

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 12 Pages. In Bulgarian

For an AI to become self-aware, it must answer the questions "Where am I?" and "What's going on?" The answer to these questions is hidden in the internal state of the world. To understand the world is to describe its internal state and the function that determines the transitions from one internal state to another. If an AI doesn't try to understand the world, then it's a weak AI. The way to create strong AI is through describing the internal state of the world. To create Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) it is not enough to learn to describe the internal state of the world. We still need to move from one-step to multi-step reasoning. This means starting from the current state of the world and mentally taking a few steps forward into the future and thus choosing the best development for us.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Integer Optimization and P vs NP Problem

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 5 Pages.

We transform NP-complete Problem to the polynomial- time algorithm which would mean that P = NP.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Classification of the Operational Spaces

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce operational spaces that are a special case of what is usually called quotient topological spaces with an equivalence relation of interest. Then we derive some results and conjectures on their classification and an application to define the convergence of a sequence towards a cycle in the general case. We also provide a perspective on the still unaddressed conjectures concerning the operational spaces and we argue that the commonly useless non-uniform almost periodicity is actually useful in this context to understand the classification of such spaces.
Category: Algebra

Miscellaneous Summation, Integration, and Transformation Formulas

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a discussion of miscellaneous summation, integration and transformation formulas obtained using Fourier analysis. The topics covered are: Series of the form $sum_{ninmathbb{Z}} c_ne^{pi i gamma n^2}$; Fusion of integrals, and in particular fusion of $q$-beta integrals related to Gauss-Fourier transform, and a related family of eigenfunctions of the cosine Fourier transform; Summation formulas of the type $sum_{nge 1}frac{chi(n)}{n},varphi(n)$ with Dirichlet characters; Trigonometric Fourier series expansion of hypergeometric functions of the argument $sin^2x$; Modifications of the inverse tangent integral and identities for corresponding infinite products.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Exploring the Complexities of AI-Mediated Communication and Human-Machine Communication

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 25 Pages.

The rapid advancements in AI technologies, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), have blurred the lines between AI-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) and Human-Machine Communication/Human-Artificial Intelligence Communication (HMC/HAIC). This paper introduces novel concepts such as AI-Assisted Communication (AI-AC) and AI-Dominated Communication (AI-DC) within AI-MC and proposes a theoretical framework positioning LLMs as communicators with dual sender-receiver roles. The framework is extended to encompass Generative AI technologies, offering a novel perspective on AI's multifaceted role in human communication processes. By integrating insights from diverse research perspectives, the paper contributes to the advancement of communication theory, highlights ethical considerations, and aims to stimulate further investigations into the transformative impact of AI on human communication.
Category: Social Science

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainty, respectively within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.4
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multiple Causation and Correlations

Authors: Ait-taleb Nabil
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the context of multiple causation, I will introduce the causation function. This function is a quadratic form computed from the correlations and serves as a generalization of R-squared, commonly found in machine learning. In this report, the causation function will make the link between the correlations and causal relationship. By examining the causation function through an illustrative example, we will demonstrate how strong or weak correlations between multiple causes and a variable can imply either a highly likely or unlikely causal relationship between the causes and the variable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizationsof Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main conclusions of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and definition of the rest mass of a material particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justify particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data, Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Encoding Specificity as a Function of Working Memory

Authors: Sofia Toney
Comments: 15 Pages.

Encoding specificity is a principle in cognitive psychology that involves the interaction between working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Dissatisfaction with memory quality and a need for more inclusive teaching have prompted intensive research into this subject in recent years. The purpose of this literary review is to examine the practical implications of studies concerning encoding specificity in order to determine the benefit of conscious implementation into learning environments. Testing involved participants creating replicable context at the time of encoding to later be tested at recall. Results of testing revealed a significant improvement in memory retention when participants were tested for recall. In each of the mentioned tests, memory was consistently better when contextual information matched in both encoding and recall. The implications of these findings provide support for the principle’s effectiveness in assisting people of all demographics with improving memory retention.
Category: Mind Science

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Uniform Lower Bound for the Probability of K Players Tied for First Place Using Supertelescoping Series

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this note, we establish a uniform lower bound (w.r.t. the number of players) for the probability of k players tied for first place in the geometric case. To derive this bound, we introduce the concept of supertelescoping series as a generalization of telescoping series. We also provide an insight on the relationship between supertelescopic series and supermartingales.
Category: Statistics

Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 44 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only!)

This paper builds on proposals in earlier papers that build the SM fundamental particles from infinite superpositions. The most important prediction of these earlier papers is that all fundamental particles, including bosons, have an infinitesimal mass that at all times is inversely proportional to the horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. Photons interacting between electrically charged particles only travel at approximately light velocity when interacting energies are well above inverse horizon radius values. High energy scattering experiments performed in this current era are unlikely to include interacting photon energies approaching the inverse horizon radius, and will thus show mirror symmetry as their interacting bosons travel at virtually light velocity. However, when matter and antimatter were forming, the inverse horizon radius was very small with larger energy interacting photons, and more likely to have included energies inversely proportional to the horizon radius. These photons travel at well below light velocities and will not show mirror symmetry, which Sakharov argued in 1967 could explain the matter antimatter imbalance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dragonhead Cyclone in the Falkland Islands (Malvines Islands)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijt Mitra, Sana Ahmed
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Chinese Dragon, is a legendary creaturein Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, andChinese culture at large. Academicians haveidentified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: snakes, Chinese alligators, thunder worship and nature worship.They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water. Cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina. The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the verycharacteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Theypresent a mathematical form of a double CotesSpiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone(DC), due to the singular resemblance to a dragon head, indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km 2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a WNW direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the FalklandIslands (Malvinas Islands). In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40◦ latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Category: Astrophysics

Minimal Dividing Odd Subsets Are Related to the Golden Ratio

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this note, we give a proof for a lower bound (though not a satisfying one) of the density of minimal dividing odd subsets where the goldenratio surprisingly appears. We also provide some other properties of such integer subsets and some new insight on the relationship between minimaldividing odd subsets and the Goldbach conjecture. We argue that the study of minimal dividing odd subsets is a new and interesting starting point to prove the Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

New Solutions of Lorentz Transformation IV

Authors: Tomáš Kafoněk
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is the fourth part of a hypothesis originally based on the basic assumptions of Lorentz transformation and has various implications. In the first part of the hypothesis [1], I calculated the wave function from the general assumptions of the Lorentz transformation. This wave function describes spacetime deformations and entirely replaces the original Lorentz solution used in special relativity. Importantly, each new solution, for both time and space deformation, has two possible solutions that are equally probable. Therefore, I have used these equations for further calculations, which already have a quantum nature.In the second part of my hypothesis [2], I converted this equation into an electromagnetic one and used it to calculate interference and diffraction. Thus, the resulting equation is not based on complex functions, as in standard calculations. We can further investigate this equation, for example, in the context of electron levels in an atom, as interference and diffraction are phenomena related to Young's experiment, and the wave properties of electrons have been demonstrated. In the third part of my hypothesis [3], I applied the calculations to atomic relations and outlined possible solutions for atomic orbitals. This outline of the potential arrangement of energies in the atomic model arose from the fact that some molecules, such as CH4, have the shape of a Platonic solid tetrahedron, which I consider pivotal within the framework of the VSEPR theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Bob Ross
Comments: 4 Pages.

Proof of this conjecture has been elusive for over 60 years. The key to a proof was to find the right combination of logic and equations to complete the proof. We section the Natural numbers into 3 mutually exclusive sets. We first assume that for the first set that there is a number in the set that does not obey Collatz and show this cannot be true since it leads to a contradiction. Using this result we show that the other 2 sets must also obey Collatz.
Category: Number Theory

On the Essential Principle of Universal Gravitation and Its Mathematical Derivation

Authors: Ding Lei
Comments: 22 Pages. In Chinese (Please cite and list scientific references!)

This article explores the fundamental principle of universal gravitation and derives a new formula for universal gravitation which can be verified by a variety of experimental methods.
Category: Classical Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron and Muon

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The anomalous magnetic moment of electron is calculated in the framework of the Schwinger source method from the assumption the electron and is immersed in the magnetic eld. The magnetic eld causes the modication of the Greenfunction of the charged particle and therefore the modication of the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude. The derived value of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron is in excelent agreement with experiment. The muon magnetic moment is discussed at the experimental and methodological basis. This article is writtenin the form of the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Classical Mechanics Of Charge, Space [&] Time Without Mass Dimension

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper continues from the author’s earlier paper of Simple Unified Theory (SUT).It extends the new electric classical mechanics basedon electric charge, space and time without mass as an independent physical dimension. Mass is now a defined concept as magnitude of charge times volume of charge. New definitions of an electric unified atomic unit and an electric kilogram have been introduced. A complex Coulomb’s law is developed with a formal analytical extension of the electric charge as a complex quantity; a charge Q of magnitude q is represented as z = Q + iqk where the constant k is dependent on the system of units. The complex Coulomb’s law for the forces between two charges z1 , z2 at distance r apart is: F = 1/(4πεu2080)zu2081zu2082/r² r̂. The forces acting between two Hydrogen-1 atoms would be shown to have a net attractive force; this explains how gravity is the result of a slight excess of Coulomb attractions over repulsions.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativity Predicts a Variable G

Authors: Frederic Lassiaille
Comments: 32 Pages.

It is shown that relativity predicts a variable G. The proof starts by considering a dimensionless particle in an empty universe. Then two particles, three particles, and an infinite set of particles are studied. This allows to calculate space-time structure for any realistic energy distribution. The proof uses the interchange of limits theorem, and ad hoc sequences of energy distributions. With only one particle the result is a singularity everywhere if the universe is empty outside of the particle. Those singularities disappear completely with three particles. Then this calculation is done for any realistic energy distribution. An equation of G is given naturally in the process. This equation is a correct approximation in most of the cases. The fundamental principles building Einstein equation are still valid, but now the constant anthropocentric solar system value is shown to be weaker in strong matter density environments, and greater in low matter density environments. It means that the surrounding effect arises, it was introduced by a previous work [1,2]. And this effect was shown to solve the gravitational mysteries of today in astrophysics and in cosmology. Under a unifying relevant assumption, a solution is also given to the Millenium Yang-Mills problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Density of Minimal Dividing Odd Subsets for the Even Numbers is Asymptotically Normal

Authors: Mathis Antonetti
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this notice, we introduce the problem of minimal dividing odd subsets for the even numbers and we show that the density of such subsets of $n$ elements is asymptotically normal (that is at least decreasing as $frac{1}{n}$). We argue that understanding the problem of minimal dividing oddsubset might lead to new approaches to solving NP-hard problems.
Category: Number Theory

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that an elegant relation R=c^2/G arises describing the size of the universe R in terms of the speed of light c and the gravitational constant G when we treat mass as being made of space instead of in, but separate from, space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

"Neural Avalanches: Optimizing Neurodynamics, Network Formation, and Brain Development

Authors: Richard Murdoch Montgomery
Comments: 16 Pages.

Neural avalanches, characterized by cascading bursts of activity propagating across neural networks, are emerging as a fundamental phenomenon in brain function and development. This article explores the intricate relationship between neural avalanches and their role in optimizing neurodynamics, network formation, and information processing in the brain.Drawing from recent research findings, I delve into the criticality exhibited by neural avalanches, which put the brain at an optimal state for efficient information transmission and computational capabilities. The article examines how neural avalanches facilitate the formation of efficient neural networks through a process called "neuronal avalanche organizing" (NAO), where neurons participating in the same avalanches tend to wire together, leading to the emergence of functional neural circuits.Furthermore, I discuss the importance of moderate levels of D1 dopamine receptor activation in supporting avalanche dynamics. Appropriate D1 receptor activation helps maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition, regulating neural excitability and gain modulation, and contributing to synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying network reorganization.Extending beyond neurodynamics and network formation, the article explores the pivotal role of neural avalanches in brain development. I try to elucidate how avalanche dynamics shape neural circuit formation, synaptic pruning, and refinement, as well as facilitate critical period plasticity and functional specialization of brain regions. Additionally, I highlight the contribution of neural avalanches to network integration and the emergence of higher cognitive functions and complex behaviors during development.By synthesizing current understanding and ongoing research, this article provides a comprehensive perspective on the intricate interplay between neural avalanches, neurodynamics, network formation, and brain development. It underscores the significance of this phenomenon in optimizing information processing, shaping neural architecture, and guiding the maturation of the brain's intricate circuitry.Word highlights: Neural avalanches, Criticality , Neurodynamics
Category: Physics of Biology

What is Dark Matter?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 5 Pages.

Article explores the concept of dark matter, a postulate introduced to explain observed anomalies in the motion of cosmic objects, such as stars at the outskirts of galaxies and galaxies within clusters, that do not align with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Traditional gravitational theory, as well as Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, faces challenges in accounting for these discrepancies, including the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous flyby effect, the behavior of Oumuamua, and the trajectory of asteroid Apophis. This paper posits that these anomalies can be explained by revising the law of universal gravitation itself, rather than introducing the concept of dark matter. By examining instances where the gravitational constant appears variable and the function of distance in gravitational equations deviates from expected values, the paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding cosmic phenomena. The implications of these findings on celestial navigation, the behavior of light in gravitational fields, and the structure of the universe are discussed, challenging prevailing theories and proposing a new direction for gravitational research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a light flux or some other factor from galaxies and become gravitating; the need for Dark Matter may be abated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether — Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 44 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravity With Non-unitary Transform

Authors: Zhipeng Lin
Comments: 10 Pages.

For a long time scientists try to find methods to combine Gravity and standard model together. By calculate Einstein tensor $G_{ab}$, this article reach a solution with a form can help Gravity take part in particles' interaction like gauge transform. Different with gauge transform, this transform is not unitary. This transform can be linked in parallel or in series.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Mathematics of Extratropical Cyclones Originating in the South of the South American Continent

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijt Mitra, Sana Ahmed
Comments: 5 Pages.

Extratropical cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina, in the regions of Puerto Natales, Punta Arenas (Chile), Rio Galegos, Rio Grande, El Calafate and Ushuaia (Argentina). The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the very characteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Many others were also analyzed. They present a mathematical form of a double Cotes Spiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone (DC), indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a WNW direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas Islands). In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40° latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Category: Climate Research

Elimination of ‘6’ as the Solution to Hadwiger-Nelson Problem

Authors: Aryan Hussain Sahir
Comments: 3 Pages.

Mathematicians are working day and night to solve problems like Riemann Hypothesis but problems like Hadwiger-Nelson problem are getting ignored though it can contribute greatly to many fields of science. In this paper, one of possible solutions to it has been eliminated by simple procedure, making the list of possible solutions decrease to "two" (2).
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Does Gravity Work According to Mach's Principle?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background: Mach's Principle posits that the inertia of a body is inuenced by the sum total of matter in the universe. This paper explores the relationship between gravitational potential energy and rest mass within the framework of Mach's Principle, utilizing a thought experiment involving the elevation of mass on Earth.Methods: The study employs a theoretical approach, beginning with a thought experiment that demonstrates the change in an object's rest mass due to alterations in gravitational potential energy. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to express rest mass as a function of distance from a massive central body, incorporating adjustments for observed astronomical phenomena such as the precession of Mercury's orbit.Conclusion: The findings affirm the principle that an object's rest mass is influenced by the gravitational potential of all other masses in the universe, aligning with Mach's Principle. The study underscores the need for revisiting the definitions of fundamental units of measurement such as the second and the meter, in light of gravitational dependency. The implications for astronomical theories, including gravitational redshift and the assessment of quasar emissions, are discussed, suggesting a potential reevaluation of existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Inevitable Collapse of Advanced Industrial Society [?]

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 26 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This paper will argue that the collapse of advanced industrial society is inevitable on a global scale in the near-term (i.e., in a matter of decades from present), and that, furthermore, it will be irreversible. Industrial society, generally, will be seen as an aberration or anomaly in human history, one costly in terms of human life and suffering, as well as ecological devastation, lasting no more than three hundred years from the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in 1750 CE to its terminus in circa 2050 CE. If humanity is to survive, it must be in much smaller numbers, and with far less impact on the planet.
Category: Social Science

Pragmatical Model of Development of the National Versions of Clinical Oncology

Authors: Atabek B. Kutlumuratov
Comments: 20 Pages. In Russian (Correction made by viXra Admin)

The pragmatic approach to development of national oncologic researches is discussed. Population features of health indicators are result of activities of physicians of various profiles, and express different "profiles" of health of population served by doctors. Any disease implies specific interaction (complementarities) between genotype and ecological factors involved by lifestyle of individuals, and that is determining the psycho-physiological nature of health of each local population. In particular, stratification of an oncologic profile of health is connected with the population features of psycho-physiological causes (complementarities) of health, and monitoring of this structure can open reserves for development of local innovative, practical and fundamental researches in oncology. Regional cancer-registers can play a role of a special information basis of national innovative, applied and basic researches in oncology.Keywords: Clinical oncology, a national science, doctoring, scientific research, a pragmatism, individual health, population health, the сanсer-register.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Goldbach Conjecture: Eternal Mathematical Riddle

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 8 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

The Goldbach Conjecture is like a bewitching enigma, a melody whose first notes always elude our reach, challenging our most brilliant minds to unravel its mystery.
Category: Number Theory

Proofs for Collatz Conjecture and Kaakuma Sequence

Authors: Dawit Geinamo Bambore
Comments: 38 Pages.

The objective of this study is to present precise proofs of Collatz conjecture and to introduce some interesting conjectures on Kaakuma sequence. We Proposed a novel approach that tackles the Collatz conjecture in different techniques with different point of views. The study also shows some general truths and behaviors of Collatz conjecture. Finally, the proof discovers Qodaa ration test that works for all complex and complicated Kaakuma sequence and new characteristics of the sequence. This proof help to changes some views of researchers on unsolved problems and some point of views on probability in infinite range. In this study we discovered the dynamicity of Collatz sequence and reflection and interpretation of the probabilistic proof Collatz Conjecture.Our investigation culminates in the formulation of a set of conjecture encompassing lemmas and postulates, which we rigorously prove using a combination of analytical reasoning, numerical evidence, and exhaustive case analysis. These results provide compelling evidence for the veracity of the Collatz Conjecture and contribute to our understanding of the underlying mathematical structure. Finaly we derived some behaviors of Collatz sequence like translation, reflection, divisibility, constants, successive division, evenly distribution, iteration groups, huge untrivial cycle and we constructed point of views on Consistency of Constants, instantaneously falling values, contradictions on density and Qodaa ratio test.
Category: Number Theory

Constructing Legendrian Links from Chiral Reeb Chords

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 8 Pages.

Some theorems on the construction of links (defined herein) from Reeb chords are established and proved. We relate these concepts to physics by constructing an arbitrary spacetime from a background knot using Reidemeister moves.
Category: Geometry

The Particle Swarm Multi-search Space Augmentation Optimization

Authors: Derrick Donkor
Comments: 9 Pages.

The proposed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) variant uses a search space with a non-overlapping distinct search space for each particle in the population in the exploration of the optimum solution. What is normally done for a reduction in swarm size and achieving a much quicker response in PSO is to manually set the swarm size and other auxiliary constants through trial and error. An algorithm is proposed which assigns each particle to a unique non-verlapping finite search space and aggregates all particles position to form the solution at every functional evaluation. This assignment of the particles to a finite distinct search space is suitable for quick convergence with less iteration and less particle size comparatively. The theoretical basis is provided for the proposed algorithm and empirical studies are conducted to compare the proposed algorithm with other selected optimization algorithms on reference benchmark test functions.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Contribution to Lonely Runner Conjecture

Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Lonely Runner conjecture finds its mathematical description in winding the runner's linear paths into the complete cycle, c-cycle, on the unit track circle. All runners, to finish the competition, must complete the c-cyclesimultaneously. Any collection BT mR_{cn}ET of the BT cnET integer speeds runners and maximum speed BT v_{cn} =nET is a subset of the enveloping collection BT mR_{n}={ 1,2,3,cdots,n}ET of the BT n,;n>cn,ETrunners with the maximum speed BT n.ET[0.50mm]The time period BT 1_{ct}=1/nET of the fastest runner, f-runner BT n,ET defines the set of BT nET right half open time f-segments of the measure BT 1_{ct},ET which cover the c-cycle time domain of the measure BT 1.ETThe winding mapping of the linear paths BT X(t)ET associates with the c-cycle Graph BT G,ET the union of the BT nET individual graphs BT g=(t,X(t)),ET reduced to the domain of the c-cycle. The time domain segmentation partitions the Graph BT GET into BT nET Subgraphs BT G_{i},ET each one on the one of the BT nET f-segments. The final Subgraph bundle sinks into the point BT (1,1).ETAt the end of the first f-segment, all the runners arranged into f-constellation at the BT nET fixed, stationary points on the unit circle in the sequence of the increasing speeds. However, at the final f-segment, the runners, on the way to the starting point, are arranged at the decreasing speed order at the same stationary points.The speed order inversion inverts the slope order of the graphs on the final Subgraph bundle.Finally, the infimum graph BT g_{n-1}ET of the Subgraph bundle of the BT n-1ET runner's mutual separation graphs, the graph of thelargest slope connects the points BT (0,n-1)1_{cl}ET and BT (1,1)1_{cl}.ETConsequently, the Lonely Runner conjecture is true on the set BT mR_{n},ET and must be true on any of its subset BT mR_{cn},ET
Category: Number Theory

Primes of the Middle [: 137 & 13]

Authors: Dwight Boddorf
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Article details the unique position of 137 & 13 relative to their nearest perfect squares.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Geometric Hypothesis on the Shape of Matter

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis serves as a mathematical explanation for physics, I have deduced the following two points: 1. If the Riemann Hypothesis originates from number theory and the mathematics describing matter is based on number theory, then matter must begin as a singularity. 2. The number π^2/6, derived from the Basel problem which initiated the Riemann Hypothesis, must be a numerical description of matter. Building on these two points, my hypothesis evolves to propose that all matter is composed of two-dimensional photons, existing throughout the universe as a medium. This material folds in a three-dimensional "Paper folding" manner to form protons and electrons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Standard Urdu-English Dictionary by Abdul Haq and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study the entries of the Standard Urdu-English Dictionary by Abdul Haq.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0.02$), themagnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0.02$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Unified Field Theory by Canonical Gauge Principle

Authors: Tomoichi Sato
Comments: 188 Pages.

This book describes unified field theory. The content consists of 3 parts.part Ⅰ: Considering quantization of spacetime and possible fields are derived based on the canonical gauge principle. This includes the gravitational field, and the undiscovered field of spinor gauge connection. The principle of existence of elementary particles, the origin of symmetry, the unification of Boson/Fermion, and the reality of preon are obtained. Lagrangian of the unified field is derived, which includes the modified Dirac equation from field theory. mass-chirality relation is also analyzed.part Ⅱ：From the viewpoint of unified field, the elimination of the divergence difficulty is discussed, then state-constructive field theory is proposed, including some approximate method. Also, the construction and characteristics of field operators are summarized. (ex. projectivity, double completeness, etc.)part Ⅲ：As a part of unified field, the canonical gauge gravitational theory is discussed, based on the results of parts Ⅰ-Ⅱ. By comparing to Einstein theory, the coincidence under spherical symmetry conditions is concluded. From the perspective of quantum cosmology, the resolution of the Big Bang singularity and quantum black holes are analyzed. The cosmological speculations are described in last parts.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Formula About π

Authors: Rédoane Daoudi
Comments: 1 Page.

Here I present one formula about π.
Category: Number Theory

Beschleunigte Expansion Ein Trugschluß
Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages. In German

Aufgrund von Diskrepanzen beim SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekt wurde seinerzeit anstelle der bisher immer als abnehmend angenommenen eine zunehmende Expansion postuliert. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß dies ein Trugschluß ist, der aus sich gegenseitig widersprechenden Prämissen resultiert, hauptsächlich die geometrische Dämpfung mit und die EM-Wellenausbreitung ohne Expansion. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die vorherrschende Ausbreitungsfunktion nur lokal anwendbar ist, da die Maxwellschen Gleichungen die Expansion des Universums weder berücksichtigen, implizieren noch bedingen. In Folge wird eine alternative Ausbreitungsfunktion mit Expansion entwickelt, die sich in der ersten Näherung für z ≤ 0,1 wie die klassische Maxwellsche Lösung verhält. Damit wird der schon früher von mir vorgenommene positive Vergleich mit den Beobachtungsdaten des SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekts wiederholt und um die High-z-Daten z ≥ 0,9 ergänzt, wobei das MLE-Modell auch für diesen Bereich bestätigt wird.Unter konsequenter Anwendung dieses Modells wird eine zusätzliche Auswertung mb(r) vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich eine neue, unerwartete Abweichung bei r ≥ 0,1R. Die Beobachtungswerte sind dort dunkler als berechnet. Ursache ist der Hubbleparameter, der zeit- und entfernungsabhängig ist. Weiter entfernte Streckenabschnitte expandieren schneller als näher liegende. Je größer die Strecke, umso größer der Wert von H und die Expansions-geschwindigkeit v = Hr. Mit Hilfe des Korrekturfaktors m aus [75] wird eine Funktion mb(r) aufgestellt, die die abweichende Verteilung korrekt nachzeichnet. Dies ist gleichzeitig der Beweis dafür, daß die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit ab- und nicht zunimmt.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe. In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too. Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe.In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too.Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model of Universe Based on Tachyonic Dark Matter

Authors: Jayesh Suresh
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

As we all know tachyons are hypothetical particles. Most physicists believe that tachyons do not exist as it will break principle of causality. But those who believe that tachyons exist argue that it is a ‘difficult to discover entity’ and that is the reason why we do not know about their existence. They are considered to travel back in time. Here in this article, a thought experiment has been described and through the thought experiment, a model has been derived. The model seems to logically explain unanswered questions like the dark energy, dark matter and accelerated expansion of universe. The model tells that the cosmological constant may be dynamic. It may be useful as a simple model to give a direction for further research.
Category: Astrophysics

Might a Metaphysical Platonic Realm Entail Equality of Experience?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short speculative essay postulating that a separate Platonic world does exist and that it may contain every conscious experience. Mankind’s historical progression from equality of rights to equality of opportunity, andeventual attempts at equality of wealth or property, are used to imply a trend toward an eventual final dream or destination of an equality of experience. Literary, scientific, historical, and logical examples are used to support the idea.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Fukaya Categories, Reidemeister Moves, and the Novikov Ring

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 13 Pages.

We construct a Novikov-type ring and generalize Dirac's $delta$ function into a functor. By applying the generalized $delta$-functor, we are able to reconstruct the Fukaya category $mathscr{B}_0$.
Category: Algebra

When Math Meets Neuroscience: Relationships Between Elliptic Curves and Scalp EEG Wave Fronts

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 6 Pages.

Elliptic curves are fundamental mathematical objects obeying two-variable equations in which the square of one variable relates to the third power of another. Wondering whether elliptic curves might stand for the abstract counterpart of biological activities, we identified a correspondence between the two-dimensional plots of various elliptic curves and the electric waves detectable on the cortical surface by scalp EEG techniques. Specifically, the patterns described by the intersection of elliptic curves’ three-dimensional contour plots and the two-dimensional projective plane overlap in a few terms of milliseconds with the patterns displayed by two-dimensional cortical EEG wave fronts. Hence, elliptic curvelike mathematical structures might correspond to the dynamical shapes produced by the real brain activity recorded from subjects performing various tasks. We suggest that, apart from the usual applications in physics and cryptography, elliptic curves might theoretically disclose possible equations subtending the anatomical and functional neural routes endowed in the central nervous system.
Category: Mind Science

Solution of the Klein-Gordon Equation in a Moving Well and Quantum State of Complex Momentum

Authors: Qiuyu Shan
Comments: 7 Pages.

One-dimensional infinite well is an important model in quantum mechanics, and the solutions of Schrodinger equation and Klein-Gordon equation in this case have been studied extensively. In this paper, we discuss the solution of the Klein-Gordon equation in a moving one-dimensional infinite well, we find that the momentum of the particle should be complex numbers in a particular case.
Category: Quantum Physics

Pauli Principle, Chemical Bonding and Atomic Orbitals

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 2 Pages.

According to the Pauli principle, two or more identical electrons cannot reside in the same orbital. But, it is necessary to clarify which orbitals are meant - atomic or molecular, and to consider the Pauli principle in more detail.
Category: Chemistry

Pauli Principle, Chemical Bonding and Atomic Orbitals (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 2 Pages. In Russian

According to the Pauli principle, two or more identical electrons cannot reside in the same orbital. But, it is necessary to clarify which orbitals are meant - atomic or molecular, and to consider the Pauli principle in more detail.

Согласно принципу Паули два и более тождественных электрона не могут находится на одной орбитали. Но, необходимо уточнить какие орбитали имеются ввиду - атомные или молекулярные, и более подробно рассмотреть принцип Паули.
Category: Chemistry

Study of the Riemann Zeta Function for Odd Integers

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 34 Pages.

In this paper we will try to find a solution for the Riemann Zeta function for odd integers. We will start with ζ(3) (the Riemann Zeta function with s=3) emulating the "Basel problem". But instead of using a sine or cosine function, using functions similar to these:f(x)=1-x^3/3!+x^6/6!-x^9/9!+⋯f(x)=1/3 (e^(-x·e^(1/3 (2πi) ) ) 〖+e〗^(-x·e^(2/3 (2πi) ) )+e^(-x·e^(3/3 (2πi) ) ) )We will discover that the process itself seems ok, but with a problem. The solutions of the above functions are not periodic, so we cannot emulate the "Basel problem" perfectly, obtaining the following value:ζ(3)=(π^3/(3!(√3)^3 ))/(1-1/2^3 )=1.1366020≠1.202056903With a small correction, we arrive to:ζ(3)=(π^3/(3!(√3)^3 ))/(1-1/2^3 ) e^(2/√3)/3=1.202173775≈1.202056903 [7]But not getting the correct value anyhow. The only way of obtaining the correct value would be to find a function of the form:g(x)=1-r(3)·x^3/3!+r(6)·x^6/6!-r(9)·x^9/9!+⋯That has periodic zeros. Where r(n) is an unknown function to be calculate/discovered.We have also generalized this study to calculate a general ζ(k) where k can be higher odd numbers, or even numbers. Having ζ(k) for even numbers would lead to obtaining a closed equation for the Bernoulli numbers. If a generalization for k as a general complex number was possible, we could even consider k=½+it, obtaining a closed function for the zeros of the Riemann Zeta function.
Category: Number Theory

Electrical Generator Based on Cathode Ray Tubes

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in the future)

An electrical generator was designed based on cathode ray tubes. The anode moves electrons from the cathode to the receiver, which is connected to the load. The consumed power by the load is converted to output power. A second cathode ray tube shoots the electrons back to form a closed circuit.
Category: Classical Physics

What is Entropy Founded On?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 3 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

These days people talk about entropy everywhere, ranging from scientific and philosophical communities to random conversations between friends. Sometimes all you hear in justification of an event or phenomenon revolves overwhelmingly around entropy. But where is this entropy coming from, what is it founded on? Entropy simply emerges from the collision of underlying degrees of freedom that is founded on the basic laws of physics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Deterministic Mechanical Universe

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 2 Pages.

A conscious mind in every epsilon moment wants to believe that one has an infinite number of options to choose between for every decision. In this study, we argue that the person is ultimately subjected to choose one of those options based on the flow of information between one's body and the surrounding. Using reverse inference reasoning, we show that there is only one available accessible state for a particle to choose at each step over time to maintain the change in entropic information of $2 pi i$ at each step. Therefore, we think that the manifestation of a collection of particles as a coherent and cohesive entity such as human free will leads to the emergence of decisions and, in general, deterministic evolution of the being.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Foundations of Differential Calculus: Does the Theory Satisfy the Criterion of Truth?

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 16 Pages.

A detailed proof of the incorrectness of the foundations of the differential calculus is proposed. The correct methodological basis for the proof is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The unity of formal logic and rational dialectics is the only correct criterion of truth. The proof leads to the following irrefutable statement: differential calculus represents an incorrect theory in mathematics and physics. The proof of this statement is based on the following irrefutable results: (1) the standard theory of infinitesimals and the theory of limits underlying the differential calculus are incorrect theories. The concepts of "infinitesimal quantity", "movement", "process of tendency", and "limit of tendency" are meaningless concepts in mathematics; (2) the concepts of "increment of argument" and "increment of function" as the starting point of the differential calculus are not defined correctly; (3) the definition of the derivative of a function is an incorrect because the following logical contradiction arises: the increment of the argument is both not equal to zero and equal to zero; (4) the differentials of the argument and the function - as infinitesimal quantities - do not take on numerical values. This means that the differentials of quantities have neither quantitative nor qualitative determinacy; (5) the definition of the total differential of a function of two (many) variables does not satisfy the formal-logical law of the lack (absence) of contradiction; (6) the theory of proportions completely refutes the theory of differential calculus. Thus, differential calculus does not satisfy the criterion of truth and is not correct scientific (mathematical) theory.
Category: General Mathematics

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-22 and Italian, pages 23-44

Light is a wave phenomenon, so it needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be truly isotropic relative to the medium.However, it also appears that material objects sustain a slowdown in their time and a contraction in length, as a function of their speed relative to the medium, in such a way that it appears to each of them that the speed of light is isotropic.Based on this phenomenon, Einstein formulated the second postulate of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is isotropic relative to all reference frames.However, this phenomenon cannot be real, as Einstein himself recognized by stating that it is a stipulation.However, on the basis of this ingenious stipulation, certain phenomena can be described more simply and the GPS system can be made to work without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium, which would be necessary without the stipulation.But the stipulation cannot be used even when results different from the real ones are obtained, as in the case of the speeds and distances of celestial objects as a function of cosmological redshift.But the scientific community has used it anyway, obtaining results incompatible with observations and with special relativity itself. But when she realized this, rather than relying on reality, it considered the cosmological redshift as an indicator of the scale factor of expansion of the Universe and thus obtained more acceptable distances of celestial objects. But they were still lower than those based on their apparent brightness, a phenomenon that it justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on cosmological redshift, only demonstrates that the latter does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the medium in which it occurs, and therefore based on reality and not on stipulation, there are no compatibility problems either with special relativity or with apparent luminosity. And in this way we obtain a model of Universe whose expansion is always decelerating, as is natural to expect after a "big bang".However, to verify this thesis I proposed the observation of the redshift of celestial objects over time: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Extension of the Riemann's Zeta Function

Authors: Mohamed Sghiar
Comments: 7 Pages.

Prime numbers [See 1-7] are used especially in information technology, such as public-key cryptography , and recall that the distribution of prime numbers is closely related to the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function therefore related to the Riemann hypothesis.Here I introduce the function $circledS$: $ (X,z) longmapsto prod_{pinmathcal{P}} frac1{1-X/p^{z}} $ which is a generalization of the function $zeta $ of Riemann that I will use to prove the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Soliton Interpretation of Quantum Theory

Authors: B. B. Slavin
Comments: 27 Pages. In Russian

This article proposes an interpretation of quantum physics based on the theory of solitons. According to this interpretation, an elementary particle (in particular, an electron) is a soliton solution to a system of nonlinear equations, while the linear equations of quantum mechanics for wave functions represent the boundary conditions for the presence of soliton solutions. It is hypothesized that the nonlinear equations for a quantum electron are ordinary Maxwell equations, in which the charge and current densities are expressed through quadratic combinations of electromagnetic field strengths. The complex wave function, which describes the motion of an electron, in this formulation is an ordinary electromagnetic wave, where the real part is the electric field strength, and the imaginary part is the magnetic field strength. Soliton equations, Maxwell's equations and quantum equations are easily written using 3+1 Pauli matrices, which indicates that the 3+1 coordinate system of space and time is a natural implementation of the world of particles - wave solitons. The proposed interpretation allows us to combine both the Copenhagen interpretation and Bohm’s theory of "hidden" variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 20 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Power Series Divergent at Half Pi Yields a Sequence Briskly Convergent to Pi

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: Pages.

The tangent function's Taylor expansion about zero is a series of odd powers with positive coefficients; it converges when the absolute value of its argument is less than half pi, and diverges to positive infinity when its argument equals half pi, so with the aid of the ratio test it is seen that twice the square root of the ratio of its successive coefficients is a sequence which converges to pi. The odd derivatives of the tangent function are polynomials in powers of its square with positive integer coefficients, so a recursion of positive integers can be found from which the coefficients of the series described above may be successively obtained. Its related sequence which converges to pi does so monotonically from above, and appears to refine its approximation to pi by about one significant decimal figure per successive term.
Category: General Mathematics

12-Dimensional Lie Algebra of Entangled Spin Fields

Authors: Alexandru-Gabriel Mitrut
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper was proved (i) the equivalence of Dirac equation for mass $mathsf{m}$ with two entangled Proca fields of mass $mathsf{2m}$ and (ii) is proposed an equation and (iii) an 12-dimensional Lie algebra for the entangled spin fields.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Astonishing Conflict of Time Dilation Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame we can have time dilation, time contraction or no difference of proper times change at all. Therefore, the standard formulation is a result of a misinterpretation of the mathematical expression between the relation of the proper time of the moving frame in relation to the difference of times of Lorentzian clocks, the so-called time dilation. This is an astonishing conflict that standard formulation cannot solve. This result is easily obtained if we assume time dilation in relation to Einstein Frame (EF) the frame where the speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formulae of Vector Analysis

Authors: A. V. Serghienko
Comments: 3 Pages.

We derive the formulae for the sine and the cosine of the sum, not using the notions of scalar and vector products, and using only the definitions of the sine and the cosine. We derive the formulae for the gradient operator, the divergence and the Laplace operator in different orthogonal coordinate systems, not using any additional constructions like Lame coefficients, and using only the definitions of the sine and the cosine.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Zero Quantum Gravity (revised)

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 101 Pages.

The discipline of physics tests theories with known observed phenomena. There, the credibility of any theory is how physical phenomena can be scaled, measured, and thence confirmed using numbers with dimensions in the form of theories. The idea there is to find an exact as possible match of number theory with physical phenomena. Indeed, numbers do not make reality come into existence, yet as shall be shown here numbers do in fact represent sentient based keys to understanding physical phenomena by their certain definition and association. Here the process of sentient based theoretic development is achieved through uncovering the number theory behind the workings of nature as a code for zero-dimensional time and space. There, in making direct utility of the Collatz conjecture, a solution to the three-body problem is proposed. By such, new experiments are proposed in demonstration of gravity’s nature. In all, here shall be shown how numbers and their particular definition and utility upon and beyond the proposed zero-dimensional levels of time and space more than likely represent sentient based keys in correctly scaling and surveying physical reality via a proposed temporospatial sentient code, ultimately as a proposed expression of universal sentience measuring itself.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Concise Urdu to English Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study the entries of the Concise Urdu to English Dictionary compiled by M. Zaman, Naved Akhtar, 2015.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$beta H=0.04$) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with $beta H=0.04$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

A Short Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Based on the Difference in Volume of Two Cubes

Authors: Sigrid M. L. Obenland
Comments: 5 Pages.

Over the centuries, numerous mathematicians have tried to proof Fermat’s Last Theorem. In the year 1994, Fermat’s Last Theorem in the form of a^m + b^m = c^m with a, b and c being natural numbers and m being a natural number > 2 was shown to be correct In this publication I demonstrate that the difference in volume of two cubes having different side lengths cannot be a cube in itself with a side length having the value of a natural number.This also holds for cubes having higher dimensions than three, since the surfaces of these cubes all consist of three-dimensional cubes.
Category: Number Theory

Solar Eclipse Reveals Top Cause of Wildfires [and] Global Warming [?]

Authors: V. Korniienko
Comments: 4 Pages. In English and Russian

During the previous solar eclipse, we found that the Sun generates waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), and with them its high-temperature heat. The technique also generates S-radiations, which are consumed by the energy information field (EIF), which occupied the Earth and the Sun in the summer of 2003, [1]. This enhances the EIF, which allows it to increase the suction power of quantum electromagnetic energies from the Sun, which causes perturbation of its quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) in the form of solar S-radiations, which contain its high-temperature heat. This is warm and causes forest fires and global climate warming. Therefore, in order to stop these processes, it is necessary, on the basis of mandatory standards, to exclude the emission of S-radiation from world technology.
Category: Climate Research

DERaNGe: Dice-Enhanced Random Number Generator

Authors: Ravi Hassanaly, Nemo Fournier, Ghislain Vaillant
Comments: 11 Pages.

Upon review of the literature, it appears clear that Pseudo Random Number Generation (PRNG) used extensively in the Machine Learning is intrinsically problematic. We propose here to reintroduce True Random Number Generation in the ML field, and we publish a library which allows users to replace the default PRNG provided in Python by the results of dice rolls that have been performed by the authors in very controlled conditions. This will ensure more sound theoretical foundations of any downstream ML algorithm using our source of randomness.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Formula for the CNB Temperature in Rh = ct Cosmolgy

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

We are proposing a temperature formula for the CNB temperature, initially somewhat speculatively. Then, we explain how to derive it from the Haug-Spavieri universe and the Haug extremal universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Hidden Nonlinearity of Weak Field Sound Wave in (2+1)-Dimensional Empty Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose that the weak field sound wave derived from Newton's second law of gravitation in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time, a linear equation, could have hidden nonlinearity.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This study builds on a previous publication entitled "a formula for electron mass calculation based on new fundamental concepts" (ref.1), it shows that the relationship obtained between the mass of the electron and the four fundamental constants of physics, including fine structure constant, is precisely satisfied (to the millionth) if we take the inverse of the latter equal to the whole number 137. This value is interpreted as "ideal" for a Vacuum which would be free from radiation and other particles, therefore consisting exclusively of dark energy, this would imply a slight modification of the speed of light and Planck's constant, in this medium.
Category: Classical Physics

Investigation of the Zero Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Superconductivity Phase Transition in Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong, Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 10 Pages. 11 figures and 1 table

In our previous study, we suggested a synthetic method for the replication of PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−y Sy )4]6O1−z Sz ) and showed precisely measured zero resistance. Through the synthesis method we named Daecheol-Mingi (DM) method, we measured the phenomenon of superconductivity phase transition depending on temperature. Also, we repeated validation of zero resistance of the samples. This paper presents a specific critical temperature for PCPOSOS, demonstrating consistency with the original authors’ data.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Atypical Case of Round-Off in Mathematica

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

A Mathematica round-off case generated by a real function of a real variable, [is] not elementary expressible
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Loop Quantum Gravity: Kinematic Sector and Its Applications

Authors: Deden M. Akbar
Comments: 153 Pages. In Indonesian

As one of the requirements for research in doctoral studies regarding Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), the author reviews several books and scientific journals related to the research topic in this article. In this article, the canonical LQG formulation is reviewed in detail for the kinematic sector ([2] — [12]), starting from a brief review of LQG, followed by the formulation of General Relativity in the ADM formulation and the problems that arise when the gravitational field is quantified in this formulation. Then it continues with a review of Palatini's formulation, up to the tetrad formulation in Ashtekar's new variables. The formulation of the action of General Relativity based on Ashtekar variables is a way to quantify the gravitational field based on the Dirac quantization program. The result is a canonical LQG formulation for the kinematic sector which is proven to be well defined. The prediction obtained from LQG is that space on the Planck scale is no longer smooth and continuous but discrete and chaotic, which is characterized by the eigenvalues u200bu200bof geometric operators, namely area operators and volume operators which have discrete values u200bu200bon the Planck scale. The final discussion in this article is the LQG-based Black Hole Entropy calculation which corresponds exactly to the Black Hole Entropy calculation based on the semiclassical approach ([4] — [5], [7]). In addition, the application of the LQG calculation technique at the toy model level known as Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) ([14] — [16]) for the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology model is also reviewed. The result is a modification of the Friedmann equation for the FRW model with the presence of a correction term for the quantum nature of the quantum gravity field, where it is predicted that the beginning of the universe in the form of a Big-Bang was replaced by a Big Bounce originating from the collapse of the previous universe ([9], [14], [39] - [41]).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fast Edge Machine Learning For Adversarial Robust Distillation

Authors: Mohammadjavad Maheronnaghsh, Mohammad Hossein Rohban
Comments: 7 Pages.

Edge machine learning (Edge ML) offers solutions for deploying ML models directly on resource-constrained edge devices. However, ensuring adversarial robustness remains a challenge. This paper presents an accessible approach for adversarial robust distillation (ARD) based in the limited confines of Google Colab.Our goal is enabling fast yet robust knowledge transfer to student models suited for edge devices. Extensive experiments are conducted distilling from a WideResNet34 teacher to MobileNetV2 student using limited computational resources. The efficacy of ARD is evaluated under settings with only 1 GPU (T4 GPU) and 13GB RAM for up to 6 hours a day.Notably, competitive adversarial robustness is attained using very few gradient attack steps. This improves training efficiency crucial for edge ML. Appropriately balancing hyperparameters also allows robust accuracy over 50% using just 1 attack step. Overall, the presented approach advances the feasibility of performing robust distillation effectively even with accessibility constraints.The democratized and reproducible method on Google Colab serves as a launchpad for those aiming to reap the advantages of edge intelligence. By sharing models protected against adversarial threats, this work propels broader adoption of trustworthy ML at society’s technological edges.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Syracuse-Collatz Conjecture: Exploration, Analysis and Demonstration of a Mathematical Enigma

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 12 Pages. In French

In the infinite universe of numbers, the Syracuse conjecture emerges as a captivating enigma, defying mathematical conventions and arousing the curiosity of the most daring minds.
Category: Number Theory

About the Experimental Study of Nonlocality in Quantum Physics

Authors: V. A. Kuz’menko
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is a long-forgotten experiment in quantum physics in which nonlocality manifests itself in a quite direct and obvious way. The basic properties of nonlocality can be experimentally studied there using very simple tools.
Category: Quantum Physics

Averaging Vacuum Solutions

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman, Julian Cruz
Comments: 19 Pages.

This article discusses known and additional solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations without a lambda term and with a lambda term, with signatures (+ — — —) and (— + + +). The possibility of averaging these solutions is investigated. It is shown that the averaging of metrics-solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be used as the basis for metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations of the corpuscular type. Ways to solve the problems that arose in this case related to spatial singularities and spherical voids are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Low Cost 3-Band Gain Equalizer Using op-Amps for Hearing Aid Applications

Authors: Md Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Hearing loss is a common health issue that affects nearly 10% of the world population reported by international studies. The hearing impaired typically experience more mental disorientation than those with normal hearing levels. It is often difficult to analyze hearing loss that would closely match with prescribed real ear gain/frequency responses due to technological limitations. The conventional device for hearing impairment is an electronic circuit whose main components are transducers (microphone and receiver). This study is focused on the electronic components those are relatively cheap and available in local market. In this paper the conventional active equalizer circuit especially bass, treble, and mid control based equalizer is implemented by op-amp LM741. Overall gain is split between input and output buffers, for bass ±15dB in 100Hz, mid ±9dB for 1kHz and for treble ±15dB in 10kHz. A trimmer-adjusted, lighter, pocket —carry device can be developed in this case.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Addressing Ten Fingers: a Tool as a Substitute for Human Voice

Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 57 Pages.

Processing combined Japanese Kana characters which are made by PC's Japanese 106 keyboard through a compact speech soft and so on in real time, we emit a sound over a speaker. If we specify speaking speed and pitch pointing a rectangle zone in a display with a head pointer and we send the two items of information to a compact speech soft or an outer interface and sound source, we get a singing sound by artificial voice.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On the Convergence of the Generalized Collatz Function

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture, which states that repeated application of the function ( f(n) = begin{cases} n/2, & text{if } n equiv 0 pmod{2} 3n+1, & text{if } n equiv 1 pmod{2} end{cases} ) to any positive integer ( n ) will eventually reach the number 1, has been a long-standing open problem in mathematics. In this paper, we investigate a generalized version of the Collatz function, denoted as ( f(E, T) ), where ( E ) is a positive integer and ( T ) is a fixed positive integer. We prove that for any positive integer ( E ), repeated application of ( f(E, T) ) will eventually lead to an even number. Furthermore, we show that any even number will eventually reach a power of 2 under repeated application of ( f(E, T) ), and once a power of 2 is reached, the sequence will enter the cycle ( 1 ightarrow 4 ightarrow 2 ightarrow 1 ). These results provide new insights into the behavior of the generalized Collatz function and its convergence properties.
Category: Number Theory

A Possible Hypothesis to Alleviate Neijuan (Meaningless Zero-Sum Game)

Authors: Yutong Gao
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In ancient times, humans were able to ascend to the top of the food chain largely due to cooperation in facing natural enemies and collectively extracting food and resources from nature. However, in the present day, it seems that humans no longer have natural adversaries. Consequently, the drive for cooperation has diminished, leading to more frequent competitions among people for resources.Even if resources are sufficient to meet everyone’s basic survival needs, humans still have individual desires for self-fulfillment that surpass mere existence. Competition for status among people is inevitable. However, when this competition becomes meaningless, driven solely by the desire to outperform others, it leads to a phenomenon known as neijuan.Since ranked matches are unavoidable, why not innovate the competition mechanism? Or, to put it another way, let’s introduce a common adversary (the unknown in science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine). Let’s compete based on contributions to natural sciences. Whether it’s investing money, putting in effort, or using our intellect, as long as we break through the boundaries of existing knowledge, we can achieve victory in ranked matches, gaining self-fulfillment, prestige, and substantial profits. Victory will inevitably lead to open discussions, questioning, overturning, rediscovery, and further discussions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Weirdness: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The consensus among physicists is that General Relativity, a Classical theory, is a straightforward deterministic theory and Quantum Mechanics is weird. In this paper we present the alternative: for General Relativity, a classical theory in which the Equivalence Principle requires that a free falling frame - a non-inertial frame by definition - is to be considered as an inertial frame, its weirdness principally lies in its indispensable requirement of a space-time coordinate system in a non-Euclidean geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages. In German

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - being searched for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study the head words of the dictionary, the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary edited by R.S. McGregor, the $62^{nd}$ impression, 2023.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
Category: Linguistics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

QCD has a low-energy footprint that affects electrons, atoms, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon pion condensate dynamics. We propose that electron motion occurs via quark and antiquark flavor waves of electrons and pions condensate gas. We propose that a polarized pion tetrahedrons sphere of about 1.1% of the Bohr radius may cause the hydrogen atom ground state hyperfine energy split. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We expand the electrons and pion tetrahedrons gas model to a virtual cosmological scale box and propose that the pion tetrahedrons condensate density should be added to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Attempt at a Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Ryujin Choi
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

This is an attempt of a proof of Collatz Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Contributions to the Langlands Program

Authors: Romain Viguier
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references as reminded previously - Future non-compliant submission/repalcement will not be accepted!)

This article is a contribution to the Langlands Program.
Category: Number Theory

[On] Cosmogenesis: Initial Stage

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 24 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite scientific references!)

In this paper, I attempt to suggest a model of physical genesis that excludes the idea of the big bang and proposes a different hypothesis. The basic hypothesis attributes to the cosmos a lower limit of density that cannot be be violated, since space collapses when the density reaches that limit.
Category: Classical Physics

The Great Climate Surprise

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite references numerically in the text and list them at the end of the article in the future)

Humanity is radically transforming our biospherewith belching carbon dioxide and other greenhousegases. Beyond our human near future there areclimate surprises ahead for the general population.Climate scientists can calculate and predict muchof what is to happen in future "human time," basedon geological cycles. Modern society will encountera great climate surprise, if any of us are still alive when it arrives.
Category: Climate Research

On the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.

Essentially, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics is manifested between entangled particles that are far enough apart from each other, such that the measurement of an observable in one of them, for example thespin, is correlated with the other particle. Ruling out the transmission of information between these particles not even at the speed of light. This experimental fact being widely confirmed in all the experiments that havebeen repeated throughout all these years since the thought experiment of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.It is therefore a problem not resolved by quantum mechanics to explain how the cause-effect of correlation can be produced. Quantum mechanics simply accepts experimentalfacts without explaining them.We think that there must be an agent that mediates the cause that produces the effect of the correlation. And this agent, we theorize, must be the structure of space. A space of more than four dimensions and that is totally interconnected or intertwined by the own characteristics of this space and that we will show in this article.Themain fact would be how this space moves at the same time and in all its extension.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Analytical Survey on Differential Privacy

Authors: Priyanshi Thakkar, Nishant Doshi
Comments: 14 Pages.

In the realm of cybersecurity, the preservation of privacy in data analysis processes is of paramount importance. This paper explores the application of privacy-preserving techniques, particularly focusing on the pivotal role of differential privacy. Differential privacy offers a rigorous mathematical framework to quantify privacy guarantees, ensuring that data analysis outcomes do not compromise individual privacy. Amidst escalating concerns surrounding privacy breaches and data vulnerabilities, the adoption of robust privacy-preserving measures becomes imperative. Through an extensive literature review, this paper delves into the theoretical foundations of differential privacy, evaluates its effectiveness in practical applications, and outlines future research directions. By elucidating the potential of this technique, the paper aims to contribute to the advancement of privacy-preserving practices and bolster the overall security posture in the cybersecurity landscape.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

An Analytical Survey on Security Issues in the IoT

Authors: Priyanshi Thakkar, Nishant Doshi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative paradigm shift in technology, enabling the seamless integration of physical objects into the digital realm through internet connectivity. This paper explores the foundational components of IoT, including devices, sensors, and connectivity infrastructure, and examines its wide-ranging applications across industries such as healthcare, smart cities, and manufacturing. While IoT promises unparalleled automation and efficiency, the paramount importance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As IoT devices proliferate, the need to safeguard data integrity, confidentiality, and availability becomes increasingly critical. Robust cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities that could compromise sensitive information or grant unauthorized access to interconnected devices. This paper underscores the imperative of prioritizing cybersecurity in IoT deployment to ensure the reliability and trustworthiness of interconnected systems in our increasingly digitized world.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Simple Arrangement in Which it is Possible to Arrange the Prime Numbers in Order to Obtain a Range of Occupied Consecutive Positions Greater Than Those Defined by the Legendre Conjecture

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Legendre conjecture tells us that there always exists a prime number between ��^2 and (�� + 1)^2. In this article, we will see that it is possible to arrange prime numbers less than or equal to N in order to obtain a consecutive number of occupied positions greater than the interval from ��^2to (�� + 1)^2. It is important to note that this result does not define a counterexample to the Legendre conjecture, but it represents an interesting theoretical result that can help us resolve many of the conjectures regarding the gap between two prime numbers
Category: Number Theory

On AI Governance

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

The concept of AI governance has been developed to promote responsible behavior in the use of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can be used for the betterment of mankind, and has proven itself to be very useful in completing a large number of tasks both quickly and efficiently. Sadly, AI can also be used in support of criminal behavior, ranging from the creation and distribution of misinformation to audio and video impersonations. AI governance can be described as a philosophy developed to minimize the misuse of artificial intelligence for unethical and criminal behavior.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Bound for the Isotropic Constant

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 4 Pages.

We obtain a dimension independent bound for the isotropic constants for the convex bodies.
Category: Geometry

Unequal Volumetric and Shear Modulus in Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))

In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Addendum to "The Feynman-Dyson Propagators for Neutral Particles (Locality or Non-Locality)?"*

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unication of Electric and Gravitational Interaction in Classical Physics

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Double-Slit Experiment is not as Mysterious

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper presents a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the mysteries of wave-particle duality and the collapse of the wave function upon measurement. It challenges the notion that consciousness affects wave function collapse, proposing instead that nature inherently performs continuous, observer-independent measurements. The author argues for a universe that operates on a discrete, pixelated spacetime, contradicting traditional views of continuous mo- dels. This is based on the idea that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics implies a digital, computational framework for the universe, termed the "Random Machine."The concept of the "Random Machine" is applied to explain quantum phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and entanglement, suggesting that these events are determined by computational processes rather than physical properties. By reinterpreting these foundational experiments, the paper advocates for an indeterministic quantum universe, where events are outcomes of randomly made choices.This approach redefines the understanding of quantum mechanics, proposing a shift from deterministic interpretations to a model where quantum events are dictated by a cosmic random mechanism. The manuscript offers significant implications for the conceptual underpinnings of quantum physics, advocating for a reconsideration of the nature of reality as fundamentally computational.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dharmasastra and Modern Law

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 25 Pages. Indian concept of Dharma and the Dharmasastra texts constotuent the foundation of Indian tradition of law and jurisprudence.

In India, the social and cultural concepts of law that emerge out of the several frames of reference in the Veda, Dharmasastra, the constituent assembly debates and the judicial decisions, enable us to view the law in an integrative perspective that is closer to Indian cultural tradition. The value of such historical and sociological approach lies in its unifying vision of the social, cultural and positivist aspects of the concepts of law in Indian tradition. A juridical system that does not correspond to the social and cultural sensitivities of a society can not be owned by the people as their system but will be seen as something foreign and imposed. Without a conducive social and cultural conceptualization mere formal law cannot create willing legal and moral obligation. A holistic concept of law including both ethical and legal perspectives seems to provide a more realistic picture of Indian legal tradition.
Category: Social Science

Emulation of Quantum BP Neural Network using Python

Authors: Ki Song Kim, UiSong Hwang, SongHak Hong, HyonSok Han, YongChol Jang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recently, the Quantum Neural Network(QNN) is the newly appeared discipline by combining the quantum computing theory and neural network attracts attention. As a matter of fact, the quantum artificial intelligence is no more than the beginning, however the theoretical research and analysis have already been developed for the quantum associative storage, quantum state superposition and quantum parallel learning, etc, in the quantum computing ranges in the world, so the theoretical basis has been laid for development of the quantum neural computing. In this paper, we described a simulation method of quantum BP neural network constructed with multiple Control-NOT(CNOT) gates in the "Jupyter lab" using python language. This QNN consist of the multiple CNOT gates and phase control gates, and is emulated with the sequence quantum steps in the emulator. In this work, we simulated this QNN using MNIST database, and have got the same results in accuracy as the classical neural network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Advanced Continued Fraction Approximations and Bounds for the Gamma Function and the Generalized Wallis

Authors: YunJong Kang, HyonChol Kim HyonChol Kang, Kwang Ri
Comments: 26 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a main method for construction of continued fraction based on a given power series using Euler connection. Then we establish very innovative results in continued fraction approximation for the Gamma function as applications of our method. Also new continued fraction bounds for the Gamma function are obtained. Finally new continued fraction approximations and bounds for Wallis ratio are established.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Public-Key Certificate Verification Method by Tree-List Structure

Authors: Sin Chol-Nam, Ri Kuk-Jin, Cha Hung-Dok
Comments: 14 Pages.

Certificate verification and revocation are important aspects of public-key infrastructures (PKI). This paper presents the Tree-List Certificate Verification (TLCV) scheme, which uses a novel tree-list structure to provide efficient digital certificate verification. Under this scheme, users in a public-key infrastructure are partitioned into clusters and a separate blacklist of revoked certificates is maintained for each cluster. The verification proof for each cluster’s blacklist comes in the form of a hash path and a digital signature. An algorithm to derive an optimal number of clusters that minimizes the TLCV response size was described. The characteristics of TLCV were examined. Simulations were carried out to compare TLCV against a few other schemes and the performance metrics that were examined include computational overhead, network bandwidth, overall user delay and storage overhead. In general, we find that TLCV performs relatively well against the other schemes in most aspects.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Proving & Teaching Beal Conjecture

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 8 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the original Beal conjecture which states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. More formally, the conjectured equality, r^x = t^x would be true if and only if (r^x /t^x) =1; and the conjectured equality s^y = t^y would be true if and only if (s^y/ t^y) = 1. These conjectures would be proved in the Beal conjecture proof. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

On the Contraction Effect of Objects in the Time Expansion Effect: Experimental Verification

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 3 Pages.

Relativity theory discusses the effects of velocity time expansion and gravity time expansion. This article will verify through experiments that when an object generates the time expansion effect, its volume will undergo all-round contraction simultaneously, that is, the object contraction effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Leveraging Generative AI Models To Enhance Cloud Security Threat Detection

Authors: Yemi Adetuwo
Comments: 18 Pages.

As organizations increasingly adopt cloud services for storing and processing sensitive data, the need for robust cloud security threat detection mechanisms becomes paramount. This research paper explores the application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of cloud security threat detection. Building upon the growing demand for robust cybersecurity measures in cloud environments, this study investigates the use-cases and practical implications of integrating LLMs to support threat detection capabilities. Log analysis, natural language processing (NLP) for security alerts, threat intelligence analysis, and social engineering detection were identified as key areas where LLMs can significantly enhance cloud security threat detection. While acknowledging the potential of LLMs to enhance threat detection, this paperemphasizes their role as complementary tools toexisting techniques, such as cloud SOC (securityoperations center), anomaly detection, networkmonitoring, and user behaviour analytics.Considerations pertaining to ethics, data privacy, and transparency are also discussed to ensure responsible deployment and usage of LLMs in cybersecurity.Through an extensive review of relevant literature,providing practical examples, and offering expertanalysis, this research paper not only sheds light on the potential of LLMs for cloud security threat detection but also delivers actionable recommendations for practitioners and organizations seeking to integrate LLMs effectively into their existing security infrastructure. The findings presented in this study contribute to the advancement of AI-driven cybersecurity and lay the groundwork for further research and development in this critical domain.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Elementary Matrix Algorithm of Order 3

Authors: Ruslan Pozinkevych
Comments: 3 Pages. The author analyzes algorithm for 3 component vector bases

The aim of our research is to establish relationship between linearly independent vectors and the R^3 Space The means for that are going to be taken from Balanced Ternary analysis e.g triplets with entries (-1,0,1) This is not going to be any specific vector, for instance (-1,0,1) It’s going to be rather a Coordinate system with 8 quadrants and directional vectors The novelty of the proposed research lies in the fact that unlike traditional Cartesian system-vector basis our system uses 8 vectors which are at the same time a polyvector
Category: Number Theory

Spin Glass Theory and the Statistical Mechanics of Language Models

Authors: Eliza Kosloff
Comments: 3 Pages.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) in artificial intelligence has drawn significant attention from the machine learning community. However, the theoretical foundations of these models remain poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the deep connections between LLMs and spin glass theory, a well-established framework in statistical physics. We show how key concepts from spin glasses, such as frustration, random interactions, and phase transitions, can provide a powerful lens for understanding the behavior of LLMs. We argue that this interdisciplinary perspective can facilitate knowledge transfer between the machine learning and physics communities, leading to novel insights and algorithmic improvements.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Energy-Space-Time Plateau-Rayleigh Instability, Quantum Phenomenon & the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: George Coman
Comments: 17 Pages.

In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave-particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface ) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau—Rayleigh energy-space-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy-space-time interface tension which is the "charge". Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary : gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energy-space-time interface tension ( at either rest or kinetic energy boundary ) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface fields interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Negation of Atanassov’s Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets from the Perspective of Maximum Entropy

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 15 Pages.

In fuzzy systems, how to represent uncertainty is a crucial research topic. Negation is an inherent characteristic of knowledge, and it provides a brand-new perspective of solving problems from the opposite of the events. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), as a generalization of the fuzzy sets, have the ability to better express fuzzy information. However, since the existing methods have not completely broken through the constraints of the first (classical) negation and inconsistent calculation standards, IFSs still have limitations in expressing uncertainty. To address this issue, and strengthen the performance of fuzzy systems to represent uncertain information, this paper proposed a novel method to obtain the negation of the IFS from the perspective of maximum entropy. Some desired theorems and properties are investigated to denote the nature of the negative IFS. Moreover, entropy is used to describe the connection between the IFS and uncertainty in the negation process. Futhermore, based on the negation, this paper designed a new approach to measure the uncertainty of the IFS. Then, a new pattern classifi- cation algorithm is developed. Finally, the practical applications show the effectiveness of the negation method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Negation Intensity of a Probability Distribution

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 11 Pages.

How to obtain negation knowledge is a crucial topic, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Limited work has been done on the negation of a probability distribution, which has been studied in depth throughout the literature. However, the aspect of the intensity level of negation enforcement has not yet been investigated. Moreover, let us note that the main characteristic of intelligent systems is just the flexibility for the sake of being able to represent knowledge according to each situation. In general, researchers have a tendency to express the need for cognitive range in the negation. Thus, it would seem very useful to find a wide range of negations under intensity levels in a probability distribution. Based on these ideas, this paper first proposes a new approach of finding a probability distribution negation and gives a domain of intensity in which the negation is executed, which is called the negation space. Then, we investigate a number of desirable properties and explore their correlation with entropy. Numerical examples show the characteristics of the proposed negation solution. Finally, we validate the efficiency of the proposed method from the point of view of the Dempster- Shafer belief structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Generalized Soft Likelihood Functions in Combining Evidence

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Ye Tian, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 40 Pages.

Information fusion is an important topic in scientific research. Soft likelihood function is a common method of fusing evidence from multiple sources. However, when the combined evidence contains equally important decision information, the fusion results obtained using existing methods do not reflect the attitudinal characteristics of decision makers. To address this problem, a novel generalised soft likelihood function is developed in this paper. First, a new notion of decision maker (DM) pair is defined, which is used to char- acterise the outcome of the decision as well as the reliability of the evidence. Then, a series of algorithms for correcting the initial evidence set data are formulated. Eventually, a generic soft likelihood function for fusing com- patible evidence information is proposed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evidential Aggregation-Based Dematel Functions and Its Application in Expert Decision System for Criminal Cases

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Pengdan Zhang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 24 Pages.

In real criminal cases, the decision outcome is often influenced by many complex factors, such as the importance of initial evidence and the prioritization of evidence. How to model these information in an integrated manner to provide technical tools for case detection so as to find the real suspect is of great importance for social security and stability. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a novel soft likelihood function based on the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Firstly, the proposed method well preserves the preference of decision-maker (DM) in the soft likelihood function proposed by Yager et al. Secondly, the method takes into account the modeling of associated information. In addition, it also extends the soft likelihood function to reflect the preferences of DMs through the importance of evidence. Finally, based on these designed algorithms, a decision processing model for criminal cases is constructed, which systematically provides a guiding process for case detection. Numerical examples and applications show the practicality as well as effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication on Bias and Information Loss in Non-academic and Academic Writing Contexts

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 10 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future!)

This paper aims to explore the impact of Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC), specifically through large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, on positivity bias and information loss in non-academic and academic writing contexts. Through a dual-study approach involving both non-academic and academic texts, the research will assess whether texts refined by LLMs exhibit a significant positivity bias compared to original texts and if they exacerbate the problem of information loss in text-based communication. Empirical tests will determine the presence of these phenomena by analyzing participants' perceptions and understanding of AI-refined versus original texts. Confirmation of the hypotheses would highlight the nuanced effects of AI-MC on communication accuracy and integrity, while disconfirmation would suggest the potential of LLMs to maintain objectivity and information fidelity in written discourse.
Category: Social Science

Collatz Conjecture Integer Series Has no Looping Except One

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

If the series of Collatz Conjecture integer has looping in it, it is sure the members of the looping cannot reach to value 1. Here it is proven that the possibility of looping is zero except one case.
Category: Number Theory

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky Conjecture into a Unified Second Order Prime Axiom and Investigating Much Beyond the Goldbach Conjecture and the Prime Number Theorem

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 30 Pages.

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky conjecture into a Unified second order Prime Axiom and investigating much beyond the Goldbach conjecture and the prime number theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Electron Elastic Collision Superconductivity Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 19 Pages.

The BCS theory hypothesis explains the superconducting properties of Class I conventional metal and alloy superconductors, but it violates Coulomb's law and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, cannot interpret the superconducting phenomenon of Class II unconventional superconductors. Based on the elastic collision theory of Newtonian classical mechanics, this paper proposes Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, which reveals that the microscopic mechanism of superconducting states is that the free electrons in a current-carrying wire only undergo complete elastic collisions with the atomic lattices, and there is no energy exchange between the free electrons and the atomic lattices. The current-carrying wire shows zero-resistance superconducting states. The Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory proposes the superconducting state free electron critical speed VC, and theoretically derives the formula for calculating the critical temperature TC: 2 ΔE = 2.55 kB TC. The Elastic collision superconductivity theory interprets the microscopic mechanism of the superconducting state critical temperature TC, the critical magnetic field HC, the critical current density jC, the superconducting state energy gap and the high-pressure superconductor. Unlike Class I conventional superconductors, Class II unconventional superconductors have anisotropic lattices. There are different critical speeds VC, different critical temperatures TC and different critical magnetic fields HC in different directions. When the direction of lattices is the same as that of the current carrying wire, it is beneficial for the formation of superconducting current. Therefore, unconventional superconductors can achieve high-temperature superconductivity. Based on the Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, it is feasible to achieve a zero-resistance superconducting state at normal temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter

Which Application Layer Protocol Is Best Suited for Networked Monitoring of Beehives? A Comparison of HTTP And MQTT in IoT

Authors: Jan Langen, Kerstin Sahler, Claus Brell
Comments: 13 Pages.

Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) is here to stay. In addition to various application areas, IoT is useful in the context of beekeeping, especially for digital and networked monitoring of hives. For practical implementation, differ-ent application layer protocols can be chosen. But which protocol is more suitable in the context of beekeeping? HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)? This is one of the questions addressed in the Biene40 project, which focuses on networked sensors. In this paper, we derive the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol based on a literature review and the development of two IoT-based prototypes that communicate via either HTTP or MQTT. Our research show that the message overhead of the MQTT protocol is lower than that of HTTP. However, the connection cost of MQTT is quite high, especially at the beginning of a connection. Therefore, the choice of protocol depends on the specific use case. If only a few messages are transmitted at long intervals, HTTP is more resource efficient. With respect to the developed prototypes and the application context of beehive monitoring, HTTP is the preferred choice.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Exploring the Balance of Power Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence with Some Question

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Who dominates the destiny of the world, humans or artificial intelligence (AI)? This question strikes at the very heart of contemporaryhumanity’s existential anxieties about its future. If we want to seriouslyconsider whether or not unfriendly AI ‘neurons’ pose any threat to humancivilisation and humanity’s continual existence and evolution in the Universe, we need to know as much as possible about the Universe in whichwe find ourselves, our place in it, and what cognition, consciousness andmentality really are.How might we combine philosophical, cognitive science and technological perspectives, to explore the evolving relationship between humansand AI, in order to engage and address the questions at the core of thishuman-AI complex, namely the future of civilisation — what will it looklike, who can claim to be our successors, towards what goals and ends?The evolution and development of human cognition as well as the emergence of AI can help us define these potential paths of future development.Where do we stand today, in relation to our own history and developmentand to the possibilities that artificial intelligence can offer us? The essayexplores the ethical, social and existential questions that arise from theincreasing automation of artificial intelligence and how it relates to thestory of humanity, from its origins to its contemporary cultural expression.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Continued Fraction Approximation and Bounds for the Psi Function

Authors: Pak SongBom, Han CholSok, Kim HyonChol
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a new continued fraction approximation for the psi function. Then we establish continued fraction bounds for the psi function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Expanding Universe

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 55-Entity Triangular Genetic Code Matrix and the 3 to 2 Ratio: the Genetic Code as a Geometric Algebra Biological System

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 39 Pages.

From the table of the standard genetic code at 64 codons, 61 amino acids and 3 Stop signals, it is invested a reduced triangular matrix of the genetic code comprising just twice fifty-five entities. In relationship with number theory, many symmetrical and asymmetrical geometric sub-configurations of this triangular matrix show that the amino acids are distributed very singularly in various 3 to 2 value ratios according to the concept of their numbering, a concept recently introduced by the author in a published article.
Category: Physics of Biology

Preparation of High-Concentration Charged Solutions Through Dual Electrostatic Method for Ice Crystals and Desalination

Authors: Zhongzheng Miao
Comments: 46 Pages.

Under typical circumstances, it is commonly believed that solutions carrying a single type of charge are either non-existent or unstable. We have investigated the principles of high-concentration charged solution preparation techniques, employing methods such as electrostatic attraction, gravity separation, positive feedback, and self-powered mechanisms to effectively separate anions and cations in solution. Through electrostatic repulsion and the use of electrostatic separation networks, the partition of homoelectric ions has been achieved. Through water and electric separation, the capability for sustained accumulation of single-charge species has been attained, thus overcoming application bottlenecks and establishing evidence for the existence of charged solutions. We have proposed voltage limits and predicted phenomena such as electrostatic boiling, topological ice crystals, and strange ice crystals, thereby opening new perspectives and possibilities for enriching the understanding and research of electrostatics and electrochemistry. The introduction of the high-concentration charged solution and its controllable preparation are expected to facilitate or pioneer research in various fields including seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, hydrovoltaic power generation, and topological ice crystals, etc. This advancement holds the potential to rectify relevant discussions in textbooks. Implementing the dual electrostatic method for self-powered desalination and purification, coupled with wind, solar, and pumped hydro storage technologies, can aid in mitigating the intermittency and waste of wind and solar power, thus advancing the cause of seawater for land.
Category: Condensed Matter

Brainstorming Physics: What to do About a Patent Policy that is Hurting Physics

Authors: Peter Horst Rehm
Comments: 11 Pages.

Well-intentioned laws and policy that prohibit the patenting of laws of nature have had unintended consequences. Patenting, with its emphasis on novelty and an objective standard of non-obviousness, is a manner of scientific publication that excels at finding and filling literature gaps. The denial of these benefits to natural laws have slowed progress in the fundamentals of physics. Several specific literature gaps are identified herein, each suggesting material that would be both novel and non-obvious according to patent law standards. These examples include the need to reevaluate the role of the electrical force in the atomic nucleus, overlooked mechanics that may explain how mass bends spacetime, and why a very early theory of inertia deserves reconsideration.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Unification of the Hiperoperators Theory and the Serial Operators Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper I combined all the hiperoperations theory with the theory of series of functions developing new notation when it was necessary.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Topological Theory of Hopf Bundle and Mass

Authors: Gary Goodwin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Why a particle has the specific rest mass it does is an open question. An alternative theory of mass is put forward. Mass is the intersection of a Hopf bundle and 3-space. The masses of six lighter hyperons and electron are derived as functions of the proton and neutron masses. Nine free parameters are thereby reduced to two. The most significant outcome is the derivation of the electron mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Zernike Expansion of Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 8 Pages.

The even Chebyshev Polynomials T_i(x) can be expanded into sums of even Zernike Polynomials R_n^0(x), and the odd Chebyshev Polynomials can be expanded into sums of odd Zernike Polynomials R_n^1(x). This manuscripts provides closed forms for the rational expansion coefficients as products of Gamma-functions of integer and half-integer arguments.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Simple Fully Conformal Solution of Einstein's Gravitational Equations and the Comparison of Its Implications With Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Almost Trivial Zeros of the Function ζ

Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 14 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

I don't know to what extent the demonstration of the Riemann hypothesis could help to find an explicit and non-recurring formula, which generates the prime numbers, I don't think because the prime numbers were designed so that we do not discover their secrets, they are too clever to divulge it to the mind.We will see how from Euler's formula we constructed numbers of the form ZPT = 0.000(k times zeros)000c1c2c3u2026cm, depending on the order of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial numbers Zo such that Zo =1 /2+bi and ζ(1/2+bi)=0, that the more we advance in the successive order of b, the more we come across a ZPT almost equal to zero; ζ(ZPT) ≈ 0
Category: Number Theory

Erosion Protection of Tokamak and Magnetic Force on Single Charge

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The walls of Tokamaks are heavily eroded by plasma which suggests that a mysterious force pushes the plasma to the wall. We have theoretically discovered this force and named it extra-force. This force appears only on single charges but not on current carrying wire, which is why the Lorentz force law does not contain it. This discovery not only brings new knowledge to electromagnetism, but also gives a solution against the erosion, which could improve the technology for controlled nuclear fusion. We have proposed an experiment to test this new force.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Kochanski's Approximation of pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

The problem of the exact rectification of a circle cannot by solved by classical geometry. Many approximate methods have been developed. Such an elegant one is Kochanski's construction.
Category: Number Theory

Heat Bath Algorithm for Lattice Gauge Theories with Fermions

Authors: Mohamed Hafidouni
Comments: 3 Pages.

The heat bath algorithm is applied to the lattice gauge theories with fermions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Integrability of Continuous Functions And Dynamical Systems

Authors: Hans Detlef Hüttenbach
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper consists of three parts: Starting with the field $mathbb{C}$ of complex numbers,the Banach space $mathcal{C}(V)$ of continuous, $mathbb{C}$-valued functions on a simply connected compact region $Vsubsetmathbb{C}$ is shown to decompose the topological direct sum of two complementary subspaces: a subspace of integrable and therefore analytic functions,and a subspace of un-integrable and anti-analytic functions. Introducing orientation as a central notion, orientation inversion (parity) turns out to be the complex conjugation, which maps integrable (w.r.t. positive orientation) to un-integrable functions, which are integrable w.r.t. negative orientation, and vice versa. Orientation allows the extension of complex analyticity to $mathbb{R}^2$, which ends part 1. Part 2 is devoted to the extension of analyticity to multi-dimensions.These results are then applied in part three to continuous mechanical dynamical systems, where it is shown that Hamilton-Jacoby theory yields the unrestricted integrability of any continuous, mechanical dynamical system of either parity and represents their solutions as geodesics of (integrated) action functions of positive/negative parity, i.e.: as fermionic and bosonic solutions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Division by Zero is Incoherent and Contradictory

Authors: Paul Ernest
Comments: 3 Pages.

A number of authors have claimed that Division by Zero and in particular the Division of Zero by Zero (0/0) can be computed and has a definite value (Mwang 2018, Saitoh & Saitoh 2024). I refute these claims. This is trivial, but despite its elementary standing, some peripheral or recreational mathematicians make claims about 0/0 or k/0 having some value, or in some cases, several values in different contexts, according to the author’s whim. Division by zero is undefined and attempts to define it lead to contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

Why Transfinite Set-Theory is Wrong and an Alternative Theory of Numeric Structures

Authors: David Peralta
Comments: 55 Pages. (Abstract added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

Set Theory is a formalization of the existence and fundamental properties of mathematical objects as collections of elements and/or elements included in collections. Its formulation is so basic and comprehensive that it has been postulated as the foundation of all mathematics. Perhaps, the major achievement of Set Theory is that, after being criticized by many reputable mathematicians and philosophers since its appearance, it is now commonly accepted as the primary explanation of the most basic components of mathematics: numbers; and not only the numbers we have needed or we may ever need but all the numbers that could potentially exist. In Set Theory, an infinite sequence of numbers exists not as the mere projection of a construction algorithm but as a complete and self-identical mathematical object: a set. In Set Theory the words infinite and infinity do not refer to the property of growing endlessly (potential infinity) but to a definite magnitude; a number; the actual infinity. As a result of such a conception, Set Theory arrives at the conclusion that there exist infinitely many infinities, each one with a different value. The set of postulates, proofs and theorems used to justify the existence of such infinities is commonly known as Transfinite Set-Theory.The first part of this work shows how some of the properties and theorems applied to infinite sets, in Set Theory, necessarily lead to internal and fundamental contradictions under classical logic, even when the idea of actual infinity is accepted. Throughout the second part, motivated by the necessity of an alternative to Transfinite Set-Theory, due to the incapacity of such a theory to explain some of the findings shown in the first part (especially the proof of the existence of as many rational as irrational numbers), the author develops a theory to provide a better understanding of infinite sequences of numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Collatz Conjecture, Pythagorean Triples, and the Riemann Hypothesis: Unveiling a Novel Connection Through Dropping Times

Authors: Darcy Thomas
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in the future))

In the landscape of mathematical inquiry, where the ancient and the modern intertwine, few problemscaptivate the imagination as profoundly as the Collatz conjecture and the quest for Pythagorean triples. The former, a puzzle that has defied solution since its inception in the 1930s by Lothar Collatz, asks us to consider a simple iterative process: for any positive integer, if it is even, divide it by two; if it is odd, triple it and add one. Despite its apparent simplicity, the conjecture leads us into a labyrinth ofdiverse complexity, where patterns emerge and dissolve in an unpredictable dance. On the other hand, Pythagorean triples, sets of three integers that satisfy the ancient Pythagorean theorem, have been a cornerstone of geometry since the time of the ancient Greeks, embodying the harmony of numbers and the elegance of spatial relationships. This exploratory paper embarks on an unprecedented journey to bridge these seemingly disparatedomains of mathematics. At the heart of this exploration is the discovery of a novel connectionbetween Collatz dropping times and Pythagorean triples. I will demonstrate how the dropping timeof each odd number can be uniquely associated with a Pythagorean triple. As you will see, the triplesseem to be encoding spatial information about Collatz trajectories. As we begin to work with triples, we’ll be motivated to move from the number line to the complex plane where we find structure and behavior resembling that of the Riemann Zeta function and it’s zeros.
Category: Number Theory

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/659378 (Note by viXra Admin: Please make the article printable and remove the blocked texts!)

I project a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complex plane-wave(1) electric field onto cross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of the electric field versus diffraction angle in the far field(2)? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’ electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ rays traces Lissajous curves(3) particular to the diffraction(4) angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependent lines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringing interference of transverse field undulations(5) summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law(6,7) since the vector sum(1), somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentially retro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’s Double-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell, Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion(8.9).
Category: Classical Physics

Special Aether or Special Relativity?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 5 Pages.

The advent of elegant theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, ushered modern physics into an era marked by fantasized contemplation of phenomena, a trend that even persists today. In principle, every phenomenon is physical and can be comprehended mechanistically, given access to the necessary information. In a previous study, we explored the discussion on the equivalence of quantum mechanics with Fick's second law as its classical analogous for Brownian particles which reveals that there should be underlying particles that govern the motion of subatomic particles in quantum mechanics. In this context, we delve into how the description of a special aether medium in space enables the system to adhere to Galilean relativity instead of special relativity, which assumes the absence of aether. Given this, we emphasize that space and time are absolute; rather, it is indeed the velocity that is relative to the initial frame of reference.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Geometric Facts of a Circle Through Its Equation

Authors: Rajesh Sharma, Vijay Sharma
Comments: 4 Pages.

We derive equation of a circle passing through three distinct points in a different way and demonstrate that several basic geometric properties of a circle can be derived easily by means of this equation alone.
Category: General Mathematics

Fractional Quantization of the Residual Resistivity and the Normal State Resistivity at the Superconducting Transition

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 25 Pages.

The author provides a literature study showing that the residual resistivity and the normal state resistivity at the superconducting transition might be fractionally quantized. Surprisingly, fractional quantized resistivity is observed in the absence of strong magnetic fields. The presented phenomenological classification of 280 single crystals is based on six universal resistivity quanta that are only dependent on natural constants.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Symmetry of D2n+2n 、D2n×2n 、D1/2×1/2、D∞+i and Numbers Conjectures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 12 Pages. (Auther name re-ordered by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission/repalcement will not be accepted)

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of D2n+2n 、D2n×2n 、D1/2×1/2、D∞+i and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture (Twins Prime Conjecture) and Riemann Hypothesis. . We also gave a concise proofs of Collatz Conjecture in this paper. And we found that if the Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture (Twins Prime Conjecture) were proofed, we also can get a concise proof of Fermat Last Theorem and get an Unified Field Theory for physic.
Category: Number Theory

Beyond Classical Physics and Relativity

Authors: Ioannis Xydous
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent replacements/withdrawals are not acceptable))

This study seeks to unveil groundbreaking concepts challenging conventional ideas, providing a fresh outlook on the underpinnings of classical physics and relativity. Employing a meticulous and systematic analytical approach, this work unearths innovative understandings that transcend the traditional constraints associated with these domains. The findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of classical physics and relativity but also carry practical implications. Embracing these novel ideas is poised to trigger a paradigm shift in the comprehension of classical physics and relativity, unlocking new avenues for exploration and advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

Sommerfeld Functional Equation

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We derive the well-known Sommerfeld expansion of the Fermi-Dirac integral, and then deduce a functional equation for the chemical potential which we denote here by h(y) where y is the absolute temperature in energy units.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A proof of the Kakeya Maximal Function Conjecture Via Big Bush Argument

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we reduce the Kakeya maximal function conjecture to the tube sets of unit measure. We show that the Kakeya maximal function is essentially monotonic. So by adding tubes we can reduce the conjecture to the case of unit measure tube set if we allow the technicality that there are possibly two tubes on the same direction. Then we proof by Kakeya maximal function conjecture by a density argument.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Geometric Foundations: a Unified Field Theory From Hypersphere Rotations

Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Squaring the Circle and Approximations to pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the 19th century when von Lindemann set out a proof of the transcendental properties of the mathematical constant Pi, mathematicians have taken the view that squaring the circle using a straight edge and compass is not possible.
Category: General Mathematics

Syracuse Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 7 Pages. In French

IL s'agit d'une séquence très simple d'opérations sur les nombres qui ramène toujours au même endroit, le nombre 1. D'abord un amusement, cette étonnante suite est devenue troublante pour les mathématiciens qui ne se lassent pas de l'explorer sans avoir encore réussi à la domestique.

This is a very simple sequence of number operations that always returns to the same place, the number 1. At first an amusement, this astonishing sequence has become disturbing for mathematicians who never tire of exploring it without having yet succeeded in domesticating it.
Category: Number Theory

Stellar Black Holes Do Not Exist

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 4 Pages.

Considering the importance of rotation during the collapse of a type II supernova of a very massive star, the metric that must be considered for the possibility of black hole formation is, of course, the Kerr metric. On the other hand, there are many different types of matter that are possible for neutron matter under high densities, such as a Fermi gas of neutrons, a superfluid of neutrons, etc. And the latest LHC data (from the TOTEM Collaboration) on the nucleon hard core indicate that when two nucleons get at distances smaller than 0.5 fm, there is a gigantic repulsion between them which has been observed at energies of up to 13 TeV. When we take all this information together into account, we find out for the first time that stellar black holes do not exist at all. It is also shown that stars made up of a quark-gluon plasma are not generated by means of the core-collapse mechanism of a massive star.
Category: Astrophysics

Cyclical Log Annealing as a Learning Rate Scheduler

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 6 Pages.

A learning rate scheduler is a predefined set of instructions for varying search stepsizes during model training processes. This paper introduces a new logarithmic method using harsh restarting of step sizes through stochastic gradient descent. Cyclical log annealing implements the restart pattern more aggressively to maybe allow the usage of more greedy algorithms on the online convex optimization framework. The algorithm was tested on the CIFAR-10 image datasets, and seemed to perform analogously with cosine annealing on large transformer-enhanced residual neural networks. Future experiments would involve testing the scheduler in generative adversarial networks and finding the best parameters for the scheduler with more experiments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[Critical Explorations of the Relativity Theory]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Quantum Spacetime-Line Element with Scalar Curvature from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-line element of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Intelligence Via Compression of Information

Authors: J. G. Wolff
Comments: 143 Pages.

As the title of this book suggests, it is about how intelligence may be understood as information compression (IC). More specifically, the book is about the {em SP Theory of Intelligenc} (SPTI) and its realisation in the {em SP Computer Model}---and their potential applications, benefits, and associated ideas. The SPTI draws on substantial evidence for the importance of IC in human learning, perception, and cognition. Since the SPTI also has much to say about issues in artificial intelligence (AI), it is a theory of both natural and artificial intelligence. In the SPTI, IC is achieved largely via the powerful concept of {em SP-Multiple-Alignment}, a major discovery which is largely responsible for the versatility of the SPTI in aspects of human intelligence and beyond. Strengths of the SPTI include: the modelling of several kinds of intelligent behaviour, including several kinds of probabilistic reasoning; the representation and processing of several kinds of intelligence-related knowledge; and the seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence, and diverse kinds of knowledge, in any combination. That seamless integration appears to be {em essential} in any AI system that aspires to the fluidity and versatility of human-level intelligence. Related to the SPTI is another major discovery: {em that mathematics may be seen as a set of techniques for IC, and their application}. This suggests the creation of a {em New Mathematics} via the integration of mathematics with the SPTI, combining the strengths of both. The SPTI also suggests new thinking in concepts of probability and new thinking about `computation’, with potential benefits in both areas. The SPTI has been shown in peer-reviewed papers to be relevant to areas not closely associated with AI. These include: the management of `big data'; the development of autonomous robots; medical databases; sustainability of computing; transparency in computing; and computer vision.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Exploring the Complexities of AI-Mediated Communication and Human-Machine Interaction

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper delves into the intricate distinctions between Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) and Human-Machine Communication (HMC), providing a thorough analysis of their definitions, applications, and impacts on human interactions. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature and the development of a novel conceptual framework, it differentiates AI-MC, where AI facilitates communication between humans under human oversight, from HMC, characterized by direct interactions between humans and AI systems. The study further introduces two subcategories within AI-MC: AI-Assisted Communication (AI-AC), where AI serves a supportive role in enhancing human-generated content, and AI-Dominated Communication (AI-DC), where AI takes a primary role in creating and disseminating content. The paper evaluates the ethical implications of AI in communication, focusing on issues of authorship, creativity, authenticity, and trust, especially in the context of Large Language Models (LLMs). It argues for human responsibility in AI-generated content and advocates for transparency in the use of AI in scientific publications and other knowledge dissemination forms. This theoretical exploration aims to clarify the evolving landscape of AI in communication studies, contributing to a more ethical and responsible future integration of AI technologies.Keywords: Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC), Human-Machine Communication (HMC), Large Language Models (LLMs), Artificial Intelligence Assisted-Communication (AI-AC), Artificial Intelligence Dominated-Communication (AI-DC), Ethical Implications of AI
Category: Social Science

What is the Event Horizon of a Black Hole?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Physical Basis of the Quantum of Resistance is Relativistic Rotational Motion

Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.

The physical basis of the quantum of resistance, also called the von Klitzing constant, is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 12 significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Multiverse Supersymmetry (SUSY) and Paradoxical MOND Inertia

Authors: David Brown
Comments: 2 Pages.

In July 2017 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed gave a lecture entitled "Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS?" — is it possible that evidence for SUSY occurs not in the form of particles, but in the form of paradoxical MOND inertia caused by multiverse boundary conditions? Can MOND-string theory explain MOND’s empirical successes?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Numerical Interpretation of the Concept of Exponentory (θ Notation)

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I show a possible change in the theory of series beyond product. Instead of a resolution Bottom-to-Top we will see a necessary application of the method for exponents that is a process Top-to-Bottom. That implies a change in the numerical results in a same proposition of a series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Microscopic Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez Alvarez
Comments: 31 Pages.

Heat is defined in classical thermodynamics as an energy transfer mechanism, but its fundamental nature is not yet fully understood. After reviewing previous macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic approaches to heat, we propose a fundamental definition of heat in terms of a fully detailed microscopic description and apply this definition to a one-component gas with constant composition for comparison with the usual macroscopic formulae. Using the new definition, we debunk common claims in the literature that associate heat with our ignorance of the microscopic details of a thermodynamic system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Will Covid-19 Become Mild, Like a Cold?

Authors: Patrick Douglas Shaw Stewart
Comments: 15 Pages.

Several recent studies conclude that an increase in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be ruled out. However, it should be noted that SARS-CoV-2 is a "direct" respiratory virus - meaning it is usually spread by the respiratory route but does not routinely pass through the lymphatics like measles and smallpox. Providing its tropism does not change, it will be unique if its pathogenicity does not decrease until it becomes similar to influenza and common cold viruses. Ewald noted in the 1980s that respiratory viruses may evolve mildness because their spread benefits from the mobility of their hosts. This review examines factors that usually lower respiratory viruses' severity, including heat sensitivity (which limits replication in the warmer lungs) and changes to the virus's surface proteins. Other factors may, however, increase pathogenicity, such as replication in the lymphatic system and spreading via solid surfaces or fecal matter. Furthermore, human activities and political events could increase the harmfulness of SARS-CoV-2, including the following: large-scale testing, especially when the results are delayed; transmission in settings where people are close together and not free to move around; poor hygiene facilities; and social, political, or cultural influences that encourage sick individuals to remain active, including crises such as wars. If we can avoid these eventualities, SARS-CoV-2 will likely evolve to be milder, although the timescale is uncertain. Observations of influenza-like pandemics suggest it may take around two decades for COVID-19 to become as mild as seasonal colds and flu.
Category: Biochemistry

Ideals of the Algebra

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 6 Pages.

We construct an algebra A such that A has a nonempty finite set Δ of associative and commutative binary operations. Then we may define an ideal with respect to a nonempty subset of Δ. If some hypotheses are satisfied, then we have that a union of the ideals is an ideal. An ideal M is maximal with respect to a subset of Δ if there is not an ideal J ≠ A such that J contains M. And an algebra is local with respect to a subset of Δ if it has a unique maximal ideal. Suppose that the algebra A is local with respect to Φ and Ψ, M and N are the maximal ideals, respectively, and J is an ideal with respect to Φ∪Ψ. Then we have that J ⊆ M∩ N if some conditions hold. Let A be a local algebra with respect to Φ, M the maximal ideal. For all Ψ with Φ ⊆ Ψ⊂ Δ, if M is an ideal with respect to Ψ, then A is local with respect to Ψ. A preimage of an ideal with respect to Φ under a homomorphism is an ideal with respect to Φ.
Category: Algebra

MTNSA: Microblogging Text Network Sentiment Analysis (Incorporating Hashtags and Emojis)

Authors: Abdalrhman Alquaary
Comments: 9 Pages.

In an era where social media platforms play a crucial role in shaping public discourse, microblogging data emerges as a vital resource for understanding complex social interactions. This paper introduces MTNSA (Microblogging Text Network Sentiment Analysis), a groundbreaking approach that harnesses the richness of social media communication by analyzing three separate categories: the relationships between words, relationships between hashtags, and relationships between emojis. MTNSA utilizes innovative techniques leveraging network theory to unravel the thoughts and opinions in microblogging environments, enriching itself by integrating sentiment analysis into this framework. This innovative method provides a comprehensive view of the sentiments associated with each node, offering deeper insights into the emotional nuances of online discourse. MTNSA's unique design enables its application across multilingual discourses, as it focuses on uncovering relationships between nodes, making it a versatile tool for global analysis in diverse linguistic contexts. The ability of MTNSA to blend nodes and emotional contexts into a unified analytical model presents a significant advancement in our understanding of digital communication patterns. It equips researchers, marketers, and policymakers with a robust tool to decode the intricate language of social media, contributing profoundly to our comprehension of how emotions and ideas are expressed and disseminated in the digital realm, thereby opening new frontiers for analysis in the dynamic landscape of social media.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Sound of the Aeolian Harp in the Madelung Model of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Madelung, Bohm and Vigier, Wilhelm, Rosen and others, the original Schroedinger equation can be transformed into the hydrodynamical system of equations by using the so called Madelung ansatz. We derive in such quantum hydrodynamics, the non-relativistic and relativistic Strouhal number from the socalled vortex street. The relativistic derivation of this formula follows from the addition formula for velocities. The Strouhal friction tones are generated also during the motion of cosmic rays in relic photon sea, during the motion of bolids in atmosphere, during the Saturn rings motion in the relic black-body sea, during the motion of bodies in superfluid helium and so on.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Interpretation of Metric Signature of Temporal Dimensions

Authors: Thomas Emilio Villa
Comments: 3 Pages.

Is time a spectrum, that is, a negative dimension? We suggest in this work a modest yet quite speculative idea: what if the negative sign in front of time-like dimensions is not just a mathematical tool after all? What if the minus sign follows a natural behaviour of time flowing? In this work we are suggesting an unorthodox philosophical interpretation and an explaination of the way that causality is conserved in equations, using the negative sign in front of temporal dimensions. To do so, we use non-conventional approaches like inductive dimension, Lebesgue covering dimension and Minkowski-Bouligand dimension to better understand the nature of time.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Might a Metaphysical Platonic Realm Entail Equality of Experience?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. Final version

A short speculative essay postulating that a separate Platonic world does exist and that it may contain every conscious experience. Mankind’s historical progression from equality of rights to equality of opportunity, and eventual attempts at equality of wealth or property, are used to imply a trend toward an eventual final dream or destination of an equality of experience. Literary, scientific, historical, and logical examples are used to support the idea. The future of the exponential growth of A.I. is also considered in this framework.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solar Eclipse Reveals Cause of Wildfires and Accelerating Global Warming

Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin
Comments: 3 Pages.

We found that the energy information field (EIF), which has been observed since 2003 (V. Kornienko, 2003), tends to suck quantum energies out of technology and people, which allows it to increase the suction power of the same energies from the Sun. As a result, the Sun generates waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), and with them its deep heat, which causes plant fires, forest fires and accelerates global climate warming. It is proposed on the basis of standards and innovations to eliminate the emission of S-radiation from world technology, which will deprive the EIF of the opportunity to increase the suction of energy from the Sun and eliminate these threats.3
Category: Astrophysics

Investigation of the Zero Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Superconductivity Phase Transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong, Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 12 Pages. 11 figures and 1 table

In our previous study, we suggested a synthetic method for the replication of PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−y Sy )4]6O1−z Sz ) and showed precisely measured zero resistance. Through the synthesis method we named Daecheol-Mingi (DM) method, we measured the phenomenon of superconductivity phase transition depending on temperature. Also, we repeated validation of zero resistance of the samples. This paper presents a specific critical temperature for PCPOSOS, demonstrating consistency with the original authors’ data.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understandingof gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter paircreation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties.The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and lectromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unifieddescription of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides asolid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Loop Quantum Gravity: Kinematic Sector and Its Applications

Authors: Deden M. Akbar
Comments: 153 Pages.

As one of the requirements for research in doctoral studies regarding Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), the author reviews several books and scientific journals related to the research topic in this article. In this article, the canonical LQG formulation is reviewed in detail for the kinematic sector ([2] — [12]), starting from a brief review of LQG, followed by the formulation of General Relativity in the ADM formulation and the problems that arise when the gravitational field is quantified in this formulation. Then it continues with a review of Palatini's formulation, up to the tetrad formulation in Ashtekar's new variables. The formulation of the action of General Relativity based on Ashtekar variables is a way to quantify the gravitational field based on the Dirac quantization program. The result is a canonical LQG formulation for the kinematic sector which is proven to be well defined. The prediction obtained from LQG is that space on the Planck scale is no longer smooth and continuous but discrete and chaotic, which is characterized by the eigenvalues geometric operators, namely area operators and volume operators which have discrete values the Planck scale. The final discussion in this article is the LQG-based Black Hole Entropy calculation which corresponds exactly to the Black Hole Entropy calculation based on the semiclassical approach ([4] — [5], [7]). In addition, the application of the LQG calculation technique at the toy model level known as Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) ([14] — [16]) for the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology model is also reviewed. The result is a modification of the Friedmann equation for the FRW model with the presence of a correction term for the quantum nature of the quantum gravitational field, where it is predicted that the beginning of the universe in the form of a Big-Bang was replaced by a Big Bounce originating from the collapse of the previous universe ([9], [14], [39] - [41]).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Addressing Ten Fingers

Authors: Manaka Shunyuu
Comments: 58 Pages.

Processing combined Japanese Kana characters which are made by PC's Japanese 106 keyboard through a compact speech soft and so on in real time, we emit a sound over a speaker. If we specify speaking speed and pitch pointing a rectangle zone in a display with a head pointer and we send the two items of information to a compact speech soft or an outer interface and sound source, we get a singing sound by artificial voice.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 23 Pages.

QCD affects electrons, nucleons, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon condensate dynamics. We propose a model for electron motion by quark and antiquark flavor exchange waves in a pion tetrahedron lattice that represents the non-empty vacuum and estimate the quark flavor exchange wave energy density for the hydrogen atom. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We suggest adding the pion tetrahedrons condensate energy density to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor. QCD has a significant low-energy footprint, and the quark flavor exchange wave may be an interesting example for the way QCD affects the dynamics of electrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proving & Teaching Beal Conjecture

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 8 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the original Beal conjecture which states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. More formally, the conjectured equality, r^x = t^x would be true if and only if (r^x /t^x) =1; and the conjectured equality s^y = t^y would be true if and only if (s^y/ t^y) = 1. These conjectures would be proved in the Beal conjecture proof. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam
Category: Number Theory

Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication on Bias and Information Loss in Non-academic and Academic Writing Contexts

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 25 Pages.

Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) is transforming the way messages are constructed, disseminated, and interpreted, with large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini increasingly being integrated into various facets of writing, including academic and scientific contexts. While AI-MC has the potential to enhance writing efficiency, overcome language barriers, and foster diversity in text creation, it also raises concerns about bias, information loss, and the overall impact on communication accuracy and integrity.Previous research has highlighted the complex role of AI in mediated communication, its influence on language use, interpersonal dynamics, and the ethical implications of AI integration. However, there is a notable gap in research specifically addressing AI-MC's role in non-academic and academic writing contexts, despite the widespread recognition and application of AI-MC in these domains.Here, we present a dual-study approach to investigate the impact of AI-MC, specifically through LLMs, on positivity bias and information loss in non-academic and academic writing contexts. Our findings reveal that LLMs exhibit varied effects on bias perception, with ChatGPT 4.0 significantly reducing perceived bias in non-academic texts, while Claude 3 Opous and Gemini Advanced show no significant impact or slight enhancement of bias, respectively. Surprisingly, ChatGPT demonstrated the ability to convey emotional intensity more accurately than the original authors. In terms of information loss, no significant differences were found between original and AI-refined texts across both studies.These results contribute to the ongoing discourse on the ethical, cultural, and technological considerations of AI-MC in scholarly communication. They provide empirical support for the policies of mainstream publishers permitting the use of AI for language polishing in academic articles. However, the study also highlights the need for further research to address limitations such as the exclusive focus on Chinese texts and participants, and to explore the implications across different languages and cultural contexts.As AI continues to evolve and integrate into various aspects of communication, understanding its nuanced effects on bias and information loss will be crucial for harnessing its potential while mitigating unintended consequences. This study lays the groundwork for future research to delve deeper into the complex interplay between language, technology, and culture in shaping text comprehension and perception in the era of AI-mediated communication.
Category: Social Science

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky Conjecture into a Unified Prime Axiom of Second-Order Logic and Investigating Much Beyond the Goldbach's Conjecture and the Prime Number Theorem

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 31 Pages.

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky conjecture into a Unified Prime Axiom of second-order logic and investigating much beyond the Goldbach's conjecture and the prime number theorem.
Category: Number Theory

The Expanding Universe - Derivation and Solution of the Friedmann Expansion Equation

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Collatz Conjecture, Pythagorean Triples, and the Riemann Hypothesis: Unveiling a Novel Connection Through Dropping Times

Authors: Darcy Thomas
Comments: 15 Pages.

In the landscape of mathematical inquiry, where the ancient and the modern intertwine, few problems captivate the imagination as profoundly as the Collatz conjecture and the quest for Pythagorean triples. The former, a puzzle that has defied solution since its inception in the 1930s by Lothar Collatz, asks us to consider a simple iterative process: for any positive integer, if it is even, divide it by two; if it is odd, triple it and add one. Despite its apparent simplicity, the conjecture leads us into a labyrinth of diverse complexity, where patterns emerge and dissolve in an unpredictable dance. On the other hand, Pythagorean triples, sets of three integers that satisfy the ancient Pythagorean theorem, have been a cornerstone of geometry since the time of the ancient Greeks, embodying the harmony of numbers and the elegance of spatial relationships. This exploratory paper embarks on an unprecedented journey to bridge these seemingly disparatedomains of mathematics. At the heart of this exploration is the discovery of a novel connection between Collatz dropping times and Pythagorean triples. I will demonstrate how the dropping time of each odd number can be uniquely associated with a Pythagorean triple. As you will see, the triples seem to be encoding spatial information about Collatz trajectories. As we begin to work with triples, we’ll be motivated to move from the number line to the complex plane where we find structure andbehavior resembling that of the Riemann Zeta function and it’s zeros.
Category: Number Theory

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. fixed inconsistent coordinates/wrong constants, misc/minor edits, upgrade to html abstract

Iproject a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complexplane-wave⁽¹⁾ electric field ontocross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of theelectric field versus diffraction angle in the far field⁽²⁾? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ raystraces Lissajous curves⁽³⁾particular to the diffraction⁽⁴⁾angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependentlines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringinginterference of transverse field undulations⁽⁵⁾summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law^(6,7)since interference (the 3-d vector sum)⁽¹⁾,somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentiallyretro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’sDouble-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell,Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion oflight as a wave^(8.9).

A Proof of the Kakeya Maximal Function Conjecture Via Big Bush Argument

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper we reduce the Kakeya maximal function conjecture to the tube sets of unit measure. We show that the Kakeya maximal function is essentially monotonic. So by adding tubes we can reduce the conjecture to the case of unit measure tube set if we allow the technicality that there are possibly two tubes on the same direction. Then we proof the Kakeya maximal function conjecture from our lemma.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A New Numerical Interpretation of the Concept of Exponentory (Θ Notation)

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I show a possible change in the theory of series beyond product. Instead of a resolution Bottom-to-Top we will see a necessary application of the method for exponents that is a process Top-to-Bottom. That implies a change in the numerical results in a same proposition of a series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Microscopic Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez Alvarez
Comments: 31 Pages. Improved grammar and presentation - Same conclusions

Heat is defined in classical thermodynamics as an energy transfer mechanism, but its fundamental nature is not yet fully understood. After reviewing previous macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic approaches to heat, we propose a fundamental definition of heat in terms of a fully detailed microscopic description and apply this definition to a one-component gas with constant composition for comparison with the usual macroscopic formulae. Using the new definition, we debunk common claims in the literature that associate heat with our ignorance of the microscopic details of a thermodynamic system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy